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TANG-8-93-002 C3 CICtlUIfHgggpy SeaQt'act pepository Design,Operation and TrainingManual for an Intensive Culture Granvil D. Treece Joe M. Fox Texas ARM University Sea Grant College Program Design, Qperation and Training Manual for an Intensive Culture Shrimp Hatchery with emphasison Penaeusmonodon and Penaeusvannamei! Granvil D. Treece SeaGrant College Program Texas A&M University and Joe lVl. Fox Pesca S.A. Guatemala, C.A. TAMU-SG-93-505 July 1993 Publicationof this documentsupported in part by Institutional Grant NA16RG0457-01to TexasA&M University SeaGrant College Program by thc National ScaG rant Office, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US. Department of Commcrce, 0~1992. Copyright@1993 Texas A&M UniversitySea Grant College Program All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. TexasA&M UniversitySea Grant College Program Publication TAMU-SG-93-505 ISBN 1-883550-02-5 For more information on Texas A&M SeaGrant publications,contact: SeaGrant Program Texas A &M University TAM U-SG-93-503 2nd Floor, Building 306 1 M July1993 4700 Avenue U NA16RG0457-01 Galveston, Texas 77551 A/F-1 Purpose of this Manual In 1986there was a perceived need for more written information on intensive shrimp hatchery management, especially with P. monodomand P. vannmnei,and especially for training purposes, In compiling the information in this manual, the intent hasbeen to survey existing information abou t intensive penaeid shrimp hatcheries to develop the production procedures needed to maximize the efficiency of the hatchery and minimize the length of time that it takes to train personnel in the procedures. The underlying question is: what is presently known and what needs to be known to operate a commercial hatchery efficiently? This manual has been organized into three main parts Design, Operation and Training! within nine chapters, The designpart focuseson two hatcheries one for eachspecies! and givesdetailed plans of their constructionas well asother options. The operation portion of the manual details the procedures for most efficient operation of a specific hatchery. The training portion of the manual consists of compiled, presently known background or historical! information thought to be important for training new personnel.Hopefully this compiledmaterial will alsoserve as reference material if future problems are encountered, Having historical or background material as well as current or "state-of-the-art" technology availablemakes it easierto solveproblems. Each hatchery is unique with its own setof requirements,The nextbest thing to experience is having a broad-based reference collection or library at hand. It is the intent of this manual to provide a single publication that will cover most of the important steps in intensive larval shrimp culture, will act as a single reference to our present knowledge on the subject and/or will be a source of information. It is hoped that there is enough detail in this manual to provide the newcomer with an adequate amount of knowledge presentedin laymen's terms to run a hatcheryand, at the sametime, provide details and new technologyto assistthe experienced hatchery manager. Acknowledgements In addition to those acknowledged at the end of each chapter and in the literature citations, the authors would like to thankthose "pioneers" in the shrimpaquaculture field who havepaved the road to penaeidshrimp larval culture those peoplewho havespent their livesdiscovering, testing, publishing and sharing results. These are the people who have discoveredand published the information through the years that has been compiled in this manual. It is also their discoveriesthat wereused as a basisforthcspccific procedures that worked to makethe Dian Desahatchery more efficient. Someof these"pioneers" are Fujinaga,Cook, Murphy, Mock, Motoh, Platon, Kittaka, Liao, Salser, Yang, Shigueno, Shokita,Tabb, and Villaluz, just to namea few. Someof themore recent workers in thisfield whoalso contributed significantly through their work and publications areJohns, McVey, Tseng, Howell, Simon, Wilkenfeld, Lightner, Johnson, Redman, Primavera, Quinitio, Laramore, Tang, and many morc. Specialthanks go out to the U S.Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Development Alternatives Inc., Central JAVA EnterpriseDevelopment Project, and the Indonesian Government. Members of theseagencies tha t deservean extra special thankyou areJim Boomgard, Anton Sudjarwo, Mumuk Soebagiyo and Pa Dibo for theirassistance and friendship. We alsowould like to thank the SEAFDECpeople for their cooperationin releasingcopyrights to someof the information presentedherein. Thanksgo to Sea Grant for providinga workingatmosphere that allowed this manual to becompleted, to Cindy Liles, Lynn P ropesand DebbieHermann for processingthe manuscript, Amy Broussard,Melissa Hightower and David O'Ncal for editingand to Drs.James McVcy, Robert Stickncy and Bart Baca for reviewingthe manuscript and offering valuable suggestions. Table of Contents Hatchery Site Selection, Design Criteria, Engineering and Construction. .1 Introduction I B ackground. 1 Small Hatcheries 2 Big Hatcheries 3 Maturation Facilities. ....,., 3 The Hatchery Cycle 3 The Future .... 4 FreshwaterAvailability . Electrical Support ...,... 5 Market Considerations. Availability of SkiBed Labor . ....... 5 Availability of Building Materials. ...5 Availability of Mated Females. ..... 6 Feed Distributors ....... 6 Extension Assistance .6 Competition with Other Operations. ,....6 Expansion Potential ....... 6 Evaluating the Site. ,6 Hatchery Site Evaluation/Selection. ....... 6 DesignCriteria, Engineeringand Construction. 11 Preliminary Considerations .. ,....11 Approach to Culture ll General Layout of the Hatchery . ,, 11 Modular Concept for Future Expansion, 11 Culture Tanks. 12 Sizing the Hatchery 12 Specific Hatchery Background. ...,.20 Central American Facility Hatchery Example! . 20 Maturation and Hatching . ...51 SpeciesMatured in Captivity. ....51 Maturation ...,.51 ResearchHistory. 51 Maturation-Hatchery ResearchHighlights in the United States 52 Important Parameters for Maturation ,..,53 Other Parameters tc Consider . 54 Additional Considerationsfor Optimum Maturation . ....54 Sources of Broodstock ...,.....,........................... 55 Sourcing P. monodonin Indonesia . ....55 ExternalCharacteristics of Adult PenaeidShrimp . 55 General Reproducti ve Characteristics 55 Male Reproductive System . ...... 55 Female Reproductive System. .,58 Size at First Maturity and Mating . ...... 59 Ovarian Maturation/Staging Mature Shrimp. The Shrimp Egg Mating of Open-TheIycum Shrimp ...... 61 Ma ting of Closed-Thelycum Shrimp . 62 Spawningand Rematuration ..., ...,......,........,..... 62 Fecundity . ....... 63 Hormonal Control . ....... 63 Eyestalk Ablation Background and Research . Maturation Feeds B roodstock Operations . ..,65 Broodstock Receiving and Shipping .....65 Broodstock HoIding Ponds 65 Broodstock Distribution and Feeding,. Ablation af Female Broodstock at Dian Desa Hatchery Tank Volume Determination, .70 Record Keeping. 77 Spawningand Hatching . .78 Transferring Nauplii . .78 Disinfection Procedures. .78 Selected Maturation References. .78 Larval Rearing .83 Introduction and Background. Daily Larval and PostlarvalRearing Schedule .83 Larval-RearingTank PreparationBefore Use .84 Other EnvironmentalConditions of Importance. .87 Larval Staging, Feeding and Observations.. .89 Artemia Enrichment 92 Formula 92 For Use with Hatching Artemia 92 For Usewith HatchedSeparated Artemia in seawater!. 93 Algae Culture in Support of Larval Rearing! 93 Growth Medium, 93 CommercialApplication and Community Method of AlgaeProduction used by Continental Obtaining Cultures. 93 Fisheries, Ltd., Panama City, Florida. 95 Growth Characteristics 95 Culture Techniques .....,.... 95 Filtration, Sterilization, Disinfection, 96 Comparisonof Disinfection Methods.. 99 Other Disinfection Methods . 99 CentrifugationWashing, Antibiotics or other Chemicals. ,, 99 Counting Alagal Cells and DeterminingAmount to FeedLarvae 99 AlternateExplanation of AlgaeCell Counting and Determining Amount of Feed. 100 The Use of the Hemacytometer . 100 Preparationof Sampleand Hemacytometer 100 How to CalculateAlgae Culture RequirementsBased on 60,000Liter Larviculture Capacity 101 Alternate Larval Diets 101 Egg Diet Preparationfor PenaeidLarvae Mysis I or older! 101 Cooking Directions 102 Feeding Directions and Application Rates 102 Microencapsulated Diets . 102 OmegaYeast 102 Signs of LarvalStress, Diseases and Treatmentsat Dian Desa 102 More Detail of Treatments . 103 Harvesting Larval-Rearing Tanks at Dian Desa 103 Selected References ....................,..... 103 Postlarval Holding and Rearing in Circular Raceways .107 Raceway Description 107 RacewayTank Preparatioonand Operation 107 Raceway Stocking. 108 Postlarval Feeding . 108 Daily Inspection . 109 Diseases and Treatments at Dian Desa. 110 Records 110 Identificationof Postlarvaeand RecognizingHealthy, Desirableor UndesirableLarvae 110 Harvesting Postlarvae 113 Alternate Production Strategiesfor the YayasanDian DesaHatchery 115 Maturation 115 Larva] Rearing 115 Postlarval Rearing . 115 Alternate Production Strategies .. t ~two oct 115 Shrimp Toxicology and Shrimp Diseases, 119 Shrimp Toxicology,. ~ 92tt++M II 0+i ~ +tttI~ It 119 Organic ChemicalsOther than Petroleum 119 Industrial Organic Chemicals 119 Polychlorinated Biphenyls . 119 Pesticidal Chemicals. 121 Organochlorines 121 Organophosphates and Carbamates.. 122 Petroleum . 122 Heavy Metals. 123 Cadmium
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