DOCSLIB.ORG

Long-Term Natural Gas Supply to Europe: Import Potential, Infrastructure Needs and Investment Promotion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Long-Term Natural Gas Supply to Europe: Import Potential, Infrastructure Needs and Investment Promotion Long-term natural gas supply to Europe: Import potential, infrastructure needs and investment promotion Manfred Hafner, Sohbet Karbuz, Benoit Esnault, Habib El Andaloussi Observatoire Méditerranéen de l‘Energie (OME) Due to increasing European gas demand and declining domestic supplies, Europe faces a growing import dependency over the next decades. Europe‘s neighbouring regions are endowed with substantial reserves and resources which can cover the increasing European import requirements in the medium to long term. W ith the development of its different uses, especially for power generation, gas is increasingly gaining importance for European energy security of supply. A substantial captive demand has indeed developed during the past decade, which explains the essential role the EU gives to natural gas in its energy policy. Securing and increasing gas supply will, however, require huge investments on all the segments of the gas chain, namely exploration and development, international transit and downstream infrastructures (gas lines and storage). These investments will be realised by energy companies and will, therefore, require an appropriate investment climate, which not only involves economic considerations but also a stable environment, a clear regulation and the possibility for operators to develop necessary strategic partnerships. This paper assesses the future long term (2010-2020-2030) gas import requirements and external supply potential for Europe, and identifies future gas corridor infrastructure needs taking into account a reserve/resource analysis, production and demand outlooks, export infrastructure and projects, supply costs as well as institutional, strategy and geopolitical issues, etc. Finally, the paper identifies investment barriers for different types of gas corridor infrastructure projects and proposes issues to be addressed by policymakers in order to put in place a favourable environment regarding investment promotion and to create a sustainable gas market for the long term. The paper is based on the work carried out by OME in the framework of the ENCOURAGED (Energy Corridor Optimization for the European Markets for Gas, Electricity and Hydrogen) project financed by the European Commission DG-Research 6th Research and Development Framework Programme. 1. Long term European gas import requirements Import requirements are the difference between domestic demand and domestic production. According to the two demand scenarios used in this study, import requirements in Europe-341 should increase from 220 bcm in 2000 to 470 bcm in 2030 in the low gas demand scenario and even up to 650 bcm in the high gas demand scenario (Figure 1), this represents a doubling or a tripling of import requirements over three decades. Such an evolution requires increasing supplies from the traditional European suppliers as well as developing additional sources. 1 Europe-34 corresponds to EU-27 plus Switzerland and all the Balkan countries. 1 Figure 1 Europe-34 future gas import requirements bcm 900 m 800 c b High demand scenario 0 700 5 6 m c 600 b 0 Low demand scenario 7 500 4 400 300 Import m c requirements b 0 200 2 2 100 European gas production 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 Europe-34 corresponds to EU-27 plus Switzerland and all the Balkan countries Source: DG-TREN and OME It should here also be pointed out that, in addition to the future European demand uncertainties, there exists a great level of uncertainty concerning future domestic gas production forecasts. The biggest question mark is the rate of decline of the UK gas production. For example, the EC DG-TREN estimate used here assesses UK gas production in 2020 at 88 bcm, whereas the UK Department of Trade and Industry estimates it below 20 bcm. A level between these two figures seems reasonable, but this illustrates the level of uncertainty associated to future gas import requirements. 2. Long term external gas supply potential to Europe In order to satisfy future import requirements, a thorough assessment of long term potential gas supply sources has been carried out. A large number of potential natural gas suppliers to Europe have been considered. Because of the long term character of this study, up to 2030, and the continued rapid evolution of the world of natural gas, the possibility for new suppliers to appear during the period under consideration cannot be ruled out. The assessment of the future supply potential by each exporting country to Europe has been based on the following bottom-up methodology. Reserves and resources (reserves which are not discovered yet) assessment combined with the countries‘ energy strategy and institutional framework as well as exploration and development efforts have allowed to evaluate a future production potential. Assessment of future domestic demand, the countries‘ gas exporting strategy, presence of international companies and export projects, economic, institutional, geographical and geopolitical considerations as well as arbitration possibilities between different export markets have allowed to evaluate the total gas export potential and the export potential to Europe. W henever possible and, in particular, up to 2015-2020, the analysis was based on existing projects and infrastructure capacity for exports (by pipeline and LNG) as well as contracts. The more remote the analysis, the more it had to be based on assumptions. 2 .1. Norway According to the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Norway‘s total gas resources amounted in 2005 to 6007 bcm (about 55% in the North Sea, 31% in the Norwegian Sea and 14% in the Barents Sea). By 2005, Norway had produced 948 bcm. The remaining resources are evaluated at 5059 bcm, of which 3159 bcm of proven reserves. The large percentage of proven reserves indicates that Norway will remain an important gas producer over the foreseeable future. Until today only about 60% of the Norwegian Continental Shelf has been opened to exploration. The North Sea is the best explored area and, after more than 30 years of exploration, while the average success rate is currently above 40%, the average size of new discoveries is declining. Exploration has progressively shifted from the North Sea, further north to the Norwegian Sea and recently to the Barents Sea, which represents major technological and environmental challenges. Gas production in Norway has been steadily increasing as new fields and export pipelines came online. Norway‘s gas production more than tripled during the last ten years, increasing from 28 bcm in 1995 to 87 bcm in 2005. W ith 1129 bcm remaining reserves, Troll is the Norway‘s largest natural gas field. Ormen Lange, with 375 bcm of reserves, is the second largest. It is expected to start operation in 2007. Norway is also developing the Snøhvit field, whose production is expected to start in 2007, in the Barents Sea. Many operators have ambitious plans to increase production from their existing fields. Gas production is expected to increase markedly in the future, especially after 2007 when Ormen Lange starts producing. Domestic gas consumption remains very limited (about 1% of Norway‘s energy consumption). Though gas fired generation could significantly increase in the coming years, we expect that about 90% of the future gas production should be for the export market. Norway‘s offshore transportation system (Figure 2) has mainly been designed for exports to continental Europe. Its present export capacity amounts to some 87 bcm/yr. Exports through these lines have strongly increased over the past years and reached 79 bcm in 2005. Norway‘s system is also connected to the UK through the Vesterled pipeline, from Frigg and Heimdal fields to St Fergus (13 bcm/yr). A new 1200 km offshore pipeline (the Langeled pipeline) will carry the gas produced from the Ormen Lange field, in the Norwegian Sea, to Easington, on the English east coast. This 22-24 bcm/yr pipeline is expected to start operation fully by October 2007, but the southern part of this pipeline began already gas deliveries in October 2006. There is moreover a plan to build a new export pipeline, with 20 bcm/yr capacity, from Kollsnes to either continental Europe or to the UK. In addition, Norway is establishing LNG export capacity by building two liquefaction trains (5.7 bcm/yr each) in Snovhit, which will be online by 2007 and 2012. All these developments will enable Norway to export some 130 bcm of gas, of which 120 bcm for Europe, by 2030. 3 Figure 2 North European gas infrastructure and projects Shtokmanovskoye Existing Gas Pipeline Snohvit Shtockman Gas Pipeline Project LNG SnohvitLNG 23 bcm 6-11 bcm Asgard fields/ ATS Haltenbanken 21 bcm FINLAND S Ormen Lange/Britpipe T A 22 bcm Ormen SWEDEN Lange NORWAY M urchison Troll Frigg/Vesterled Eastern axe 45 bcm 13 bcm Norpipe 11 bcm Frigg Europipe I 13 bcm HELSINKI Europipe II 21 bcm I I I I TALLINN Western axe 28 bcm STOCKHOLM e e p Zeepipe 13 bcm p i i p Franpipe 15 bcm p o o m r r a I I u u e r E E e e t p p S i i d NordStream p p r o o DENMARK o r r N 27-55 bcm u u e e p p E e e E e e i i COPENHAGEN p p p p p Easington p i i i i r r e p p p p p o o n n o e e r N a N a u e e r r - E F F Z Z Bacton al Balgzand am Isle of Grain BBL Y 5/10 20 bcm Source: OME 2.2. North Africa North Africa is a traditional gas supplier of Europe. In addition to their vast gas resources, North African countries benefit from their geographic proximity to Europe, especially of its fastest growing markets, the EU Mediterranean countries. W hile Algeria has remained almost the only exporter for decades, Libya and Egypt are rapidly developing their sales.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ormen Lange and Nyhamna Expansion the Ormen Lange Story
    ORMEN LANGE AND NYHAMNA EXPANSION THE ORMEN LANGE STORY 2001 PHASE 1 – DEVELOPMENT OF ORMEN LANGE AND NYHAMNA 2002 Nyhamna is selected as the land facility for the Ormen Lange gas. 2003 Start up of development offshore and onshore 2004 - the bigges ever industry project in Norwegian history. 2005 West Navigator starts drilling the world’s largest gas wells. 2006 Shell takes over as operator of Ormen Lange. First gas. 2007 PHASE 2 – ORMEN LANGE IN OPERATION 2008 First full year of operation. More wells are drilled. Tuning of the facility optimises production. First hot tap and x-mas tree installation from vessel instead of rig. 2009 2010 A fourth well template is installed north 2011 on the field. Start-up of subsea compression test pilot. 2012 PHASE 3 – FURTHER DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION OF NYHAMNA 2013 Start of the Nyhamna expansion project. Further development of Ormen Lange includes drilling of more wells, exploration of near field opportunities and seismic 2014 surveys. Photo: Lars Øvrum IMPORTANT FOR EUROPE. Ormen Lange exports natural gas to Europe, and has covered about 20 per cent of the UK’s total gas consumption since 2009. 20% Stable and reliable gas supply from Norway is important for ORMEN LANGE SUPPLIES EU countries that want improved utilisation of nearby resources THE UK WITH UP TO 20 PER - thereby reducing their dependency on gas import from outside CENT OF THE COUNTRY’S Europe. GAS NEEDS When the expansion project at Nyhamna is completed, the facility will be able to deliver gas equivalent to the consumption of 22 million homes in the UK and continental Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of UK
    NEW CHALLENGES FOR UK NATURAL GAS Steve R Jackson, Adrian J Finn & Terry R Tomlinson Costain Oil, Gas & Process Limited Manchester, United Kingdom ABSTRACT The United Kingdom’s self-sufficiency in natural gas has rapidly declined and for the first time the UK has become a net importer of natural gas. Dependence on imported natural gas is set to increase significantly. Some forecasts show the UK may need to import up to 40% of supplies by 2010 and up to 90% by 2020. Winter gas prices are now a factor of 10 higher than 4 years ago and this is seriously impacting big industrial consumers such as ammonia producers and power generators. At present, the main projected increase in imported gas is from Norway, mainly via the Langeled pipeline which landfalls in north-east England (carrying gas from the giant Ormen-Lange development by 2007/8) and from Europe via the existing Zeebrugge-Bacton Interconnector and the Balgzand-Bacton pipeline (operational by 2007). The latter two lines will link the UK with the European gas grid and may open up potential supply sources from the Former Soviet Union (FSU). Several LNG import terminal projects have been undertaken. The first to be completed is on the Isle of Grain near London, which commenced LNG imports during 2005. Two further LNG import terminals, Dragon and South Hook, are under construction at Milford Haven in Wales but will not be fully operational form some years. A further potential development is the upgrade of the former LNG import terminal at Canvey Island, near London.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Uk Gas Supplies
    October 2004 Number 230 THE FUTURE OF UK GAS SUPPLIES The UK’s gas reserves are declining. Government and from self-sufficiency to import dependency on the industry analysts estimate that by around 2006 the UK security of UK energy supplies.5 This is because gas is will no longer be self-sufficient in gas production and also integral to the UK’s electricity generation industry, so will revert to being a net gas importer. Gas is the that security of gas supply cannot be decoupled from largest proportion of the UK’s primary energy supply, security of electricity supply. Gas is expected to continue and gas-fired power plants are the main method of to play a large role in future electricity generation power generation. The UK will increasingly depend on especially as nuclear facilities reach the end of their gas imported from Europe and further afield. This operational lives and carbon emission reductions force POSTnote examines the UK’s options for dealing with a the modernisation or closure of older coal-fired power diminishing domestic gas supply and for ensuring future plants. The 2003 Energy White Paper does not set gas security. specific targets for the share of gas in the total energy mix. Instead the Government prefers to create a market Background framework which encourages investment in a diversity of The UK relies on gas to provide energy for heating and energy sources. However, estimates suggest that the electricity more than any other primary energy source.1 minimum share of gas in electricity generation will rise to 39% of the UK’s primary energy comes from gas, 46% by 2012 and some analysts suggest this figure compared with 35% from oil, 15% from coal, 9% from could be as high as over 60%.
    [Show full text]
  • Nord Stream: Not Just a Pipeline
    FNI Report 15/2008 Nord Stream: Not Just a Pipeline An analysis of the political debates in the Baltic Sea region regarding the planned gas pipeline from Russia to Germany Bendik Solum Whist Nord Stream: Not Just a Pipeline An analysis of the political debates in the Baltic Sea Region regarding the planned gas pipeline from Russia to Germany Bendik Solum Whist [email protected] November 2008 Copyright © Fridtjof Nansen Institute 2008 Title: Nord Stream: Not Just a Pipeline. An analysis of the political debates in the Baltic Sea region regarding the planned gas pipeline from Russia to Germany Publication Type and Number Pages FNI Report 15/2008 79 Author ISBN Bendik Solum Whist 978-82-7613-546-6-print version 978-82-7613-547-3-online version Project ISSN 1504-9744 Abstract This report is an analysis of the planned gas pipeline from Russia to Germany through the Baltic Sea known as Nord Stream. Although not yet realised, the project has, since its birth, been the subject of harsh criticism and opposition by a significant number of states that consider themselves affected by the pipeline. Whereas the Baltic States and Poland have interpreted the pipeline as a political- ly motivated strategy that will increase Russia’s leverage on them and threaten their energy security, the debate in Sweden was at first mostly concerned with the prospect of increased Russian military presence in the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone. The potential environmental impact of the pipeline has been, and continues to be, an overarching concern shared by all the littoral states of the Baltic Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the PDF File
    DWCS RECORD (April 2020) Key data Summary Projects 1004 ROV assisted 423 Diver assisted 398 Surface 183 Platform removals 134 Platform Removals Back-up 6 Pipeline Removals 210 Pipeline Repairs 67 Contingency Projects 87 Number of Cuts 6929 Platforms 2124 Pipelines 1694 Multistrings/Casings 705 Chains/Shackles 238 Flexible and Special Pipelines 637 Drill strings 64 Risers/Guide posts 655 Wrecks & Various items 1453 Fat/Demo Tests 323 Cuts Offshore 6606 Cuts deeper than 1000m water depth 256 Cut surfaces and Time Steel (sqdm) 91066 Coating/Concrete (sqdm) 417693 Total cutting time (hours) 15633 Deepest EPRS Shell USA - 1,600m Deepest CUT Production Scorpion Subsea 6,5” Jumper GOM - 2,745m Deepest CUT Exploration Chevron Texaco 8" Drill pipe Nigeria - 2,434 m DWCS RECORD (April 2020) Projects details Year Assisted Water Customer Project by Depth m Location Details Petronas/Franklin 2020 ROV 68 Offshore/Kemaman/MMA Vigilant Mooring Chain Cutting 2020 ROV 300 Allseas/Norway Cutting of Stud Bolt and Clamp Body Contingency Vattenfall/Global Marine/Dan Tysk 2020 ROV 25 Germany/Global Symphony Dan Tysk Inter Array Cable Replacement Reliance Industries Ltd/McDermott SA/Krishna Godavari Basin, East 2020 ROV 2150 Coast India/DLV2000 and Audacia Reliance KG D6 Project - Contingency Dubai Petroleum- UAE/Boskalis/Offshore Dubai/DSV- 2020 Diver 30 Constructor Riser Cutting Project 2019 Surface --- Shell/PD&MS/North Sea/Brent Alpha Conductors Cuts in air Spirit Energy/Heerema/53FA 2019 ROV 38 Platform North Sea/SSCV THIALF Cutting Truss Frame - F3FA THIALF
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the Gas Industry in the Uk
    THE EVOLUTION OF THE GAS INDUSTRY IN THE UK A case study prepared for the International Gas Union’s Gas Market Integration Task Force. 1 The objective of this paper is to use the gas The Evolution of the Gas market integration (GMI) model as a framework Industry in the UK to describe the evolution of the UK gas market. It provides a descriptive retrospective from the gas By Calliope Webber monopoly years to the fully liberated market today through three lenses of policy frameworks. It poses The rise of the United Kingdom’s gas market and the challenges and outlook for the future given the its regional integration within the north-western infrastructure and price linkages that are currently European gas market over the course of more in play. than a century is a gas market integration success story. It is characterised by important energy policy l The monopoly years: launching British Gas changes and changing market circumstances both Originally, gas used in the UK was synthetic gas in Europe generally as well as at an intra- manufactured from coal (or “town”) gas, and the regional level. market was run primarily by county councils and The world’s first commercial LNG delivery was made from Algeria to the UK by the Methane Princess with the shipment arriving at Canvey Island on October 12, 1964. 2 T he E volution of the G as I ndustry in the U K small private firms. After World War II that Up until 1986, the state-owned British Gas held changed with the Gas Act of 1948, which the monopoly for the sale and distribution of nat- nationalised the UK gas industry.
    [Show full text]
  • DONG ENERGY A/S A.9.4.1.1 (Incorporated As a Public Limited Company in Denmark with CVR Number 36213728) A.9.4.1.2
    Level: 2 – From: 2 – Friday, April 17, 2009 – 10:30 – eprint6 – 4093 Intro DONG ENERGY A/S A.9.4.1.1 (incorporated as a public limited company in Denmark with CVR number 36213728) A.9.4.1.2 €3,000,000,000 A.13.4.1 Debt Issuance Programme Under the Debt Issuance Programme described in this Prospectus (the “Programme”), DONG Energy A/S (the “Issuer”), subject to compliance with all relevant laws, regulations and directives, may from time to time issue debt securities (the “Notes”). Subject to compliance with all relevant laws, regulations and directives, the Notes may have no minimum maturity and no maximum maturity. The aggregate nominal amount of Notes outstanding will not at any time exceed €3,000,000,000 (or the equivalent in other currencies), subject to increase as provided in the Dealer Agreement (as defined on page 94). Application has been made to the Financial Services Authority in its capacity as competent authority under the Financial A.13.5.1 Services and Markets Act 2000 (the “FSMA”) (the “UK Listing Authority”) for Notes issued under the Programme during the period of 12 months from the date of this Prospectus to be admitted to the official list of the UK Listing Authority (the “Official List”) and to the London Stock Exchange plc (the “London Stock Exchange”) for such Notes to be admitted to trading on the London Stock Exchange’s EEA Regulated Market (the “Market”). References in this Prospectus to Notes being “listed” (and all related references) shall mean that such Notes have been admitted to trading on the Market and have been admitted to the Official List.
    [Show full text]
  • Framework Agreement
    Norway No. 1 (2006) Framework Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway concerning Cross-Boundary Petroleum Co-operation Oslo, 4 April 2005 [The Agreement is not in force] Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty May 2006 Cm 6792 £8.00 Norway No. 1 (2006) Framework Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway concerning Cross-Boundary Petroleum Co-operation Oslo, 4 April 2005 [The Agreement is not in force] Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty May 2006 Cm 6792 £8.00 © Crown copyright 2006 The text in this document (excluding the Royal Arms and departmental logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the title of the document specified. Any enquiries relating to the copyright in this document should be addressed to the Licensing Division, HMSO, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ. Fax 010603 723000 or e-mail: [email protected] I N D E X Page Preamble 4 Chapter 1 General Principles 6 Article 1.1 Scope 6 Article 1.2 Definitions 6 Article 1.3 Jurisdiction 9 Article 1.4 Authorisation 9 Article 1.5 Health, Safety and Environment:
    [Show full text]
  • UK Gas Supply/Demand Situation & Prospects Dr. Mostefa A. Ouki
    UK Gas Supply/Demand Situation & Prospects Dr. Mostefa A. Ouki Manager, Gas & Upstream Nexant Ltd London, United Kingdom 15th Session of the UN ECE Working Party on Gas Geneva, Switzerland 18th – 19th January 2005 Primary Energy Supply UK Current Primary Energy Supply (%) • Natural Gas – one of the main Others Nuclear sources of energy supply 2% 9% • Over 30% of electricity Oil Coal generated in UK is gas-fired 35% 15% • Space heating - major energy end use • Gas projected to account for about 40% of electricity generation mix in 2010+ Gas 39% -1- 2003 UK Gas Situation (Sources: Cedigaz & UK DTI) • Proven reserves: 950 billion cubic metres • Gross production: 108 billion cubic metres • Net production: 102 billion cubic metres • Imports: 8 billion cubic metres • Consumption: 95 billion cubic metres • Exports: 15 billion cubic metres -2- Projected Gas Supply/Demand • Projected UK gas demand estimated at ~ 110 to 115 bcm by 2010 • Decline of indigenous energy supplies • UK gas production projected to decline rapidly by end of this decade • Gas supply deficit projected to emerge in 2006/07 (concerns about winter peak requirements) • Projected shift from gas “self-sufficiency to import dependency” • Sources of gas imports: Europe, North Africa & Middle East + (Russia?) • Diversification of gas supplies and supply routes sought -3- Existing and Planned Gas Imports Projects for UK market Gas Pipelines • Imports through the expanded UK-Belgium Interconnector • Vesterled pipeline from Norway to UK (existing) • Balgzand (BBL) pipeline from the
    [Show full text]
  • Gas Ten Year Statement
    Gas Ten Year Statement UK gas transmission DECEMBER 2011 Gas Transportation Ten Year Statement 2011 Cover Picture Ship name - “Arctic Princess” - Phase 3 Commissioning cargo docking at the Isle of Grain LNG1 terminal 17th November 2010. When built, the Arctic Princess was the largest LNG ship ever built. It has 3 a capacity around 147,000 m of LNG. It is 288m long and 49m wide. LNG is natural gas cooled to -162OC and takes up approximately 600 times less space than when in a gaseous state. This equates to total capacity around 88mcm2 for this ship, which is approximately 1,000 GWh, the total annual demand3 of about 65,000 average UK households. 1 Liquefied Natural Gas 2 Million Cubic Metres 3 Weather corrected actual Page 2 Gas Transportation Ten Year Statement 2011 Foreword Statistics (DUKES2 categories Public Administration and Commercial), Industry and Transport and uses a bottom-up approach that starts at the finest level of detail practical. Welcome to the 2011 edition of the Gas In contrast to the bottom-up approach Ten Year Statement. I hope that you find it used in Gone Green, Slow an informative and useful document. As in Progression uses econometric previous years, the purpose of this modelling at a sector level for both gas document is to set out our assessment of and electricity projections. Demand is the future demand and supply position for related to a number of factors, natural gas in the United Kingdom, and the including fuel price, economic growth consequences for operation of the gas and number of houses.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Gas and Oil Market: the Role of Norway
    NoteNote dede l’Ifril’Ifri The European Gas and Oil Market: The Role of Norway Florentina Harbo October 2008 Gouvernance européenne et géopolitique de l’énergie The Institut Français des Relations Internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental and a non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European debate. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the authors alone. ISBN : 978-2-86592-397-7 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2008 IFRI IFRI-BRUSSELS 27 RUE DE LA PROCESSION RUE MARIE-THÉRÈSE, 21 75740 PARIS CEDEX 15 1000 - BRUSSELS, BELGIUM TÉL. : 33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 TEL: 00 (+32) 2 238 51 10 FAX: 33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 E-MAIL: [email protected] EMAIL : [email protected] WEBSITE: ifri.org Gouvernance européenne et géopolitique de l’énergie The original feature of this program is to integrate European governance and energy geopolitics. The program highlights emerging key issues and delivers insight and analysis in order to educate policy makers and influence public policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Langeled: Pipe Capacity Vs
    International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering (ISSN 1053-5381) Copyright© byThe International Societyof Offshore and Polar Engineers Vol. 18, No. 3, September 2008, pp. 188–195 Langeled: Pipe Capacity vs. Wall Thickness Selection R. Bruschi, L. Vitali, E. Torselletti and D. Zenobi Snamprogetti SpA, Dept., Fano (PU), Italy A. Johannessen and R. Holme Statoil ASA, Stavanger, Norway The Langeled Pipeline South (LPS) is characterized by a large diameter and thin steel wall, giving rise to an outer diameter-to-thickness ratio, D/t, larger than 45. The local buckling design equation in DNV OS F101 is explicitly defined as applicable to a pipe D/t ratio equal to or lower that 45. It was then necessary to investigate if DNV OS F101 could also be made applicable as a project guideline for D/t > 45. The scope of this paper is to present the results of a desk study carried out during the project development; the study aimed to verify the applicability of the local buckling design equations enclosed in DNV OS F101. In particular, the following aspects are discussed in the paper: Finite Element Modeling of the pipe section of the LPS, including weld misalignment and the specified geometric tolerances; 3-dimensional FE Models aiming to analyze the LPS under relevant load conditions; FE calculations and sensitivity analysis aiming to determine the nonlinear loading curve (moment vs. curvature under axial/pressure loads), and to identify the limit bending pipe capacity and the relevant deformations; comparison of the calculated limit bending capacity with the results from the application of the DNV OS F101 design format.
    [Show full text]