Lord Montagu of Beaulieu (Ed.), History Often Years of Automobilism, 1896-1906, 3-4
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Notes PART 1 1 Albert M. Hyamson, David Salomons, 119; Lord Montagu of Beaulieu (ed.), History ofTen Years of Automobilism, 1896-1906, 3-4. 2 Later, another journal agreed: La Vie au Grand Air gave generous space to motoring. 3 Beaumont became a vice president of the Society of Engineers, vice chairman of the Roads Improvement Association, and consulting engineer to the Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland on its foundation in 1897. 4 Engineer (24 Apr. 1896) 425. 5 The significance of this comparison, which sounds comical today, lay in the fact that, given a good surface, the pneumatic-tyred safety bicycle was the fastest vehicle on the road, in the sense that a normally strong and healthy cyclist could keep up 12 m.p.h. for hours on end: a speed that quickly exhausted a horse in harness. Its average speeds were therefore much higher. Twenty or thirty miles in a day, commonplace for a keen cyclist, was double the capacity of a horse drawing. 6 See pp. 335-6. 7 Because the same men might have different interests, the figures add up to considerably more than the total of Conservative and Liberal M.P.s in Parliament. 8 That is, all owners of land, irrespective of other interests. See J.D. Chambers and G.E. Mingay, The Agricultural Revolution 1750-1880, 158. 9 The royal commission, set up by the government of the day, was an instrument of inquiry into major public issues that was increasingly used as an alternative to the select committee, set up by Parliament. 10 W.J.K. Davies, Light Railways: Their Rise and Decline, 7. 11 The Bill passed into law, but was a failure, as its opponents predicted. By 1918less than half of the mileage authorised by the Board of Trade had been built, and only £203,000 in Treasury subsidies had been taken up. 12 It was estimated that out of the 8000 engines in use in 1896, only about 600 were licensed for road haulage. See Report and Minutes, Select Committee of the House of Commons on Traction Engines (1896) 218. 13 Later first Baron Eversley. He was the nephew of Charles Shaw-Lefevre, first Viscount Eversley, a friend of steam on the road in the 1830s. 14 To allow legislation to be amended easily to suit changing circumstances without recourse to the cumbersome procedure of obtaining new Acts, Parliament was increasingly delegating authority to government departments. Thus the Board of Trade was given powers in connection with light railways. 15 Hansard (30 July 1896). 16 It had been a weak administration, in that it had commanded no absolute majority in the Commons, and had been forced to depend on Irish Nationalist support. 17 Engineer (21 June 1895) 527-8. 18 He was not the only American newspaper tycoon to feel thus. James Gordon Bennett, proprietor of the New York Herald, had watched the Paris-Rouen trials, 487 488 The Last Battle, 1894-97 and had sent a reporter to follow it on a bicycle. Bennett was a financial guarantor of Paris-Bordeaux, and put up a trophy for the Gordon Bennett international motor races, first run in 1900. 19 The Times (13 Aug. 1895); the Engineer (16 Aug. £895), from Scientific American. 20 Engineer (22 Nov. 1895) 495-6. 21 So says the most scholarly American reference book on the period: The Editors of "Automobile Quarterly", The American Car since 1775, 58.ff. The Engineer said at the time (3 Jan. 1896, 1-5) that the competing Duryea still had belt-and-chain transmission, and that a new car was to have gear final drive. 22 Engineer (3 Jan. 1896) 1-5. 23 The earliest government department to be set up to look after agriculture, dating from the 18th century. 24 Salomons claimed to have written 56,000 letters in the course of his campaign on behalf of the motor car. See A. Hyamson, op. cit., 121. 25 Walter Arnold claimed fda mile for the Benz derivatives that he later imported see Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal (Dec. 1896) 85 (advertisement). 26 Henry Sturmey, the editor of the Autocar, agreed with Salomons' reasoning- see letter, Daily Graphic (16 Oct. 1895). 27 George Smith, Concise History of English Carriages and Motorcars, 91. 28 The organising committee of the Paris-Bordeaux race had been kept in being, reconstructed as the world's first automobile club. 29 The Earl had moved the 1880 select committee on the Highways Acts. By the 1890s the agricultural depression had created a class of needy peers only too willing to forget the traditions of their forefathers and become associated with business. See F.M.L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the 19th Century, passim. 30 The Humber, Raleigh and Dunlop figures come from Geoffrey Williamson, Wheels Within Wheels, 116-42; those for Singer and Swift from an anonymous contemporary expose, The Hooley Book, 15-17. Hooley's own figure for his Humber profit was £300,000 (Hooley's Confessions, 73). 31 Hooley himself, in Hooley's Confessions, 49, 293, gives two different figures. 32 Geoffrey Williamson, op. cit., 116-42. Finding out the truth about who raised how much in what promotions, and on what terms, is full of difficulties. For example The Hooley Book, 15-17, suggests that Hooley was responsible for the Humber flotation, which may be a way of saying that he financed Lawson; but the Saturday Review (22 Feb. 1896, 200), another almost contemporary source, attributes the promotion solely to Lawson, making no mention of a Hooley involvement. The boom year for cycle company promotions was 1896. At the end of 1895 the capital invested in public companies engaged in manufacture was less than £6 millions. By November 1896 the figure was over £11 millions. Turnover was running at the rate of £12 millions per annum. See Automotor and Horseless Vehicle Journal (Nov. 1896) 59. 33 Saturday Review (22 Feb. 1896) 200; ibid. (18 Apr. 1896) 399. Lawson tried to make out (Saturday Review, 11 Apr. 1896, letter) that of seven companies he had floated in ten years, he had failed with only one; but he did not convincingly refute the figures quoted against him. 34 £250 in the case of the Daimler Motor Company. 35 Thus the cycle manufacturers Humber & Company were advertised as builders of the Kane-Pennington. 36 For example, the British Motor Syndicate bought a part of the premises previously acquired by the Daimler Motor Company, then sold it to the Great Horseless Carriage Company. See p. 415. Notes 489 37 For instance, the Daimler Motor Company, a Lawson "manufacturing" concern, paid him £40,000 for the use of the Daimler patents held by his British Motor Syndicate. In the 12 months to November 1896, the Lawson promotions that owned patents had been paid £200,000 by other Lawson promotions. 38 English Mechanic (18 Oct. 1895) 202. This journal did not name the makes, but obviously those for which the Syndicate held the licence were meant. 39 In Apr. 1896. 40 The Great Horseless Carriage Company. 41 The Daimler Motor Company, the Great Horseless Carriage Company, and the London Electrical Cab Company. 42 The Universal Electrical Carriage Syndicate (a subsidiary of the Great Horseless Carriage Company), and the London Electrical Carriage Company. 43 The Great Horseless Carriage Company. 44 Edge and Jarrott became Britain's most renowned racing drivers of the early 1900s. Edge's genius for salesmanship made the Napier the nation's leading make until the coming of the Silver Ghost Rolls-Royce, and later galvanised the A. C. concern. Jarrott & Letts was a major name on the distributive side of the industry. 45 Birmingham Daily Gazette (23 Nov. 1895). 46 Sturmey wrote authoritatively on cycling, photography and, later, motoring- a very common combination of interests. 47 Iliffe "nursed" a more famous journalist than Sturmey. In 1885 he bought Bicycling News. For the next three years one of its sub-editors was a keen young cyclist called Alfred Harmsworth, who left to start his own paper, Answers. 48 Patent no. 22650, 1895. Sturmey is best known today for his part in the invention of the Sturmey-Archer epicyclic three-speed gear system, but he patented many other inventions too, including a power attachment for horsedrawn vehicles, and a loading crane driven from the engine of a self-propelled goods vehicle. 49 The Great Horseless Carriage Company. See Kenneth Richardson, The British Motor Industry 1896-1939, 11-19. 50 The Daimler Motor Company. 51 It was not, however, until early 1897 that a steam brake with body by Atkinson & Philipson was actually on the road. The motive power was provided by Toward & Company of Newcastle. 52 See p. 5l.ff. 53 H.H. Mulliner was also on the board of the Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company. It is clear that he was as heavily involved with Lawson as he was with the motor car movement - a common combination. Different branches of the numerous Mulliner family ran separate coachbuilding businesses and sales organisations. The picture was a complicated one, but here, fortunately, we need be concerned only with the Mulliners who dabbled with the motor car in 1896. There were five of them, all of the same generation. Four were brothers. Arthur Felton Mulliner became Chairman of Mulliners Ltd of Northampton. His younger brother Herbert Hall Mulliner was Chairman of Mulliners Ltd of Birmingham. In association with another brother, Francis, Arthur and the fourth brother, A. G. Mulliner, founded Mulliners (London) Ltd as a subsidiary of the Northampton business. Mulliners (London) Ltd was a sales outlet with a showroom.