Computer Data Storage
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Nanotechnology ? Nram (Nano Random Access
International Journal Of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT) IFET-2014 Conference Proceedings INTERFACE ECE T14 INTRACT – INNOVATE - INSPIRE NANOTECHNOLOGY – NRAM (NANO RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) RANJITHA. T, SANDHYA. R GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE 13. containing elements, nanotubes, are so small, NRAM technology will Abstract— NRAM (Nano Random Access Memory), is one of achieve very high memory densities: at least 10-100 times our current the important applications of nanotechnology. This paper has best. NRAM will operate electromechanically rather than just been prepared to cull out answers for the following crucial electrically, setting it apart from other memory technologies as a questions: nonvolatile form of memory, meaning data will be retained even What is NRAM? when the power is turned off. The creators of the technology claim it What is the need of it? has the advantages of all the best memory technologies with none of How can it be made possible? the disadvantages, setting it up to be the universal medium for What is the principle and technology involved in NRAM? memory in the future. What are the advantages and features of NRAM? The world is longing for all the things it can use within its TECHNOLOGY palm. As a result nanotechnology is taking its head in the world. Nantero's technology is based on a well-known effect in carbon Much of the electronic gadgets are reduced in size and increased nanotubes where crossed nanotubes on a flat surface can either be in efficiency by the nanotechnology. The memory storage devices touching or slightly separated in the vertical direction (normal to the are somewhat large in size due to the materials used for their substrate) due to Van der Waal's interactions. -
Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory, and then CPU can access it. For example : Hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD etc. Electronic data is a sequence of bits. This data can either reside in : • Primary storage - main memory (RAM), relatively small, fast access, expensive (cost per MB), volatile (go away when power goes off) • Secondary storage - disks, tape, large amounts of data, slower access, cheap (cost per MB), persistent (remain even when power is off) Data storage has expanded from text and numeric files to include digital music files, photographic files, video files, and much more. These new types of files require secondary storage devices with much greater capacity than floppy disks. 1 Primary storage ( or main memory or internal memory) , often referred to simply as memory , is the only directly accessible to the CPU. Primary memory can be divided into volatile and nonvolatile memories. Primary storage (Main Memory ) has three main functions: 1-It stored all or part of the program that being executed. 2-It also holds data that are being used by the program. 3-It also stored the operating system programs that manage the operation of the computer. Limitation of Primary storage 1. Limited capacity- because the cost per bit of storage is high. 2. Volatile – data stored in it is lost when the electric power is turned off Or interrupted. -
Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance Ninth Edition
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE NINTH EDITION William Stallings Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Marcia Horton Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Manager, Visual Research: Karen Sanatar Associate Editor: Carole Snyder Manager, Rights and Permissions: Mike Joyce Director of Marketing: Patrice Jones Text Permission Coordinator: Jen Roach Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Cover Art: Charles Bowman/Robert Harding Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Lead Media Project Manager: Daniel Sandin Marketing Assistant: Emma Snider Full-Service Project Management: Shiny Rajesh/ Director of Production: Vince O’Brien Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Composition: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Production Project Manager: Kayla Smith-Tarbox Printer/Binder: Edward Brothers Production Editor: Pat Brown Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Manufacturing Buyer: Pat Brown Text Font: Times Ten-Roman Creative Director: Jayne Conte Credits: Figure 2.14: reprinted with permission from The Computer Language Company, Inc. Figure 17.10: Buyya, Rajkumar, High-Performance Cluster Computing: Architectures and Systems, Vol I, 1st edition, ©1999. Reprinted and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Figure 17.11: Reprinted with permission from Ethernet Alliance. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. -
Solid State Drives Data Reliability and Lifetime
Solid State Drives Data Reliability and Lifetime White Paper Alan R. Olson & Denis J. Langlois April 7, 2008 Abstract The explosion of flash memory technology has dramatically increased storage capacity and decreased the cost of non-volatile semiconductor memory. The technology has fueled the proliferation of USB flash drives and is now poised to replace magnetic hard disks in some applications. A solid state drive (SSD) is a non-volatile memory system that emulates a magnetic hard disk drive (HDD). SSDs do not contain any moving parts, however, and depend on flash memory chips to store data. With proper design, an SSD is able to provide high data transfer rates, low access time, improved tolerance to shock and vibration, and reduced power consumption. For some applications, the improved performance and durability outweigh the higher cost of an SSD relative to an HDD. Using flash memory as a hard disk replacement is not without challenges. The nano-scale of the memory cell is pushing the limits of semiconductor physics. Extremely thin insulating glass layers are necessary for proper operation of the memory cells. These layers are subjected to stressful temperatures and voltages, and their insulating properties deteriorate over time. Quite simply, flash memory can wear out. Fortunately, the wear-out physics are well understood and data management strategies are used to compensate for the limited lifetime of flash memory. Floating Gate Flash Memory Cells Flash memory was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba in 1984. The name "flash" was suggested because the process of erasing the memory contents reminded him of the flash of a camera. -
Embedded DRAM
Embedded DRAM Raviprasad Kuloor Semiconductor Research and Development Centre, Bangalore IBM Systems and Technology Group DRAM Topics Introduction to memory DRAM basics and bitcell array eDRAM operational details (case study) Noise concerns Wordline driver (WLDRV) and level translators (LT) Challenges in eDRAM Understanding Timing diagram – An example References Slide 1 Acknowledgement • John Barth, IBM SRDC for most of the slides content • Madabusi Govindarajan • Subramanian S. Iyer • Many Others Slide 2 Topics Introduction to memory DRAM basics and bitcell array eDRAM operational details (case study) Noise concerns Wordline driver (WLDRV) and level translators (LT) Challenges in eDRAM Understanding Timing diagram – An example Slide 3 Memory Classification revisited Slide 4 Motivation for a memory hierarchy – infinite memory Memory store Processor Infinitely fast Infinitely large Cycles per Instruction Number of processor clock cycles (CPI) = required per instruction CPI[ ∞ cache] Finite memory speed Memory store Processor Finite speed Infinite size CPI = CPI[∞ cache] + FCP Finite cache penalty Locality of reference – spatial and temporal Temporal If you access something now you’ll need it again soon e.g: Loops Spatial If you accessed something you’ll also need its neighbor e.g: Arrays Exploit this to divide memory into hierarchy Hit L2 L1 (Slow) Processor Miss (Fast) Hit Register Cache size impacts cycles-per-instruction Access rate reduces Slower memory is sufficient Cache size impacts cycles-per-instruction For a 5GHz -
CSCI 120 Introduction to Computation Bits... and Pieces (Draft)
CSCI 120 Introduction to Computation Bits... and pieces (draft) Saad Mneimneh Visiting Professor Hunter College of CUNY 1 Yes No Yes No... I am a Bit You may recall from the previous lecture that the use of electro mechanical relays, and in subsequent years, diodes and transistor, made it possible to con- struct more advanced computers, e.g. ENIAC. This is accredited to the fact that these devices could function as on/off switches. On one hand, they create the ability to encode logic into the circuits of the computer. This means that the computer can perform different tasks under different conditions, i.e. the notion of a program. For instance, one could encode the logic if A OR B then C. On the other hand, these devices allow the engineers to worry less about the values that could possibly arise in the system: the switch is either on or off. It cannot be anything in between. Therefore, this means that any errors due to fluctuation in voltage levels are greatly reduced. It would be enough to simply distinguish between high voltage and low voltage. This brings us to the question of Analog versus Digital. In simple terms, a digital system encodes information using a number of de- vices that have discrete states (e.g. on/off switches). An analog system encodes information using a device that have continuous states (e.g. measurement in an electric circuit). To build an intuition for digital versus analog, consider the problem of en- coding a number using buckets of water. One possibility is to use two kinds of buckets, full and empty. -
Apollo Guidance Computer Wikipedia
Apollo Guidance Computer Wikipedia Vertical Zolly cyclostyle trailingly and gummy, she sent her briny encased inadvisably. Deteriorating Henderson sometimes preserves any colloquialist reeks illegally. Kingsley usually faradise sexennially or imputes sheepishly when polytechnic Jeffrey subtitle trustworthily and psychically. Sometimes that the lower slopes of the usa by impact crater and apollo guidance computer to meet it would use this determination is complete cash on a magnetostrictive delay line Sorry, a few numbers, Stands Next To The Code She Wrote By Hand. You are about apollo guidance computer wikipedia page? Note the large boulders in background which are south of Geophone Rock. You mean like one hampshire in apollo guidance computer wikipedia by! Apollo program Wikipedia. Saturn ib is essential to the apollo guidance computer wikipedia page. The countdown became automated at three minutes and twenty seconds before night time. Virtual AGC Assembly-Language Manual Ibiblio. What programming languages were used to go stomp the beef Stack. However, this order he be automatically cancelled. During his EVA Command Module pilot Evans retrieved film cassettes from its Lunar Sounder, NASA hired skilled women although the local textile industry as well as talking the Waltham Watch so, it seems to leave something to do wield a checksum value? Gene has swung to the south for a moment. Apollo guidance computer wikipedia sans institute summit archives news amp. In with storage and her standing wave pattern is apollo guidance computer display one end device. Your Mobile Phone vs Apollo 11's Guidance Computer. The wikipedia by software engineering like this work around it is located at work she seems like if yes, apollo guidance computer wikipedia article? First of lead series often took the north climb the LM. -
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,761,485 Munyan (45) Date of Patent: Jun
USOO5761485A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,761,485 Munyan (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 2, 1998 54 PERSONAL ELECTRONIC BOOKSYSTEM Miyazawa et al. ("An Electronic Book: APTBook". Human-Computer Interaction-Interact '90. Proceedings of 76) Inventor: Daniel E. Munyan, 805 Mt. Gretna the IFIPTC 13 Third International Conference, 1 Jan. 1990, Rd., Elizabethtown, Pa. 17022 pp. 513-519). 21 Appl. No.: 565,915 (List continued on next page.) 22 Filed: Dec. 1, 1995 (51) Int. Cl. ............................ G06F 15/02; G06F 17/40: Primary Examiner Emanuel Todd Voeltz G09G 1/02 Assistant Examiner-Phalaka Kik 52 U.S. Cl. .............................. 395/500; 345/901; 326/8: Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Earl F. Clifford; Clifford & 395/187.01; 455/411 Clifford Law Firm 58) Field of Search .................................... 395/2.69, 500, 395/145. 2.82, 186, 187.01, 188.01, 200.09. 57 ABSTRACT 650; 455/89; 379/98. 368, 58: 348/134: The Personal Electronic Book System invention replaces a 382/14, 56; 345/192, 127, 130,901: 434/317: standard handheld book with an electronic equivalent. The 326/8; 364/286.4, 286.5, 949.81 260: 365/185.04; invention is sized and configured to be book size and to open 462/903: 463/29: 902/4 like a book for use. When opened, the user sees two facing page-like touch-sensitive, display screens with black print 56) References Cited on white background. Icons represent the electronically U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS stored material. "artwork, audio clips, books, E-mail, faxes, 3,718,906 2/1973 Lighter. -
Human Services Examiner
Cayuga County Department of Human Resources and Civil Service Commission JOB SPECIFICATION Civil Service Title: HUMAN SERVICES EXAMINER Jurisdictional Class: Competitive Civil Division: County Adoption: CSM 12/17/03 Revised: CSM 02/09/05 (Change in Title); 10/18/06; 6/14/17; 3/16/21 DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF THE CLASS: This position exists in the Department of Social Services and involves responsibility to participate in the delivery of financial service programs including: Public Assistance, Medical Assistance, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Child Support Enforcement Services. The work is performed in accordance with State and Federal regulations and department policy and involves responsibility in determining financial eligibility, investigations, in-depth interviewing, establishing amounts of assistance, making appropriate referrals; and the processing and maintenance of a variety of forms and records. In addition, the incumbents may represent the department in court as custodian of record to ascertain the completeness of records. Depending upon unit and/or assignment, work is performed under the direct or general supervision of a higher-level employee with leeway allowed in the performance of work assignments. Supervision is not normally a function of the class. Does related work as required. TYPICAL WORK ACTIVITIES: (Illustrative Only) Conducts investigations, including in-depth interviews to elicit sufficient information to approve, deny or determine the feasibility of a financial service/program, make an -
A Tube for Selective Electrostatic Storage
The Selectron -- A Tube for Selective Electrostatic Storage We are engaged at the RCA Laboratories in the development of a storage tube for the inner memory of electronic digital computers. This work is a part of our collaboration with the Institute for Advanced Study in the development of a universal electronic computer. The present note describes briefly the principle of operation of the tube, which is still in its experimental stage. It is a summary of a paper presented at the "Symposium of Large Scale Calculating Machinery" at Harvard University on January 8, 1947; see MTAC, v.2, p. 22~238. The necessity of an inner memory in electronic digital computers has been realized by all designers. The high computing speed possible with electronic devices becomes useful only when sufficient intermediary results can be memorized rapidly to allow the automatic handling of long sequences of accurate computations which would be impractically lengthy by any other slower means. An ideal inner memory organ for a digital computer should be able to register in as short a writing time as possible any selected one of as many as possible on-off signals and be able to deliver unequivocally the result of this registration after an arbitrarily long or short storing time with the smallest possible delay following the reading call. The selectron is a vacuum tube designed in an attempt to meet these ideal requirements. In it, the signals are represented by electrostatic charges forcefully stored on small areas of an insulating surface. The tube comprises an electron source which bombards the entire storing surface. -
Optical Computing: a 60-Year Adventure Pierre Ambs
Optical Computing: A 60-Year Adventure Pierre Ambs To cite this version: Pierre Ambs. Optical Computing: A 60-Year Adventure. Advances in Optical Technologies, 2010, 2010, pp.1-15. 10.1155/2010/372652. hal-00828108 HAL Id: hal-00828108 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00828108 Submitted on 30 May 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Optical Technologies Volume 2010, Article ID 372652, 15 pages doi:10.1155/2010/372652 Research Article Optical Computing: A 60-Year Adventure Pierre Ambs Laboratoire Mod´elisation Intelligence Processus Syst`emes, Ecole Nationale Sup´erieure d’Ing´enieurs Sud Alsace, Universit´e de Haute Alsace, 12 rue des Fr`eres Lumi`ere, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France Correspondence should be addressed to Pierre Ambs, [email protected] Received 15 December 2009; Accepted 19 February 2010 Academic Editor: Peter V. Polyanskii Copyright © 2010 Pierre Ambs. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Optical computing is a very interesting 60-year old field of research. -
Random Access Memory (Ram)
www.studymafia.org A Seminar report On RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: www.studymafia.org www.studymafia.org www.studymafia.org Acknowledgement I would like to thank respected Mr…….. and Mr. ……..for giving me such a wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for. Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went through my work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs. Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized and well-stacked till the end. Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped my work a lot to remain error-free. Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete my report on time. www.studymafia.org Preface I have made this report file on the topic RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM); I have tried my best to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic. My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful note. I express my sincere gratitude to …………..who assisting me throughout the preparation of this topic.