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T-UTEQ-0037.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA ESTATAL DE QUEVEDO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS PECUARIAS CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA ZOOTÉCNICA TESIS DE GRADO PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO ZOOTECNISTA TEMA UTILIZACIÓN DE ARBUSTIVAS FORRAJERAS TROPICALES, MORERA (Morus alba), CARACA (Erythrina smithiana) Y BOTÓN DE ORO (Tithonia diversifolia) EN EL ENGORDE DE CUYES (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus) FINCA “LA MARIA” MOCACHE PROVINCIA DE LOS RIOS, 2012 AUTOR: EGDO. SÁNCHEZ NÁJERA AUDIE ADRIÁN DIRECTOR DE TESIS: ING. ZOOT. M. SC. ADOLFO RODOLFO SÁNCHEZ LAIÑO QUEVEDO-ECUADOR 2013 i DECLARACIÓN DE AUTORÍA Y CESIÓN DE DERECHOS Yo, Audie Adrián Sánchez Nájera, declaro que el trabajo aquí descrito es de mi autoría; que no ha sido previamente presentado para ningún grado o calificación profesional; y, que he consultado las referencias bibliográficas que se incluyen en este documento. La Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, puede hacer uso de los derechos correspondientes a este trabajo, según lo establecido por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, y por la normatividad institucional vigente. ---------------------------------------------------- Audie Adrián Sánchez Nájera ii CERTIFICACIÓN El suscrito, Ing. M.Sc. Adolfo Sánchez Laiño, Docente de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, certifica que el Egresado Audie Adrián Sánchez Nájera realizó la tesis de grado previo a la obtención del título de Ing Zootecnista, UTILIZACIÓN DE ARBUSTIVAS FORRAJERAS TROPICALES, MORERA (Morus alba), CARACA (Erythrina smithiana) Y BOTÓN DE ORO (Tithonia diversifolia) EN EL ENGORDE DE CUYES (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus) FINCA “LA MARIA” MOCACHE PROVINCIA DE LOS RIOS, 2012, bajo mi dirección, habiendo cumplido con las disposiciones reglamentarias establecidas para el efecto. ------------------------------------ Ing. M. Sc. Adolfo Sánchez Laiño DIRECTOR DE TESIS iii Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias Carrera de Ingeniería Zootécnica TEMA UTILIZACIÓN DE ARBUSTIVAS FORRAJERAS TROPICALES, MORERA (Morus alba), CARACA (Erythrina smithiana) Y BOTÓN DE ORO (Tithonia diversifolia) EN EL ENGORDE DE CUYES (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus) FINCA “LA MARIA” MOCACHE PROVINCIA DE LOS RIOS, 2012 PRESENTADO AL CONSEJO DIRECTIVO COMO REQUISITO PREVIO A LA OBTENCION DEL TITULO DE INGENIERO ZOOTECNISTA APROBADO Ing Ítalo Espinoza PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNAL DE TESIS Ing Alejandro Meza Ing Geovanny Muñoz MIEMBRO DEL TRIBUNAL MIEMBRO DEL TRIBUNAL QUEVEDO - LOS RÍOS – ECUADOR 2013 iv AGRADECIMIENTO El autor agradece por su colaboración y apoyo constante para la culminación del presente trabajo de investigación a: Ing. Zoot. M.Sc. Roque Vivas Moreira. Rector de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ). Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias (UTEQ). Dr. Délsito Zambrano Gracia. Decano FCP. Ing. Zoot. M.Sc. Hugo Medina Quintero. Subdecano FCP. Ing. Franklin Peláez M. Coordinador Carrera Ing. Zootécnica. Ing. Zoot. M.Sc. Adolfo Sánchez Laiño. Director de Tesis. Ing. Agrop. M.Sc. Gary Meza Bone. Docente Investigador. Ing Ítalo Espinoza. Presidente del Tribunal de tesis Ing Geovanny Muñoz. Miembro del tribunal de tesis. Ing Alejandro Meza. Miembro del tribunal de tesis. Audie Sánchez v DEDICATORIA Al culminar una fase de mi vida académica la dedico en primer lugar a Dios el que me ayudo y guió para alcanzar una de mis metas en este largo caminar de la vida. A mis padres Audin y Valeria, abuelos y familiares por depositar toda la confianza en mí ya que siempre estuvieron dispuestos apoyarme en los momentos difíciles y en mis triunfos como en este caso. Audie Sánchez vi ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO CAPÍTULO PÁGINA DECLARACIÓN DE AUTORÍA Y CESIÓN DE DERECHOS……...... ii CERTIFICACIÓN……………………………...…………………...….….. iii TRIBUNAL DE TESIS……………………………………………...…..… iv AGRADECIMIENTO……………….…………………………...….......... v DEDICATORIA…………………………………………………...…..…... vi CONTENIDO……………………………………………………..……….. vii ÍNDICE DE CUADROS………………….……………...……….............. x ÍNDICE DE TABLAS..…………………………………….…...…...…..... Xii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS…………………..……………………….............. xiii ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS..…….……………………………………….…..... xiv RESUMEN EJECUTIVO…………………………………………......….. xv ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………....….. xvi CAPÍTULO I………………………………………………………….…..... 1 MARCO CONTEXTUAL DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN…………….….…. 1 1.0. Introducción…………….…………...…………………….....….. 1 1.2. Objetivos……………………….………………………......….… 3 1.2.1. Objetivo general………….…………………………...…. 3 1.2.2. Objetivos específicos……………………………….…... 3 1.3. Hipótesis….……………………………………………...…….… 3 CAPÍTULO II…………………………………..….……………………....... 4 MARCO TEÓRICO……………..…………………...………………......… 4 2.1. El cuy (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus)………………..………..…... 4 2.2. Anatomía y fisiología del cuy…..………………...…….....….. 5 2.3. Necesidades nutritivas del cuy…………………………..….... 7 2.4. Arbustivas Forrajeras………………………...……………..….. 8 2.4.1. Morera (Morus alba)…………………………….……...... 8 2.4.2. Caraca (Erythrina poeppigiana)………….……….…...... 10 2.4.3. Botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia)……………...……... 12 2.5. Trabajos realizados en alimentación de cuyes con arbustivas forrajeras……………………………………………………….…. 14 vii CAPÍTULO III……………………………………………………..………….. 17 METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN……………………..….…….. 17 3.1. Materiales y métodos…………………..………..………............. 17 3.1.1. Localización y duración del experimento………….......... 17 3.1.2. Condiciones meteorológicas……………….…….……...... 17 3.1.3 Materiales y equipos……………….…...……………....…... 18 3.2 Tipo de investigación……………………………………..…..….. 18 3.3. Tratamientos……………………………………………....…..…... 19 3.4. Diseño experimental………………………………...…....….....… 19 3.5. Población y muestra …………………………………………....... 20 3.5.1. Unidades experimentales………………………………..... 20 3.6. Mediciones experimentales………………………….………….. 21 3.6.1. Consumo de alimento cada 14 días y total (g).…..…....... 21 3.6.2. Ganancia de peso cada 14 días y total (g)………...…..... 21 3.6.3. Conversión alimenticia cada 14 días y total………….…. 21 3.6.4. Peso a la canal (g)……………………………..…..………. 22 3.6.5. Rendimiento a la canal (%)…………………….……......... 22 3.7. Análisis económico……………..…………………….……..……. 22 3.7.1. Ingreso bruto…………………………...…………...……… 23 3.7.2. Costos totales………………………………..……...……... 23 3.7.3. Beneficio neto……………………………………......…..... 23 3.7.4. Rentabilidad (%).………………………………….….......... 24 3.8. Procedimiento experimental…………………………...….……… 25 CAPÍTULO IV……………………………………………………..……….…. 26 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN………………………………..……….…... 26 4.1. Consumo de balanceado cada 14 días y total (g)……….....….. 26 4.2. Consumo de forraje cada 14 días y total (g)………..…….…..… 27 4.3. Consumo de alimento cada 14 días y total (g)……..…….….…. 29 4.4. Ganancia de peso cada 14 días y total (g)…...………............... 31 4.6. Conversión alimenticia………...…………………………….....…. 34 4.7. Peso a la canal (g) y rendimento a la canal (%)......................... 36 4.8. Análisis económico ($)……..…………………………....………… 38 viii CAPÍTULO V…………………………………………………….……….… 40 CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES.………………….………. 40 5.1. Conclusiones……………………………...………..…….………. 40 5.2. Recomendaciones……………………………..…..………….... 41 CAPÍTULO VI……………………………………………………….……... 42 BIBLIOGRAFÍA……………………………………………....……….…... 42 6.1. Literatura citada………………………………….…..…….…..... 42 CAPÍTULO VII………………………………………………….………..… 51 ANEXOS…………….………………………………………….…...……... 51 7.1. Anexos…………………………………….………….....….…..... 51 ix ÍNDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro Página 1 Condiciones meteorológicas de la finca experimental “LA MARÍA. MOCACHE 2012.………...…………...…………………………………….... 17 2 Esquema de Experimento …………………………………………………... 19 3 Esquema del análisis de varianza…………………………..………...…….. 20 4 Consumo de balanceado (g) cada 14 días y total, en el engorde de cuyes (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus) alimentados con arbustivas forrajeras tropicales. Finca Experimental “La María”. DICYT-UTEQ. Mocache. 2013…………………………………………………………………………….. 26 5 Consumo de forraje (g) cada 14 días y total, en el engorde de cuyes (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus) alimentados con arbustivas forrajeras tropicales. Finca Experimental “La María”. DICYT-UTEQ. Mocache. 2013..……………………………………….……………………………….…. 28 . 6 Consumo de alimento (g) cada 14 días y total, en el engorde de cuyes (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus) alimentados con arbustivas forrajeras tropicales. Finca Experimental “La María”. DICYT-UTEQ. Mocache. 2013……………………………………………………………..…………….... 30 7 Ganancia de peso (g) cada 14 días y total, en el engorde de cuyes (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus) alimentados con arbustivas forrajeras tropicales. Finca Experimental “La María”. DICYT-UTEQ. Mocache. 2013………………………………………………………….…………............ 33 8 Conversión alimenticia (g) cada 14 días y total, en el engorde de cuyes (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus) alimentados con arbustivas forrajeras tropicales. Finca Experimental “La María”. DICYT-UTEQ. Mocache. 2013…….………………………………………………………………........... 35 x 9 Peso a la canal (g) y Rendimiento a la canal (%) en el engorde de cuyes (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus) alimentados con arbustivas forrajeras tropicales. Finca Experimental “La María”. DICYT-UTEQ. Mocache. 2013…………………………………………………………………………….. 37 10 Análisis económico (USD) En el engorde de cuyes (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus) alimentados con arbustivas forrajeras tropicales. Finca Experimental “La María”. DICYT-UTEQ. Mocache. 2013……..…………. 39 xi ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla Página 1 Clasificación taxonómica de cuy….…………………………….…..........…. 5 2 Requerimientos nutricionales para cuyes ………………………………….. 8 3 Clasificación taxonómica de la morera (Morus alba)……...……………..... 9 4 Clasificación taxonómica de la Caraca (Erythrina poeppigiana)..…......... 11 5 Clasificación taxonómica del botón de oro (Tithonia
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