Commensal Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria and Health: Production, Storage, and Delivery Strategies

REVIEW published: 05 June 2020 doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00550 Commensal Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria and Health: Production, Storage, and Delivery Strategies José Carlos Andrade 1†, Diana Almeida 2†, Melany Domingos 2, Catarina Leal Seabra 2‡, Daniela Machado 2, Ana Cristina Freitas 2* and Ana Maria Gomes 2 1 CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal, 2 CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal Edited by: Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Federal University of Santa In the last years several human commensals have emerged from the gut microbiota Maria, Brazil studies as potential probiotics or therapeutic agents. Strains of human gut inhabitants Reviewed by: Julio Plaza-Diaz, such as Akkermansia, Bacteroides, or Faecalibacterium have shown several interesting University of Granada, Spain bioactivities and are thus currently being considered as food supplements or as John MacSharry, live biotherapeutics, as is already the case with other human commensals such as University College Cork, Ireland bifidobacteria. The large-scale use of these bacteria will pose many challenges and *Correspondence: Ana Cristina Freitas drawbacks mainly because they are quite sensitive to oxygen and/or very difficult [email protected] to cultivate. This review highlights the properties of some of the most promising †These authors have contributed human commensals bacteria and summarizes the most up-to-date knowledge on their equally to this work and share first potential health effects. A comprehensive outlook on the potential strategies currently authorship employed and/or available to produce, stabilize, and deliver these microorganisms is ‡Present address: Catarina Leal Seabra, also presented. LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Keywords: probiotics, gut commensals, live biotherapeutics, health, gut microbiota, production, storage, delivery Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal INTRODUCTION Specialty section: This article was submitted to In the last years the knowledge about the human microbiota and its role in health and disease Bioprocess Engineering, has advanced considerably. This advance has revived the interest on the use of naturally occurring a section of the journal bacteria from the human gut as therapeutic agents or as probiotics. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria Frontiers in Bioengineering and have already a tradition of use in dietary or pharmaceutical forms and technologically robust strains Biotechnology have been isolated and are produced industrially. However, the human gut microbiota studies have Received: 23 March 2020 highlighted other species of commensals which are consistently under-represented in different Accepted: 07 May 2020 disease conditions. Commensal bacteria such as Akkermansia and Faecalibacterium have been Published: 05 June 2020 shown to exert relevant bioactivities, mainly in cell and animal models, and may be considered next- Citation: generation probiotics or live therapeutic products (O’Toole et al., 2017). While several important Andrade JC, Almeida D, Domingos M, aspects such as effectiveness, safety, physiological, genomic, and metabolomics characteristics Seabra CL, Machado D, Freitas AC still need to be completely understood, before a practical application can be put in place, other and Gomes AM (2020) Commensal overlooked aspects such as the production, storage stability, and delivery must also be investigated Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria and Health: Production, Storage, and (Jimenez et al., 2019). The latter aspects are extremely important to be explored as the commensal Delivery Strategies. microorganisms are usually strict anaerobes posing immediate challenges associated therewith. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 8:550. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the different strategies to produce, doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00550 stabilize, and deliver anaerobic commensals with special emphasis on the associated impact on Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology | www.frontiersin.org 1 June 2020 | Volume 8 | Article 550 Andrade et al. Commensal Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria and Health stability and biological activity. Some of the most promising defined as “dysbiosis,” which is a disruption in the mutually human commensals are presented and their potential health beneficial relationship between a host and its microbiota leading effects are discussed. to the manifestation or progress of a specific disease (Figure 1) (Singh et al., 2016). This instability is usually not able to be attributed to a HUMAN GUT MICROBIOTA, DYSBIOSIS single strain and is characterized mainly by the restriction of AND THE NEED FOR PROBIOTICS bacterial diversity, with a decline in beneficial bacterial strains abundance and a parallel increase of pathogenic bacteria and Humans are a complex organization of bacterial and human this transition from the healthy state to dysbiosis involves stimuli cells that make up cellular communities, tissues, and functional such as diet, host genetics, infection, or inflammation (Figure 1) organs. This elaborate organism formed by human beings and the (Levy et al., 2017). Clinically, dysbiosis has been implicated inhabitant microbiota is defined as holobiont (Postler and Ghosh, in pathogenesis of several intra and extra-intestinal diseases, 2017; van de Guchte et al., 2018). These bacterial communities including inflammatory bowel disease, allergy, asthma, metabolic residing at various ecological niches are an integrated part of syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and obesity (Carding et al., our biological system, in particular the gastrointestinal tract. 2015). Indeed, healthier dietary patterns, such as the increased The gut microbiome is a dynamic and balanced assembly of consumption of fibers, fermented foods and vegetables and microorganisms and the resultant products of their collective reduced consumption of saturated fats, have been linked with genetic and metabolic materials. They play an array of biological higher diversity and the manipulation of such parameter leads functions ranging from controlling gut-immune system axis, to compositional and functional shifts in intestinal microbiota, providing several key metabolites and maintaining an optimal ultimately correlating with diverse health outcomes (Wu et al., digestive system (Cani, 2018). With the advent of metagenomic 2011; Dao et al., 2016b). This being said, compliance to technologies, society is acknowledging the extreme influence such dietary recommendations by the general population is these microorganisms have on human health and disease known to be suboptimal (Krebs-Smith et al., 2010), and prevention, and the disturbance of their composition has been for this reason the introduction of bioactive agents, such as implicated, over the years, in an assortment of pathologies (Neef probiotic bacteria, is deemed as a promising approach to and Sanz, 2013). Indeed, to properly perform its functions, the reestablish the gut compositional harmony (Gagliardi et al., gut microbiota community must reveal a diverse, balanced and 2018). Historically, the concept of probiotic was firstly put stable composition, just like a perfectly in-tune orchestra, a into a scientific framework by the work of Russian Nobel healthy state defined as “eubiosis” (Figure 1)(Iebba et al., 2016). laureate Elie Metchnikoff at the Pasteur Institute in Paris Unfortunately, this intricate bionetwork can be disturbed, a state at the beginning of the twentieth century. Based on the FIGURE 1 | Graphical summary of probiotic impact in gut epithelium of host. SCFAs - Short chain fatty acids; GPCR - G-protein coupled receptors. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology | www.frontiersin.org 2 June 2020 | Volume 8 | Article 550 Andrade et al. Commensal Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria and Health hypothesis that regular consumption of fermented dairy products functionality is in effect another tool to further provide health with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was associated with enhanced benefits, apart from those delivered by the ingested nutrients health and longevity in elderly Bulgarian people, Metchnikoff (Douillard and de Vos, 2019). demonstrated that the consumption of high viable cell numbers of beneficial lactobacilli via fermented milks prevented the Conventional Probiotics: the Current growth of negative proteolytic bacteria by lowering intestinal pH Health Heroes and consequently bringing benefits to host health (Metchnikoff, Over the past decades, probiotic strains have been isolated 1907). Thenceforth, the designation probiotic has been related from many sources, including human origin commensal to beneficial bacteria for the host health, although its definition microorganisms, derived from gut; and non-human origin has been modified over time (Gomes et al., 2017). Presently, resulting from dairy and non-dairy food and beverage the most well-accepted scientific definition of probiotic is fermentation, fresh fruits and vegetables among others “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate (Sornplang and Piyadeatsoontorn, 2016). Despite the wide amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.” Such definition array of sources, the strains considered probiotic and used was proposed by the International Scientific Association for for commercial applications belong mainly to Lactobacillus Probiotics and Prebiotics (Hill et al., 2014) which maintained and Bifidobacterium genera and

Load more