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1 Historiography 2 Scope, Scale, Concentric Diversification and The Notes 1 Historiography 1. CBI Auerbach Collection 91/2. J. R. Brandstadter, Project Engineer Auerbach Corporation. 6/12/1968. ‘Computer Categorization Study Submitted to Control Data Corporation’. 2. NAHC. B. B. Swann, 1975. ‘The Ferranti Computer Department’, private paper prepared for the Manchester University Computer Department. 3. As a side note, while in the US I drove past International Signals’ main building in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Being vaguely familiar with the production of military radio equipment, I wondered at the time how a facility like that could possibly have a backlog of orders with billions. It turned out that they did not have these orders at all. 4. London School of Economics. Archival collection, ‘Edwards and Townsend Seminars on the Problems in Industrial Administration’. 5. CBI Archive. International Data Publishing Co. EDP Industry (and Market) Report, Newtonville, Mass., published from 1964. The company name was changed in the late 1960s to International Data Corporation, and is now commonly referred to as IDC. The 1960s and early 1970s reports from IDC appear within the US vs. IBM collection. 6. CBI Archive. J. Cowie, J. W. Hemann, P. D. Maycock, ‘The British Computer Scene’, Office of Naval Research Branch Office London, Technical Report, ONRL 27–67, unpublished, 17/5/67. 7. NAHC. Moody’s Investors Service Inc. Moody’s Computer Industry Survey. New York. 2 Scope, Scale, Concentric Diversification and the Black Box 1. In 2003 Deutsche Bank estimated HSBC spent €3.04bn on technology-related activity, Deutsche Bank, 2004. E-Banking Snapshot Number 10. Deutsche Bank Research P2. This represented about a fifth of all administrative costs of HSBC (€15.7bn – HSBC 2003 Annual Report at 31/12/2003 exchange rate). 3 RCA 1. CBI Archive. Warner, J.C. 1957. ‘A History of Radio Corporation of America-The Years to 1938’. RCA Engineer, August/September 1957: 3–6 – Warner was the Vice President of the Radiotron Division of the RCA Manufacturing Company. 2. Interestingly this was a paper based on a presentation to Harvard postgraduate business students – we will see in the UK cases that a similar series of seminars at the London School of Economics also provides a good record of structure change in the electrical/electronic industry. 3. CBI Archive. Engstrom, E.W. 1958. A history of Radio Corporation of America; the years 1938 to 1958, RCA Engineer, June–July 1958: 29–34. Engstrom was a Senior VP at RCA. 316 Notes 317 4. CBI Archive. Mastran, J.L 1956., How RCA Organization is Planned to Meet Changing Needs, RCA Engineer, Feb-March 1956: 32–5 – Administrator Organizational Plan- ning RCA. Mastran was RCA’s Administrator, Organizational Planning. 5. Ibid. 6. US vs. IBM, Px344A. RCA press release 1960.’Quarter-Century of Research is behind RCA’s EDP systems’, 13/4/60. 7. US vs. IBM, transcript (tr) 8652, Beard, A. D. Chief Engineer RCA Computer Systems Division. 8. CBI Archive. Rosen, S. 1969. ‘Electronic Computers: A historical survey’ Association of Computer Manufacturers Computing Survey. March 1969: 17. 9. US vs. IBM, tr8446, Beard. 10. US vs. IBM, tr8655, Beard. 11. US vs. IBM, tr8653, Beard. 12. CBI Archive. Martin H. Weik, 1957. Second Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems; report No. 1010, Ballistic Research Labs, Aberdeen Proving Ground Dept. of Army. 13. CBI Archive. Leas, J. W., 1956. ‘Engineering the RCA BIZMAC System’ RCA Engineer, Dec/Jan 1955/6: 10–21. Leas was Chief Product Engineer, Computer Engineering, Engineering Products Division, Camden N.J. 14. US vs. IBM, tr8652, Beard. 15. US vs. IBM, tr56507–8, Withington, F.G (Withington was an industry analyst and author of A. D. Little Consultants’ reports on the computer industry). 16. Leas, J.W. 1956: 10–21. 17. US vs. IBM, tr8653-4, Beard. 18. US vs. IBM, tr8661, Beard. 19. US VS. IBM, tr8677, Beard. 20. CBI Archive. Segal, R.J, Guerber, H.P. (RCA engineers), 1962 ‘COmLogNet Automatic Store-and-Forward Message-Switching Centres’, RCA Engineerr, Feb/ March 1962: 30–3. 21. US vs. IBM, tr8723, Beard. 22. Elliott, H.M. 1959 ‘The RCA 501 System’, RCA Engineerr, Feb–March 1959: 39. 23. US vs. IBM, tr9404, McCollister. E.S. (McCollister was the Marketing Vice President of the Computer Systems Division). 24. US vs. IBM, Px114, RCA, 1959. ‘Business Review of the Electronic Data Processing Division’ 1/12/59. 25. Ibid. 26. US vs. IBM, px244, RCA, 1965. RCA Computer Systems Division ‘Five-Year Plan’ March 1965. 27. CBI Archive. Bureau of the Budget, Executive Office of the President, July 1966 Inventory of automatic data processing equipment in the Federal Government. 28. US vs. IBM, tr9543, McCollister. 29. CBI Archive. Kranzley, A.S., 1960. ‘Planning the RCA 601 System’. Datamation. Sept/Oct 1960: 30. Kranzley was RCA Product Planning and EDP Methods Department manager. 30. CBI Archive. Elliott, H.M. 1960. ‘RCA and Commercial Computer Systems’. RCA Engineer. Dec60–Jan61: 5–7. Elliott was the manager of engineering at RCA. 31. US vs. IBM, tr9599, McCollister. 32. US vs. IBM, tr9009-9010, Beard. 33. Ibid, tr9004. 34. US vs. IBM, tr9404, McCollister. 318 Notes 35. US vs. IBM, tr8945, Beard. 36. US vs. IBM, px4462, IBM, 4/2/66. ‘Competitive Environment’. 37. CBI Archive. Bureau of the Budget, Executive Office of the President, July 1966 Inventory of automatic data processing equipment in the Federal Government. 38. Kranzley, 1960: 31. 39. RCA 301 and 601 announcement advert 1960. Datamation, May/June 1960: 14. 40. Kranzley, 1960: 31. 41. US vs. IBM, Px114, RCA, 1/12/59. ‘Business Review of the Electronic Data Processing Division’. 42. US vs. IBM, tr9546, McCollister. 43. Ibid., tr9544. 44. US vs. IBM, trS457/S, Beard. 45. Bergstein,H. 1962 ‘RCA and EDP’ Datamation, Oct 1962:57, an article based on interviews with McCollister. 46. US vs. IBM, trS722, Beard. 47. Ibid., tr8723-8. 48. US vs. IBM, tr9619, McCollister. 49. US vs. IBM, tr8717, Beard. 50. Ibid., tr8715. 51. Impact of Federal Research and Development Programs, House of Representatives Select Committee on Government Research, 88th Congress, 2nd session, report number 1938, December 28, 1964. 52. CBI Archive. Malearney, A.L. 1961.’The Outlook for DEP’. RCA Engineer, August/ Sept 1961: 6–9. Malearney was Executive Vice President, Defence Electronic Products division. 53. US vs. IBM, px242, RCA ‘EDP Five-Year Plan 1963–1967’. 54. US vs. IBM, tr8456, Beard. 55. US vs. IBM, tr9623, McCollister. 56. Ibid., tr9623. 57. US vs. IBM, tr8990, Beard. 58. US vs. IBM, 8487-a, Beard. 59. Ibid., tr9046. 60. Ibid., tr9048. 61. US vs. IBM, px242, RCA ‘EDP Five-Year Plan 1963–1967’. 62. Ibid. 63. Ibid. 64. Ibid. 65. US vs. IBM, tr9626, McCollister. 66. US vs. IBM, px243, RCA Computer Systems Division June 1964 ‘Five-Year Plan’. 67. Ibid. 68. US vs. IBM, tr9056, Beard; tr9626, McCollister. 69. US vs. IBM, tr8475, Beard. 70. Ibid. 71. US vs. IBM, tr8518, Beard; px244, RCA March 1965, ‘Five-Year Plan’. 72. Ibid. 73. US vs. IBM, px244, RCA CSD March 1965, ‘Five-Year Plan’. 74. Ibid. 75. US vs. IBM, tr9269-70, McCollister. 76. US vs. IBM, px245, RCA CSD, March 1966 ‘1966 Five-Year Plan’. 77. US vs. IBM, px244, RCA CSD, March 1965 ‘Five-Year Plan’. Notes 319 78. US vs. IBM, dx621, J.W. Rooney, 26/6/69. ‘Administrator Field Engineering’, RCA internal memo. 79. US v IBM, tr9913, Beard. 80. Ibid., tr9935. 81. Ibid., tr9914. 82. Ibid., tr9936. 83. US vs. IBM, tr12135, Rooney. 84. US vs. IBM, px840, Memo from Bradburn, J.R. to Sarnoff, R.W. 18/12/68, Bradburn was CSD’s general manager. 85. US vs. IBM, px245, ‘Five year plan’, 1965. 86. US vs. IBM, dx960, Fizzell, C.E. (IBM General Data Processing HQ), memo to Watson T. J. Jr, IBM CEO, 11/12/64. 87. Ibid. 88. US vs. IBM, px4459, IBM Data Processing Group ‘1967–1968 Operating Plan’ 7/11/66 p. 184. 89. US vs. IBM, tr9620-9622, McCollister. 90. US vs. IBM, tr 11156-57, McCollister. 91. Ibid, tr11158. 92. US vs. IBM, tr12217, Rooney, divisional VP for Marketing. 93. US vs. IBM, tr9803, McCollister. 94. US vs. IBM, tr12219, Rooney. 95. US vs. IBM, px245, RCA CSD, March 1966 ‘1966 Five-Year Plan’. 96. US vs. IBM, 12225/6, Rooney. 97. US vs. IBM, tr9809, McCollister. 98. US vs. IBM, tr11814, Rooney. 99. US vs. IBM, tr9817, McCollister. 100. US vs. IBM, tr12240, Rooney. 101. Ibid., tr12241. 102. US vs. IBM, dx872, Memo from Fazio, A.L. (head of VMOS4 development) to Rooney, J.W. ‘Impact of VMOS4 Slippage’, 24/12/70. 103. Ibid. 104. US vs. IBM, tr12264, Rooney. 105. Fisher, F.M., McKie, J.W., Mancke, R.B., 1983. IBM and the US Data Processing Industry: An Economic History. Praeger: 367. 106. US vs. IBM, Wright, V.O tr13114: Wright had joined RCA from IBM as head of government marketing. 107. US vs. IBM, dx868, internal RCA memo, Johnson, J. to the head sales Donegan, E. 3/2/71. 108. US vs. IBM, tr11939, Rooney. 109. US vs. IBM, dx936, Birkenstock, J.W. (IBM vice president), replying to RCA’s request for information, 22/7/70. 110. US vs. IBM, dx937, RCA correspondence to Birkenstock. 111. US vs. IBM, tr9838, McCollister. 112. Ibid., tr9839. 113. RCA Annual Report, 1970. 114. US vs. IBM, dx872, RCA ‘Returns Presentation’, 4/8/71. 115. CBI Auerbach Collection 91/6. Auerbach 3/1969. ‘An Evaluation of Computer Systems Inventory submitted to General Acceptance Corporation’. 116. ibid.: 5–4. 117. Ibid.: 5–4. 320 Notes 118. US vs. IBM, dx872, RCA ‘Returns Presentation’, 4/8/71. 119. US vs.
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