... '- cember, 1963

A puter Application ••. Automatic Contest Winning .. ' - Before you can say 6'Gbt me the facts" ...

DATA-PHONE can say it 16 times

That's because DATA-PHONE service "talks" 16 Your business locations have all the information times faster than people can talk. It can turn out they need - all of the time. No costly delays. No up to two million words a day, in fact. postponed decisions. No duplicated effort. DATA-PHONE messages travel over regular tele­ Our Communications Consultant will show you phone lines - at regular telephone rates. It sends how DATA-PHONE service can meet your special any data that can be punched on card or tape­ needs. Just call your Bell Telephone Business Office inventories, orders, schedules, waybills, memos. -and they'll put him in touch with you.

BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM Sel'ving you Circle No. 7 on Readers Service Card DDP- 24 Digital Computer introduced March, 1963

3? R Orders to date* including. Three DDp·24 NASA Orders Air Force To Get Computers To EAI 3C DDP-24 3C DDP-24 FRAMINGHAM, MASSA- n For Hydac - 2400 Computer CHUSETTS - A Computer J FRAMINGHAM, MASSACHU- a Control Company DDP-24 gen- v FRAMINGHAM, MASSACHU· SETTS -=- A DDP-24 Digital Data n eral purpose computer has been Ii SETTS - Electronic Associates, Processor has been ordered from a ordered by the Air Force Sys- s· l Incorporated, Long Branch, New Jersey, Computer Control Company, Inc., 1; tems command, Aeronautical s: , has ordered three DDP·24 general by NASA for the Goddard Space 5 Systems Division, Wright- S purpose digital computers from Com· Flight Center. 1 Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. C 1 puter Control Company, Inc. The The high speed, general purpose The Air Force will use the h , three computers were ordered as part computer will be used as a simulator high speed DDP-24 for on-line r: . of a continuing EAIj3C contract by for a world-wide tracking network data format conversion and also PI which 3C supplies the digital portion for manned spacecraft. Data will be off-line for general purpose c( t· of EAl's new HYDAC·2400 - the first utilized in determining vehicle orbits, computation. Included with the iI d standard, commercially available prediction of landing sites, etc. The DDP-24 is a comprehensive soft- c: ware par.k~p'e· i npl.- •• " .... g analogi digital computer system. The DDP-24 is supplied with a comnrp- ,...._. - d design of the HYDAC·2400 provides p""";",, "off- - --",,' ~t for the system to function as a totally )r integrated unit and also as separate 3C DDP-24 , III analog and digital computers. Litton Orders 3C A.. :_~ •. :.1 l.T"·T) ~ r n '''1) , •• :'- DDP-24 Computer Slated For 3C Delivers FRAMINGHAM, MASSACHU· Haskins Lab . SETTS - A Computer Control FRAMINGHAM, MASSA­ DDp·24 Computer ~ Company DDP·24 general purpose computer has been ordered by Litton ) CHUSETTS - A Computer Industries for their Communication ., Control Company DDP-24 general. For Gemini Trainer. h purpose computer has been r. Sciences Laboratory in Waltham, FRAMINGHAM, MASSACHU­ 3 Massachusetts. n ordered by Haskins Laboratories, SETTS - Computer Control Com­ Litton will use the hi~h spced p Inc" New York, N. Y. Haskins !_ pany, Inc., delivered the first of two DDP-24 for open·shop scientific and ic will use the very high speed, DDP-24 Digital Data Processors engineering computation. Included n- 24-bit word DDP-24 for applica­ as part of the standard DDP·24 st tions in speech sim111~tinn _.- t ,d~~ ~~~ti~e; i;; ~~Di~n~h~ ~~ri~t ~i~; contract agreement is a comprehen· d. ::1:"''11.,,,,:. t Trainer System. sive software package including ~: The DDP-24 will be. the basic FORTRAN II and 3C engineering rl. computer in the system and will pro­ supnort RerviceR. rs vide real-time simulation of the on­ '3 board guidance computer through all '0 phases of launch, boost and insertion, IS orbit, rendezvous and docking, retro COMPUTER CONTROL COMPANY, INC. ;h, and re-entry, and letdown. Th.. r"' ..... nllter at"" r.~_~'. thr OLD CONNECTICUT PATH, FRAMINGHAM, MASS .• 2217 PURDUE AVE., LOS ANGELES 64, CALIF. * OGTOBER 39, 1963 NOV. 1'111963 Circle No. 8 on Readers Servico Card Who put the flexibility into Data Processing at I CRUCIBLE, I®? OFLIUISCA the only continuous tabulating card with NO medial' waste strips

Crucible Steel Company of America tabulating cards offer unlimited flexibility, needed continuous tabulating checks for unlimited versatility. its accounts payable ... checks that could That's why Crucible Steel uses eight different be processed afhigh speeds ... checks that FORMSCARD tab checks for various pay­ call, write or wire would eliminate the need for carbons by roll and accounts payable checks ... why having vouchers.at both side and)JOttom. you should consider the advantages A tall order? Not for FORMSCARDS! FORMSCARDS can bring to FORMSCARDS' exclusive continuous your firm's systems. ., 7br",s inc .. WillOW GROVE, PA. Phone: Oldfield 9·4000 • Efficient operation on any printer at any speed • Easily separated manually or on any burster _ . .J . ~ • Available pre-punched and with vouchers of an,;y size at side, top or bottom '.~'. • Can be part of multiple part sets .... ~UF.CTu.ER-Ut"BEA Manufacturers of line-hole continuous business forms. Samples on request-Sales representatives in principal cities

Circle No. 9 on Readers Service Card

4 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 Our front cover shows engineer G. Woodruff explaining the /low chart of the strategy he Med to guide a computer to certain victory in a national contest. See "Computer Wins Contest" on page 47.

©@[rLrUICd)~~[l0@[FJ§ LJ m(jll~J m(1~'2;@U-lrlllD'2;O@u-u

DECEMBER, 1963 Vol. XII, No. 12 computers and data processors: the design, applications, editor and publisher and implications 0/ EDMUND C. BERKELEY information processing systems.

assistant editors MOSES M. BERLIN NEIL D. MACDONALD 111 This Issue LINDA LADD LOVETT 1963 PICTORIAL REPORT ON THE COMPUTER FIELD 26 DIGITAL COMPUTERS contributing editors 31 ANALOG COMPUTERS ANDREW D. BOOTH 33 INPUT-OUTPUT EQUIPMENT NED CHAPIN JOHN W. CARR, III 38 MEMORIES ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER 42 DATA TRANSMITTERS AND CONVERTERS PETER KUGEL 12 "DO-IT-YOURSELF" PROGRAMMING SYSTEMS by Bruce R. Hering advisory committee T. E. CHEATHAM, JR. 18 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS STANDARDS GEORGE E. FORSYTHE by Dick H. Brandon and Frederick Kirch RICHARD W. HAMMING 22 CONSIDERATIONS IN COMPUTER DESIGN - LEADING UP TO THE ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER CONTROL DATA 6600 (Part 2) HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR. by James E. Thornton

associate publisher PATRICK J. MCGOVERN 111 Every Issue production manager across the editor's des/oJ ANN B. BAKER 45 CDMPUTING AND DATA PROCESSINI1 NEWSLETTER circulation manager editorial VIRGINIA A. NELSON, 815 Washington St. 6 Computers and Computer People, Against Assassination Newtonville, Mass. 02160, DEcatur 2-5453 editor's scrillcbl.'ild • advertising representatives 9 Computers, MagiC Numbers, and 'So What Else is New?' ••• What's Due From ACM Dues New York 18, BERNARD LANE 9 Diebold Researchers Undertake Study of E.DP Developments 37 West 39 St., BRyant 9-7281 10 Chicago 11, COLE, MASON AND DEMING readers' mul editor's forum 737 N. Michigan Ave., SU 7-6558 7 "Peephole" to the Outside World Calendar of Coming Events Los Angeles 5, WENTWORTH F. GREEN 21 300 S. Kenmore Ave., DUnkirk 7-8135 reference information, San Francisco 5, A. S. BABCOCK 55 New Patents, by Raymond S. Skolnick 605 Market st., YUkon 2-3954 56 Monthly Computer Census E!sewhere, THE PUBLISHER index of 11,otices 815 Washington St., DEcatur 2-5453 Advertising Index Newtonville, Mass. 02160 58

COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION IS PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT 815 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE 60, MASS., BY BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC. PRINTED IN U.S.A. SUBSCRIPTION RATES, UNITED STATES, $15.00 FOR 1 YEAR, $29.00 FOR 2 YEARS, INCLUDING THE JUNE DIRECTORY ISSUE; CANADA, ADD SOc A YEAR FOR POSTAGE: fOREIGN, ADD suo A YEAR fOR POSTAGE. ADDRESS ALL EDITORIAL AND SUBSCRIPTION MAIL TO BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC., 815 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE, MASS., 02160. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT BOSTON. MASS. POSTMASTER: PLEASE SEND ALL FORMS 3579 TO BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC., 815 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE. MASS., 02160. © COPYRIGHT, 1963. BY BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC. CHANGE OF ADDRESS: IF YOUR ADDRESS CHANGES, PLEASE SEND US BOTH YOUR NEW ADDRESS AND YOUR OLD ADDRESS (AS IT APPEARS ON THE MAGAZINE ADDRESS IMPRINT), AND ALLOW THREE WHKS FOR THE CHANGE TO BE MADE.

COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION, FOR DECEMBER, 1963 c&a EDITORIAL

Computers and Computer People, Agains t Assassination

The tragic events of the end of November must the years 1919 to 1933 before Hitler came to power, over have shaken all men of good will in America. First: the 400 distinguished democratic Germans were assassinated violent death of President John F. Kennedy - shot from by neomilitarist individuals and groups. When charged ambush by an assassin in Dallas, Texas. Second: the with murder in court, they were regularly freed by jud­ dishonor - the prime suspect, shot by another assassin ges and juries on the defense that they were fighting trea­ in Dallas, and dead without a fair trial before the bar of son to Germany. This uncorrected perversion of justice justice. makes it a bit less surprising that after the Nazis came to power in 1933, they killed over 6 million unarmed As Ralph McGill said in his column "Harvest of Jews and over 5 million captives of other nationalities Hate" printed in the "Boston Globe" on November 23: 1939-45.

"We would do well to understand Assassination and genocide are not inevitable. that hate .... unchecked in behalf They are outcomes of hate; they are phenomena of human of morality, decency, and human behavior; and they can be dealt with through common dignity .... can also kill a nation, sense, science including sociology and psychology, wis­ or so weaken it that it will die. " dom, idealism, and determination. It may be argued that if M decides to assassinate P, there is nothing or very little that can be done to prevent it. This is far from But these are only two in a long succession of true statistically. Some of the prevention can be exer­ similar murders in the United States. In 1963 alone: cised by Pj some more of it can be exercised by society and its organs of government. A belief in M's mind that - Fo ur Sunday school children were dynamited he will certainly be severely punished acts as a real de­ to death in a church in Birmingham, Ala­ terrent in a great many cases. The attitudes of Mis cir­ bama, on Sept. 15; cle of friends and associates' towards assassination is - Negro leader Medgar Evers was shot to death another critical factor. In most circles of our present by a sniper in the driveway next to his home society, only rare types of persons would seriously under­ in Jackson, Mississippi, in Junej take the assassination of someone else. These points and - The white postman William L. Moore was shot other points make the problem manageable, and make it to death in the back as he walked wearing a in large part a problem in information processing. a sign "End Segregation in America" along a road near Gadsden, Alabama, in April; and For example, in Britain there is an organization called Special Branch which works on prevention of assas­ - Benjamin M. Gurley, computer scientist, who sination. According to the reporter Robert Musel, it put together the PDP-l computer in four "pinpoints every known subversive in the United Kingdom months, was shot to death through a window and neutralizes him - by detention if necessary" when while at supper with his wife and children in royalty or heads of state are visiting. "A classic example the kitchen of his home in West Concord, of Special Branch ingenuity was shown during a visit of Massachusetts, on November 7. President Tito of Yugoslavia, when he was to lay a wreath • at the War Memorial in Whitehall before thousands of people and thousands of windows. . ... Special Branch Ben Gurley was liked and admired by almost stalled all traffic in Whitehall, so that there were solid everybody who knew him, and loved by many. I shall masses of doubledecker busses on both sides of the boule­ never forget sitting in the living room of his house after vard. Between this improvised bullet-proof shield, Tito dinner on November 4, listening while he held his two­ laid his wreath." According to current newspaper reports year old daughter on his lap and read aloud a book of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in this country keeps young people's riddles to her and to all of us, while we a file on every known person who might be a "subversive". gaily tried to guess them. He leaves seven children, a widow, and unfinished projects. His friends and admir­ ers are forming a "Ben Gurley Association". (If you are The basic function of computers and computer interested in more information about thiS, circle No. 1 people is to provide information engineering - the con­ on the Headers Service Card, or write "Computers and verting of great quantities of information from one form Automation". ) into another more desired form. The information on per­ sons in the files of Special Branch or the FBI is doubtless already being operated on with computers and data proces­ Assassination is sometimes a prelude to hatred sors. The programs for processing the data and the appli­ and murder on a much larger scale. In Germany during cations of the results can certainly be improved.

6 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 But there are two big provisos: provided the super­ c&a visors of the information processing know the techniques for doing a good job, and provided they really want to do a READERS' & EDITOR'S FORUM good job (i. e., are not persons who secretly sympathize with the assassins).

In the case of Ben Gurley, he had reported to the local police a month or so earlier that he had been threat­ "PEEPHOLE" TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD ened by a former associate and that he believed his life was in danger. The police provided protection of a sort, I. From David E. Van Buskirk of the usuallocal-police-station quality; but it was not Supervisor, 41679 adequate; he had not even been warned to pull his shades Tabulating Department down at night. In fact, I have never heard of any police Indiana Reformatory, Department of Correction Pendleton, Ind. station issuing a leaflet or booklet on "Safety Procedure'~ to help protect the persons that the police station guards. We would like to express our sincere appreciation for After the shot, the prime suspect, Allen Blumenthal, was the help that you extended to us in providing a compli­ arrested the same evening; and the next day was charged mentary subscription to your very informative, superbly in court in Concord with the murder of Ben Gurley; the edited magazine. case is awaiting trial. But this is lokcing the stable door In the year that we have been receiving Computers and after the horse is stolen. Automation, the class. as a whole has benefited from them in innumerable ways. Essays, briefs, and other assignments There have been fifty bombings of Negroes and have been derived from each month's issue for the students Negro property in Birmingham, Alabama, since 1945; to complete. In point of fact, your publication has allowed not one has been "solved". 1\\-'0 white persons were us to view the outside data processing world from inside arrested in connection with the bombing of the Negro these walls. church in which four little girls were killed; the two whites Concerning our progress in the last year: We have in­ were charged only with possessing dynamite, and sen­ creased our curriculum to include approximately 50 various tenced to six months at hard labor. Floyd Simpkins, the Remington Rand and LB.M. machines and we now have Alabama storekeeper who was charged with shooting a small library started which includes approximately 125 William Moore, on the basis of evidence from the Federal books on related material. The Central Indiana Chapter of the D.P.M.A. has consented to indorse our diploma to all Bureau of Investigation, was let go by the local court. So qualifying students and we have had 30 programmers far as I know, no white man in the South has ever been qualified to date. executed for assassinating a Negro. Under thebe cundi­ Everything that we have accomplished here, everything tions it is difficult to believe tilat tile perbunb in chat'ge that we as individuals will accomplish in the future in this of the governmental apparatus in many parts uf tho SOlltil field, can be directly attributed to the broad-minded, un­ really want to stop assassination. derstanding people like yourself who have shown compas­ sion to us as young men in need of their help. This fact we are fully aware of while taking advantage of this op­ Let us all work, now while there is still time and portunity. as diligently as possible, to reduce the bitterness and Only those with the best potential are allowed to enter hatred and venom, irrational or rational, which appears our department. They must be way above average in to be spreading through the society of America. Let us personality, sincerity, disposition, motivation and in in­ deal generously and justly with some of the rational causes telligence. They must have an LQ. of 105 or better and an of bitterness, especially the suffering of American Negroes S.A. of at least 8.0 or more. These men arc screened for from discrimination, segregation, and violence. Let us approximately 2 weeks, tested with the LB.M. aptitude try to increase the safety of people from assassination: tests and logic evaluation problems. After screening, the for example, assassination like kidnapping could be a handful that is left begin a strict and rigid course covering Federal crime, and assassins could be tried and sen­ all related EDP machines. tenced according to the laws of the United States, so that We believe that the men who eventually complete this we would no longer tolerate the warping of justice in local, course are the most highly qualified graduates of any school . segregated areas of ti10 country. Let us find good men of its kind and should go a long way in this field upon who are really determined to prevent assassination and their release. incipient genocide in America, and put them in charge of We are starting a new class September 15 and unless we sufficient resources ill the field of data processing, and receive another year's free subscription to Computers and in other fields, so that the rate of assassination like the Automation, we will very much miss the issues. As student rate of kidnapping approaches zero. And let us repair reference aids and as our "peephole" to the outside world, and heal our society, for the very worth and value of our your magazine is tops in the field. I was pleased to see society is at stake. a couple of copies of C & A in the office of the supervisor of a tab section which our class visited recently. Thank you for your time and support in this matter. Respectfully yours, II. From the Editor Thank you for your letter, with comments on the value of Computers and Automation. We arc glad to know that it has been useful to you. We are renewin~ your complimelltary subscriptioll for another year, and hope that it will (olltillue to be useful to you and your colleagues. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 7 "We use Computer Audiotape in all phases of our computer operation" ... --*,.. ~~~ Stlys Mr. Louis L. Hodge, Director of Data Processing Operations for i~-t..~~~ Government Employees Insurance Company, Chevy Chase, Maryland ....('~,l OrEt~ II<

•

GEICO is one of the leading auto insurers in the United States. As a result, our large computer section is used to keep the individual files on almost a million policyholders constantly up to date, as well as to process thousands of claims weekly. Computer Audiotape is active in all phases of these operations. We have purchased close to 1,000 reels in less than a year. We prefer Computer Audiotape for a number of reasons. First-and most important-its quality has been very good. Second, the price is right. And third, the service we get is most satisfactory.

GEICO is JlI.~t one of the many promi1lent compa1lies that consist­ of lengths, in bit densities of 200, 556 and 800, in standard and ently spccify Computer AudiotalJe. Thcy know that each reel is heavy duty types. And consider Audio's new Extra Length Com­ manufactured with extreme care. They know that each reel is 100% puter Audiotape which offers 50% more tape on the same size reel. checked to insure that every "bit" reproduces properly. Try Com­ Write for complete information to Audio Devices, Dept. CA. puter Audiotape in your own operation. It's available in a variety AUDIO DEVICES, INC., 444 Madison Avenue. New York 22, New York

Circle No. 10 on Readers Service Card 8 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 c&a

SCRATCHPAD

COMPUTERS, MAGIC NUMBERS, be competitive with the H-800 and IBM 7070 se­ AND 'SO WHAT ELSE IS NEW?' ••• ries. They will lease at from $15,000 to $30,000 per month. Deliveries wi 11 start in mio-1965. Three is shaping up a magic number -- one The new scientific computers, the GE-625 and 635, might even say the Midas number -- in the compu­ are claimed to be in the Control Data 3600 class, ter field. The unit in th1S case is years. with operational speeds faster than the 7094. Since 1955 the number of new computers introduced Formal announcement of this 600 series is expec­ and the number of new orders for computers appear ted in Spring '64. to increase and decrease in three-year cycles (with an ever increasing baseline, to be sure). Among the rumored offspring of other systems All of 1955, 1958 and 1961 were years of builders in the computer field in 1964 are: heightened activity for both new equipment an­ nouncements and new orders for computer systems. eGeneral Precision will announce an LGP-22 shortly, featuring an 8K disc memory and an The reason for this three-year activity $800/month lease price. Also their L-3055 com­ cycle is not deeply hidden. A major factor in puter, originally developed for the 473L system, that three-year cycle is the minimum payback will be commercially available in 1964. period on an equipment leasing arrangement, dur­ ing which a computer manufacturer can recover his e Burroughs is expected to announce a large­ production and development costs, interest, and a scale system based on the B-5000 but featuring basic profit. A vendor is not likely to intro­ begabits of random access storage and thin film duce equipment obsoleting a large population of internal memory. his existing computer installations which will be on lease for less than three years by the time e Control Data is expected to bridge the gap the new equipment is ready for installation. The between the G-15 and the 3200 with a new intro­ strong cyclic flavor to this activity in the com­ duction. puter field comes from the fact that the industry is polarized around the activities of a common • Honeywell is expected to bid seriously for competitor. Since IBM currently commands over the small computer market in '64 by announcing 80% of the computer market, it sets the basic their $4000/month H-200 this month. rhythm for the movements of the other players. In 1958, IBM was at the height of its marketing • IBM is expected to introduce an assortment drive on the 709 series. In 1961, the 1401 of new large storage devices (look for a semi­ series was generating orders at the rate of 15 permanent memory unit with optical read/write per working day. In 1964, intense ordering acti­ techniques), I/O gear, as well as the basic mem­ vity on the 1440 and 1460 is anticipated, as well bers of a new series of computers specifically as on the first models of a yet-to-be-announced designed for extensive data communications pro­ new computer series. Other manufacturers are cessing. readying their launching pads for the intro­ duction of an impressive range of competitive • RCA is expected to offer an improved compu­ computing equipment. Truly '64 should be a ban­ ter in the 301 price class. ner year for the computer census taker. • Univac's IV is due in 1964, designed for An early indication of this impending acti­ data communications routing, processing, and con­ vity is that during the first 11 months of 1963, trol. 11 new gp computers were announced. In the cur­ rent month alone, General Electric is planning to announCe 4 new business-oriented computers, and "leak" information on 2 new scientific computers. WHAT'S DUE FROM ACM DUES Two of the new GE business computers, the 425 and 435 are designed to be competitive with the IBM We noted with much interest and some finan­ 1410, RCA 501 and H-1400. They will lease at cial anguish the recent increase in ACM dues from from $6,000 to $15,000 per month. Deliveries $10 to $18 per year. We feel this is an unwise will start in July, 1964. The other ~wo business and unnecessary step on the part of the only pro­ computers, the GE-455 and 465, are designed to fessional association that speaks for the scien-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 tific and engineering users of computers -- the suIting firms, announced last month that he has core computer people who expand the horizons of mustered up a blue ribbon platoon of sponsors for information processing technology. Do you re­ an extended research study of the changes expected member the first few years when ACM dues were $2 from automation and information technology in the a year? next ten years. As outlined by Diebold, his Research Program \ve feel this step from $10 to $18 is very is conceived as a "troika" effort among firms unwise, because (1) by nearly doubling the mem­ which have considerable existing and potential bership fee, the ACM is inhibiting membership use for computers, firms building computer sys­ among those elements who are most in need of the tems, and the staff of the Diebold Group. The information services its publications provide, purpose is to study future developments in the namely, the student and junior mathematician and information systems field in the areas of auto­ programmer; and (2) by nearly doubling the mem­ matic data processing, scientific computation, bership fee, the ACM will be cutting the inter­ management science techniques which use computers, est/cost curve of membership at a significantly digital data transmission, information storage lower point, and consequently will only embellish and retrieval, and data display techniques for its caricature of serving ivory-tower mathema­ business. The initial two-year phase of the ticians and numerical theorists. study is already in progress, the first quarterly meeting of the sponsors having been held in the We feel that in fact the $8 per year member­ last week of October. ship fee increase is unnecessary because the ACM's $50,417 deficit last year was almost en­ The effort does not appear underfinanced ••• tirely due to losses on one activity: the publi­ with a $16,000 participation fee from computer cation of the Computing Reviews. The ACM paid builders, and a $9,000 fee from the users. Diebold $27,811 in print~ng and ma~l~ng costs and $29,607 has already collected over $250,000 from the in salaries for the production of the Reviews in twenty-two existing sponsors, and the number of the 1963 fiscal year, for a total expense of participants is sti 11 growing. The roster of $57,418. The ACM'ers picked up $8,131 in sub­ user firms sponsoring the project includes DuPont, scriptions to the Reviews and approximately Standard Oil Co. (California), Xerox, IT&T, Equitable and John Hancock Life Insurance Compan­ $5,000 more in advert~sing, for a net loss of about $44,000 ••• 88% of their deficit for the ies, Richfield Oil, Southern Pacific Railroad, year. Field Enterprises, Dun & Bradstreet, and United Shoe Machinery Corp. The names of builders on Comeuting Reviews, as a six-issue-a-year board were not officially revealed, publicat~on, is extremely spotty in its coverage The research techniques announced for the of articles, books, and conference proceedings. study include (1) a series of seminars and brief­ It also duplicates the job already being well ing sessions bringing together the key systems done by Data Processing Digest and Automation planning staffs in sponsoring companies with mem­ Reports, and by a number of foreign publications. bers of the Diebold Group, and invited leaders in As such, it certainly seems the weakest part for advanced information technology; (2) field studies most people of the benefits of a membership in by Diebold researchers among computer builders, and the ACM. In any case, it does not appear to computer users in government, universities, re­ have sufficient merit to justify the $8 per year search organizations and appropriate military additional financial burden it is placing on ACM areas; and (3) an evaluation of information in ex­ members. isting Diebold research studies, which had pre­ viously been used to guide new product and service We recommend, therefore, that development for information systems builders, but which can now be made available to the users (1) the ACM drop the Computing Reviews as a through the study. In particular, the study will compulsory association publication; examine current developments in military and space (2) the ACM tighten its belt on its other oper­ information systems, and use these activities as a ations to the extent of about $6,500 per basis for assessing future developments in the com­ year, a small reduction of about 2%; and mercial field. According to DiebOld, characteris­ (3) the ACM retain its $10 per year membership tics of military command-control and intelligence fee. systems foreshadow those of commercial systems by a fairly constant lead time (three to five years). These steps should prove significant in al­ Diebold expects to start a European section lowing the ACM to continue to increase its role of the research program in January, 1964. Several as a clearing house for information, activity, European firms have already joined this second pro­ and education in the computer field, and in pro­ ject, and joint meetings with U.S. sponsors are fessional achievements in information processing. planned in 1964 in the U.S., and in 1965 in Europe. A summary report on the results of the first two years of the U.S.-based study will be issued to the public in 1965. DIE130LD RESEARCHERS UNDERTAKE STUDY OF EDP DEVELOP~1ENTS John Diebold started in 1954, working from a room in his home. In the decade since then, he "Prediction is difficult, especially when has developed his organization into a multi-million dealing with the future" ••• Danish Proverb dollar operation, maintaining six offices in the U.S. and eight overseas, and completing over 240 Unchilled by Danish folk wisdom, .John Diebold,. corporate, market, or product planning assignments president of the Diebold Group of management con- for major firms around the world.

10 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 PHOTO COURTESY OF LOCKHEED CORP. © AMPeX CORf'. l'.JGJ

Now: who's got news for everyone with an IBM computer system? AMPEX

The news is inside an eight page booklet. It experts-the same experts who application­ tells the what, the why and the how of Ampex engineer Ampex tape to your system. This is just computer tape - the tape that provides superior one of the many ways we assist you in obtaining performance in I BM computer systems. If you maximum system efficiency. In addition to en­ think you might find the booklet helpful, just gineering the tape to your system, Ampex digi­ write and ask for it. Also, we'll put your name tally checks each reel from end to end, and on our mailing list and regularly send you our guarantees its performance. Write for free informative periodical, "Tape Trends." It's a booklet, "AmpexTape for IBM Computers," good way to keep abreast of the fast changing and your copies of "Tape Trends." Ampex tape techhology. In it, the latest tape develop­ Corporation, Redwood City, California. Sales ments are clearly explained by Ampex tape and service engineers throuchoullhe world.

Circlo No. 11 on Readers Service Card COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 II "DO -IT-YOURSELF"

PROGRAMMING

SYSTEMS

Bruce R. Hering Bendix Corp. Mishawaka} Indiana

When an organization reaches the decision to buy or possibly write a complete software package for each lease a computer, it is generally assumed, with the excep­ different hardware configuration in the field. He tion of a few large computer labs, that the manufacturer must write a ~air1y general programming system with will also supply the necessary software to utilize the com­ a specific hardware configuration in mind. Since puter. These smaller groups, by being thus dependent present-day computers are extremely modular, it is upon an outside source for their programming systems, only natural that most installations will be unique are overlooking a possibility which may be much more as far as types of readers, size of memory, number profitable: they should consider writing their own soft­ of tape units, etc.; this means the user can either ware. modify the main software package for use on his .. The feasibility of this approach is not dependent upon particular machine or beef up his hardware so he a large number of programmers; in fact, I am directing can use the main package. these remarks especially to small programming staffs with It is easy to see how a system written "in-house" can little or no systems programming experience. I must fur­ circumvent these problems because it is written for a ther clarify a "small staff" as one including about ten specific application and a specific hardware config­ programmers. My arguments may be valid for as few uration. as six; with fewer than six, this approach would probably be unfeasible. 2. Difficult to Modify. Most installations recognize the inefficiencies just mentioned, and wish to change Need for "Do-It-Yourself" Programming sections of the system that has been supplied to In Jllany cases there is a real need for this "do-it-your­ them. To alter a program with which one is un­ self" systems progralllllling. This need arises from inherent familiar is difficult at best. Then, if modifications deficiencies in Illost software packages delivered by the are made, the user must assume full responsibility manufacturers. I will now categorize these deficiencies for the system. To be in a position to make intelli­ and explain how they can be alleviated or eliminated by gent system changes, the user must assign one or the "in-house" approach: more programmers to the task of becoming familiar 1. Inefficient Programs. I do not mean that the man­ with the software. But when the system is written ufacturer emplOys incompetent programmers. The in­ in-house, it can be maintained by the programmers efficiencies result because the manufacturer cannot who wrote it; this is obviously far more desirable.

12 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 Table 1

Computer Group Manpower Allocations for 29 Month Period (January 1961 - May 1963)

Systems Programming Engineering Systems Programming Programmer Supervision Simulator Monitor Compiler Assembler Subtotal Subtotal Total

A 2 5 18 25 4 29 ~ B 24 24 5 29 .B ;:j C 9 6 5 20 3 23 0. S D 14-1/2 4 18-1/2 10-1/2 29 0 0. o ;:j E 2 15 17 5 22 CiI 8 F 7 3 10 19 29 ~ 0 'M G 8 8 8 16 'C H 29 29 0 29 29 J* 12 (12) (12) K 17 17 L 14 14 M 3 6 9 N 6 6 0 1 1

TOTALS 22-1/2 9 57 31 18 125-1/2 156-1/2 282

*Manufacturer's applications representative. ( ) =not included in totals. Units are in Man-Months.

3. Late Arrival. When a user is depending on a soft­ This "programmer feedback" advantage that is gained ware package that the mallllfactllJ'('I' has Ilot ),('1 by a group that writes its own system is the most released, he had best be prepared for a d(,lay. Th(' important of these five points. odds are against oil-time delivery or a workable A very desirable side effect occurs upon programmers system. This leaves the user almost helpless. who are involved in systems work. Out of necessity they If the system is written by the user, parts of the must learn much more about the hardware and detailed system can be used before the final version is ready. information about the logical structure than would I realize that this does not insure that deadlines normally be expected of programmers. will be met, but the individual computer group does have control of the situation. Hesitations There are two important reasons why a small group 4. Poor Documentation. In all honesty, this criticism might hesitate to adopt this "do-it-yourself" attitude. They cannot be restricted to manufacturer's software groups. may feel that (1) the programming staff lacks systems ex­ The problem is much more serious, however, when perience and (2) the programming may require too much using programs written elsewhere. To clarify discrep­ manpower. ancies and omissions in manuals there must be some­ Our Experience one on hand who is familiar with the system. Costly I trace the experience of our installation over the past delays can develop if it becomes necessary to com­ three years as an example to illustrate that systems ex­ municate with the manufacturer. On the other hand, perience is not critical and the programming time can be if the author of the program is available, a loose-leaf well worth the time. I do not outline a step-by-step proce­ notebook containing coffee-stained flow charts and dure for building a programming system. The variety of listings can prove quite adequate. applications among users make this impractical, if indeed not impossible. I point out decisions which shaped our 5. Lack of "Programmer Feedback." I sympathize with system and the manpower required by specific system ele­ systems programmers who work in the sterile atmo­ ments. sphere of a manufacturer's software group. They Our group is responsible for providing service to a must produce complete systems without having the moderately sized engineering department. Until Novem­ opportunity of seeing their routines operate as a ber, 1961, we shared an IBM 650 with the Data Processing part of real application at a customer's site_ Com­ Department. The engineering comput~r group at that puter groups which write their own software can time consisted of nine programmers {including super­ literally build a system, one routine at a time. In this visor), eight of whom were engineers, one was a physicist; atmosphere a programmer can observe his handi­ the average computer experience was two and one-half work functioning as an integral part of the system. years per man. Almost all of this experience was in writing I believe that this type of programming is still enough engineering programs for the IBl\I (i[)O. of an art (rather than a science), so that it requires In May, 1960, due to increasing work loads in both Data constant observation by the programmers to evolve Processing and Engineering, it was decimagnetic tape units 4. compiler. were installed, they were quickly utilized to store pass I. At the outset of this programming effort, there was only The latest feature added was the ability to produce one basic philosophy stressed: there would be no rigid relocatable binary decks. Thus, by utilizing hardware ad­ specifications. Since the programmers were beginners in ditions and improvements, we progressed from an effec­ writing systems, instead of guessing what the final system tive assembler rate of 50 cards per minute to 220 cards should look like in all its splendor, they were to write a per minute. Both assemblers were written by a program­ routine with a minimum of frills, check it out, and observe mer with 20 months' experience; he spent 18 months writing its operation for a short time. If they were dissatisfied, and modifying them. they could begin rewriting it or modifying it. Meanwhile, Monitor it was operational, even though it may have been very The term monitor originally referred to control and basic. To work in this atmosphere meant that each com­ input-output routines. Now it is defined as everything that ponent must be modular. Subroutines were definitely IN. is in memory at all times. The first monitor was in opera­ At first glance this may seem to be an extremely crude ap­ tion about five months before the machine was delivered. proach to developing a system, but the rapid feedback (a It was quite 'sketchy and provided for interrupt servicing programmer observing his routine operating as a part of and allowed a few service routines to be accessed from the the system) was invaluable in the process evolving a smooth console and return of control to the console. These operation. routines were: I shall now outline each major component and sketch 1. octal type-in and type-out its development. 2. one-word-per-card binary read-and-punch Simulator 3. one-word-per-line printout. A brief survey of our existing G!)O production programs About all this monitor accomplished was to give us a was undertaken; it was determined that a simulator would better understanding of the input-output tie-ins. With this be able to handle almost all previously written 650 pro­ knowledge, the monitor was rewritten and the new version grams. A generalized simulator for the 650 could have was in operation when the machine was delivered. Of been a massive job, ,mainly due to simulating the wiring course, the read and punch routines had to be rewritten panels on the 650 input-output units. By writing our own every time the basic binary card format was changed. This simulator, huge savings were possible in this area since was bothersome enough to prompt a read image and we had traditionally used only three card formats and punch image routine-at -least these wouldn't have to be one printer format in our 650 programs. Furthermore, rewritten! There was another lesson quickly learned. there were some op-codes on the 650 which were never After re-assembling the monitor, it was necessary to notify used, making it unnecessary to simulate them. It was the rest of the programming staff where each service operational when the machine (G-20) was accepted. Total routine (read, punch, etc.) was now located. Thus, we re­ man-months of effort: nine. served an area of "permanent locations" in the monitor area (I have learned since then they are called "transfer Assembler vectors" elsewhere). We had very little desire to program in octal, so it was Octal-decimal conversion routines, a decimal print decided that an assembler should be written. Since plans routine, a very flexible, yet standard, data input routine were made to take checkout trips to other installations and better diagnostics followed. The next major addition before our machine arrived, it would be necessary to have was the use of control cards. Any operation previously done the ability to assemble G-20 instruction decks on the 650. from the console could now be accomplished by a spe­ Since the 650 was a decimal machine, and quite a bit cially punched card. This speeded up debugging runs smaller than the octal G-20, several concessions were made dramatically and also allowed stacking of programs. to speed up completion of this routine. They were: Shortly after the tape drives were installed, a complete set 1. only most necessary pseudo-ops (four or five) were of subroutines were in the monitor. Soon, all of our pro­ included duction programs were on tape and able to be called off 2. strictly one-for-one by a control card. Since the initial machine arrived there have been five hardware changes (new printer, reader, 3. no decimal-octal conversion for data tapes, punch, additional memory), each requiring monitor 4. no relocatable output decks. changes. Each routine was ready when the unit was in­ Feature (3) was omitted because first programs did not stalled, however. Then there was the "icing on the cake" include any engineering work; hence, very little need for -routines like "print date on each page," "type out prob­ conversion. Also, it was a two-pass assembler, using disc lem number and amount of time used," "print page num­ storage for pass I. The output was one word (binary) per bers," etc., which were added when time allowed. Several card to allow for easier changes on checkout trips. This people had their fingers in the monitor pie. One pro- 14 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 Duobinary - new discovery in high speed data transmission

An ingenious new technique for encod­ avoided, since most errors will violate breakthrough of this magnitude requires ing digital signals has been developed the specific Duobinary Coding patterns hardware that is radically different. Yet, that doubles the maximum rate at which and can be easily detected by monitor­ the only major distinguishing feature be­ binary data can be sent through a com­ ing circuits. In practice, the system will 'tween a Duobinary system and your munications channel. catch all single bit errors, all bursts com­ present binary system is the presence of It is called Duobinary Coding. posed of an odd number of errors as the Duobinary Code. Moreover, to co­ High speed data systems incorporat­ well as most bursts of an even number ordinate with a binary system, it takes ing Duobinary Coding can operate with of errors. just a flick of a switch to shift out of the the simplicity and reliability approaching Other benefits of a real time error de­ Duobinary and into the binary mode. that of binary systems, and with an error tection system -there is never a need to With the development of Duobinary detection capability that's "built in" to interrupt the normal traffic flow to check Coding, Lenkurt now offers a data trans­ the coding technique. Duobinary sys­ out the line with a special test pattern, mission capability that broadly covers tems are quite unlike multi-phase and or to wait for redundant bits at the end the data spectrum. Our 23A binary sys­ vestigial sideband systems which, in of a data block before repeating the in­ tem handles telegraph data in the 50/100 achieving similar speeds, are either ex­ correct data. Visual alarms can provide baud range (punched tape); the new bi­ tremely complex or highly vulnerable to immediate detection. nary 25A operates up to 200 baud (11 noise. High accuracy. The oscilloscope cards a minute, or a 4-level keyboard); More data. Using a Duobinary modem, photo above describes the unique Duo­ the 26B DUOBINARY-DATATEL handles it is possible to double the volume of binary pattern. Both extremes of the serial data up to 2400 baud (magnetic data normally transmitted over your ca­ wave register as mark, while the level tape); while the 27A, another Duobinary ble, wireline, or radio channel without created in the center has the value of system under development now, will expanding the transmission medium. Or space. Since the signal never has to handle all these over HF radio. if you're about to construct new trans­ jump from one extreme to the other, the If you'd liko to receive further informa­ mission facilities, you'll need only half resulting wave pattern remains unclut­ tion on Duobinary Coding, or on any of the normal bandwidth. tered, even when subjected to intense our data modems, comploto literature Error detection without redundancy. noise, as illustrated. A data modem such is available on request. Lenkurt Electric A remarkable, built-in error detection as our frequency modulated 26B DUO­ Co., Inc., San Carlos, California. system allows for even more efficient use BINARY-DATATEL* will operate at an of the line. Until now, error detection was error rate of less than 10-6 over telephone accomplished by introducing redundant lines having typical noise conditions. symbols into the data stream. In a Duo­ Compatible with binary. It is reason­ IENKURT ELECTRIC binary system this burden can be able to assume that a technological ;~;;;RA~ TELEPHONE &ELECTRONICS G~L

Circle No. 12 on Readers Service Card grammer with two and one-half years' experience has been the index registers and the memory will be printed. Since, working full time developing and maintaining it. There for each statement compiled, FORTRAN will print out have been 57 man months invested in the monitor. the first location used in that statement, even a person unfamiliar with machine or assembly language can pin­ Compiler point an error such as an overflow. Management decreed that we would develop FORTRAN for the G·20 and 13 months hence it would be compatible O:peration with 7090 FORTRAN. After a short investigation of pos­ For. the first few months, an operator was available to sible paths to take, a very important decision was made. run production programs, but most of the time was con­ There would be no intermediate language involved and sumed by individual programmers who would sign up the compiler would punch no cards. A voidance of assem­ and then be given the machine. This was very undesirable bly language would increase the efficiency of the compiler and was our main motivation for instrumenting control and eliminate the messy task of making corrections in the cards. We saw that in order to achieve efficient operation, assembly deck. Of course, part of this gain due to effi­ we must keep people off the console. Even the operator ciency would be lost because of the necessity to recompile typing in READ (to initiate a run) was wasteful; we for each run, but it was felt that increasing the compiling shortened it to "R." When FORTRAN came of age, it speed and minimizing the card handling would make this became necessary to streamline our system even more. approach worthwhile. As a result of this decision, people Programmers were forced to estimate the amount of time unfamiliar with assembly language could also use their program would take. If it took longer, an internal FORTRAN. To avoid as many recompilings as possible, timer automatically booted it off the machine. We did it was decided that compiling should not stop on an error, not want to discourage new FORTRAN users, so we but continue through the source deck. initiated an express service for three minute (or less) runs. Again, our "get it operational fast" attitude dictated that By doing so, we were able to achieve a "turn-around" time the first version would be incomplete. It used our standard of about one hour. But now the people with long runs monitor I/O routines (no format statement), had no sub­ were being discriminated against. The best we could do routine capabilities, and allowed no subscripting. This for these users was to .give one-day service. We achieved version was in operation in seven months. this by instrumenting NIGHTRANE. By taking our back­ log near the end of the working day and loading the cards Fortran (image wise) onto short tape blocks, then instructing the Another decree was made that the entire engineering monitor to read tape instead of cards, we could (making department should be instructed in the use of FORTRAN sure there was plenty of paper in the printer) all go home, and be encouraged to use it. So, a basic course was taught and the G-20 would process automatically. It has, in (five days, one and one-half hours per day) and we began several cases, run for eight or nine hours unattended. operating an open shop. Subsequently, an advanced Table 1 shows the manpower requirements necessary to FORTRAN course was taught, but it was soon discontin­ build this system and the time spent by each programmer ued. It seemed that the engineers interested in the in­ on different phases of the system is detailed. Although these tricacies of FORTRAN learned for themselves, and those figures show that during this period 44.5 per cent of the not interested refused to learn by any method! Six programming effort was spent on systems, this does not months after the initial version ran, the final version was reflect the large amount of programming time spent· out­ operable. It met the 7090 specifications and contained side the group due to "open shop" FORTRAN. For in­ some extras also. By using tape storage while compiling, stance, two months ago, a total of 2359 runs were made it was possible to compile programs as large as the memory on the G-20, while only about 600 of these were made by could hold. A "PLOT" statement which would give an members of the computer group. Including the super­ automatically scaled plot on the printer was included. visor, there were nine programmers in the group in Both FORTRAN and machine language subroutines January, 1961. During the period under consideration could be called from tape by a FORTRAN program or there were never fewer than nine nor more than the subroutine. present total of 11.. Much to the surprise of the computer group, this open Conclusion shop operation proved successful. The fact that a person In conclusion, it is not only feasible for a small group with no knowledge of the computer could write and debug to program its own system, but can be quite successful. In a FORTRAN program was considered to be the main this type of environment, a system programmer has three reason for this success. advantages over those working in a software factory: Diagnostics 1. He is programming for a specific application. While all the components of. the system contain de­ 2. He can observe his routines being used in the system. bugging aids, they have much in COI111l1On. For instance, 3. He has a high efficiency. most of the routines would originally, upon detecting an error, print out "Error No. XX." A programmer would The third item bears explanation. We have found that then have to refer to his error sheet to interpret this num­ the following equation is valid when jobs require more ber. It was decided that, although it was much easier on than one programmer: E = K/N where: memory storage, it was very Jrisatisfactory so"far as pro· E = efficiency of i th programmer on large job grammer efficiency in checking out a program. All routines K = individual efficiency of i th programmer now print out explicit error messages. There is a trace for N = number of programmers working on same job assembly and machine language programs that operates at It is impossible to make an accurate cost analysis of in- printer speed and prints each instruction (alphabetic op code), index (if used), contents of index and the accumu­ house systems programming as compared to using the lator, both in octal and decimal. On either a monitor or manufacturer's software. I feel, however, that there are a program-detected error, the type of error will be printed, many organizations who would, like ourselves, find that followed by the location where the error occurred. Then there is little financial sacrifice necessary, if any, in order the memory will be searched for a symbol table; if one is to build such a system. found (this implies a FORTRAN program), each variable The next time a new machine enters your domain, give name and its current value will be printed out; otherwise serious thought to "do-it-yourself" programming! 16 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 UWhy we chose the NCR 315 Computer with CRAM."

- LOCKHEED CALIFORNIA COMPANY, Burbank, Calif.

"Our long-range plans for management storage . . . because of its removable "In all, the NCR CRAM System is daily control rely extensively on electronic file system ... because it permits us to do proving itself to be a highly important data processing. The ability to have both random and batch processing ... contribution to our total system." up-to-the-minute information constantly because future plans for the NCR 315 available to management is essential in will enable us to effectively implemant a fast-moving industry. our long-range plans for management "We chose the NCR 315 CRAM (Card control ... and because it enables us to Random Access Memory) System be­ have a truly responsive data processing F. A. Mathey cause it afforded us the best chance of system, geared to the needs of all man­ Director of Financial Operations effecting reduced costs per character of agement levels. Lockheed California Company

NCR PROVIDES TOTAL SYSTEMS - FROM ORIGINAL ENTRY TO FINAL REPORT­ THROUGH ACCOUNTING MACHINES, CASH REGISTERS OR ADDING MACHINES, AND DATA PROCESSING The National Cash Register Co .• 1,133 offices in 120 countries· 79 years of helping business save money IN/cIR/ COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 Circle No. 13 on Readers Service Card 17 MACHINE SYSTEM SYSTEMS

A. NORMAL CHAIN - MEDIUM (AVERAGE) SYSTEM ANALYSIS

ORIGINATING OR SYSTEMS ANALYST I MACHINE USING PROGRAMMER SYSTEM STANDARDS DEPARTMENT

B. FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION -SMALLER SYSTEM

MACHINE SYSTEM

C. FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION-LARGE SYSTEM

Figure 1 - Typical Functional Flow

The tasks making up the systems analysis function may This article is the second in a series on the subject be defined in the following manner: of user standards for automatic data processing. Dick • Problem analysis-consists of defining the problem and H. Brandon is Director of Data Processing Services of determining exactly what is required to arrive' at of The Diebold Group, Inc.; a part of these articles a solution. is reprinted with permission from Management Stan­ • Systems 'analysis-defines broad outlines for machine­ dards for Data Processing by Dick H. Brandon, pub­ assisted solution. Problem specifications serve as a link lished by D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, N. j., between the problem analyst and the programmer. 1963. • Programming-the defined machine solution is trans­ lated into machine language. • Operation-output is created from the inpl!ts pro­ vided. (See Figure 1.) Systems analysis represents a major link in the chain In many instances, the systems analyst will produce an of translation from the problem to its machine-assisted analysis of the problem as well as the systems design. For .. solution. Because methods standardization is necessary purposes of illustration, we are dividing problem analysis in this task of translation, it follows that there is a major and systems analysis into two specific tasks each performed potential for standardization in the systems analysis func­ by an analyst. tion. Perhaps more than any other function, however, The following functions will normally be performed systems analysis relies on creativity, rather than rote anal­ by the problem analyst: ysis, to develop effective computing systems. This cre­ • Definition of system objectives ativity must be channeled and documented effectively if • Design of required outputs; what fields should appear lasting value is to be obtained from the systems analysis on each document and with what frequency should effort. each document be produced "Man-machine communication" is the phrase that can • Design of inputs be used to describe the process required to translate a • Isolation of exception conditions and definition of problem into a form suitable for machine-assisted solution. processing methods Systems analysis and programming tasks may be done by • Determination of formulas and factors presently used one person, as in the case of the engineer who writes his • Indication of types of controls needed in processing own FORTRAN program, creates input data, and evalu­ ates the output. More commonly, however, these tasks are • Service as liaison between data processing and involved divi_ded among several people: one formulates the prob­ departments lem; another does the coding; and still another evaluates • Approval of job specifications when they are drafted the output. • Supplier of test data for over-all systems testing 18 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 ORIGINAL OR SOURCE OOCUMENT RANOOM ACCESS MEMORY (DISC) •t FILE PAPER TAPE U PUNCH CARD D MACHINE OPERA TIONS PUNCHED CAUD CJ CENTHAL PROCESSING UNIT OR COMPUTER CONTINUOUS FORM D MACHINE REPORT [J SORT OR COLLATE OPERATIONS

TRANSMITTAL FORM o OR CHECKING TOTALS ~ AUXILIARY MACHINE OPERATIONS o MAGNETIC TAPE <> Dick H. Brandon CARD PUNCHING VERIFYING AND Frederick Kirch CARD FILE ( ) OTHER KEYING OPERA TrONS. The Diebold Group~ Inc. INQUIRY STA TION New York~ N. Y.

( ) MANUAL OPERA TION OOCUMENTA TION FILE

SOURCE OR DESTINA TION ( ) OF DOCUMENTS

Figure 2 - One Set of Conventions for System Flow Charting

The following functions would normally be performed • Definition of terms-a glossary of terms and abbrevia­ by the systems analyst: tions must be developed. . • Development of the "job specification" manual • Layouts-card, report, tape, and disk record design methods must be standardized. • Design of input layouts for machine processing • Procedure and document analyses-review of input • Design of output layouts in machine format and output documents. • Design of record layouts • Problem definition-the problem and its requirements • Design of over-all information flow through the system are defined. • Development of specifications for each of the programs • Control coding-assignlllent of meaningful designators making up the run of the system, including: timing' to systems, programs, reports, and files. analysis; program descriptions; input-output flow chart; statement of program functions; description of • Flow-charting-a pictorial system representation. program features; formulas and factors to be used; • Job specification manual-final, docume'nted output. of description of program controls. the systems analysis function. • Preparation of program test data The same general functions will be found in most data processing problems. Variations may occur in engineering Definition of Terms and scientific problem-solving, but the basic concepts re­ Most terms used in data processing have more than one main the same. In an engineering problem, for instance, meaning. The term label, for instance, means one thing the engineer will frequently do problem analysis and to an operator and another to the programmer. To the systems analysis because problem complexity usually re­ operator, it is the pressure-sensitive identifier attached to quires a knowledge of the application and its most effective the tape reel. To the programmer, it is an identifier for an instruction or a routine or the header indentification mathem~tical solution. The engineer may do the pro­ gramming as well. This is possible since he need not be on a magnetic tape. an expert in using the machine. Software is provided by It is important to establish a glossary of terms for use manufacturers specifically for this contingency. FOR­ by all members of the data processing staff. This glossary TRAN, a statement-level language, is probably being used should consist of four parts: ?y more non-data processing personnel than data process­ 1. Glossary of data processing terms. mg personnel. 2. Glossary of standard abbreviations. Standards 3. Glossary of industry terllls-terms peculiar to the Several aspects of the systems analysis function must be industry or company in which the system is to he used. standardized if performance is to be measurable and pre­ 1. Specification of tel'llls-gcneral rules which apply to dictable: the computer; its objectives and its use.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 19 Several glossaries of data processing terms are available. It is easier to develop a standard, logical system that will Many government agencies have compiled glossaries of data be understandable to all. The number should reflect: processing terms, and most computer manufacturers dis­ • The appli<;ation tribute glossaries. The X3. 5 committee of the American • The program Standards Association plans to promulgate a comprehen­ • Frequency of operation sive glossary in February of 1964. Until a standard glossary is. available, each installation must develop a glossary of its own or adopt one of the many available as a standard Flow-Charting for all of its staff members. For desired flow chart uniformity, the analyst must be Standardization of terminology is but one of the many given standards defining the kinds of flow charts to be areas within the systems analysis function that lends itself prepared, format to be used, method of preparation, and to standardization. symbology to be employed. Flow-charting symbols are different from those used in preparing block diagrams Layout Standards which illustrate specific machine processing steps. A One of the responsibilities of the systems analyst is to clear distinction should be made between the two. develop layouts of input and output records. This in­ In most cases, two levels of flow charts should be pre­ cludes layouts for: pared: a macro-flow chart to illustrate the total flow of • Card input and output records information through the computer system and a micro­ • Printer output flow chart describing each program comprising the system. • Tape input and output records Standards should describe in detail each step of pre­ • Memory layouts when tables are used paring the flow charts, including what template is to be used and what flow-charting form is to be used. (See Standards for these layouts should include a specification Figure 2.) of the level of detail required. In developing layouts, standard forms should be used. It makes little difference whether the forms are provided by the manufacturer or Problem De'fini'tion There have been many attempts to define a discipline whether they are contrivedr by someone at the installation, so long as they provide the necessary information and are for systems analysis. Among the most widely used are: used by everyone doing analysis work. • Abstract notation system* Card layout forms should be completed for each card • Decision tables format used in the program. The layout should include: • Document analysis • Application name • Job specification manual • Program name and number Document analysis and the job specification manual are • Anticipated card volume discussed below. • For each data field, data source, data size and type of Document Analysis data (alpha, numeric, or alphanumeric) • One of the more complex functions of systems analysis Printer layout forms should be completed· for each is the review and evaluation of existing documents and output document required. A standard layout form should ~xisting procedures. Before an appropriate system can be be used. The layout should include headings, sample designed, an examination must be made of existing sys­ data lines, total lines if needed, and should indicate the tems and procedures. A standard methodology and stan­ type and size of data fields. dard procedures for this task should be defined so that The layout of tape records is more complex, since tape analysis performance can be measured and scheduled. records can be variable in length.' Also, since tape is an ancillary data storage, data tapes are frequently used in It is necessary to analyze each of the documents used more than one program and possibly in more than one to determine whether: application. Standards should include specification of the • The document is really necessary layout form to be used and what the record should include, • Information is not already available in another form such as: • The proposed system may eliminate the transfer of ·l • System name this information • Tape record name • The document may be simplified, combined, made • List of programs in which the data is used smaller or distributed less frequently, to reduce costs • Field layouts, including field name, field length, data The Job Specification Manual type, and other pertinent data One basic output of systems analysis is a complete de­ The systems analyst will specify memory layouts when he scription of tasks to be performed, with record layouts and has designated use of tables which will be stored in core flow charts: the job specification manual. Standards for memory. Ordinarily, the programmer is responsible for preparation and use of the job specification manual over-. providing a memory layout as a part of the program· docu­ come communications difficulties among users, analysts and mentation*. Standard forms should be used for memory programmers. layouts and the form·~ type should be specified in the The job specification manual may include: manual of standards. Memory layouts should also be pre­ • Scope of the system pared for peripheral devices such as disk or drum when they are uscd. • General description of the existing system Numbering Systems • Output of the existing systems • General description of the new systems A standardized numbering scheme should be devised for thc control systems, programs, forms, tapes and data • Flow chart of the new system files. The use of an arbitrary 'number system is discouraged. .. John Young and Henry. Kent-American Institute of Industrial .. Documentation standards will be discussed in Part IV of this series, Engineers-"Abstract Formulation of Data Processing Problems," to be published in February, 1964. Journal of Industrial Engineering, November-December, 1958.

20 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 • Output layouts Conclusion • Output distribution Substantial economies may be realized from the usc of • Input layouts standard methods for data processing functions. Stan­ dardization of methodology in one functional area is not • Input responsibility sufficient, however; systems analysis standards need to be • Macro-logic followed by standards for programming and operation. • Files to be maintained These standards as the), arc developed should be written • List of programs down and distributed to all data processing personnel in the forlll of a Manual of Standards. The Manual of Stan­ The programmer will use the manual to block out pro­ danls becomes a reference hook on estahlished mer:hods for gram logic and to develop the system. Steps involved in the resolution of disagreelllellts concerning established systems analysis must produce documentation adequate standards and the guidance of all concerned with the data to allow the programmer to produce the desired system. processing function. Standards nearly always enforce To insure that each step in system analysis is accom­ themselves because of their utility, and in time the Man­ plished completely and that the documentation prepared ual of Standards will become more important to an in­ is comprehensive, standards must be developed and rules stallation's operations than the manufacturer's program­ established for each task. ming and operations manuals.

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS

Jan. 7-9, 1964: 10th National Symposium on Reliability Apr. 20-24, 1964: Institute on Research Administration, & Quality Control, Statler Hilton Hotel, \Vashington, The American University, 1901 F St., N.W., Washington D. C.; contact B. W. Marguglio, Fairchild Stratos Corp., 6, D. c.; contact Marvin M. Wofsey, Asst. Director, Hagerstown, Md. Center for Technology and Administration, The Ameri­ can University, Washington 6, D. C. Jan. 30-31, 1964: Annual Computer Applications Sym­ posium, LaSalle Hotel, Chicago, Ill.; contact Milton M Apr. 21-23, 1964: 1964 Spring Joint Computer Conference, Gutterman, lIT Research Inst., 10 W. 35th St., Chicago, Sheraton-Park Hotel, Washington, D. C.; contact Zeke Ill. 60616. Seligsohn, Pub. ReI. Chairman, 1964 SJCC, 326 E. Mont­ Feb. 3-7, 1964: ASTM International Conference on Mate­ gomery Ave., Rockville, Md. rials, Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.; contact H. H. Apr. 22-24, 1964: SWIRECO (SW IRE Conf. and Elec. Hamilton, American Society for Testing and Materials, Show), Dallas Memori~l Auditorium, Dallas, Tex. 1916 Race St., Philadelphia 3, Pa. May 5-6, 1964: 5th National Symposium on Human Fac­ Feb. 5-7, 1964: 5th Winter Conv. on Military Electronics tors in Electronics, San Diego, Calif.; contact Wesley (MILECON), Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; Woodson, Convair Astron. Div., San Dj(~g'(j, Calif. contact IEEE L. A. Office, 3600 Wilshire Blvd., Los An­

geles, Calif. May 11-13, 1964: NAECON (National Aerospace Elec- > I tronics Conference), Biltmore Hotel, Dayton, Ohio; con­ Feb. 10-14, 1964: 6th Institute on Information Storage and ·1 Retrieval, The American University, 1901 F St., N.W., tact IEEE Dayton Office, 11 H E. 3rd St., Dayton, Ohio. Washington 6, D. C.; contact Marvin M. Wofsey, Asst. May 12-11, 1961: Annual General Meeting of POOL (Users' Director, Center for Technology and Administration, of General Precision Computers), Palmer House, Chicago, The American University, Washington 6 D. C. Ill.; contact Dr. Roehert L. Stearman, C-E-I-R, Inc., 9171 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills, Calif., or Al Erickson, Gen­ Feb. 19-21, 1964: International Solid-State Circuits Confer­ eral Precision, Inc., 808 Western Ave., Glendale, Calif. ence, Sheraton Hotel & Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadel­ May 25-27, 1964: 10th National ISA Aero-Space Instrumen­ phia, Pa.; contact Howard Parks, Martin Co., R & AT tation Symposium, Biltmore Hotel, New York, N. Y.; Dept., Mail 683, Baltimore 3, Md. contact J. K. Stotz, Jr., Grumman Aircraft Engineering Feb. 26-28, 1964: Scintillation and Semiconductor Counter Corp., Bethpage, L. 1.; N. Y. Symposium, Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D. C.; con­ June 26-28, 1964: Fifth Joint Automatic Control Confer­ tact Dr. George A. Morton, RCA Labs., Princeton, N. J. ence, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; contact Gene Mar. 23-26, 1964: IRE International Convention, Coliseum F. Franklin, Chairman 1964 JACC, Stanford Electronics and New York Hilton Hotel, New York, N. Y.; contact Laboratories, Stanford, Calif. E. K. Gannett, IRE Hdqs., I E. 79 St., New York 21, N. Y. Aug. 25-28, 1964: WESCON Show and IEEE Summer Gen­ April 7, 1964: Control Data 160 and 160-A Users Group' eral Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact WESCON, (SWAP) Meeting, Hilton Hotel, Albuquerque, N. M.; '3600 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. contact J. L. Tischhauser, Organization 7242, Sandia Sept. 14-16, 1964: 8th National Convention on Military Corp., P. O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, N. M. Electronics (MILECON), Washington-Hilton Hotel, April 8-10, 1964: Control Data Large Scale Computer Washington, D. C" Users Group (CO-OP) Meeting, Hilton Hotel, Albu­ Sept. 23-25, 1964: 1st International Congress on Inst. in querque, N. M.; contact J. L. Tischhauser, Organization Aerospace Simul. Facilities, Paris, France. 7242, Sandia Corp., P. O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, N. M. Oct. 4-9, 1964: National Symposium Oil Space Ekctrollics, April 13-15, 1964: 3rd Symposium on Micro-Electronics, Dunes Hotel, Las Vegas, Nev.; COlllact Charles II. Docr­ Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.; contact H. H. sam, Jr., Grulllman Aircrafl, Ellg. Corp., Ele('. Bldg. # fI, Margulies, P. O. Box 4104, St. Louis, Mo. 63136. Bethpage, N. Y.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 21 CONSIDERATIONS IN COMPUTER DESIGN - Leading up to a Computer Performing over 3~OOO~OOO Instructions a Second (Part 2)

James E. Thornton Chippewa Laboratory Control Data Corporation Chippewa Falls) Wise.

(Continued from the November issue of What is it? Computers and Autom~tion, page 61) It is difficult to describe time. It is certainly one of the dimensions of the physical universe; but it is The advantages to be had must, of course, out­ that unusual dimension with only one direction: weigh the loss of quick design and quick change. positive. Its measurement has progressed from the The idea of parallel fu'nctional performance ap­ hourglass, water clock, pendulum and crystal. to peared early to be a design problem. But compar­ the "atomic clock." Man's attempts to give a stand­ ing it to the more basic trend of design, the prob­ ard accounting of time have encountered such lem of inflexible design technique is already here. devious problems as the beginning hour of the day, Machine speed per dollar is still the principal the duration of a year, and daylight saving time, competitive issue in selling computers. Any and among hundreds of others. all schemes for improving speed will be tried. The fact that they cause dislocations in the designing The principal objectives in accounting accurately aI?-d manufacturing is merely a sign of the passing for the passage of time are to measure what is done of time. in an elapsed period of time and to synchronize one ON TIME activity with another concurrent activity. The range of measurement is considerable. Biological, a Aside from the weather, time is the subject of more mechanical, atomic, atmospheric, and astronomical casual discussion than most. In respect to the events operate in grossly different scales of time. weather, time may be considered the opposite, in It is of interest to examine the relationship of the that its passage is highly predictable. In another duration of real events of a scientific nature with way, time is very much like the weather. Both have the corresponding length of time to solve a mathe­ a kind of fundamental rhythm or motion. We are matical model of the event. Scientific computers familiar with the inexorable motion of time when were conceived for this \vork; and for the scientist, we want to slow it; we know its tortuous passage the computation time is of critical importance. For when we want to speed it; we know the gradual him, it constrains the depth and complexity of his acceleration of time as we grow older. In spite of model ... along with the strain on his patience. our subjective notion of time, 'we live by it, watch it, cook by it, and measure by it. It is a distinctive This time is real element in almost every modern measurement or This is, of course, the familiar "real time" compu­ I analysis, whether physical, chemical, statistical, or tation. Visualize an atmospheric model of really whatever. comprehensive detail. (Now I have succeeded in

22 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 • University Corporation for Atmospheric Research • Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, U.S.A. (NCAR), U.S.A. • Michigan State University, U.S.A. • Norwegian Defence Research Establishment & In­ stitutt for Atomenergi, Kjeller, Norway • Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research • Societe d'informatique Appliquee, Paris, France Organization, Canberra, Australia • Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, • Commonwealth Bureau of Census & Statistics, Bombay, India. Canberra, Australia • Argonne National Laboratory, U.S.A.

The CONTROL DATA® 3600 is setting a new standard of excellence in large-scale problem solving and data processing. 3600's now are in operation in the United States, and they are being placed in operation o'n an international scale with increasing frequency. The 3600 has been selected by leading nuclear and other scientific laboratories in the United States and abroad for the solution of the largest, most complex scientific problems. It also will be used for some of the world's largest economic and industrial operations-research problems; for processing data on population, trade and related statistics, and for socio-economic accounting. Control Data will be pleased to put you in touch with scientists and economists all over the world who are engaged in applying the 3600 to economic and technical CONTROL DATA problems similar to your own. Circle No. 14 on Readers Service. Card CORPORATION

AMSTERDAM, BAD HOMBURG, LUZERN, MELBOURNE, MINNEAPOLIS, PARIS, STOCKHOLM, TORONTO 810034IhAVENUESO •• MINNEAPOLIS20,MINN. discussing the two most discussed subjects in the The continued-in fact, accelerating-demand for world, time and the weather.) Could such a model more speed means that more efficiency is needed be solved as fast as the weather? I know very little in the basic machine operations as well as in the about meteorological problems, but I would expect use of the machine. that the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic com­ It should be obvious that any treatment of the putation on a world-wide scale is enormous. It methods employed in a computing machine must would be a very happy circumstance if the mathe­ include a substantial discussion of time. It is the matical model could be reduced to a workable size single outstanding obstacle met by the designer at for machine solution, and still be effective. every turn. In the following pages, I hope to tread Computing to date has been almost exclusively a forward path in the attempt to overcome the slower than real time, with notable exceptions in time obstacle. Remember that time has a way of some military cases. These cases demand shortened fighting back! sights and perhaps qualify only marginally as We're running out scientific. This little drawback hasn't restrained Modern computer circuits employ high-speed the burgeoning computer industry one little bit. switches for the complex decision networks. These The fact is that only occasionally, in the past, has switches require a finite time to change from one there been a real demand for such speed. Many state to the other. This time period is an intricate problems which appeared amenable to solution balance of the electrical demands and constraints merely required a single result, once and for all of the immediate surrounding network. Many time. Others were sufficiently beyond hand-solu­ careers are devoted to optimum combinations of tion as to welcome the machine's help. These kinds materials, geometries, packaging, and processing of problems point out or corroborate a new direc­ of these switches to give the maximum speed with tion, a decision, a solution; or perhaps they fill a respect to a set of operating specifications. Many gap in the store of knowledge, to become useful careers are devoted to finding the optimum adjust­ later. ment of operating specifications to take advantage Computers Inade possible the attack on problems of the best available switch. Needless to say, the which were never attempted before (no one lost degree of perfection in this optimization is among his job to the machine). This unusual circumstance the highest known in any field. Designers of the is bound up in time relationships. The machine was newest computers are able to depend on extremely built to operate without error for a certain period fast and reliable components. It is no longer pos­ of time (usually as good as the designer could do ) . sible to foresee a factor of five or ten times speed The computation, or some major part of it, had to improvement in the components now in use, or be possible in less than that errorless period. In like then1. A factor of five or so was a working re­ order for the first computer to be successful, its quirement for beginning a new computer not long I speed had to be very high or its health very good! ago. This factor came exclusively from the basic There was some threshold of speed and reliability circuit. Claims made for many new computers tend under which the computer industry conceivably to skirt this issue and concentrate on other time might not have been launched. This time relation­ considerations (for example, lumping all of the , ship was enough to make computing m·achines man-and-machine times together). This is cer­ practical. tainly understandable and entirely valid. BUT, the issue really can't be skirted, if we wish to move The question of which problems were practical in­ the cmnputing machine up to real time or other volves another tilne-speed relationship. Not all comparable uses. problems were now practical; only those which I could be completed in th~., life of the machine, the Set your watch duration of funds, the patience of the user, and so I mentioned earlier the synchronism of concurrent on. This really means that brand-new problems are operations. This is, in some quarters, the signal for available each time a faster computer is made, not an imn1ediate argument. It seems self-evident that just the first time. It isn't at all difficult to see that two mechanisms working in unison must be syn­ the hnpetus to make machines faster arises from chronized if they are to work together. Actually these new problems along with the speedier solu­ this is entirely true; the arglunent is over a more tion of already-practical problems. We have been subtle complication of the mechanism timing. If discovering a surprising backlog of new problems. two n1echanisms are to operate concurrently on 24 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 two suitable portions of a computation providing taken to fetch a word frOIn memory. It is normally answers to a third mechanism, the third cannot measured from the instant the address is formu­ proceed until both answers are there. This is, in lated until the fetched word is available for com­ itself, a definition of synchronism. The two con­ putation. This is usually about half the total stor­ current mechanisms may be cOllstructed in a way age time in destructive meInories. With one which insures their simultaneous completion; or mcmory, a three-address instruction would require they may be constructed with no thought of the thrcc storage times plus compute timc. With two completion. In either case, it can be demonstrated n1en10ries having thc ability to overlap the second that son1e time waste occurs. The very early com­ access with the first rcstore, the abovc case could puters were designed with a "tight" timing system. be one and a half storage times (three access That is, every step of the con1putation (in fact, times) plus compute time. The smaller the ratio of every sin1ple decision or comlnand) was activated access time to storage time, the better this overlap by a central clock. The principal reason was that system looks. Note, however, that the overlap these early machines used many simple steps in a doesn't work for addresses to the same bank of small aInount of simple circuits to make up a major meInory. operation. As the econOIny allowed for more com­ An extension of the overlapping n1emories might plex circuits, the very tight timing has given way. simply add enough mcmory banks to reduce the Waste of time in a tight timing system is apparent probability of referencing thc same bank. To this in every step, since the logical decision made must can be added schemes for overlapping more than be accOInpanied by a temporary storage. The the access periods and schelnes for reducing ad­ storage allows for the circuit tolerances and re­ dressing bottlenecks. These are certainly important synchronizes any concurrent events. However, the and represent significant speed improvement. circuit tolerances (with regard to time) are not However, n1emory time is typically an integral allowed to accumulate beyond the single time sequential element in every instruction, and as such period. The circuit tolerances have an upper and cannot be reduced to zero. That is, .it can't unless lower limit. If these tolerances are allowed to ac­ memory acquisition is separated from the instruc­ cumulate over a long series of steps, the earliest tion. To accomplish this, a set of high-speed regis­ or latest time for the answer would vary consid­ ters may be included in the computer to serve as erably. Eventually, this spread of time makes for buffer between memory and arithmetic. Thes~ time waste, especially with devices which have a registers must refill concurrently with computing minimmn and maximum rate of operation. Not-' and must empty to n1emory also concurrently with withstanding the tolerance problem, the unclocked computing: n1ethods offer son1e advantages. A concurrent structure sHch as described above The synchronism problem is, n10st assuredly, an placcs thc memory in a secondary role of refill and engineering probleln rather than any other. The cmpty. Time for this secondary role is a vague methods which I have n1entioned are entirely valid. complication of mCI11())~y bank overlaps, conflicts, That n1ethod' which produces thc most cHective priorities, and so on. It defies generalizing in the 1 result should be chosen. ~Iattcrs of electrons, volt­ tin1e domain. It, nonetheless, makes for a faster age, heat, and tin1e have considerable bearing on computer and points the way to even more speed. that choice. The result must be a clock system of It is most important to note here that this speed dependable tolerances and yet highly effective. In increase is entirely aside from circuit or com­ this case, a choice of synchronisln in-the-large ponent speeds. seen1S n10st effective. Con1puter history can record a long period of con1parison by clock frequency. By now, the reader will be aware (and tired of That day is gone. No longer is the basic clock a hearing it) that concurrency is the magic way reliable lneasure of thc perfonnance. The sin1ple around the time obstacle. The technique need not reason is that there either isn't any clock at all or be limited to concurrent memories. Arithmetic that synchronisn1 has n10ved to a higher level. It units may be arranged to take advantage of this is sufficient to say here that the move was fruitful. technique. In fact, it is within reason to consider independent and concurrcnt proccssors as an ex­ Other internal time considerations are also in1- ample of the prillciple. portant. The most common one lllentioned is the men10ry access time. This is defined as the time ('(() III' C()I1/illlll'll ill /hl' .\'/'.\'/1.1.1111')

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 25 DIGITAL COMPUTERS

MINUTEMAN D37B mCROELECTRONIC COMPUTER Autonetics Anaheim, Calif.

The Minuteman D37B microelectronic computer is shown in front of the Minuteman D17 com­ puter it replaces. The computer is used in the WS-133B Improved Minuteman guidance and flight control system. The D37B is a general­ purpose, digital data processqr which uses a dual-sided magnetic disk for internal memory storage. Extensive use is made of integrated circuits plus microminiaturized discrete com­ ponents. In addition to being smaller, lighter and more reliable than the Dl7 it is replacing, the D37B also has a larger memory capacity -- 6966 words of 24 bits. (For more information, circle 80 on.the Readers Service Card.)

UNIVAC CP-642B Univac Division of the Sperry Rand Corporation Washington 7, D.C.

The UNIVAC CP-642B is a large-scale general­ purpose military computer with a magnetic thin-film memory which permits the computer to repeat a set of operations in 667 nano­ seconds (billionths of a second). The com­ puter has three memory sections: (1) the main core storage has a cycle time of 4 microseconds and a capacity of 32,672 words of 30-bits each; (2) the thin-film control memory of 64 words; and (3) the UNIFLUXORID non-destructive readout memory for auto­ matic program recovery. The CP-642B computer has 16 input nnd output channels and a self­ contained real-time clock. The maintenance and cont ro 1 pn ne 1 is shown in the picture. (For more informntion, circle 02 on the Headers Service Card.)

1 26 IBM 1401-G IBM Corporat i on Data Processing Division White Plains, N.Y.

The IBM 1401-G computer, a low-cost version of the 1401, is engineered especially to process information from punched cards. The 1401-G sys­ tem (left to right in the picture) consists of an IBM 1403 printer, IBM 1402 card-read punch and the 1401-G central processing unit. Cards may be read at up to 450 a minute and ~ I punched at up to 250 a minute. The printer operates at 450 lines a minute and is available in a 100 or 132 print position unit. It is available with 1400, 2000 or 4000 characters of core storage. Memory cycle is 11.5 microseconds. Unlike other 1401 computers, the "G" cannot use magnetic tape drives or disk file storage. (For more information, circle 89 on the Readers Service Card.)

CONTROL DATA 3200 Control Data Corp. Minneapolis, Minn.

The CONTROL DATA'3200 is a low cost, high-speed computer system designed to handle scientific, real­ time, and data processing tasks with equal facility. The computer features a 1.25 microsecond cycle time for basic operation, with an overlapped storage m~dule construction, with asynchronous operation, to increase the effective working cycle time. A high-speed register file of 64 words with a .5 microsecond access time is another feature. Software includes FORTRAN 32, and COMPACT COBOL. (For more information, circle 81 on the Reader Service Card.)

DSI 1000 COMPUTER Data Systems Incorporated Grosse Pointe Woods, Mich.

The DSI 1000 computer is a real-time, general­ purpose digital computer which may serve as a separate unit or as an integral part of a com­ puter system, It is a binary, single address stored program computer; memory cycle time is 3.2 microseconds; there are 2048 12-bit words with an average random access time of 100 micro­ seconds. It measures only 10 1/2" x 19" x 19 1/'1". (For more information, circle 85 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 27 DIGITAL COMPUTERS

UNIVAC 1218 MILITARY COMPUTER UNIVAC Div. of Sperry Rand Corporation New York 10, N.Y.

The UNIVAC 1218 Military Computer is a stored-program, medium-scale, general-purpose digital comput~r. It has an 18-bit-word ferrite-core memory, a 4-micro­ second cycle time, and a memory capacity of 4000 to 16,000 words. The basic 4096-word memory is ex­ panded by simply adding memory modules; electronic or mechanical modifications are not required. The 1218 has eight input and eight output channels. Arithmetic and input/output operations may be per­ formed on single-length, 18-bi t words or on double­ length 36-bit words. The channels may be linked in pair to provide 36-bit parallel input or output. A repertoire of 98 instructions and internal high speeds permit" rapid processing of large amounts of complex d~ta. An average multiply instruction takes 38 microseconds; and add instruction is executed in 8 microseconds. The computer includes an extensive programming package. (For more information, circle 92 on the Readers Service Card.)

ASI 2100 DIGITAL COMPUTER Advanced Scientific Instruments Minneapolis 20, Minn.

The model 2100 digital computer has a 2 micro­ second total memory cycle time and a 500 KC input/output word rate. Standard equipment includes a 4096 21-bit word memory, three index registers, indirect addressing, and double-pre­ cision hardware; also, character communication channels with assembly register and interface control for providing an input/output rate of up to 10.5 million bits per second. There are 64 external interrupts each wi th its own inter­ rupt address. Complete peripheral equipment is avai lable. (For more information, circle Oq on the Readers Service Card.)

FP6000 COMPUTER Ferranti Electronics Toronto 15, Ontario, Canada

The Ferranti FP6000 computer, an automatic time­ sharing computer system, is constructed in pack­ aged modular form and centers on a general pur­ pose digital computer. It has a minimum core store of 4096 words (24 binary digits each). This can be expanded in 4096 word modules to a total of 32,768 words. Store cycle time can be 2, 4, or 6 micro­ seconds. Time shnrinu in the FP6000 is automatic­ nlly oruaniz!!d by n nJnster program called the EXEClJTIVE. lJp to fOil r separate programs can run til rOlluh t hI! compll 1 er concu rrent ly wi th no ri sk of interference. The FP()()OO hns been designed to meet the /leeds of special systems while retaining all the advantages of ueneral purpose computers. (For more information, circle 86 on the Readers Service Card.)

28 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 GE-215 GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER General Electric Company Computer Uepartment Phoenix, Ari z.

The GE-215 is designed to allow smaller busi- nesses and industries to convert to electronic data-processing at minimum start-up costs. It has complete compatibility with the large GE-225 and with all programming packages presently used with that computer. The medium-class GE-215 has a magnetic core memory of 4000 or 8000 words; short word lengths are 20 bits; long words, 40 bits. Instruction time is 35.6 microseconds. A basic system includes the central processor with console typewriter, a 400-cpm card reader; 100 cpm card punch; two dual tape handlers; MICR document handler; and a 450-line-per-minute printer. (For more information, circle 93 on the Readers Service Card.)

M-190, MILITARIZED COMPUTER Honeywell Electronic Data Processing Wellesley Hills, Mass.

The M-190 computer was developed for real-time tactical applications such as: ground support test complexes and telemetry; in-flight control of airborne vehicles from the ground; and calcu­ lating the impact point of a projectile. It is fully transportable, and compact. It has a memory cycle of six microseconds. It has an 8192-word, coincident-current core memory. A 10-level auto­ matic priority interrupt permits execution of out­ of-sequence instructions at any time during a particular program. The operators console may be folded back into the panel recess when not in use, Direct access from the front of the computer is provided to both "wire" and "card" sides of logic and memory circuitry. The peripheral equipment rack contains paper tape punch and reader, input/ output typewriter and printer. (For more information, circle 87 on the Readers Service Card.)

LGP-21 General Precision, Inc. Information Systems Group Commercial Computer Division Burbank, Calif.

The LGP-21 digital computer weighs only 90 poundS, yet has a memory capacity of 4096 words. The com­ pact 23-instruction vocabulary includes all of the basic arithmetic functions permitting full range to the solution of engineering, scientific and accounting problems. A library of over 400 programs is available. The basic LGP-21 is available with an electric typewriter with paper­ tape punch and reader. Shown in the photograph, from left, are the computing section, electric typewriter and stand, high-speed paper-tape reader, and high -speed paper-tape punch. A register display scope, used for program check­ out, is small device resting on cabinets. (For more information, circle 83 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 DIGITAL COMPUTERS

SDS 9300 DIGITAL COMPUTER Scientific Data Systems Santa Monica, Calif.

This high-speed digital computer, Model SDS 9300, is intended for general-purpose scientific compu­ tation and special-purpose systems integration. Typical floating-point programs, using a 48-bit word, can be executed at rates in excess of 100,000 instructions per second. It adds in 1.75 micro­ seconds and multiplies in 7 microseconds, including indexing. The SDS 9300 may have up to 8 automatic data channels, each operating in excess of 2million 24-bit words per second. Eight magnetic tape units can operate concurrently (at 96kc) without disturb~ ri ing the arithmetic computations. Basic core memory I: is expandable to 32,768 words, all addressable y ,each word contains 24 binary bits, plus one parity bit. (For more information, circle 91 on the Readers Service Card.)

DDP-24 Computer Control Company, Inc. Framingham, Mass.

The complete standard DDP-24 is contained in a

single cabinet, including control unit, arith­ ••.. "·"'..... ".»4 ....U .... n .....n ...... metic unit, core memory, input-output system, .... u.u.".. , ...... "". integrated operator copsole, maintenance panel, 41 ...... ,", •• paper-tape punch and reader, and electric type­ writer. It is a solid-state, parallel-24-bit word, binary, single-address, stored-program, general-purpose computer, with indexing and indirect addressing. The DDP-24 is capable of up to 100,000 computations per second and com­ municates with peripheral equipment with a mini­ mum of external decoding. Input and output can occur asynchronously and be interleaved with processing at transfer rates up to 166,000 words per second. (For more information, circle 90 on the Readers Service Card.)

PROGRAMMED DATA PROCESSOR NO. 5 Digital Equipment Corp. Maynard, Mass.

The PDP-5 digital computer is a single address, fixed word, stored program device, operating on 12-bit, 2's complement binary numbers. It has a 6-microsecond memory cycle time and fully parallel processing providing a computation rate of 55,555 additions per second. The standard PDP-5 is contained in a single bay and console and consists of an internal processor, operator console and memory. The computer is available with 1024 or 4096 words of random access, mag­ netic core memory. A Teletype, Model 33ASR, combinntion read-punch and typewriter, standard equipment 'wi th the PDP-5, allows paper tape to lJe read or punched, or information to be typed in or out at a rate of 10 characters per second. (For more information, circle 94 on the Readers Service Card.) 30 ANALOG COMPUTERS

DY5TAC 55-100 A~ALOG COMPUTER Computer 5ystems, Inc. Fort Washington, Pa.

This all solid-state analou computer, the DY5TAC 55-100, has a comp\ltin~1 range of +100 to -100 volts -- ilnd US!!S th!! full 100 volt dy­ namic ranue. The developllwnt of' a 100 volt solid-state amplifier, with its reduced size and low heat generation, made possible the de­ sign of a general purpose computer with these advanced capabilities: (1) precision at com­ puting speeds from real-time to iterative rates in excess of 1000 solutions per second; (2) modular construction, for rapid expansion up to systems able to solve great, complex problems; (3) adaptability to linkage with digital computers in hybrid installations; (4) compatibility with current analog comput­ ing equipment; (5) ease in installation with no requirements for air conditioning; and (6) light-weight construction for a high degree of mobility. (For more information, circle 76 on the Readers 5ervice Card.)

AD-256 ANALOG COMPUTER Applied Dynamics, Inc. Ann Arbor, Mich.

The AO-2~6 ueneral purpose analog com­ puter hns been designed for hybrid ap­ plications. All control signals are at a digital logic level. The control logic system provides flexible control programming and automatic high-speed operation. All control inputs and out­ puts in the entire computer system may be interconnected since all control sig­ nals are compatible, being either logic one or logic zero. Complexity is re­ duced to a minimum. It is possible to integrnte hiuh-spced repetitive opera­ tion with n!al-1.imc compu1.ntioll, auto­ matically !:hall\W I illll! seal!!, or eontrol s(!parall!ly a 11I1I1I1H~r of di rrl~rl!1I1 prob- 1!!IIIS pro\lramml'd ill a Sill~lll! eOllsole. (For mon! illf'ortllal ion, eirel(! 77 on the Heu(!I!rs Serviee Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 31 ANALOG COMPUTERS

DESK-TOP ANALOG COMPUTER, EAI TR-20 Electronic Associates, Inc. Long Branch, N.J.

The EAI TR-20 is an all-transistorized analog computer, and the successor to the TR-IO. It has improved accuracy, increased versatility and simplified programming. Internally packaged resistors eliminate external resistors and per­ mit programming with bottle plugs and patch cords only. New variable slope/breakpoint function generators and Sine/Cosine generators broaden the range of problem solving. A new set-up procedure reduces the time for setting up non-linear functions. The TR-20 also includes an amplifier computing accuracy of .01%, a new high-speed comparator and electronic switch and a new four-channel oscilloscope display for improved readout of high-speed repetitive solutions. (For more information, circle 78 on the Readers Service Card.)

MARK III ANALOG COMPUTER Computer Products Inc. 1 Belmar, N.J. t All necessary computing elements

;1 ICIJltII!!JI for a full computer system are contained within the single console .'••••••• ,; ~;;~;;;~:i .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: I of the Mark III analog computer . •••••••• This includes 200 operational ampli­ .... :.:.:.:.:.:.:; I fiers, 180 pots and 60 multiplier .'·.·~·.·.·t·~·;·~ i ---~-1 products. Printed circuits are used for all plug-in components; ~< digital packaging techniques are used. The patchboard layout affords maximum use of bottle plugs to minimize patchboard clutter. The Mark III has real time, iterative, and hybrid applications. (For more information, circle 79 on the Readers Service Card.)

32 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 INPUT-OUTPUT EQUIPMENT

• TM-3 -- MULTIPURPOSE TAPE TRANSPORT BURROUGHS BCl22 CARD READER NCR 406 SORTER-COMPARATOR Ampex Corporation Burroughs Corporation The National Cash Register Co. Redwood City, Calif. Detroit, Mich. Dayton 9, Ohio

The TM-3 high-speed tape transport The Burroughs BCl22 has serial The 406 has 14 pockets in order to is designed for a wide range of (column by column) reading; the accomplish an alphabetic sort in computer and systems applications. first eolumn is read within 85 two passes. In the first pass, It operates at 112.:i ips, 200 and lIIi Iliseeonds of initial demand. every other letter beginning with 556 bpi, compati ble wi th IBM 7:!() It can transmit either binary or the letter "A" is sorted into one MOD IV; uses standard ~~-i neh ma~J­ alphanumeric information to any of the first 13 pockets, and all netic tape; and has a seven-track computer system. An immediate the remaining letters are directed head assembly. access clutch maintains a demand to the reject pocket. The unsorted (For more information, circle 122 or free flow rate of 200 cards letters are then transferred from on the Readers Service Card.) per minute. Hopper capacity is the reject pocket to the hopper 500 cards each. and the sort is completed in the (For more information, circle 129 second pass. Normally, more than on the Readers Service Card.) half the cards are sorted on the first pass. The speed is 1000 cards sorted per minute. (for more information, circle 128 on the Headers Service Card.)

TRANSDATA 944, PRINTER READOUT SYSTEM Benson-Lehner Corp. Santa Monica, Calif.

ThIs printer readout system is capable of printing 62,:i00 characters per second. The Transdata 944 reads digital data directly from computers or mag­ netic tape, translates it at computer speeds into curves, lines, or characters on a cathode ray tube, and records the picture instantly on microfilm or photographic paper. Computer printout speed is 30,000 lines per minute. The system consists of a basic printer/plotter, including 35 mm micro­ film camera. In the photograph, the opened in t (: ri or of the Transdata 944 shows placement of the :\:i mm microfilm camera used to record informa­ tion from the cathode ray tube. (For more information, circle 109 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 INPUT /OUTPUT EQUIPMENT

~ I

COMPUTER CONTROLLED.DISPLAY IBM 1403, MODELL III PRINTER ELECTROPLOTTER II RMS Associates, Inc. IBM Corporation Benson-Lehner Corp. Mount Vernon, N.Y. Data Processing Division Van Nuys, Calif. White Plains, N.Y.

Solid-state CRT Computer Con­ The 1403 printer, model III is This plotter is capable of drawing trolled Displays plot up to 2300 capable of producing 1100 lines of straight or curved lines automat­ points or formatted characters at alphabetic and numeric information ically in graphs, charts or maps, a flicker-free rate of 30 frames in one minute. The photo shows in any combination of four colors, per second. Almost any require­ the results of one ~inute of oper­ and annotating them with words or ment can be met including such ation by the printer -- a listing symbols. The four-pen plotting features as character and vector of computer output that stretches head which permits drawing in writing, light pen, digitally 16 feet across a room, The model four colors also permits four controlled size and intensity, III uses a method of printing -- line widths. This electronic mode decoding, buffers, and key­ a rotating line of type -- similar "artist" can receive its design board to the basic display. Some to its model II counterpart. and color instructions from mag­ of the applications for the dis­ However, the type slugs (separate netic tape, punched cards or tape, play systems are simulation, from each other) ride in a pre­ or directly from a computer. It computer monitoring and trouble­ cision channel for maximum print­ will operate under program or shooting, and machine-aided design. ing quality at higher speeds. operator control. Electroplotter (For more information, circle 120 The linear type speed of the model II accommodates graphs as small as on the Readers Service Card.) III is 206 inches per second. 8~ x 11 inches and charts as large (For more information, circle 112 as 42 x 58 inches. on the Readers Service Card.) (For more information, circle 107 on the Readers Service Card.)

IlIGII-SPEED TAPE READER ON POWER American Bosch Arma Corp. Tele-Dynamics Division Philadelphia, Pa, •• The Tele-Dynamics tape reader pro­ vides either parallel or serial outputs. The reader uses a reflected-light photoelectric system to read both electrostat­ ically marked tape or punched paper tape. The device is capable of reading at rates of 300, 600, or 1000 characters per second. (For more information, circle 114 on the Readers Service Card.)

R4 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 19(,3 INPUT/OUTPUT EQUIPMENT

MODEL 5900 CONTROL DATA 405 CARD READER NAVCOR TAPEWRITER DIGITAL MAGNETIC TAPE SYSTEM Control Data Corporation PRINTING TAPE PUNCH Cook Electric Company Minneapolis 20, Minn. Navigation Computer Corporation Data-Stor Division Norristown, Pa. Skokie, Ill.

The Model 5900, shown with its The 405 Card Reader reads 1200 The Tapewriter Series 1010 pre­ cabinet open, has complete front cards per minute by columns pares paper tape with easily-read accessibility of the tape transport, rather than rows, with each col­ bottom-margin printing for instant control panel, read electronics, umn photoelectrically monitored verification and up to 8-hole and write electronics (top to twice for increased reliability. ~unching. Input is from full bottom). The all-solid state As punched cards move into the 49-key alphanumeric or 20 key­ system may be controlled locally pick position, the cards are numeric keyboard, or from remote or remotely. It is to oe fully separated pneumatically. The read inputs such as tape readers. The compatible with IBM tape. Tile station accepts or rejects cards device is 75% electronic, includ­ bi-directional-drive tape transport on the basis of data error and ing magnetic keys, printed-circuit handles tape reels up to 10~ inclles comparison check. After the last keyboard encoding, and semicon­ in diameter. Transport start time column is read the computer has ductor circuits. Up to 10 charac­ is 3.5 ms. 1.7 milliseconds to determine if ters per second are simultaneously (For more information, circle 117 it should accept the card or printed and punched. Typing errors on the Readers Service Card.) direct it into a secondary tray are deleted by pressing delete key without slowing the reading rate. which punches alII's code and The 405 can continue reading or prints delete character. Tape­ stop depending upon the computer writer Series 1020 incorporates a instruction. compact tape reader to permit (For more information, circle 113 automatic tape reproduction and on the Readers Service Card. compari son. (For more information, circle 110 on the Readers Service Card.)

NCR 450 BANK PROOF MACHINE The National Cash Register Company Dayton 9, Ohio The NCR 450 proof machine is designed to enable a bank's proof department to combine several separate operations into a single step. Sorting, listing, imprinting amounts and ABA number in magnetic, ink, and endorsement of checks are an automatic by-product of verifying the accuracy of customer deposits. If a customer deposit is incorrect, till! machine signals the opera~or and prevents further processing until accounting entries are in balance. Ev(~ry processed document is routed into one of 40 bins at t.he touch of a key. A printer associated with each bill lists the contents of the bin along with machine idpnl ification and a transaction tracer number. The auloillatic batch control is programmed for reconciling th(~ prrof operation wi th other bank operations without afr(~ct.inu the accumulated control totals of the proof machine.. . (For more information, circle 116 on the Readers SerVIce Card.)

COJ\IPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 35 INPUT jOUTPUT EQUIPMENT

MODEL 110 o 2020 MAGNETIC TAPE UNIT X-Y RECORDER, HR-97 PUNCHED TAPE READER-SPOOLER Datamec Corporation Houston Instrument Corp. Cook Electric Company Mountain View, Calif. Houston 27, Texas Data-Stor Division Skokie, Ill.

This bidirectional punched-t-ape The triple-density computer mag­ This simplified 11" x 17" X-Y reader and spooler (shown with netic-tape unit, called 0 2020, recorder has 1 mv/in. basic sensi­ cover removed) is capable of read­ writes and reads tapes in all tivity, 0.25% of full-scale accu­ ing all standard computer formats. three standard compatible formats racy, 15 in/sec. pen speed, zener It can be used as a strip or reel­ (800, 556 and 200 bpi). Density reference voltages, snap-on pen to-reel tape reader. The photo­ is selected with a switch on the assembly, and vacuum paper hold­ electric reader and the spooler tape unit's operator control down. The HR-97's interchange­ are separate assemblies; they can panel. Tape speed is from 3 to able plug-in control modules all be used together or separately on 45 ips. Start time is 5 ms, bi­ have precision ten-turn input computer and off-line data process­ directional. In multiple tape­ attenuators, full-scale zero ad­ ing systems. The unit can handle unit systems, a single set of justments and automatic pen-lift all standard paper, paper-mylar, triple-density-data electronics controls. A load-operate switch and aluminum-backed mylar tapes. serves all tape units, by means automatically picks up the pen and Any tape thickness to 0.008 inch of a switcher under computer positions it away from the chart is acceptable without adjustment. command. area for easy loading of paper. The system has a reading error rate (For more information, circle 115 (For more information, circle 108 of less than one error per 109 on the Readers Service Card.) on the Readers Service Card.) characters in continuous or character read mode. (For more information, circle 118 on the Readers Service Card.)

\ ELECTRONIC MULTI-FONT PRINT READER f Sylvania Electric Products Inc. New York 17, N.Y.

The dectronic l11ulti-font print reader converts what it "sees" into data on punched cards or tape at the rate of 700 characters per second. The machine reads letters 1/12 to 1/2 inch high from printed or typewritten docu­ ments. The device requires no intermediate film nega­ tives, can separate and read conventionally-spaced typewritten characters, and makes automatic compensa­ tion for variations in paper and type registration. Dr. Donald B. Brick (left), Manager of Information Processing Research at Sylvania's Applied Research Laboratory, removes a page of typewritten copy from the reader's scanning unit which starts the reading process. Engineer James C. Stoddard (right) checks the punched tape output which can be fed into either a com­ puter for processing or a flexowriter for display. (For more information, circle 123 on the Readers Service Card,)

36 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 INPUT/OUTPUT EQUIPMENT

DREXAMATIC HIGH SPEED C-DEK, MAGNETIC TAPE UNITS ANNOTATING PLOTTER COMPUTER DATA-ENTRY KEYBOARD Collins Radio Company Drexel Dynamics Corp. Colorado Instruments, Inc. Dallas, Texas Horsham, Pa. Broomfield, Colo.

The Drexamatic High Speed Annotat­ This device for preparing digital The Collins C-8046 (shown) and ing Plotter, Model 1065-1-0NL, is data for computer entry is useful C-8047 magnetic tape units are a high-resolution (100 points per in such operations as Pert pro­ digital sequential storage devices inch) facsimile electrolytic type gramming, job estimating, engi~ for use in high speed automatic recorder that produces hard dry neering studies, scientific prob­ information switching and process­ copy suitable for pencil marking lems, computer program prepara­ ing systems. Complete read and notations. The device is capable tions, and many phases of account­ write electronics, dual-gap read/ of reading digital information from ing procedures. As a pushbutton write head, and electronic skew an IBM 7090 computer and trans­ is pressed to enter the numbers, compensation are provided. Sub­ lating it into graphic plots with the keys illuminate allowing the stantial noise margins are main­ annotation and line printing. The operator to verify entries prior tained on all command and response plotter logic is operated at 100KC to recording them on punched Ii ne s. The tape format and con­ at a paper speed of 10 inches per paper tape. After verification, trol/response interface of the

second 0 It wi 11 accept, decode the "record" button is pressed, C-8046 and C-8047 permit complete and mark a maximum of 100 la-bit activating the electronic scanner, interchangeability with IB~ 72911 plot words per mi lli second. The which scans the entire field of and 729IV units respectively and plotter is completely self-con­ lighted numbers and records them are compatible with other mag­ tained within a desk type console. on paper tape. Th~ C-Dek gener­ netic tape equipment. (For more info·rmation, circle 130 ates a fixed field of data auto­ (For more information, circle III on the Readers Service Card.) matically. Versatility is pro­ on the Readers Service Card.) vided ~y a simple change of the keyboard's plastic overlay mat, whose columns, clearly marked in differed colors, make data entry almost self-explanatory. (For more information, circle 119 on the Readers Service Card.)

f .omni.data OMNI-DATA® PHOTOELECTRIC TAPE READERS Omnitronics, Inc. Philadelphia 23, Pa.

The photoelectric tape readers, Model PTR-90 () (unidirectional) and Model PTR-91 (bidirectional) are designed for reading all types and colors of paper and plastic tape at spe(~ds up to 1000 characters per second. Tlw Omnilronies principl(~ of refleet.ed li~Jhl is us(~d in Iht~St~ 11Iodtds t.o pennit interc"anUt~ahl(~ rt~adin~J of opaqt((! or transparent, punc"(~d or printt~d, lj~J"1 or darl,­ colored tapes without rlt!(~d for amplifier adjust­ ment. There arc no variable electrical components in these readers. (For more information, circle 121 on the Readers Service Card.)

COl\IPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 37 MEMORIES

SERIES 4000A DISC FILE Bryant Computer Products Walled Lake, Mich.

The six-data-disc Series 4000A Disc File is a random-access mass memory, capable of stor­ ing up to 390 million bits using 600 bits-per­ inch, block-format recording. Average access time is less than 100 milliseconds. This addition to the series, which includes the l3-data-disc Series 4000B and 25-data-disc Series 4000C, provides prospective users with a selection of storage capacities ranging from 31 million to over 1.6 billion bits. In the photograph at the left, the field engi­ neer (right) is adjusting gain of the read amplifiers (located in rack at lower center of file), during the final phase of installa­ tion of the first Bryant Series 4000A Disc File at RCA's EDP Division, West Palm Beach, Fla.

In second photograph, a laboratory technician optically inspects a storage disc for surface anomalies. Series 4000 disc files are ex­ pandable in the field, modules being added until the maximum number of discs for each family has been reached. (For more information, circle 102 on the Readers Service Card.)

MINIATURE INTEGRATED COMPUTER MEMORY Radio Corporation of America New York 20, N.Y.

The diamond-shaped unit in the photograph, is a high-speed computer memory produced by a new process borrowed from the plywood manu­ facturing industry. Dwarfed by a tweezer-held aspirin, the unit shown is capable of storing up to 256 bits of information permanently or of processing up to 10 million bits per second. Using thin laminated sheets of ferrite, the new memories are built by a series of "doctor-blading", silk-screening, lamination and high-temperature processing techniques. In the foreground are typical ferrite sheets, in their "green" or unfinished form. (For more information, circle 95 on the Readers Service Card.)

38 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 19(j3 10-MEGACYCLE BIAX MF.~10RY Aeronutronic Division Philco Corporation Newport Beach, Calif.

The photograph, at the right, shows the 10-megacycle BIAX memory, which operates in 100 nanoseconds, the time in which light travels 100 feet. The memory stores 50,000 bits of information in 1024 words. It can read out 48 bi ts of data in one tenth of a millionth of a second. In common with other BIAX memories, it has non-volatile storage, non-destruc­ tive read-out, and low pow~r consumption.

The second photograph (below right) shows BIAX memory arrays, being assembled from thousands of tiny BIAX ferrite magnetic elements which store electronic information. The tiny elements are woven together to form the arrays, which are later assembled into BIAX memories. (For more information, circle 96 on the Readers Service Card.)

METALLIC-PLATED MEMORY DRUMS Metwood Manufacturing Co. Gardena, Calif.

This series of memory drums have their recording surfaces electrolytically plated with a cobalt alloy. These memory drums, designated series 1200, are 13" in diameter, with heights from 11" to 22". Drum sl)(~eds range from 900 to 12,000 rpm. They are supplied with up to 540 tracks. Storage capacities rilllUc from 50,000 to 3,500,000 bits. (For more information, circle 105 on the Readers S(!rvic(! Card.)

COMPUTERS anJ AUTOMATION for December, 1963 39 MEMORIES

L-1500 MASS-MEMORY MAGNETIC DISC FILE General Precision, Inc. Information Systems Group Librascope Division Glendale, Calif.

Six discs make up a basic L-1500 fast-access Mass-Memory Magnetic Disc FiI~ (shown) ca~able of stori ng up to 306 mi 11 i on bi ts . An engi neer ) adjusts device that electrically records inform­ ation on and withdraws information from the mag­ netic discs. Up to 56 disc-file modules can be linked to and controlled by a medium or large computer, providing a storage bank of 17.1 billion bits. On demand from its computer "executive", the mass memory disc file can retrieve information and present it for transfer to the computer (using a search-by-content feature) in a span of time ranging from 35 milliseconds to 70 milliseconds. It can trans­ fer 2,136,000 bits a second. (For more information, circle 104 on the Readers Service Card.)

SERIES PA PERMACARD MEMORY SYSTEMS Fabri-Tek, Inc. Amery, Wisc.

This system uses the principle of current loops on a pluggable printed circuit word line array to store digital data. The memory elements are planes capable of storing 64 words and are mass-produced in a neutral or unwritten state (shown in photograph below) ready for informa­ tion loading. When installed they provide a permanent storage with fixed constants that are free from chance of alteration due to faulty read-restore operations. They can be inserted or removed in the system chassis in seconds. The present system cycle time is I psec with an access time of 0.5 psec. Sys­ tems having any bit capacity are possible. Modes of access are random, read-only non­ destructive readout, and parallel readout. A typical PERMACARD system has 1024 words and has the optional features of: output data registers, output coax or twisted pair drivers, address parity check, data parity check, and self-exerciser. (For more information, circle 97 on the Readers Service Card.)

40 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 MEMORIES

UNIVAC 490 FASTRAND MASS STORAGE SUBSYSTEM UNIVAO Div. of Sperry Rand Corporation New York 10, N.Y.

The device, known as the UNIVAC 490 Fastrand Mass StoraUI! Subsystem, was developed for the storage of larue masses of bus'iness data, which can be retrieved by an dectronic CO'llputer in I):.! thousandths of a second. These uni 1.s have a storaue capaci ty of 64 mi lli on characters of i nformat ion each. Each unit consists of two drums revolving at 070 rpm. Sixty­ four flying heads mounted on flexure springs are used to search the rotating drums for desired facts. Two motors, one integrally mounted to each drum, are used to drive the system, which is completely self­ contained with its own power supply. Programming p3ckages for the U~IVAC 490 Real-Time Computer will operate the subsystem. (For more information, circle 106 on the Readers Service Card.)

IBM 1302 DISK STORAGE UNIT IBM Corporation Data Processing Division White Plains, N.Y.

Till! (~I(~et rOllie fi I ill\1 sys1.(~rtI, eortlpos(!d of the new IBM I:\():.! disl, stora\w ullits, eall hold I\(~arly a quart(!r of a bi II iOIl eharael.(!rs of illJorJnation. The 1:10:.! has two ;I(:(:(!SS IlH!ehallislIls ill each module - with each lIlechan­ iSIlI providing access to 250 independent data record­ inU tracks. The access mechanisms can both seek at the same time, or one can seek while the other is reading and writing. Access "arms" fly in and out, over and 'under recor,di ng tracks to retrieve i nforma­ tion in less than two-tenths of a second. Up to five 1302 units can be linked to any of nine IBM computers to provide a total storage capacity of more than a billion characters. (For more information, circle 103 on the Readers Service Card.)

-l

MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED CORE MEMORY DI/AN Controls, Inc. Boston 25, Mass.

Model SA-VB-INT 240/12-400, a magnetically controlled coincident-current core memory, has a read-write cycle timo of 2.5 microseconds and an access time of approximately .0 microseconds. The shelf model has 2,10 words of 1:.! bits (!ilch and two address counters, permittin\1 use as a s(~r.ial "variable-block" buffer st.oraue. Th(! cOlllpae 1. 1l1(!rtI0 ry (:\I~" Iud \Ih t) ui v(!S high reliability. Sjrtlp1lfi(!d Illaunetic addrt!ss, drive, and sense circuitry cuts the sellli-collduetor eount to a bare mInImum. The model is cOlllpatible with the broad range of pre-engineered standard options. (For more information, circle 100 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 41 DATA TRANSMITTERS

BI-DIRECTIONAL DATA CONVERTER, SC-332 General Dynamics/Electronics Rochester 1, N.Y.

The SC-332 is a "translator" that converts one kind of "computer talk" to a different "language" at high speeds. Data is converted from magnetic tape to punched paper tape, from punched paper tape to magnetic tape, and from punched paper tape in one code to punched paper tape in a different code. The device has a speed of 500 characters per second when operating in the magnetic tape mode. When c~nverting data to paper tape, it has a speed of 250 characters per second. Five, six, seven, or eight-level paper tape codes can be accommodated, with or without parity. On the mag­ netic tape application, the converter operates with either the IBM 729 II/IV binary, or binary-coded-decimal low­ density format. Code translation, formating, and error­ checking are performed automatically. (For. more information, circle 127 on the Readers Service Card. )

UNIVAC DATA LINE TERMINAL UNIVAC Division of Sperry Rand Corp. New York 19, N.Y.

The device, called Univac Data Line Terminal, enables the low-cost Univac 1004 Card Processor , to transmit or receive business, scientific and engineering data over ordinary telephone lines at a rate of 3400 ~ords per minute. With the Data Line Terminal, a Univac 1004 can communicate with another 1004, the Univac 490 Real-Time or the Univac 1107 Thin-Film Memory systems. The Data Line Terminal operates with sta~dard Bell Tele­ phone 20lA or 2l0B Data Phone Sets. The Univac 1004-DLT can transmit information consisting of data read from cards, data such as constants stored in memory, data generated by plugboard wiring, or data computed by the processor. It can print and punch the data being transmitted, and can print and punch into cards and process data received from another 1004, 490, or 1107. (For more information, circle 125 on the Readers Service Card.)

42 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 AND CONVERTERS

IBM 7740 COMMUNICATION CONTROL SYSTEM IBM Corporation Data Processing Division White Plains, N.Y.

The IBM--7740 communication control system, operating alone or linked to a computer, speeds the flow of messages and data among widely dispersed points. Messages, shown being inspected by the system's oper­ ator, are routed automatically from origin to desti­ nation; manual handling at the center is eliminated. Permanent electronic copies of all messages are re­ corded on interchangeable disk packs of IBM 1311 disk stora~e drives (left). The operator's console (foreground) monitors the system and can communicate with other points in the network. (For more information, circle 126 on the Readers Service Card.)

PAPER-TAPE-MAGNETIC-TAPE CONVERTER Digitronics Corporation Albertson, N.Y.

This solid-state magnetic-tape-paper-tape converter, Model 0327, takes variable-size input records and codes them for direct processing by the computer. It can be used to integrate high and low speed remote data communications with a centrally-located computer. The Model U327 converts magnetic tape to paper tape at a speed of 50 words per second. Paper tape is converted to magnetic tape at 160 words per second. It accepts 5, 6, 7 or 8-level paper tape as input, and produces output magnetic tapes compatible with IBM 1401 or 7090 computers. It also can accept as input, magnetic tape pre­ pared by these computers, and put out 5, 6, 7 or II-level punched paper tape. (for more information, circle 124 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 TDS-91 TERMINAL General Electric Company Comnunication Products Department Lynchburg, Va.

The TDS-91 magnetic tape-to-magnetic tape data transmission terminal, reads data record-by-record into a magnetic core buffer for conversion to transmission line speeds. Tape data is converted into electrical signals which may be transmitted intra-city or cross country at speeds determined by the transmission facilities. Speeds range from 150 to 28,000 characters per second. (For more information, circle 99 on the Readers Service Card.)

C-U21O DIGITAL DATA COMMUNICATION MODEM ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER, TYPE 142 Colli liS Radio Company Digital Equipment Corp. Dallas, Texas Maynard, Mass.

Collins C-8210 digital data communication modem is The Type 142 converter, developed f6r use with a solid-state, full duplex transmitter and receiver the Programmed Data Processor computers, also can for data transfer between geographically separated be used as an independent unit. It transforms an Collins communication processors. The modem oper­ analog signal to a signed binary number with ates at a 2400 bits-per-second data rate over 10-bit accuracy in a totai time of six micro­ nominal three kc bandwidth voice channel facilities seconds. Conversion accuracy is ±G.15 percent such as wireline, cable, or carrier. ± 1/2 least significant bit. (For more information, circle 98 on the Readers (For more information, circle 101 on the Readers Service Card.) Service Card~)

44 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, I s)()3 "ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK"

Computing and Data Processing Newsletter

TABLE OF CONTENTS

New Applications 45 Education News 51 New Contracts . 48 People of Note 52 New Installations 49 Meeting News 53 Organization News 50 Business News 53 Computing Centers 50 Monthly Computer Census 56

NEW APPLICATIONS

IBM AND TULANE REVEAL JOINT EFFORT IN BIOMEDICAL COMPUTING

Progress in applying elec­ This reseurch work is being velopment by designing and evalua­ tronic data processing methods and carried on at the Tulane Bio­ ting analysis techniques. systems to a variety of medical re­ Medical Computing System Center, search problems was demonstrated to which is under the direction of Tulane has provided the build­ the press by Tulane University and Dr. James W. Sweeney. The center ing in which the center is housed, International Business Machines was established in February, 1962 some of the key personnel, and the Corporation officials last month. under terms of a $1,674,854 grant necessary administrative functions. to Tulane from the National Insti­ In a joint study, under way tutes of Health. It was one of Dr. Herbert E. Longenecker. for more than a year, research the first major bio-medical com­ Tulane president. emphasized the teams made up of IBM computer sci­ puter centers established in the importance of the Tulane-IBM part­ entists and Tulane physicians, ra­ United States. Housed in the cen­ nership. "By means of this study. diologists and bio-medical special­ ter are IBM 1410 and 1401 Data private industry and a university ists have been exploring new meth­ Processing Systems and other spe­ medical school are cooperating to ods of using computers to: cially-built medical research achieve a necessary new inter­ equipment. An IBM 7094 computer disciplinary competence in the develop new ways to analyze is expected to be installed in application of information hand­ brain wave and heart elec­ 1965, according to Dr. Sweeney. ling technology to life science trical patterns; problems. Neither partner -- IBM explore techniques in ex­ The center's relationship or Tulane -- could work as effec­ tracting new information with the International Business ti vely alone". from x-rays; Machines Corporation began in Aug­ conduct research in organi­ ust 1962 when a joint study of Some examples of the problems zing medical records col­ methods and systems for processing which are being explored by the lected in the course of ob­ large volumes of medical informa­ Tulane-IBM teams follow: serving and treating large tion began. In the cooperative numbers of people; study, a team of Tulane and IBM ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS analyze patient information computer specialists and scientists gathered from various elec­ have explored methods of using A computer has been used to tronic measuring devices. electronic data processing equip­ distinguish the difference between ment to analyze complex physiolo­ electrocardiograms collected from Physicians and specialists gical data from hospital patients. cardiac patients and normal ECGs. from other medical institutions When perfected, this technique around the country are also con­ IBM scientists stationed at could be used to continuously moni­ tributing to the study. the center have made valuable con­ tor heurt patients and to screen tributions to medical systems de- normal population Uroups.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 Newsletter

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS adaptive pattern recognition pro­ puters and other electronic equip­ gram on an IBM 7094 Data Processing ment and ~etrieve them in more Work in electroencephalogram System in Yorktown, N. Y. Two readable form has been demonstrated analysis is divided into several stages are included in this program at the Tulane center. different efforts. (a) The col­ -- a learning phase which develops lection and detection of signifi­ a definition of a normal EEG, and a The first part of the process cant information in brain waves; testing phase which in~icates how involves scanning the x-rays and (b) the analysis of waves to deter­ closely an unknown EEG matches the converting them into digital form mine significant features which may definition of a normal EEG. which computers ca~ store and pro­ be related to the condition of the cess. The computer, operating'un­ In the learning mode, infor­ der special programming instruc­ patient; (c) the automatic classi­ .. , fication of normal and abnormal mation on peaks and valleys for tions, analyzes the image and re­ brain wave patterns using digital pairs of frequency channels both produces it on an oscilloscope computer pattern recognition tech­ within and between time instants is screen which can be photographed. niques. In the latter application, obtained from EEGs previously de­ Members of the Tulane-IBM team be­ the EEG is recorded directly on signated as normal. The definition lieve that this photograph makes it magnetic tape via special data ac­ of normality is refined by adding possible to observe information or quisition instruments. The signal one normal EEG sample at a time. A characteristics not clearly visible is then divided into 36 different computed number gives an approxi­ on the x-ray film. frequencies by a bank of filters. mate indication of information All of these 36 new signals are learned. When new samples do not An experimental IBM system analyzed simultaneously. significantly increase this number, designed to scan, process and dis­ enough information has been ob­ play x-rays on a TV-like screen, tained to determine the variation has also been used in this project. existing among normal EEGs. While The original illuminated x-ray and this does not imply that good dis­ the image projected on the unit's crimination between normal and ab­ screen can be studied simultaneous­ normal EEGs will be obtained, it ly. When displayed on the screen, does show that the definition of the x-ray can appear as a positive, normality has been stabilized. a negative or an enlarged image.

In the testing mode, the pro­ MEDICAL RECORDS RESEARCH gram produces a number between zero and one that indicates how well an Techniques are being devel­ unknown EEG matches the definition oped to integrate clinical labora­ of normality established in the tory, x-ray and physiological data learning mode. If the match number into a computer medical record. is one, there is a perfect corres­ These methods will allow conversion -- Dr. Richard Yoder ·of Tu­ pondence with this definition. of traditional, bulky medical rec­ lane University discusses ords of patients into a form that the brain wave signals dis­ X-RAY IMAGE PROCESSING can be stored in a computer and re­ played on a cathode ray trieved when needed. The goal is tube monitor with W.J. An experimental technique to to have available for scientific Nettleton, Jr., assistant process x-rays through digital com- use the clinical medical records director of the Tulane Bio-Medical Computing Sys­ tem Center. Mr. Nettleton is seated at the console of an IBM 1410 which is being used to analyze electroencephalogram wave forms.

The next step involves identi­ fying and classifying amplitude "peaks" and "valleys". This is done for each of the 36 readings that are available simultaneously. The filter outputs are coded as either peaks or valleys, and they may be high, medium or low. In­ cluded in the high designation are those filters with amplitude with­ in 70 per cent of the highest lev­ els. Those from 30-70 per cent are medium peaks and those under 30 per cent are classed as low. A similar -- An experimental x-ray image processing technique has been criteria is used to classify the developed at Tulane by a research team of radiologists and vulleys. bio-medical engineers, and computer specialists. Picture at left is typical radiograph, or x-ray. The metastatic With the EEG information now cancer nodule (circle area) is more clearly visible in right represented by ij sequence of such photograph after scanning and conversion of information in coding, the information is presen­ original x-ray, and processing by computer. Reproduced image ted as input to an experimental is displayed on oscilloscope screen, which can be photographed.

46 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 Newsletter of patients as well as all infor­ 230. Of its 8192 memory units, amount of blood on hand at each lo­ mation regarding observations, pro­ only 82 were required for the cation; estimates of new blood units cedures and conclusions to aid exercise. -- by type -- needed by each loca­ physicians in diagnosing and treat­ tion to maintain sufficient inven­ ing patients. Woodruff assured himself vic­ tories; lists of new blood donations tory by programming the computer -- by type -- needed to replenish Team members foresee the ex­ to write every possible five-digit units used durillg the previous day tension of such a system to the permutation of the numbers one throughout the city; and tabulations establishment of regional and na­ through 12. His entry -- measur­ of all blood units which have tional medical record centers ing 160 feet long and weighing al­ reached the·dangerous age of 21 days linked by high-speed communications most three pounds -- automatically and, therefore, must be removed for facilities. This would make a per­ made him winner of one of 10 1500- use in blood plasma. The computer son's medical record available watt portable electric plants of­ will also provide weekly rosters of quickly from a central point when fered as prizes. Programming time donors, who after an eight-week it is required. was estimated at approximately two waiting period, are eligible to do­ hours. Think time for the computer nate again. In addition, computer proces­ was 1 minute, 44 seconds. sable records could be gathered Two IBM 1311 disk storage from sources throughout the nation The retail value of Woodruff's drives will provide random access to study major health problems of prize is $375. Why did he put so memory for the computer system. They the population or to detect trends much (relatively) into so little? will use five interchangeable packs of infectious diseases. Mainly because of the intrigue the which are capable of holding a total contest held for him -- knowing it of almost 10 million characters of PULSE ANALYSIS could be beaten with a computer and informa tion. proving it. Also. his company (an A Tulane-IBM team has been ap­ operating division of TRW) was in New information will be fed plying computer technology to the the process of purchasing the com­ into the computer as it is received. study of blood pressure pulse waves. puter and he was assigned to check From the information fed into it, The effort is directed toward cor­ it out. Hence his imaginative feat the IBM 1440 will compile, sort, relating the velocity and shape of at no real cost to the employer. tabulate and otherwise prepare re­ the pulse wave detected in an in­ ports as directed by programs of dividual's finger, for example, the Blood Council. with the status of his cardiovas­ COMPUTER TO SPEED (For more information, circle 28 cular system. CONTROL SERVICE FOR on the Readers Service Card.) GREATER NEW YORK To collect this information BLOOD COUNCIL from patients, a small, mobile unit equipped with electronic monitoring A computer will be used to COMPUTER CONTROLS EXCHANGE devices has been developed. The speed and control the task of man­ OF TRANS·ATLANTIC MESSAGES unit is being used experimentally aging New York City's scattered in­ in the Tulane departments of sur­ ventory of whole blood. The Com­ An electronic computer has con­ gery and psychiatry. munity Blood Council of Greater New trolled the transmission of messages York, a non-profit organization between Europe and"theUn i ted States, According to team members, formed to improve the supply and automatically routing them to their this project will lead to more ef­ distribution of whole blood in New destinations over trans-Atlantic fective techniques for monitoring York, will use an IBM 1440 data communications facilities. The in­ surgical patients and may also be processing system to process rec­ tercontinental exchange originated useful in monitoring astronauts ords of some 100,000 pints of whole in Brussels, Belgium, during a meet­ undergoing training in our manned blood which it expects to handle ing of the International Aeronauti­ space program. in 1964. The system can be ex­ cal Telecommunications Society (For more information, circle 31 panded to handle up to 300,000 (SITA). on the Readers Service Card.) units of blood a year as the need develops. The purpose of the demonstra­ tion was to illustrate the feasi­ The Council, after receiving bility of world-wide computer­ COMPUTER WINS CONTEST a request for a particular type controlled communications over (FRONT COVER STORY) of rare blood, will be able to re­ existing facilities. It made use trieve from the computer a list of of IBM Corporation's internal Tele­ George Woodruff, a space engi­ locations where that type of blood processing system, a network which neer at Cape Canaveral, Fla., has is stored, or a list of names, ad­ links 257 IBM offices in the United used an electronic computer to turn dresses and telephone numbers of States. The IBM office in Brussels out 95.040 entries in a national possible donors -- in approximately joined the network temporarily for contest sponsored by the Onan div­ two minutes. the demonstration. isioll of Studebaker Corporation, Minneapolis, Minn. The Onan con­ On a day-to-day basis, the !\ cOIllPUt.iIlH C(!IIt.(!1' ill. 113M's test called for contestants to se­ data processing system will main­ laboratory ill Kill~ISt.OIl, N.Y., routed lect and rank in order of impor­ tain round-the-clock inventory con­ messages from Brussels to IBM ,of­ tance five out of 12 numerically trol of whole blood scheduled for fices in Los Angeles, New York, listed features of Onan generators refrigerated vaults planned by the Washington, White Plains, N.Y., and that customers like best. There Blood Center. It will be capable other U.S. cities. Responses were was 110 limit on the number of en­ of maintaining similar control for channeled through the Kingston cen­ tries from one person. some 100 hospitals and other agen­ ter for retransmission to Brussels. cies in the metropolitan area. Each The two-way transmissions were com­ The computer used was a TRW day, the computer will provide such pleted in minutes. (Thompson Ramo Wooldridge) model records as: tabulations of the

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 47 Newsletter

The demonstration illustrated bid all the jobs it wants -- even stores data over an entire portion the system's ability to intercept if three or four cq~e up within a of flight before the computer be­ messages with incorrect addresses, couple of days of each other. gins to calculate an orbit; then messages sent out of sequence, and the process begins anew with data messages which are incomplete be­ The cost-estimating program for the next leg of the voy~ge. cause of operator error or faulty can be used effectively by other transmission. The Kingston switch­ contractors of the construction in­ Sperry's Minimum Variance ap­ ing center automatically instructed dustry as well as by plumbing, air­ proach is called ODP, or Orbital Brussels to re-transmit erroneous conditioning, cement, and general Determination Program. An abbre­ messages which deliberately had contractors. viated version (accurate only to been placed in the system. (For more information, circle 26 one part in a million) will be on the Readers Service Card.) rushed to NASA in time for a shake­ During the demonstration, the down run during the launching of Kingston center continued its nor­ Goddard's unmanned interplanetary mal operations, which include the probe, IMP. routing and logging of thousands of messages daily. Since begin­ The longer version, accurate to a billionth, is scheduled for ning operation~ in April of this delivery in July, 1964. The una­ year, the IBM system has routed NEW CONTRACTS more than one million messages bridged ODP will be under the con­ among company locations throughout trol of an executive program. It the United States. will be written in Fortran. (For more information, circle 27 (For more information, circle 33 NASA COMPUTER PROGRAM on the Readers Service Card.) on the Readers Service Card.) TO CALCULATE TO A PRECISION OF ONE IN A BILLION

A new mathematical approach is SPERRY SELECTED TO PROVIDE COSTS OF ELECTRICAL WORK being prepared for NASA's earth­ ESTIMATED BY COMPUTER EDP EQUIPMENT FOR AIR FORCE bound computers by Sperry Rand Cor­ INVENTORY ACCOUNTING poration, Great Neck, N.Y., to de­ A small computer, an LGP-30, termine the orbit of a space ve­ Sperry Rand Corporation has is performing a new money-saving hicle with a precision of .999999999 been selected, on the basis of the role in the construction field -­ -- or a hundred thousand times more lowest bid submitted, to provide helping a contractor to estimate accurately than scientists can now electronic data processing equip­ costs of electrical work on com­ gauge the orbits of the natural mercial and industrial buildings. ment for the Air Force base level planets. The new computer program inventory accounting system. The The cost-estimating technique was is being compiled for NASA's Goddard developed by Hoffmann Electric Co., Corporation's Univac Division, Space Flight Center under a $190,000 Washington, D.C., will furnish com­ Inc., St. Paul, Minn., in coopera­ contract. tion with the Commercial Computer puters, assist in installation, pro­ vide training, system support and Division of General Precision's To space probes travelling pro­ mainten~~te at approximately 152 Information Systems Group. A prime gressively farther into space, a bases in the United States and over­ result has been reduction in the precision of one part in a billion seas. Major components of the cost of cost-estimating -- tradi­ would mean a positional accuracy of tionally one of the major over­ equipment will be manufactured in about one foot at the moon, 12 feet Philadelphia, Pa., and Utica, N.Y. head expenses in the electrical­ at Venus, and 17 feet at Mars. Re­ contracting field. versing the comparison, as the com­ The first operational computer puter will inevitably do, would is scheduled to be installed at the To prepare a cost estimate, a mean pinning down the position of heavy volume of computations is base supply facility, Andrews Air the moon, Venus, Mars or other pla­ Force Base, in May, 1964. Follow­ required. A $25,000 job may re­ nets with far more accurate a yard­ ing acceptance of this computer, quire some 2000 items such as se­ stick than the 92,900,000-mile as­ based on a 90-day test, the Air veral types of wire, '~ohd~it, tronomical constant in current use. Force will install 10 computers per boxes, and devices. The contractor The location of Venus, by today's month at other bases until the pro­ must estimate the cost of these standards, is a question of a few gram is completed. The anticipated items. In the past the computa­ thousand miles. tions have been performed manually, cost of purchased equipment is ap­ a repetitive and tedious job. The new program being prepared proximately 37 million dollars. uses a recent mathematical approach Lease of non-purchase equipment and In the Hoffmann system, data called the Minimum Variance Method, maintenance of all systems when in­ on costs, inventory levels and which was devised largely by Dr. R. stalled will be about $250,000 other pertinent factors concerning E. Kalman, from the Research Insti­ monthly. the items are stored on the com­ tute for Advanced Sciences. Using (For more information, circle 38 puter's memory drum. Fresh infor­ the Minimum Variance technique, an on the Readers Service Card.) mation on requirements of a new job orbit is calculated as the vehicle is given the computer. It then is in flight by what might be computes the required cost esti­ termed the "buil ding block method" SDC RECEIVES CONTRACT TO mates at electronic speeds and First raw data is converted into STUDY COMPUTER-BASED prints out the results. an orbital estimate. Then the es­ FOOD-ORDERING SYSTEM timate becomes the basis for the John P. Friel, Hoffmann Elec­ next calculatipn. The first step in the automa­ tric's treasurer says as much as tion of menu planning for large 25% of an estimator's time has been In contrast, the conventional hospitals -- a computer-based food­ saved. Hoffmann's is now able to Least Squares method takes and ordering system -- will be studied

48 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 Newsletter by scientists of System Development Three of the six 1050's will con­ The Model 210 Data Acquisi­ Corporution, Santa Monica, Calif., tain 12,000 positions of core memo­ tion System was designed to pro­ and Veterans Administration profes­ ry using five peripheral units, cess data gathered during static sional personnel under a nine-month which include two Uniservo III-A -test firing of solid fuel rocket $62, 000 con tr3 c t. The SDC/VA team tape units; one 1000 card-per­ motors. The system samples ana­ will determine if the Veterans Ad­ minute card reader; a 300 card-per­ log data from the test complex, ministrution cun udvilntugeously in­ minute punch; 3nd a 700-922 line­ changes the data to a digital for­ corpor3te line3r progr3mming 3S 3 per-minute high speed printer. The mat, and records it on magnetic tool in its food-ordering system. balance of the 1050 systems will tape for later processing. Food purch3ses for VA hospitals have the basic configuration but (For more information, circle 49 throughout the country currently will be equipped with a 16,000 po­ on the Readers Service Card.) amount to $50 million a year. sitions memory and two 700-922 line-per-minute high speed printers. It is hoped that the study The systems will be installed in will enable VA dietitians to re­ Sacramento, Calif; Rome, N.Y.; and EAI PROPORTIONING COMPUTER quest sets of food which can satis­ AFLC Headquarters, Dayton, Ohio. FOR CEMENT RAW MATERIALS fy hospital needs for a 28-day per­ (For more information, circle 35 iod at minimum cost. on the Readers Service Card.) A computer, for use in the (For more information, circle 34 proportioning and control of ce­ on the Readers Service Card.) ment making raw materials, will be installed at the Alpha Portland Cement Company, Cementon, N.Y. The analog computer, known as ITT DIVISION RECEIVES PC-12, has been ordered from Elec­ $1.5 MILLION CONTRACT NEW INSTALLATIONS tronic Associates, Inc., Long FROM NAVY CENTER Branch, N.J., by the M. W. Kellogg Company, which has engineered and A $1,535,569 contract exten­ is constructing the cement plant. sion to provide computer program­ NORFOLK NAVAL SUPPLY CENTER ming services to the Navy's Fleet INSTALLS LARGEST IBM 1410 The PC-12 proportioning com­ Computer Programming Center, Atlan­ puter, while specifically tailored tic, at Dam Neck, Va., has been An IBM 1410 d3ta processing to the special requirements of the awarded to the Data and Information system, the larges t . compu ter of its cement industry and the plant in Systems Division of Intern3tion31 type ever buil t by the IBM Corp., question, is basically similar to Telephone and Telegraph Corp., is the he3rt of a manugement con­ other EAI PC-12 units used to con­ Paramus, N.J. The contract., 'l\Var­ trol system for the N3val Supply trol various process functions. ded by the Na V3! Supp 1y Cen t.1!r, Center, Norfolk, Va. The IBM ItllO (For more inform3tion, circle 53 Norfolk, Va., requires I1~ DISD system is capable of storing 2UO on the Headers Service Card.) programmers to translate the exist­ million characters of information ing navigational, oper3tional and in its random access memory. tactical plans into computer lan­ guage for use aboard ship. This is The Naval Supply Center will EG&G INSTALLS MAJOR an extensi~n of the original con­ be able to combine speed and pre­ COMPUTER COMPLEX tract awarded to DISD last January, cise inventory and financial con­ which expired on June 30, 1963. trol in every aspect of ordering, Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier, (For more information, circle 40 warehousing and shipping the Inc., Boston, Mass., has installed on the Readers Service Card.) 726,000 different items handled by a Control Data 1604B/160A system the Center. The items range from at its new research laboratory in one-ounce transistors to 10-ton Las Vegas, Nevada. The system is anchors. The system is linked built around a high-speed master MULTI-MILLION CONTRACT electronically to seven remote in­ computer, with a 32,000 word mem­ TO UNIVAC FROM AIR FORCE quiry terminals in warehouses and ory (48 bits/word), eight magnetic management control points within tape transports, and a 160A satel­ A $5.5 million Air Force con­ the Naval Supply Center .. The lite computer. A 1612 printer also tract for nine computing systems .. Center itself is linked through a is associated with the system. In has been announced by UNIVAC Div­ world-wide logistic data communi­ addition to its scientific taskS, ISIOn of Sperry Rand Corp., New cations network to 526 points in the new computer will be used to York, N.Y. The contract calls for the United States and to 26 foreign perform extensive Program Evalu­ three UNIVAC 1107 thin-film memory countries. ation and Review Technique (PERT) computers and six UNIVAC 1050 sys­ (For more information, circle 48 studies for the Atomic Energy Com­ tems for use within the Air Force on the Readers Service Card.) mission. Logistics Command (AFLC). The sys­ (For more information, circle 55 tems will be connected through on t.he Headers Service Card.) AUrODIN, the Air Force world-wide COllHllllllications network, to perform 3 wide variety of command support DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM funct.ions. DELIVERED TO BANK INSTALLS IBM 7010 - LOCKHEED PROPULSION COMPANY REPLACES IBM 1410 Each of the Air Force 1107 sys tl!ms wi 11 con t3 in 32,000 words A high-speed data acquisition Girard Trust Corn Exchange of earl! memory and be equipped wi th and processing system has been de­ Bank, Philadelphia, Pa., has re­ sixtl!l!n lJniservo III-A tape units, livered to Lockheed Propulsion cently installed an IBM 7010 com­ a p. lJw r tap e u nit, a fl yin g he a d Company's rocket engine test faci­ puter system, replacing the IBM 800 immediate access storage unit, lity, Redlands, Calif., by Beckman 1410 system which has been in op­ 3nd two lJniservo III-C tape units. Instruments, Inc., Fullerton,Calif. eration since early 1962. The

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 49 Newsletter

new system, while equal in size Mechanical Products, Inc., to the 1410, has four times the founded in mid-1940, manufactures NEW ACQUISITION FOR speed and 50% more memory capaci­ aircraft circuit breakers, over­ AUERBACH CORPORATION ty. It is fully compatible with load protectors for small motors the bank's former IBM 1410-1401 and controls for smog free mufflers. Auerbach C~rporation, Phila­ system. delphia, Pa., has announced the (For more information, circle 57 Dr. Howard H. Aiken, president acquisition of Scientific Inform­ on the Readers Service Card.) and board chairman of the Hoffman ation Services, Inc., a Philadel­ organization, will retain the same phia company that provides liter­ positions in the newly-formed com­ ature research and documentation pany. Other officers of the new .W services, particularly in the parent company will include C. Al­ areas of medical, pharmaceutical, ORGANIZATION NEWS bert Nelson, vice president; Leon and related scientific information. W. McGinness, vice president; All of the services formerly pro­ R. H. Early, secretary-treasurer; vided by SIS will be continued as Edward R. McPherson, Jr., assistant part of the Auerbach Information­ EAI ACQUIRES secretary; and Freida McKillip, Management Sciences Division. assistant treasurer. As presently WEST COAST COMPUTER FIRM (For more information, circle 65 composed, the company is engaged on the Readers Service Card.) Electronic Associates, Inc., in the electronic component, aero­ Long Branch, N.J., has acquired space, electrical equipment, home control of Pacific Data Systems, appliance and aeronautical fields. Inc., Santa Ana, Calif., a firm (For more information, circle 66 specializing in low-cost digital on the Readers Service Card.) computers. Pacific Data Systems COMPUTING CENTERS formerly was a wholly-owned subsi­ diary of the Mesa Scientific Cor­ HUGHES DYNAMICS ACQUIRES poration of Inglewood, Calif. The TELLERTRON CORPORATION acquisition was made for an undis­ COMPUTER TAPE LIBRARY closed amount of cash. Hughes Dynamics, Inc., Los An- geles, Calif., has acquired Teller- The Internal Revenue Service, PDS will be operated as an EAI tron Corp., Boston, Mass., manu- Washington, D.C. has recently an- subsidiary with headquarters and facturer and operator of automated nounce d a l'b I rary 0 f computer manufacturing facilities in Santa systems for financial institutions. tapes contaInIng... Income d ata com- Ana. PDS products will find use Under terms of the agreement, plIed. from tax returns. The com- in advanced hybrid computer sys- Hughes Dynamics acquires all assets terns as an input/output device. of Tellertron, including its pro- puter tapes hold the raw material They also will extend EAI capabili- used in compiling Internal Revenue 'es in process control. The PDS duct designs and engineering draw- Statistics of Income reports on tI ings, plus the services of S. Gerald . d' 'd 1 d computer line does not rep.lace In IVI ua s, corporate an non- Stone, president of Tellertron. b . d 'f either the analog or the hybrid Mr. Stone will henceforth head- corporate uSlnesses, an gI t, computer at EAI in their estab- estate and fiduciary tax returns. quarter in Los Angeles. " " ( lished field of scientific compu- (For more information, circle 60 Tapes used for the tax model a tation. The new line includes the on the Readers Service Card.) sampling of tax returns that are PDS 1020 engineering computer and a representative cross-section of the PDS 1068 general'-p~u~r:-!:p-:o-:s-:e:--:c-:o~n:----l------!(rl·ll."FtlIl~fi-ted-)--are-a-l-su-:illthe-l----~ trol computer. library. (For more information, circle 61 AMPEX EXPANDING on the Readers Service Card.) INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS The computer tape library will provide a source of histori­ Ampex Corporation, Redwood cal data for business researchers, NEW FIRM FORMED City, Calif., has announced plans analysts, legislators and govern­ to begin manufacturing operations ment officiials. It will enable Announcement has been made of information and comparisons to be within the Europ~an Common Market, the formation of Howard Aiken In­ and to double its manufacturing ca­ drawn from tax returns that have dustries, Inc., which will take pacity in the United Kingdom. never been published before. The over the bu s i lies ses presell tl y oper­ tapes contain edited, unsummarized ated by the P. H. Hoffman Co., Ampex will occupy a plant at data for each return used in the Carlisle, Pa. and Mechanical Pro­ Nivelles (near Brussels), Belgium, sampling from which Internal Re­ ducts, Inc., Jackson, Mich. Both early in 1965, to manufacture in­ venue has prepared its statistical of these companies will be operated strumentation and computer tape re­ reports. as separate divisions of Howard cording equipment for Common Market Aiken Industries which will main­ customers. Access to library contents by tain its executive offices in Car­ private researchers may be made lisle, Pa. At Reading, England, construc­ under the provisions of Public tion has already begun on a new Law 87-870. Use of the library is The P. R. Hoffman Co., founded plant to expand present facilities. on an actual cost basis. Users in 1938 to manufacture machinery The new plant is expected to be may pay to have their projects run for the production and processing completed in the latter part of on Internal Revenue equipment, and of quartz crystals, is now one of 1964. It will be used for manufac­ within certain limitations, copies the prime suppliers of both syn­ ture of magnetic recording and fer­ of the computer tapes may be pur­ thetic and natural crystal blanks rite memory devices. chased from Internal Revenue. used in the electronic and aero­ (For more information, circle 63 (For more information, circle 68 space industries. on the Readers Service Card.) on the Readers Service Card.)

50 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 Newsletter CSC SERVICE BUREAU in the Southern California area. (2) Actual on-the-job scenes TO OFFER NATIONWIDE The new company offers complete are photographed in full color and ON·LlNE COMMUNICATIONS research facilities in conjunction training programs are prepared with nearby IBM offices to answer based on the client's exclusive Direct on-line communication any accounting or statistical safety needs. with a large scale computer will questions in relation to trucking soon be available to business and operations. scientific users throughout the (For more information, circle 70 United States at the Service Bureau on the Readers Service Card.) Division of Computer Sciences Corp., El Segundo, Calif. Computer Sci­ ences Corporation, a data proces­ sing service organization, has of­ CONTROL DATA OPENING fices in Houston, Los Angeles, San NEW YORK COMPUTING CENTER Francisco, New York and London. Control Data Corporation, Customers with machine time Minneapolis, Minn., is opening its on esc's large scale 1107 computer newest computing center in New will be able to transmit up to 342 York City. This brings to a total characters per second through use of five, the Control Data Centers of standard Data phone sets and a serving the metropolitan areas of new Univac Data Line Terminal to be New York; Los Angeles and San installed on the 1107. The system Francisco, Calif.; Washington,D.C~; is expected to be operational with­ and Minneapolis. The New York -- LECTRON Audio-Vision -­ in six months. Computation Center will be located a new automated teaching in Great Neck, Long Island. system for accident pre­ The system is especially vention. suited to users with Univac 1004 Computing equipment will in­ card processors, although it will clude the Control Data 1604-A com­ (3) Audio-Vision programs on accept all 80- or 90-column card puter system and the high-speed safe and unsafe practices are pre­ data. CSC customers, using the Control Data 606 magnetic tape sented to supervisory personnel on new communications system, will ex­ handlers as well as a complete the LECTRON Console. Personnel perience a turn around time of min­ line of other peripher~l devices participate in the presentation; utes as opposed to hours. Problem to handle a variety of data pro­ they respond to questions and the solutions will be printed on-line cessing formats. console tells them, automatically, at customer sites throughout the whether they are right or wrong. country. At present, 24-hour turn In addition to leasing com­ Supervisors are trained to remem­ around service is available to puter time, the Center will pro­ ber and recognize unsafe work prac­ eastern users. vide computation services includ­ tices. ing mathematical and systems anal­ Machine independent languages ysis, programming services, and (4) The LECTRON Console may such as COBOL, FORTRAN, etc. will equipment operations. be used as a training tool for new continue to be us~d with the new (For more information, circle 67 empl.oyees., Its pr,o.grams are sub­ system. on the Readers Service Card.) ject to constant review and up­ (For more information, circle 69 dating by Ken Cook personnel. on the Readers Service Card.) (For more information, circle 71 on the Readers Service Card.)

EDUCATION NEWS COMPUTER CENTER FOR SHORT LINE CARRIERS HIT·KILL INDICATOR A new data processing center AUTOMATED TEACHING SYSTEM will open in the heart of the FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION The military training problem trucking industry in Montebello, of firing weapons at live targets Calif., January 1964. The new fa­ A new automated system for and gaining immediate indication cility, known as Transport Data teaching accident prevention has of a "hit" on a live target at ef­ Processing, will offer modern auto­ been developed by Ken Cook/Lectron, fective hit-kill ranges -- all mated accounting to the trucking Milwaukee, Wis. The system, called without the use of live ammunition industry. The company was estab­ LECTRON Audio-Vision, is custom -- may soon be solved with a new lished to bring the age of computer created for individual plant or electronic system developed by accounting to small, medium and plant departments. The device of­ Aircraft Armaments, Inc., Cockeys­ ~ven large carriers who heretofore fers a four-step method of safety ville, Md. The new training de­ were unable to avail themselves of control. vice, known as the "lIit-Kill Indi­ tid s service because of the high ca tor", is des i uned for tanks and rental cost of computers and the The Audio-Vision System works o'ther modern weapons. I t can be technical skill necessary for pro­ in the following manner: installed without modification of gramming and carrying out these the weapons, insuring rapid return systems. (1) A complete evaluation of to a combat ready condition when safety violations is made in a required. The new device is under­ Transport Data Processing, particular plant department. From going performance tests by US Army u sin \I a n I BM 64 00, will act a s the this data a ratio of violations to Combat Developments Command Experi­ general accounting office for car­ exposures is made to pinpoint pos­ mentation Center (USA CDCEC) per­ riers who have offices or terminals sible danger areas. sonnel.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 51 Newsletter

The Hit-Kill Indicator fires IIMAGNETIC MEMORYII - chairman is C. A. R. Kagan of ammunition, a paper round -- a A 16mm COLOR FILM Western Electric. data card bearing fuse and range marks -- which is inserted in the A professionally-produced, The Computing Devices Commit­ weapon's control unit by the gun­ 16mm color film on magnetic re­ tee consists of-40 experts in the ner. When Hit-Kill Indicators are cording tape is being offered by computer field whose function it mounted on tanks, all targets the 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn. is to guide the Institute's tech­ (tanks) on the battlefield are on nical activities in the computer standby until one tank fires. Fir­ The 25-minute sound film, en­ field. This function includes the ing consists of an infrared flash ti tied "Magnetic Memory", opens review of papers for Institute con­ directed at all targets on the with a non-technical description ventions and publications, the an­ field -- with only the one being of the theory of sound and record­ nual assessment of computer pro­ aimed at and fired having the ing. The film progresses through gress, the sponsoring of special matching identification code or the many uses of tape, from cap­ technical sessions and conferences, pulse. This is flashed back to turing a baby's first words to pre­ and the conducting of workshops. the firing tank and picked up by serving the technical data of a its photo-electric telescope, manned space shot. The manufactur­ closing the circuit. ing process is outlined, along with a description of the controls nee­ EXECUTIVE NOTES FROM IBM ded to produce a quality tape. T. V. Learson, IBM vice presi­ The 3M Company is making the dent and group executive, has been film available on a free-loan assigned group responsibility for basis for showings to clubs and the Data Processing Division, IBM's other organizations. major marketing group. (For more information, circle 73 on the Readers Service Card.) A. K. Watson, IBM vice presi­ dent and group executive, and since 1954 president of IBM World Trade Corporation, will now head the IBM corporate staff. He will continue his association with the IBM World -- The "kill ing" end of PEOPLE OF NOTE Trade Corporation as chairman of the Hit-Kill Indicator is the board of that subsidiary. a photo-electric telescope in the tank's barrel which Dr. John Gibson has been elec­ exchanges infrared signal SPONSLER JOINS IBM ted IBM vice president and group pulses with the target to FEDERAL SYSTEMS DIVISION executive with responsibility for make the "kill". The the Data Systems, General Products, photo-electric device, Dr. George C. Sponsler has and Components divisions. which completes a "fire joined IBM as the Federal Systems mission" in less than a Division direc­ G. E. Jones has been elected half second, can be used tor of advanced vice president and group executive for weapons capable of planning. He and president of the IBM World 4000 meter ranges, while will analyze Trade Corporation. other versions are man­ the Federal portable for simulated Government's Dr. E. R. Piore, IBM vice combat with the M-14 Rifle. long-range ad­ president, has become a group ex­ vanced systems ecutive with responsibility for the Instantly a firing simulator requirements Advanced Systems Development and detonates, producing smoke and and develop Federal Systems divisions and IBM noise, while the target tank also operating plans Research -- which now becomes the detona tes smoke. Before the tank's -for the Federal -Research Division. circuits are remotely turned off, Systems Division. .. a light signals the crew their M. B. Smith, IBM vice presi­ tank is hit and disabled. The Dr. Sponsler formerly held the dent and group executive, has been whole cycle -- aiming, locking on, dual responsibility of the chief given responsibility for the Sup-­ firing and the kill -- takes less scientist for research and develop­ plies and Electric Typewriter Divi­ than a half-second; and is re­ ment, and director, technical an­ sions and will be the corporate re­ cycled by a simple key switch. alysis and operations research porting point for the Service Bureau staff in the Navy's Bureau of Ships. Corporation. In addition to the basic hit indicator elements, the device in­ Richard H. Bullen, formerly cludes accessory devices which treasurer, has been elected a vice generate, process, record and COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN president and deputy director of transmit data required for hit APPOINTED BY IEEE the corporate staff of IBM Corp. assessment. (For more information, circle 72 Gerhard L. Hollander, Presi­ Kenneth N. Davis, Jr., former­ on the Readers Service Card.) dent and Technical Director of ly controller, has been elected Hollander Associates, Fullerton, treasurer. Calif., has been appointed Chair­ man of the Computing Devices Com­ Hilary A. Faw, Jr., has been mittee of the Institute of Elec­ elected IBM controller. He was trical and Electronics Engineers formerly controller of the company's for the year 1964. The retiring Data Systems Division.

52 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 Newsletter

APPOINTMENTS ANNOUNCED Corp. termed the effect of compu­ AT GENERAL PRECISION MEETING NEWS ters on employment "of no conse­ quence during the next five to ten The appointment of R. W. Lce years", while Ted Silvey of the as pr<~sidcnt of the Information AFt-CIO recommended immediate Fed­ eral action to step up the retrain­ Systems Group, General Precision FJCC EX POST FACTO PROFILE Inc., Glcndale, Calif., has been ing of workers with obsolete skill~ and to administer the rate of intro­ announced by General Precision What? 1963 Fall Joint Computer president D. W. Smith. Mr. Lee, Conference duction of automation. U.S. Dept. formerly executive vice president of Labor's Gantz saw the situation as one "worthy of further study". and uencral manager of the group, Where? Las Vegas Convention Center, rep1 accs W. E. Bra tton, who re­ Las Vegas, Nev. si~Jned effective November 1. No 8An LGP-21 compu ter rna tched its calculating ability ogainst a "21" successor has been named to Mr. When? November 12-14, 1963 Lec's former position at this time. dealer at the Tropicana Casino, and Who attended? Approximately 2600 won $350 in 50 minutes with bets Announcement has also been computer executives, engi­ ranging from $2 to $42. made of the appointment of Francis neers, and programmers re­ J. Alterman as president of the gistered at the show. Commercial Computer Division of the Information Systems Group of Who exhibited? 73 exhibitors oc­ General Precision, Inc. This div­ cupied 163 booths and dis­ ision produces a line of low-cost played approximately $8 mil­ business and scientific computers lion in equipment. Eleven and a wide range of computing and operating digital computers BUSINESS NEWS missile-ordnance components. were displayed including the new CDC 3200, a Honey­ well 400, IBM 7044, LGP-21, and SDS-920. SALES AND PROFITS INCREASED DURING FIRST UNIVAC NAMES QUARTER AT CONTROL DATA NEW CONTROLLER Proceedings? The 600+ page collcc­ tion of technical paper is The first quarter of Control John F. Walrath has been ap­ available from Spartan pointed controller of the UNIVAC Books, 301 N. Charles St., Dat.a Corporation's seventh fiscal year, the three months ended Division of Sperry Hand Corpora­ Baltimore, Md. Scptember 30, 1963, shows sales, tion. Mr. Walrath W.IS fornlPrly rentals, and servicc income was wi th Genera 1 El ec tr i c wlI(~r(~ lip served for 26 ycars ill variolls fi­ $19,618,815, up 62% compared with nancial and business plannillU po­ 8 Tl)(~ Air Force's Major General the same period of the previous sitions. T(~rhllne called in his keynote ad­ year. Net profits after provision dress for a re-evaluation of the for federal and state income taxes approach to systems design. He for the three months period ended said th.at in the past, computer September 30, 1963, were $1 t 129,058. programming on some command and ANGIER NAMED DIRECTOR OF control programs has run over $30 Per share earnings on the com­ EDP INDUSTRY COUNCIL per instruction, yet the user was mon stock, on the basis of the num­ not able to communicate in a flex­ ber of shares outstanding at Septem­ Myron A. Angier has been named ible way with the computcr. Terhune ber 30, 1963 and 1962 were $0.27 director of the EDP Industry Coun­ emphas ized the need for "imp1 i ei I. and $0.06 in the two periods re­ cil by Honeywell Electronic Data programminu" of computers so that spectively. Processing, the mili tary commander can h'lv(~ the Wellesley Hills, power to directly interroua\.(~ the Mass. The post information stores of the computer is a new one. in versatile ways. LITTON PROFITS UP 43%) Mr. Angier was formerly New 8A group of 12 Las Vegas high In its annual report, Litton England Di s­ school students were taught to pro­ Industries has stated that fiscal trict and area gram a computer during the confer­ 1963 after-tax profits rose to sales manager ence, and within two hours they had $23,296,107, a 43% increase from for the Univac operating programs on a G-15 com­ the $16,315.952 earned in the pre­ division of the puter. Later they put on an impres­ vious year. Federal and foreign in­ Sperry Rand sive set of computer demonstrations come taxes amounted to $20,SOO,296, Corporation. for their classmates. compared with $1<1,5:3:3,5<17 in fiscal In his new position he will direct 1«)(,:!. th(~ 'Ictivi ties of the Council, 8A special symposium on "Computers which was formed earlier this year and Changing Employment Patterns" Earninus for lW,:I, after pay­ 1.0 provide specialized support for featured speakers from the U.S. De­ nwn t of preferred d i v id(~nds, were llolwywell marketing activi ties in partment of Labor, the AFL-CIO, (~qual to $2.29 a share on the el(~v(~n industries ranging from fi­ Fund for the Republic, Computer 10,145,217 common shares outstand­ nancial management to public utili­ Manufacturers and Users, and AFIPS. ing on July 31. In the previous ties. After three hours of noble efforts, year earnings per share amounted to the participants failed to agree $1.64 after adjustment for a two­ on either the qualitative or quanti­ for-one stock split in August 1962 tative aspects of the problem. and a 2YiYo stock dividend in Decem­ Fletcher Jones of Computer Sciences ber 1962.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 53 Newsletter Sales and service revenues in­ from $144,923 to $201,254, and per PROGRAMMERS creased 40%, to $553,146,239, from share earnings rose from 23 cents $393,807,709 in fiscal~1962. to 31 cents based on 640,000 shares ANALYSTS outstanding. At year end, the company had We have positions with outstanding 43,417 shareholders of record, NCR'S NINE-MONTH SALES growth opportunities open for highly compared with 32,755 at the close of the previous year. TOTAL $415,002,618 qualified people in Sales of the National Cash Engineering Systems IBM NET EARNINGS UP 17.9% Programming Register Company for the first nine For the nine months ended months of 1963 totaled $415,002,618; Apply the principles of numerical for the comparable period of 1962 analyses to the solution of engineer­ September 30, 1963, net earnings of IBM Corp. were $206,970,232 after NCR's sales were $393,577,734. Net ing problems in the fields of flight income was $12,348,076, compared mechanics, orbit determination, tra­ estimated U.S. Federal income taxes, an increase of 17.9% over the with $13,515,311 for the first jectory simulation, thermodynamics three quarters of last year. The $175,522,831 reported for the same and gas dynamics,· stochastic simula­ 1963 nine-month earnings amount to period last year. Net earnings for $1.49 a share on the 8,298,957 tion, mechanized design of electrical the nine months ended September 30, shares outstanding on September 30, de.vices, and operational analysis, . 1963, before U.S. Federal income compared with $1.63 on 8,298,707 usmg IBM 7094 computers. taxes, amounted to $420,370,232 shares as of September 30, 1962. Administrative Systems compared with $358,722,831 in the corresponding 1962 period. Programming Earnings reported by NCR sub­ sidiaries and branches outside the Analyze data processing systems asso­ Gross income for the nine United States were $10,786,813 ciated with management of our large months ended September 30, 1963, Aerospace Engineering Department from sales, service and rentals in after foreign taxes, compared with $10,820,159 for the first nine in the areas of the Drawing System ·the United States amounted to Accounting System, and Management $1,509,215,727 compared with months of 1962. In accordance with Information System, such as PERT, $1,399,360,957 in the corresponding company policy only those foreign 1962 period, an increase of 7.9%. earnings remitted to the United P / CWS, and Data Reduction and States, plus the earnings of NCR's Analysis. Gross income from IBM regular pro­ ducts showed an increase of 12.9%. Canadian subsidiary, were included Computer Programming Military products gross income in net income. After U.S. taxes Systems and Support showed a 30.7% decrease compared these foreign remitted earnings with the nine months of 1962, re­ were $7,038,729 for the nine months, The Engineering Department oper­ compared with $6,836,363 last year. ates a computing open shop presently flecting a reduction in supply or using FORTRAN and SIMSCRIPT production type contracts and a greater emphasis toward research Robert S. Oelman, chairman and with the introduction of other lan­ and development contracts. president of NCR, said the reduc­ guage in the planning phases. In tion in the company's net income support of this, qualified people are Included in IBM's net income for the first nine months of the needed to instruct the users in these are net earnings of the IBM World year was due primarily to the in­ programming languages. Other chal­ Trade Corporation totaling creasing volume of NCR's machine lenging opportunities exist in evalu­ $24,475,985 for the nine months of rental business -- largely made up ating new hardware configurations this year compared with $18,430,205 of electronic computer systems. and software systems, supporting for the same period last year. Rental of such systems requires IBSYS/IBJOB, FORTRAN IV and that the company initially bear WAVE, and in applied research in Undistributed net earnings of the substantial manufacturing numerical analysis. IBM World Trade Corporation's marketing, installation and depre­ foreign subsidiaries, excluded from ciation costs involved, even though Qualifications: Bachelor's or Master's net earnings reported, amounted to its rental income is received only degr:e with major in engineering, $48,384,686 for the nine months over a period of years. Mr. Oelman phYSICS, or mathematics: Also, a mini­ ended September 30, 1963, compared anticipates that the long-range mum of two years of computer pro­ with $42,310,238 for the nine results of the expanding rental •. gramming experience with at least months of 1962. business will be favorable. one year's experience using the IBM 7090/7094 computers. CSC REPORTS COMPUTER SYSTEMS, INC. These select opportunities are avail­ RECORD MID-YEAR REPORTS 6-MONTHS EARNINGS able at both our Santa Monica and SALES AND EARNINGS Huntington Beach facilities. IBM Computer Systems, Inc., Fort 7094 computers are in use at both CSC President Fletcher Jones Washington, Pa., reported earnings locations. has announced that sales and net for the first six months ending Please send resume to Mr. B. A. Ames earnings for Computer Sciences June 30th of $26,434 on sales of Corporation during the six months $358,388. For the corresponding ended September 30, 1963, have period of 1962, the company showed / established a record mid-year high a loss of $334,600 on sales of for the company. $424,283. CSI is accelerating DDUC~ production of hybrid computing sys­ Service revenues during the tems for engineering and scientific MISSILE & SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION six month period were $1,968,657, applications. The DYSTAC SS-IOO an increase of 49% over $1,318,115 analog computer announced in Mardi 2700 Ocean Park Boulevard for the corresponding period in is scheduled for production in mid- Santa Monica, California 1962. Net earnings also increased 1964. An equal opportunity employer Circle No. 15 on Readers Service Card 54 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 19(,3 3,105,144 I Leonard Roy Harper, San Jose, "NEW P ATENTS~~ Calif. / I.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y., a corp. of N. Y. I Magnetic Core Adder. Raymond R. Skolnick 3,105,157 I Robert H. Norman, Glen Reg. Patent Agent Oaks, N. Y. I Sperry Rand Corp., Great Ford Inst. Co. Neck, N. Y., a corp. of Delaware / Shift­ ing Register Having Improved Infor­ FOR SALE: Div. of Sperry Rand Corp. mation Transferring Means. long Island City 1, New York 3,105,225 I Robert L. Williams and Bill H i-speed repetitive L. Waddell, San Diego, and Joseph W. November 7, 1963 Crownover, La Jolla, Calif. I Daystrom, analog computer The following is a compilation Inc., Murray Hill, N. ]., a corp. of Texas I Method and Apparatus for of patents pertaining to computer Utilizing Ferroelectric Material for Data Manufacturer: GPS Instrument Co. and associated equipment from the Storage. "Official Gazette of the U. S. Pat­ 3,105,226 I Andrew W. Bobeck, Chatham, The computer includes: ent Office," dates of issue as indi­ N. J. I Bell Telephone Labs., Inc., New York, N. Y., a corp. of N. Y. / Mag­ • 24 integraters with inverters cated. Each entry consists of patent netic Memory Arrays. number / inventor(s) / assignee / 3,105,231 I Bernard M. Gordon, Newton • 24 summing amplifiers invention. Printed copies of pat­ and Robert P. Talambiras, Boston, Mass. • 96 potentiometers ents may be obtained from the I Epsco Inc., Boston, Mass., a corp. of • a number of special components per­ Mass. I Data Signal Processing Ap· Commissioner of Patents, Washing­ paratus. tinent to non-linear and statistical ton 25, D. C., at a cost of 25 cents operations each. October 1, 1963 3,105,874 I Charles R. Fisher, Jr., Roches· • 2 large screen display scopes ter, N. Y. I General Dynamics Corp., Rochester, N. Y., a corp. of Delaware I For full information and/or inspection, September 10, 1963 '(Continued) Solid-State Time Position Multiplexing and Demultiplexing System. please call or write: 3,103,578 I Wallace E. Dietrich, Jr., Balti­ 3,105,875 I Freddy David, Henrietta, Mr. E. R. Bell more, Md. I U.S.A. as represented by N. Y. /. General Dynamics Corp., the Sec. of the Navy I Digitized Analog Rochester, N. Y., a corp. of Delaware / Hughes Aircraft Company Computer. Solid-State Binary Code Multiplexing 3750 W. Santa Barbara Ave. 3,103,580 I Donald F. Foreman, Vestal, and Demultiplexing Device. N. Y. I I.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y., 3,105,897 / Herman Jacob Heijn, Eind· Los Angeles 8, California a corp. of N. Y. I Selective Data Shift hoven, Netherlands I North American Register. Philips Co., Inc., New York, N. Y., a Telephone: corp. of Delaware I Binary Parallel AX 4-4111 (L. A), Ext. 271 September 17, 1963 Adder Utilizing Sequential and Simul· 3,104,317 I Harry W. Cochrane, Pough· taneous Carry Gencration. keepsie, N. Y. I I.B.M. Corp., Ncw York, :1,105,95(j I Evon C. Gr('anias, V(,stal. and N. Y., a Wip. of New York I Binary .\rthll1' I1alllhurgcII, Endiwtl, N. Y. I I.B.~1. Corp., ;\lew York, N. Y., a Matrix Multiplier Utilizing Coincidcnt Circlo No. 16 on Roadors Sorvice Card Inputs and Sequential Readout. corp. of N. Y. / Charactcr Recognition 3,104,318 I John L. Hill, North St. Paul, Systcm. and Bernd H. Richelmann, St. Paul, 11,105,957 / Jam Li, Lcvittown, Pa .. / Minn. I Ramsey Engineering Co., St. R.C.A., a corp. of Delaware I Negatlvc DATA PROCESSING Paul, Minn., a corp. of Minn. I In· Resistancc Diode Memory. EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE CO. tegrating Circuit. 3,105,958 I Edwin .T. Slovodzinski, Hope­ 3,104,319 I John W. Ericson, Verona, Pa. well Junction, N. Y. / LB.M. Corp., OFFERS: Three shift. use for one I Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Wil­ New York, N. Y., a corp. of N. Y. I merding, Pa., a corp. of Pa. I Analog Memory Systems. shift rental plus maintenance on Computers. 3,105,959 . / Jacob Fredrik Klinkhamer, IBM 7090, same terms or sale of 3,104,325 I John A. Kauffmann, Hyde Eindhoven, Netherlands I North Amer­ Park, and Robert M. Tomasulo, Pough­ ican Philips Co., Inc., New York, N. Y., Control Data 1604 32k, 1401 8k, keepsie, N. Y. I I.B.M. Corp., New a corp. of Delaware / MerilOry Matrices 1410. Also offer NCR 31's, IBM York, N. Y., a corp. of N. Y. I Binary Including Magnetic Cores. Trigger. 3,105,960 / Jean Francois Marchand, card machines. Eindhoven, Netherlands I North Amer­ 3,104,326 lAurie S. Myers, Jr., Pough­ ican Philips Co., Inc., New York, N. Y., keepsie, N. Y. I.B.M. Corp., New WANTED I a corp. of Delaware / 'Dynamic Mag­ York, N. Y., a corp. of N. Y. / Self­ netic Storage Circuit. UNIVAC SS 90,1401'5,1410'5, NCR Propagating Core Logic Circuits. 3,105,961 / Bloomfield James Warman, 310, 390, CDC 160. • 3,104,327 / William D. Rowe, Pittsburgh, Charlton, London, England lAsso· Pa. / Westinghouse Electric Corp., East ciated Electrical 'Industries (Woolrich), lGP 20's-30's. All IBM card ma­ Pittsburgh, Pa., a corp. of Pa. / Mem­ Ltd., London, England, a British com­ ory Circuit Using Nor Elements. pany / Magnetic Storage Core Arrange­ chines. 3,104,346 / John Edward Marshall, Bag­ ments. inton, near Coventry, England / Whit­ 3,105,962 / Andrew H. 'Bobeck, Chatham, Buy or sell used ·DP machines and worth Gloster Aircraft Ltd., Baginton, N. J. / Bell Telephone Labs., Inc., systems through ncar Coventry, England I Pattern Con­ New York, N. Y., a corp. of N. Y. / trolled Programming Mechanism. Magnetic Memory Circuits. 3,10,t.:I78 I Lyle Glen Thompson, Primos, DA·PEX Co. Pa. I Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich., 366 Francis Bldg. a corp. of Michigan / Static Memory October H, 1963 louisville, Ky. Systcm. 3,106,637 I Glcnn A. Olivcr, .\rdmor~, Pa. 3,10·i,:lHO I Luther H. Haibt, Croton-on­ I Burroughs Corp., Dctroit, Mich., a Gl-1-7457 JU-5-5454 Hudson, N. Y. I I.B.M. Corp., New corp. of ;"lichi~an I ,\rith11ll'tic and Circle No. 17 on Roadors Service Card York, N. Y., a corp. of N. Y. I Memory Logic Systcm. Systcm. 3,106,644 I Lco 1'. Rctzingcr, Jr., Los Mass. I Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cam­ Angeles, Calif. I Litton Systcms, 11\(: .. bridge, Mass. I Superconductive Data September 24, 1963 Beverly Hills, Calif., a ('Orp. of ~rar)'· Processing Devices. 3,105,1'1:1 I William A. Hosier, Stoneham, land / Logic Circuits Employing ~li· 3,106,649 I William R. Johnston, Los Mass., and Harry S. Hoffman, Jr., nority Carrier Storage Diodcs for Add· Angeles, Calif. / Ampex Corp., Culver Saugcrties, N. Y. I Research Corp., New ing B60ster Charge to Prcvent Input City, Calif., a corp. of Calif. I Sensing York, N. Y., a corp. of N. Y. I Selective Loading. Circuit Employing Two Tunnel Diodes Comparison Apparatus for a Digital 3,106,64'8 I Howard O. McMahon, Lex· to Provide Proper Current Distribution Computcr. ington, and Albert E. Slade, Cochituatc, Upon One Being Switched. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 55 MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS

The number of electronic computers installed, or computer census monthly, so that it will serve as a in production at anyone time has been increasing at "box-score" of progress for readers interested in fol­ a bewildering pace in the past several years, New lowing the growth of the American computer industry. vendors have come into the computer market, and familiar machines have gone out of production. Some Most of the figures are verified by the respec­ new machines have been received with open arms by tive manufacturers. In cases where this is not so, users -- others have been given the cold shoulder. estimates are made based upon information in the ref­ erence files of COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION. The figures To aid our readers in keeping up with this mush­ are then reviewed by a group of computer industry rooming activity, the editors of COMPUTERS AND AUTO­ cognoscenti. MATION present this monthly report on the number of American-made general purpose computers installed or Any additions, or corrections, from informed on order as of the preceding month. We update this readers will be welcomed.

AS OF NOVEMBER 20, 1963

NUMBER OF NAME OF NAME OF SOLID AVERAGE MONTHLY DATE OF FIRST NUMBER OF UNFILLED MANUFACTURER COMPUTER STATE? RENTAL INSTALLATION INSTALLATIONS ORDERS

Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation EOP 900 system Y $7500 2/61 19 10 Advanced Scientific Instruments ASI 210 Y $2850 4/62 11 2 ASI 2100 y $3000 12/63 0 3 Autonetics RECOMP II Y $2495 11/58 102 X RECOMP III Y $1495 6/61 28 X Burroughs 205 N $4600 1/54 55 X 220 N $14,000 10/58 42 X E101-103 N $875 1/56 140 X B250 Y $4200 11/61 59 28 B260 Y $3750 11/62 50 38 B270 Y $7000 7/62 35 24 B280 Y $6500 7/62 36 20 B5000 Y $16,200 3/63 11 22 Clary DE-60/DE 60M Y $525 2/6'0 125 L-- Computer Control Co. DDP-19 Y $2800 6/61 3 X DDP-24 Y $2750 5/63 2 16 SPEC Y $800 5/60 10 0 Control Data Corporation G-15 N $1000 7/55 280 X G-20 Y $15,500 4/61 26 1 160/160A Y $1750/$3000 5/60 & 7/61 330 30 924/924A Y $11,000 8/61 20 18 l604/1604A Y $35,000 1/60 52 8 3600 Y $.52,000 6/63 6. 12 3200 Y $9,000 5/64 0 14 6600 Y , $150,000 2/64 0 1 Digital Equipment Corp. PDP-l Y Sold only 11/60 45 7 about $120,000 PDP-4 Y Sold only 8/62 19 10 about $60,000 • PDP-5 Y Sold only 9/63 4 12 about $25,000 PDP-6 Y Sold onl. .Y 7/64 0 about $300,000 El-tronics, Inc. ALWAC IIIE N $1820 2/54 32 X General Electric 210 Y $16,000 7/59 79 4 215 Y $5500 11/63 2 22 225 Y $7000 1/61 38 235 Y $10,900 12/63 0 16 General Precision LGP-21 Y $725 12/62 64 30 LGP-30 semi $1300 9/56 472 6 L-3000 Y $45,000 1/60 1 0 RPC-4000 Y $1875 1/61 103 3 Honeywell Electronic Data Processing H-290 Y $3000 8/61 8 X H-610 Y $3500 9/63 1 6 H-400 Y $5000 12/61 66 40 H-800 Y $22,000 12/60 55 8 H-1400 Y $14,000 3/64 0 10 H-1800 Y $30,000 up 1/64 0 I::l DATAmatic 1000 N 12/57 5 X

56 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 NUMBER OF NAME OF NAME OF SOLID AVERAGE MONTHLY DATE OF FIRST NUMBER OF UNFILLED MANUFACTURER COMPUTER STATE? RENTAL INSTALLATION INSTALLATIONS ORDERS

H-W Electronics, Inc. HW-lSK Y $490 6/63 3

IBM 305 N $3600 12/57 630 x 650-card N $4000 11/54 500 X 650-RAMAC N $9000 11/54 120 X 1401 Y $:3:iOO 9/60 6100 1()OO 1410 Y $12,000 11/61 230 260 1440 Y $1000 '1/63 220 2800 1460 Y $9000 10/63 60 320 1620 Y $2000 9/60 1380 130 701 N $5000 4/53 2 X 7010 Y $19,175 10/63 4 30 702 N $6900 2/55 2 X 7030 Y $160,000 5/61 7 1 704 N $32,000 12/55 63 X 7040 Y $14,000 6/63 16 72 7044 Y $26,000 6/63 8 11 705 N $30,000 11/55 115 X 7070, 2, 4 Y $24,000 3/60 450 130 7080 Y $55,000 8/61 60 25 709 N $40,000 8/58 17 X 7090 Y $64,000 11/59 265 25 7094 Y $70,000 9/62 74 55 7094 II Y $76,000 4/64 o 55 Information Systems. Inc. ISI-609 Y $4000 2/58 19 ITT 7300 ADX Y $25,000 7/62 6 3 Monroe Calculating Machine Co. Monrobot IX N Sold only - 3/58 177 2 $5800 Monrobot XI Y $700 12/60 280 209 National Cash Register Co. - 304 Y $14,000 1/60 29 0 - 310 Y $2000 5/61 46 36 - 3l:i Y $1l:iOO ':i/()':!. 110 135 - :\()() y ~II:)() 11M ,122 275 -P-ac-k-a-r-d-B-e-1-1------Pl-\-~-5-()------y------$l~·~)(~)(~)------l~~~/~()(·~)~------~l:~d~------~l~l~--- .....:I~)B=---..:..I·.:...:I(~) ______----=.y. ______~$~:\5()() ______.:...1 ~I/~(:=_::):\=------(=-) ______-:-1-:=:-2 ___ Philco LOOO Y $7010 ()/():\ 7 1:3 2000-~1~ Y $52,000 1/63 5 6 -~1O, 211 Y $40,000 10/58 18 8 Radio Corp. of America Bizmac N -/56 4 X RCA 301 Y $6000 2/61 335 205 RCA 3301 Y $15,000 7/64 0 5 RCA 501 Y $15,000 6/59 68 11 RCA 601 Y $35,00C 11/62 2 2 Scientific Data Systems Inc. SDS-910 Y $2000 8/62 32 15 SDS-920 Y $2700 9/62 24 10 SDS-930 Y $4000 4/64 0 2 SDS-9300 Y $7000 1/64 0 1 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc. TRW-230 Y $2680 8/63 8 7 RW-300 Y $6000 3/59 37 2 TRW-330 Y $5000 12/60 12 17 TRW-340 Y $6000 12/63 0 4 TRW-530 Y $6000 8/61 20 5 UNIVAC I & II N $25,000 3/51 & 11/57 44 X Solid-State II Y $8500 9/62 30 8 III Y $20,000 8/62 31 98 File Computers N $15,000 8/56 53 X Solid-state 80, 90, & Step Y $8000 8/58 390 15 490 Y $26,000 12/61 20 20 1004 Y $1500 2/63 ,160 1020 1050 Y $7200 9/63 :> 17 1100 Series (ex- cept 1107) N $35,000 12/':i0 21 X 1107 Y $45,000 10/62 11 10 LARC Y $135,000 5/60 'J X X -- no longer in production TOTALS 15,609 9271

NOTE: Tile UNIVAC 60 and 120 plugboard programmed calculators have been deleted from the Computer Census.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 57 WFF 'N PROOF

World's Most Challenging and IBM Entertaining Education Games

WFF 'N PROOF: The Game of Modern offers Logic (21-game kit) $6.25 systems analysts and WFF: The Beginner's Game of Modern programmers Logic (2-game kit) $1. 25

the opportunity to design EQUA TIONS: The Game of Creative large-scale operational Mathema tic s (5 -game kit) $2. 75 computer SLystems WFF 'N PROOF Candidates should have a college degree or Box 71-CA equivalent and a minimum of 2 years' New Haven, Conn. experience designing computer systems or programs.

Current assignments are on A PERFECT GIFT FOR THA T PERSON WHO IS Real Time Scientific Systems Real Time Information Retrieval Systems SO HARD TO BUY FOR Circle No. 19 on Readers Service Card..... Specific areas of systems design include Command Systems ADVERTISING INDEX Management Information Systems Following is the index of advertisements. Each item con­ Ground-Controlled Space Systems tains: Name and address of the advertiser / page number Communications Systems where the advertisement appears / name of agency if any. Intelligence Systems American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 195 Broadway, New York 7, N. Y. / Page 2 / N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc. Ampex Corporation, 934 Charter St., Redwood City, Calif. / Page Assignment locations are at 11 / Cunningham & Walsh, Inc. Bethesda, Maryland Audio Devices, Inc., 444 Madison Ave., New York 22, N. Y. / Page 8 / Charles W. Hoyt Co., Inc. Houston, Texas Computer Control Co., Inc., Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, Western United States Mass. / Page 3 / de Garmo"-Boston, Inc. Control Data Corp., 8100 34th Ave., So., Minneapolis 20, Minn. Other selected U. S. and overseas locations / Page 23 / Erwin Wasey, Ruthrauff & Ryan, Inc. Data Processing Equipment Exchange Co., 366 Francis Bldg. , Louisville, Ky. / Page 55 / - Send your complete resume: Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., 3000 Ocean Park Blvd., Santa Monica, Calif. '; Page 54 / J. Walter Thompson Co. including salary requirements, to Ferroxcube Corp., Saugerties, N. Y. / Page 60 / Lescarboura Advertising, Inc. James H. Burg, Dept. 539 M Forms, Inc., Willow Grove, Pa. / Page 4 / Elkman Advertising IBM Federal Systems Division Co., Inc. Hughes Aircraft Co., 3750 W. Santa Barbara Ave., Los Angeles 7220 Wisconsin Avenue 8, Calif. / Page 55 / Foote, Cone & Belding Bethesda, Maryland International Business Machines Corp., Federal Systems Div. , 7220 Wisconsin Ave., Bethesda, Md. / Page 58 / Benton & Bowles, Inc. L. Raymond Korotie & Associates, Inc., 777 Farmington Ave. , W. Hartford 7, Conn. / Page 59 / Preiss & Brown Advertising, Inc. IBM is an Equal Opportunity Employer Lenkurt Electric Co., Inc., San Carlos, Calif. / Page 15 / Kudner Agency, Inc. National Cash Register Co., Main & K Sts., Dayton 9, Ohio / Page 17 / McCann-Erickson, Inc. WFF IN PROOF, Box 71-CA, New Haven, Conn. / Page 58 / -

Circle No. 18 on Readers Service Card 58 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1963 BREAK OUT OF YOUR SHELL Creative activities to challenge your skills are now in progress at several of the East and West Coasts foremost Electronic companies. These companies offer careers at various levels to graduate Engi­ neers and Scientists who wish to advance in the Softwear Development Field. Openings exist in the following. areas~ Space. Systems Analysis 0 Information Retrieval 0 Large Systems Analysis 0 Scientific Programming 0 Real Time Systems Programming 0 Command Control 0 Operations Research 0 Logic Design 0 Logic Programming' 0 Math Programming 0 Intelligence Processing.

't KOROTIE

Specialists in Engineering Search Nationwide L. RAYMOND KOROTIE & ASSOCIATES, INC. KJ.. 777 Farmington Avenue, West Hartford 7, Conn. 232 North Lake Street, Pasadena, California

All fees and relocation expenses are assumed by the client. Send resume and salary requirements.

Circle No. 20 on Readers Service Card r·

SLOPE-AI AT

SLOPE-AJ ..

spec them tight FERROXCUBE DELIVERS RIGHT

Fully controlled ferrite core materials in a wide range of characteristics enables Ferroxcube to guarantee perform­ ance to calculable, prescribed parameters. Inductive component cores are available in E, U, I, rod, bead and pot core configura­ tions, as well as toroids, discs, recording head cores and other shapes. Greater efficiencies realized through rigid frequency response of advanced ferrite materials reduces component size and weight, while requiring less drive power. Significant savings in assembly time also result, as compared with laminated or other core construction concepts. Write for complete performance specifications and see what Ferrox­ cube ferrites can do for you ....

FERRITE INDUCTIVE E, U, POT CORES AND TOROIDS by FERRDXCUBE CORPORATION OF AMERICA SAUGERTIES. NEW YORK Circle No. 21 on Readers Service Card