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Irish Historic Towns Atlas (IHTA), no. 23, Carlingford

Author s: Harold O’Sullivan and Raymond Gillespie Editors: Anngret Simms, H.B. Clarke, Raymond Gillespie, Jacinta Prunty Consultant editor: J.H. Andrews Cartographic editor: Sarah Gearty Editorial assistants: Angela Murphy, Angela Byrne, Jennifer Moore

Printed and published in 2011 by the Royal Irish Academy, 19 Dawson Street, Dublin 2

Maps prepared in association with the Ordnance Survey Ireland and Land and Property Services Northern Ireland

The contents of this digital edition of Irish Historic Towns Atlas no. 23, Carlingford, is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License.

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Topographical information. In Harold O’Sullivan and Raymond Gillespie, Irish Historic Towns Atlas, no. 23, Carlingford. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2011 (www.ihta.ie, accessed 4 February 2016), text, pp 1–15.

Acknowledgements (digital edition)

Digitisation: Eneclann Ltd Digital editor: Anne Rosenbusch Original copyright: Royal Irish Academy Irish Historic Towns Atlas Digital Working Group: Sarah Gearty, Keith Lilley, Jennifer Moore, Rachel Murphy, Paul Walsh, Jacinta Prunty Digital Repository of Ireland: Rebecca Grant Royal Irish Academy IT Department: Wayne Aherne, Derek Cosgrave

For further information, please visit www.ihta.ie CARLINGFORD 1

View of Carlingford looking south, 1843 (Hall, ii, p. 422) CARLINGFORD The small, but expanding, town of Carlingford stands at the south-eastern between 1185 and 1189, to Peter Pippard of Ardee of ‘four burgages in the entrance to Carlingford Lough, a fjord-like sea inlet on the east coast of new vill of Carlingford with fishing rights on the lough’.7 It is unclear who Ireland, midway between Dublin and Belfast. Providing an entrance deep was responsible for this new town. The charter hints that it may have been into south-east Ulster, the lough has been of importance from the Mesolithic a royal initiative, but it is equally probable that the town was founded by to the present day. The middle of Carlingford Lough is deep, but the upper the local lord, Bertram de Verdon, who had acquired the entire Cooley area reaches are shallow and around Carlingford itself there is a natural bay which as part of a royal grant of four cantreds of land in Uriel in 1189. Indeed, it provided an anchorage for ships that were too large to navigate onwards to appears highly likely that he had already reached an arrangement with the Newry (Map 1). The Cooley Peninsula, on the eastern extremity of which local lord, Murchadh O’Carroll, over this territory as early as 1186–7. The the town is located, was the territory in which the heroic events described in town passed by marriage into the hands of Hugh de Lacy in 1195. Certainly the late first millennium tale of Táin Bó Cuailnge were located and many of by 1214 there was a substantial settlement on the site since ‘both people and the sites described in it have survived in modern-day placenames. The town goods’ were burnt by Aedh O’Neill in a raid on the foreigners in that year.8 of Carlingford itself is located at the foot of the eastern slopes of Slieve Foy, The origins and subsequent history of Carlingford were closely tied to the which rises to a height of 588 m above the town. To the south of the town construction of King John’s castle, which sits at the northern end of the town. there is low-lying land, which broadens into a Carboniferous limestone plain From the perspective of the castle builders the site was an attractive one. As at the south-east of the peninsula. This area was a substantial producer of Thomas Wright described it in 1748, it ‘seems by its situation designed to grain in the late middle ages and here limestone was quarried as building defend a narrow pass at the foot of the mountains, close by the sea, where material, not only for Carlingford but also for the nearby towns of Newry but a very few men can march abreast, dangerous rocks and a deep sea being and Greenore.1 In the twelfth century this fertile land was granted to the below on one side and very high mountains on the other’.9 In its earliest phase Cistercians of Mellifont and the Knights Templar, making it the most heavily the castle was probably oval in plan. Thus the surviving western D-shaped Anglo-Norman settled part of the peninsula. portion was likely to have been built before 1200 by de Lacy. Shortly after he These topographical considerations are of importance in explaining the acquired the property it was seized by King John in 1210. De Lacy showed site of Carlingford. The uplands of Slieve Foy, for instance, provided turf for reluctance to leave and it was not until 1221 that royal possession was clear. heating and for urban industrial occupations such as brewing and salt works. The cross wall and the rectangular-shaped eastern part of the structure were By the 1740s this was supplemented by coal from Ballycastle in north Antrim probably built in the 1260s. This castle remained in royal hands throughout and by the beginning of the nineteenth century so much turf had been cut the middle ages and served as an outpost of royal authority in an area of locally that it was becoming scarce.2 Another available source of energy was contested land between the Anglo-Norman colony to the south and the native timber cut from the woodlands to the north of Carlingford around Omeath. Irish of south Ulster. These woods are shown on Richard Bartlett’s map of Cooley of c. 1602 It is possible to identify at least some of the initial urban features of (Map 5), but had been mostly cut down by the early nineteenth century. Carlingford. Perhaps most prominent was the parish church, which was The mountains also provided a ready supply of running water: as Richard certainly in place by the early thirteenth century. There can be little doubt Pococke in 1752 noted, ‘several little streams descend from the mountains that this structure was on the site of the present Holy Trinity Heritage Centre. to pass through the town’.3 These, together with springs, were channelled The former church in which this is located was rebuilt most recently in 1821, for milling and for the town’s water supply through a series of spouts. When but there was an earlier structure that was extensively repaired at the end of this water system was created Irishis not known, but itHistoric certainly appears to have Townsthe seventeenth or in theAtlas early eighteenth century. 10 The tower appears to be been partly in place by the beginning of the eighteenth century when the much older and, while once thought to have been a mural tower, it is now western gate of the town was referred to as the Spout Gate. The system was regarded as part of a medieval parish church that was incorporated into the developed and renewed in the nineteenth century, creating street fountains rebuilding of the church in the 1660s. Excavations have confirmed that there and water troughs. Royal Irish Academywas a medieval church on this site and twenty burials have been recovered The earliest evidence for settlement in the Carlingford area dates from dated between the late fifteenth and mid seventeenth centuries.11 Little is the early medieval period. At Rooskey, about 1 km south of the town, there known about this early structure. It was constructed on a natural hill at the are the remains of a monastic settlement associated with St Monenna alias southern end of the town, presumably to give it prominence in the urban Darerca, who died in A.D. 517. According to a later medieval life, which setting and to act as a counterbalance to the castle at the opposite end of the appears to be based on earlier evidence, she and Bishop Luger founded the town. It is presumably the church of the Holy Trinity mentioned in a will of church of ‘Ruscane in the plain of Colgi’. A cluster of six ringforts to the 1485. A ‘parish church of St Mary’s of Carlingford’, also mentioned in the west of the town in the townland of Commons may also suggest significant will, is presumably a chapel within the larger church.12 This is also suggested early medieval settlement.4 By the middle of the ninth century there was a by the fact that the bequest to that church was half of that to Holy Trinity. St Viking settlement somewhere in the Carlingford Lough area, although its Mary’s is first recorded in 1412, a year after the chancel of the parish church precise location has not been determined.5 It is possible that it was close to was said to be in disrepair. The construction of a chapel in the nave, possibly the present town of Carlingford given the apparent Viking origin of the name for the use of the residents of the town, might be understood in this context. of the place. The will also mentions a third church, the chapel of St Michael, which was probably located in what is now Ghan Road at the southern entrance to the * * * town’s natural harbour. It may therefore have had some significance for the Despite these early-medieval horizons of settlement, Carlingford town maritime community. was an Anglo-Norman urban creation, albeit an early one. There is no The streets provided the link between the different elements of the foundation charter to date its origin, but it seems likely that this was in the town plan. The evidence for reconstructing the medieval street pattern is 1180s. One of the early entries in the Dublin guild merchant roll records rather tenuous. The Down Survey map of c. 1657 (Map 7) indicates a road the admission of Mauricius of Carlingford. The entry itself is not dated approaching the town from the south, corresponding to the present Dundalk but it appears on membrane six, which the editors of the roll considered Street, and passing through a gate in the town wall. This road is shown as as dating to the 1190s and, if this is the case, then Carlingford was clearly terminating in the market place, reflecting the reality that by the seventeenth well established by then.6 Even clearer is a grant by the Lord John, made century much of the trade of the town was with its southern hinterland in 2 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

Cooley. Richard Bartlett’s map of c. 1602 (Map 5) shows the road continuing defensive structure that was later filled in.15 These defences probably served through the town and northward to the wooded land at Omeath. It seems the town until 1326 when a murage grant specified that a stone wall was to highly probable that before the construction of the town this north–south be built. This defensive line can be traced using the surviving fragments of route ran along the line of Back Lane. The alignment between Back Lane and a later wall (Plate 4) and from a few documentary references (Fig. 1, Phase Dundalk Street is not exact today, owing to the widening of Dundalk Street at I). Beginning at the castle the wall ran west, penetrated only by North Gate the market place in the early nineteenth century, but the alignment is clear on at Castle Hill, the later stone replacement for which has been revealed by the Patrick O’Hare and H. Barry plan of 1818 (Map 14). That Newry Street excavation.16 How straight this line was is a matter of conjecture and, while was laid out about the same time as the construction of the town is suggested property boundaries would suggest a direct line, Nicholas Pynnar’s 1624 by the fact that it was intended to link castle and church and is not a through map of the town (Map 6) implies that there were off-sets at two points whose road, ending at the tholsel with an open marshy area beyond it in the middle significance is unknown. Later standing remains hint that the wall turned ages (known in the sixteenth century as The Ghan). Market Street, which is south behind Back Lane, broken only by the Spout Gate at River Street. The clearly the widest street in the town, provides a link between the old way line of this wall is shown on John Longfield’s survey of part of the town of Dundalk Street/Back Lane and Newry Street (Plates 5, 6). A network of in 1805 as turning eastwards at the barracks and enclosing the site of what lanes following the edges of property boundaries connected the two arteries became the Dominican priory (Map 12). This must have been penetrated of Newry Street and Dundalk Street/Back Lane. This would have given the by a gate where it crossed Dundalk Street but there is no evidence of it. It street plan of the town an H-shaped appearance that can be paralleled in the is possible that the mill race at the Dominican priory followed the line of roughly contemporary de Lacy foundation of Trim where, again, one side the earlier town ditch, which formed part of the defences. The circuit of this of the ‘H’ ended in an open space beside the river while the other formed defensive line was probably incomplete on the south-east side since later a through way with a bridge. In Trim, as in Carlingford, both streets were maps by Robert Lythe and Bartlett (Maps 4, 5) show this area covered by linked by the market place (Fig. 1).13 The effect of this arrangement was to water either as a sea inlet or a large marshy area. This was drained in the late seventeenth century by a series of sluices. A salt pan was established there separate the market place from the castle and this may have been encouraged by the 1660s and by the eighteenth century the reclaimed land was wooded by the fact that the castle came under the control of the crown while the rest (Maps 8, 9). This early wall did not connect with the tholsel, as a later defence of the town was in the hands of the landlord. Topographically this is clear did, since excavation has demonstrated that the tholsel is a fifteenth-century from the positioning of the entrance to the castle outside the town wall so it structure resting on an organic or occupation layer of earlier date.17 was not necessary to enter the town to visit the castle. The creation of Newry The early town of Carlingford appears to have achieved modest Street as the main street of the newly planned town, accessed through the prosperity, although its potential for physical growth was constrained by its north gate, left Back Lane with subsidiary status. Archaeological excavations precarious site on a narrow piece of land between the mountains and the sea. along Back Lane have yielded little evidence for medieval settlement. Again, The confiscation of the de Lacy lands by the crown in 1210 does not seem the later property units in Back Lane are very large, suggesting that there to have had a significant impact and their recovery in 1227 coincided with was little demand for land here (Maps 15, 16). By contrast the property units the grant of an annual fair in the town, which suggests a firmly entrenched are smallest and densest around the market place. The presence of medieval trading community. By 1333 the toll of the fair was reckoned to be worth fabric, including a blocked window at basement level on the south side of the 2s. a year or about a fifth of that yielded by the very wealthy trading centre market place, suggests that this area formed the core of the early settlement, of Kilkenny.18 By the end of the thirteenth century Carlingford was noted which later spread up the coastline and along Newry Street towards King in customs returns as one of the east Ulster ports and it may have been a John’s Castle.14 significant element in trade along the coast. Excavations on Tholsel Street It seems that almost from its origins the town was enclosed, to judge from and finds in medieval middens have uncovered north Leinster cooking ware a reference to a ‘gate’ at Carlingford in the 1211–12 pipe roll, but exactly of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries together with pottery from north- what area this defence contained is unknown. The nature of the defences west France, though this could conceivably have been re-exported from is also unclear, although it is unlikely that they were of stone at this early Dublin.19 date. Excavations at Castle Hill have revealed a ditch with thirteenth- to It is difficult to determine the size of the town. In 1334 the burgage rents fourteenth-century pottery, suggesting that this may be part of the original of Carlingford were said to be 119s. suggesting a substantial population, perhaps half the size of contemporary Kilkenny if burgage rents were 1s. per 20 Base map 1835 (OS) burgage in each case. As a result the area enclosed by the walls probably

9 Wall, site known/conjectural

12 built under the murage charter of 1326 was large and unsustainable, 12

9 Phase I 15 particularly since the population of the town may have declined in the wake 15 Wall, site known/conjectural 18 42 Phase II of the Bruce invasion and the Black Death. Some hint that this was indeed

45 39 King John’s Castle

36 30 33 Churchyard wall, Phase III the case is the fall in the value placed on the manor of Carlingford by the

18 North Gate 21 21 government from £26 13s. 4d. in 1333 to £20 by 1369. This contraction

24 Gate, site known/uncertain

27 in the town probably meant that some of the enclosed area was unoccupied Tower, possible 6 48 and it may explain why in 1352 a number of the townsmen of Carlingford Street, probable endowed a Dominican priory at the southern end of the town, within the Shoreline, conjectural area of the older defensive line. The amount of land involved was small River, 1835 (OS) and the best interpretation of the properties listed in the inquisition for a 6 Contour, 3 metre intervals Stone licence of mortmain is that they were house plots within the walls that were house Marsh, probable never built on or had fallen into disuse. By 1352 there appeared no prospect of building, hence an investment in the future through the endowment of a Castle or tower house, 22 site known/uncertain religious house as an acceptable use for these plots. These building plots may be the origin of the seven tenements said to have been attached to the priory at its dissolution.23 It seems likely that as a result of the shrinkage of N Irish Historic Townsthe town a new line of defencesAtlas was constructed (Fig. 1, Phase II). This may Harbour be linked with the murage grant of 1492 but, more probably, was undertaken Taaffe’s Castle earlier with later repairs funded by that grant. These new defences may have reused the older circuit on the north and west, the present standing remains Royal Irish Academyin this area having gun loops that would suggest a sixteenth-century date (or, Breakwater Market place if not, seventeenth-century modifications). To reflect the smaller size of the town, however, the newer defensive line probably turned eastward opposite The Mint the church and enclosed the southern and eastern part of the churchyard, Spout Gate Tholsel Chapel 0.25 km leaving the Dominican priory outside the new wall (Fig. 1). A new gate on 12 Dundalk Street would, presumably, have been necessary and this is probably The Ghan the gate shown on later maps (Maps 5, 6). To deal with the marshy area to Holy Trinity 3 Church the east the wall turned back on itself and joined the newly-built tholsel at the end of Tholsel Street. One plot, held in the fifteenth century by Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, seems to straddle the wall at this point according to Longfield’s map of 1805 (Maps 11, 12), suggesting that the line of the wall 15 South Gate here was not following an older one but was a new creation. The route of the 18 St Malachy’s wall to the east, between the tholsel and the shoreline, is uncertain but the 39 9 42 Priory 21 Watermill 1624 map of the town (Map 6) shows a bastion at this point, which implies 24 that some structure existed there. 6

27 If this conjectural reconstruction of the line of Phase II of the town 36 9 33 12 defences is correct, then the effect of reducing the size of the town by erecting 30 a new wall was twofold. First, it created a separate enclosure between the old and new defensive lines that included the Dominican priory. This resulted in the priory being shown outside the town walls on both the 1624 map of Rooskey Early Christian monastery 0 Metres 200 0.5 km Mulluneux Castle Carlingford and the Down Survey of c. 1657 (Maps 6, 7). The Dominican priory, however, was clearly enclosed since the extent taken at its dissolution Fig. 1 Medieval Carlingford in 1540 commented that the priory was ‘on every side strongly fortified and CARLINGFORD 3 will be a very sure defence for the town in case of attack through rebellions of a solid block of government interest around the town acquiring the lands of those living close by’.24 Indeed, part of the outbuildings of the priory appear Omeath, to the north of Carlingford, from O’Hanlon in 1508.40 This strategy to have been fortified in the manner of a tower house.25 A second result of did not last long and, following the collapse of Kildare power, the crown had a new defensive line would have been the creation of a wall around at least to devise other ways to control Carlingford. In 1536 it was intended to ‘repair part of the churchyard, marking it off from the rest of the town. Shortly after Carlingford Castle and to wall that town and inhabit’.41 Since a complex of the construction of this town wall the remainder of the graveyard appears to walls had already existed around the town for some time, this may simply have been walled. Longfield’s map (Map 12) shows a wall to the west of the mean that the 1501 murage charter had not taken effect and the older walls tholsel and describes it as the ‘town wall’. Archaeological investigation has needed repair. The granting of the dissolved Cistercian house of Newry shown that this wall postdates the tholsel and the boundary that it follows is to Nicholas Bagenal in 1552, together with the castles of Carlingford and that of the churchyard.26 It seems therefore that this wall represents a walling Greencastle, in Co. Down, was part of this strategy to prevent Carlingford of the churchyard subsequent to the construction of the more restricted circuit from falling into the hands of Ulster Irish, since fortifying these positions of walls some time in the fifteenth century (Fig. I, Phase III). served to protect the northern borders of the Pale. As the extent taken in 1540 Despite the possible contraction of the town in the late fourteenth century, put it, the castle of Carlingford was a defence for the fishermen who came to Carlingford experienced a measure of prosperity in the late middle ages. The the port ‘and also to the land and subjects of the king against the insults of town walls may have been renewed on at least two other occasions, with the O’Hanlons, Magensises and Adneles and other fierce Irishmen who are murage grants in 1492 and 1501. This is hardly surprising given the position known to devastate those parts’.42 of Carlingford on the edge of royal authority. In 1409 the two provosts, It was probably as part of the formation of this new urban configuration bailiffs and commonality of the town petitioned that, since the town was in south Ulster and north Louth that Carlingford felt it needed to underpin ‘in the frontier of the march of Louth’ and hence ‘had often been burned its position as an independent entity. In 1559 members of the corporation and wasted’, it should be exempted from subsidies. Subsequent complaints petitioned to have their charter renewed, as those at Carrickfergus had done in alleged a threat from Scots also.27 Despite such complaints there is evidence the same year, for the ‘better governance and benefit’ of the town.43 Nothing of prosperity in the Carlingford area in the late middle ages. In 1375 the was done immediately but a charter was issued in 1565 and a further one was archbishop of Armagh set the tithes of Carlingford for the considerable granted to the town in 1571, confirming its earlier rights and establishing it sum of £20, suggesting that they were expected to realise more than this.28 on the same model of governance as Drogheda.44 The strategic importance Furthermore, the evidence of the surviving buildings points to significant of Carlingford brought mixed fortunes. It was claimed in 1575 that the town activity and wealth in the town. At the dissolution in 1540 the Dominican was ‘extremely impoverished’ despite the increased level of activity around priory was described as ‘a strong mansion needing no expenditure on it.45 While military activity could generate economic activity, in Carlingford repairs’, which points to a high level of maintenance.29 New buildings this may have been limited since its role as a supply port meant that little of were also constructed. The tholsel, for instance, can be securely dated to the wealth generated stayed in the town. Nevertheless, it may have brought the fifteenth century on the basis of archaeological evidence.30 The Mint, an prosperity to some. The large four-storied urban tower house known as urban tower house that was probably a merchant’s residence, dates to the Taaffe’s Castle is probably late sixteenth-century in date, suggesting the fifteenth century also and has finely decorated window panels inserted late investment of considerable mercantile wealth in its construction.46 in that century or early in the next, which suggests significant investment.31 When war finally erupted in Ulster in 1594 Carlingford was quickly Other similar buildings are shown on the mid sixteenth-century Lythe map identified as a key strategic site, along with Dundalk, Newry and Armagh, as forming a line along the shore at Newry Street and they too may have that needed to be guarded.47 In part, this rested on its significance as an been built at this date (Map 4). The tower of the Dominican priory (Plate 2), alternative port to Newry or Dundalk for the supply of the army. In 1595 which is later than the main building, may well date to this fifteenth-century Carlingford was certainly seen as preferable to Dundalk, which was said to building boom. It also seems likely that the remains of a medieval house in be a dangerous haven, or Newry which was difficult of access.48 In the late Back Lane date from this period. sixteenth century Carlingford had acted as the deep-water port for Newry. The sources of the wealth that underpinned this building activity can only Goods were unloaded in gabbards at Carlingford and shipped upriver to be surmised. Fishing was clearly an important activity that generated cash. the shallower port of Newry. Once supplies had been landed, the transport Fish was a regular component in payments for leases of lands in and around infrastructure allowed for their diffusion. The road around the edge of the Carlingford, herrings and oysters being the most frequently mentioned.32 Cooley Peninsula provided a safer alternative to the more dangerous Moyry There was also a significant, if somewhat seasonal, community of fishermen Pass for goods in transit between Newry and Dundalk. Again the ferry from described in 1540 as those ‘who resort to the place in large numbers with the Carlingford to Greencastle provided a secure passage into Co. Down. The fleet of ships every year to catch herrings and other fish’ and who lived in earl of Tyrone recognised the strategic importance of Carlingford and in late the dissolved Dominican priory.33 At the beginning of the sixteenth century it 1600 attempted to seize control of the town by cutting off the coastal road was said that there were some 600 English ships fishing off Carlingford, with to Newry, but he was repulsed by the lord deputy.49 This military activity herrings being shipped to St Ives in Cornwall in the 1550s.34 An inquisition inevitably meant increasing the size of the garrison in the town, but the of the manor of Carlingford in the 1530s noted that the town was ‘a certain topographical evidence for this is, unfortunately, very thin indeed. There port safe for ships to ply in and to it in the months of September and October are certainly references to the construction of new brew houses to supply native as well as foreign ships come to fish abundant herring’.35 Secondly, soldiers and to the making of a new magazine, presumably within the castle. and more speculatively, the town may have acted as a market that absorbed The military presence, located in the castle away from the core of the town, trade from the Irish areas of south Ulster and channelled it into coastwise may not have been so overpowering as it was in other places but quickening exports to Dublin. The fifteenth century saw the rise of other towns that military activity resulted in an increased volume of stores passing through fulfilled this role along the edge of the Pale, including Longford, Cavan and the town in the 1590s. Mullingar, and Carlingford may have benefited from an increase in trade The end of the war in 1603 meant that the economic stimulus of the from this source. In this context the right to mint coins granted to the town army disappeared, leaving Carlingford to exist on its traditional resources in 1467 may be significant. The only evidence for a mint in the town is of fishing and trading. By 1606 it was described as being among the ‘poor the attachment of the name to a fifteenth-century tower house in Tholsel towns’ of Ulster.50 Customs data from the 1620s suggest that it was a small Street, but this appears to be a Irishmuch later association. Historic No coins of this mint Townsport even by the standards Atlas of Ulster. It was more limited in terms of customs have ever been found, but it does not follow that the grant was never acted revenue than ports such as Strangford, Bangor or Donaghadee in Co. Down, on. It may be that any coins were made in small numbers, mainly for local although on the same measure it was about the same size as its nearby rival exchange, rather like the coins minted by O’Reilly at this time to facilitate Dundalk.51 Certainly the town as depicted on the seventeenth-century maps local trade between the merchants of CavanRoyal and those of the Pale. Irish The port Academyfrom that of Bartlett in c. 1602 to the Down Survey of the 1650s (Maps 5, 6, was certainly known to native Irish magnates and in 1511, when Hugh 7) was a small entity contained within the medieval walls. Unlike most port O’Donnell was returning from Rome via London, he landed at Carlingford towns in north-eastern Ireland its trade did not grow in the early seventeenth on his way to Donegal.36 There is one hint that the port’s significance may century and none of the early maps show any signs of significant expansion have been greater than the few annal entries suggest. In the 1830s John at a time when other port towns were developing suburbs. Relatively few O’Donovan noted that there was a holy well near Carlingford dedicated to substantial buildings are depicted within the town on any of these early St James and he also noted that this was the traditional dedication of the maps. The church and what may be Taaffe’s Castle, along with King John’s parish of Cooley and became the dedication of the Catholic church in Grange Castle, are easily identifiable and dominate the town. Five small cabins occur (Map 9).37 Churches dedicated to St James, however, often had a connection on the 1624 map (Map 6) with another six that do not seem to have had with the medieval pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela and in Ireland these chimneys. This map does not show any alignment of houses within the town were usually located at ports.38 What O’Donovan may have picked up was a apart from along the sea front (which the Lythe map of the mid sixteenth hint of late medieval pilgrimage traffic through the port of Carlingford. century had also shown), indicating the limited development of Back Lane and the importance of the coastline in the economic and topographical life * * * of the town. Too much emphasis, however, should not be put on the detail of In the early sixteenth century Carlingford came to have a new, and this map since it is largely schematic. increasingly important, role. Traditional threats to the town continued and While Carlingford may have appeared to be a modest town, it was still in 1515 there were complaints that the Scots had menaced the town by sea.39 politically important. The elections to the 1613 parliament had reminded At this point gun loops were probably inserted in the remaining sections the government, if reminding was necessary, that the bulk of the inhabitants of the town wall and possibly in The Mint. As the area of English control were Old English Catholics whose attitude to the new political order was came under increasing pressure in the fifteenth century, concern grew about untested.52 In 1618 the government began reorganising such port boroughs, protecting borders. The strategic importance of Carlingford was quickly calling in the charter of Waterford and granting a new charter to Drogheda in realised by the government. The grant of the town to the earl of Kildare in 1619. In this context Carlingford, where the old corporation appears to have 1505 was clearly part of this strategy. Kildare quickly attempted to build up collapsed, was granted a new charter in 1619. This created an urban oligarchy, 4 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

C

A S route between the two towns. Whatever about the decline in road traffic, T L House E it remained a busy port occupied mainly with the coastal trade into Ulster. H

I L Cabin L Isaac Butler in 1744 described coal from Ballycastle being brought there L

A N Other NE E and in 1752 Richard Pococke noted that ‘they say 400 vessels commonly LE LA CAST come into this harbour every year’, some of them carrying limestone for the building boom then under way in Newry.58 Custom house One benefit that Carlingford had from the expansion of its region was and boat house Parade an influx of population that changed the character of the town significantly.

B According to the poll tax of 1660 the 165 taxpayers broke down between

A

C nine new settlers and 156 ‘Irish’, presumably meaning the descendants K 59 L of the Catholic Old English inhabitants of the sixteenth century. By the LA A C ’S OL WN B N O A R E RA B AN time of the Protestant householders’ returns of 1766, however, some 46% R E S L U C ’S T 60 O RAPER T D L of the inhabitants were described as Protestant. The evidence of surnames S LANE A PAS E H suggests that this was not the result of mass conversions within the town but

I

L Stores

L rather an influx of new families. By 1854, of the 111 different surnames in Stores S the town, 51 did not recur anywhere else on the Cooley Peninsula suggesting T MATEER’S LANE R 61 E Carlingford that people had migrated over some distance into Carlingford. In common E Stores Bay T with a substantial element of the population of the Cooley Peninsula at this KILN MALT Police barracks LANE date, many appear to have come from Ulster into the previously lightly settled Castle area on the borders of the province. Thus the McNeal family, who held land to the south of the town, came from Kintyre via Co. Antrim in 1693, and N New store Stores ET William Stannus from Monaghan bought the Trevor holding in Carlingford RE ST E 62 R N E LA at the beginning of the eighteenth century. In other cases the connections IV D R N T A E E TR N with origins are more suggestive than probable. The appearance of names E S LA T R T H O Presbyterian L such as Brice and Clugston among the freemen in the eighteenth century S RIVERS Inn E meeting house Old castle L ST may suggest a connection with prominent Belfast merchant families forged R Mansion house E E or castle T through coastal trading. Certainly a John Gordon of Belfast became a free Forge 63 Tholsel man of Carlingford in 1718. The influx of settlers left a clear topographical Forge mark on the town. Ghan House, for instance, together with its impressive Glebe demesne was constructed by the Stannus family to act as their residence on the edge of the town. Religious congregations followed people and in 1700

M a Presbyterian one was formed in Carlingford, building a meeting house on A

I N River Street.

S Coach house T Despite this influx of people there is not much evidence that Carlingford R E N E developed greatly over the eighteenth century. Towards the end of the E L A The T R D YA Demesne century, there are signs of some limited expansion beyond the medieval core, C H U R C H presumably as a result of immigration (Map 13). Since the medieval town was tightly squeezed between the hills and the lough, there was little prospect of growth within the older area of settlement. Dundalk Street became a focus for new building and the Longfield map of 1805 (Map 12) noted that 0 Metres 200 Base map 1835 (OS) it was ‘formerly a back lane but now the main street of Carlingford’. The development of this new main street was clearly constrained by a shortage Fig. 2 Building types and street names, 1833 (Frain 1) of capital and most of the buildings in this area were described as ‘cabins’ in the 1830s (Fig. 2) with very low valuations in the 1850s (Fig. 3). There were naming nineteen persons as the ‘town and borough of Carlingford’, and several reasons why Carlingford failed to expand despite the significant rise in consisting of a sovereign (to replace the two bailiffs of the earlier charter) and population. The town lacked any real leadership from within. The corporation a corporation of twelve together with six of the ‘commonality’ who elected had, to all intents and purposes, collapsed by the middle of the century and the corporation. In the long term this oligarchy would cripple the corporation remained inactive except for the admission of freemen to act as electors for of Carlingford and limit its effectiveness as an agent of urban change. the parliamentary seat held by the town. By the end of the eighteenth century The fortunes of the town ebbed and flowed in the seventeenth century. The even this had ceased when the borough was disenfranchised. Despite an wars of the 1640s saw an increase in the importance of Carlingford due to its attempt to revitalise the corporation in the 1820s, it was abolished in 1835 as strategic position. In 1641 it was taken by the Irish under Sir Phelim O’Neill part of the reform of municipal corporations. The absence of the corporation before being retaken in 1642 by the forces of the Dublin administration and meant that some of the more powerful landholders in the town, particularly finally falling to the Cromwellian forces in 1649. The scale of the damage that the Moore family and the Stannus family of Ghan House, assumed the role these passages inflicted is very difficult to measure, but it seems highly likely of urban managers and tried to effect civic improvements. In 1698, for that the urban fabric was affected to some extent. Much greater destruction instance, the corporation book noted that Mr William Stannus was ‘to pave may well have been inflicted after the Williamite war when it was claimed the street from Mr Moore’s door to the Garde castle’.64 By the middle of the 53 that the town was burnt by the retreating Jacobite forces. After the wars of eighteenth century Stannus’s new house, Carlingford or Ghan House with the 1640s the strategic importance of Carlingford was reduced. What seemed its garden complex and planted woods — all built on land reclaimed from a to be advantages in time of warIrish became less attractiveHistoric in time of peace. Townsmarshy inlet of the sea Atlas— dominated the town (Maps 9, 10). The other main Although the port continued to operate, and ships from France were reported landowner was the Bayly family, later earls of Anglesey, and they were also there in 1666, the level of trade failed to grow after the Restoration.54 In 1670 keen for profit and tried to exploit all that Carlingford had to offer. In 1733 Oliver Plunkett, archbishop of Armagh, Royalin his report on his diocese Irish noted Academytheir agent thought that there was the prospect of coal mining in the vicinity that Carlingford was ‘celebrated for its fine seaport and herring fisheries. and in 1751 it was rumoured that copper had been discovered in small veins The port is capable of holding a thousand large ships but because of the at Carlingford. These projects came to nothing.65 roughness of the roads the ships go rather to Dundalk or Drogheda, which Fishing remained a staple of the town’s economy, albeit an uncertain are less secure’.55 Similar problems with the port were recorded in 1680 by one. As the 1775 rental put it tersely, ‘no fishing this year’. 66 In most years, the agent of the Conway estates in south Antrim who, when it was suggested however, Carlingford’s fishing fleet could put to sea for extended periods that cattle might be shipped from Carlingford, rejected the idea arguing that and in 1744 it was said that cod, ling, mullet and flat fish were caught along ‘no fodder will be got there and we could not live there without a guard of the coast of Co. Down.67 By the beginning of the nineteenth century herring soldiers for fear of tories’.56 The difficulty of maintaining law and order in was declining in importance for the marine economy of Carlingford. In 1819 the Cooley Peninsula was one that would remain problematical throughout some thirty-one boats and two hundred men fished out of the port for herring, the late seventeenth century to the detriment of Carlingford. landing 1,050 barrels in that year.68 By 1837 it was noted that ‘for some years the herrings have entered the Lough [Carlingford] in only small numbers’.69 * * * Some of this fish was processed in the town for export, indicated bythe establishment of a salt works there by 1667 that operated into the 1830s. By the beginning of the eighteenth century the context within which The oyster fishery remained one of the staples and most of the oyster harvest Carlingford operated changed. The establishment of military barracks in was exported to Dublin.70 In 1791 Charles Bowden noted that Carlingford south Ulster brought the problem of toryism under control and the resulting was ‘remarkable for the finest flavoured oysters in the world’.71 If anything, potential for development in this previously marginal area became clear.57 In this trade may have contracted in the eighteenth century. According to Isaac all of this, the fate of Carlingford was mixed. Dundalk and Newry, the main Butler in 1744, oysters could be had both in winter and in summer, but by rivals for Carlingford’s business, developed rapidly and a new road was 1836 the season had become restricted by statute and by the landlord to the constructed linking the two to replace the old routeway through the Moyry period from November to March.72 Pass, now safer because of the decline in the tory threat. This effectively The fishery, while important, was not the only source of income. The bypassed Carlingford, which previously had lain on the safer, if longer, inhabitants were also actively involved in agriculture. The considerable CARLINGFORD 5 number of ‘parks’ that appear in eighteenth-century deeds, although they the fishermen in Carlingford were very poor, fishing for only part ofthe are undoubtedly much older, testify to the ownership of land near the town year and operating in the coastal trade to Dublin for the rest of the year.88 tied to urban properties. Thus when William Sellis of Carlingford listed his At the time of Griffith’s Valuation in 1854 some 25% of the tenements losses after the outbreak of the rising of 1641, he included £49 worth of were recorded as deserted and valuations of the remainder were low (Fig. corn, cattle worth £74 and cheese and butter worth £36 10s.73 Sellis may 3). All of this did not suggest a very promising base from which the town have been an urban dweller but he was also a small farmer. In addition to the might develop. In some ways this is rather pessimistic. Fishing could be an fields surrounding the town, there were the commons of almost 700 acres important source of income and, in particular, the oyster fishing gave the on which cattle and other animals could be grazed and which were fertilised town a niche in that market. In 1839, for instance, it was claimed that some with wrack from the shore for arable.74 While these were claimed by the 2,000 people in the Carlingford area were employed in the oyster fishery, Trevor family in the 1660s, and sold to William Stannus in 1703, the grant to which must have included a sizeable proportion of the urban population.89 Trevor was invalid since the land had not been forfeited and Stannus’s rights Moreover, the main cause of decay in the eighteenth century had been the could not be enforced. Initially the land was set annually by auction, but withdrawal of centralised institutions, although this was partially reversed Stannus managed to acquire most of the northern part of the commons as a in the nineteenth century. While Carlingford did not obtain any of the new tenant to the corporation and then appropriated the land to his own use.75 By large administrative roles created by the government, such as a poor law the early nineteenth century, according to the 1835 municipal corporations workhouse or prison, it did see the benefits of state expansion in the form of report, at least part remained unenclosed, with common pasturage, but it is a coastguard station, a police barracks, a courthouse and a post office. The clear that there had been significant encroachments by local landlords on full impact of the outside world, however, came in other areas. In the case both the northern and the southern part by the 1830s.76 The southern part of religion a newly confident Catholicism began to make its presence felt in of the commons was managed by a herdsman employed by the corporation Carlingford. While the town itself was strongly Protestant in the eighteenth and paid for by fees for each portion (or soum) grazed by the townsmen. century, the surrounding parish was over 80% Catholic. A parish priest was Any remaining money was to be used for a Protestant schoolmaster.77 registered for Carlingford in 1706 but there is no trace of a place of worship These patterns reveal the linkages between agriculture and fishing for the before the early nineteenth century. By 1753, however, there was a Catholic inhabitants. By the end of the eighteenth century the residents of Carlingford church to the south at Grange that may have served the town. The date of the and its hinterland may even have devised other ways of supplementing their first Catholic church on the present site is not known, but it was most likely living. As part of his survey of the agricultural state of Co. Louth in 1803, soon after the Catholic parish of Carlingford was created out of a larger unit Beaufort noted that in the area of Carlingford linen weaving was common in 1809.90 The site chosen for the new church, outside the walls about 0.5 with most houses having a loom, but that this was a small-scale occupation km from the centre of the medieval town, was significant since it lay on the supplementing others.78 In addition the town had a local importance as a common land south of the town rather than on land owned by a landlord centre for the buying and selling of agricultural surpluses as well as being a (Plate 3). This meant that permission to build was not necessary. By the 1840s centre for conviviality, with seventeen public houses in 1836.79 it was described as ‘a neat and pretty Catholic chapel’ that had extensive The comments of travellers, however, suggest that this traditional plantings of trees and flowers around it and was probably large enough to economy of fishing and agriculture was not enough to support a growing contain the 350 worshippers who attended in the 1830s.91 By the late 1860s population. Isaac Butler in 1744 commented that it was ‘a healthful place this was presumably too small for parochial needs and the church was rebuilt more dying with age than disorder’ and Pococke noted in 1752 that it was in 1870. This new premises never proved the focus for suburban growth in ‘a poor town of one long street of cabins’.80 Almost a century later on the the town, as Catholic churches did in other places, the only building in the eve of the famine, the same comments were being echoed. The municipal vicinity being the Church of Ireland rectory built in 1813. corporations report of 1835 noted that ‘the town presents a very miserable If a resurgent Catholicism was active in impressing itself on the appearance. It is inhabited chiefly by persons who make a living outof topography of the town through church building, then Presbyterianism was fishing’. The Halls who visited in 1841 conveyed the same message rather not far behind. In the early nineteenth century the Presbyterian congregation more diplomatically, though no less forcibly, when they described ‘the once in Carlingford appears to have declined significantly. In the 1830s it stood at famous but now decayed port of Carlingford’.81 Whatever the level of urban twenty-one members and that had not increased by 1870.92 This was partly poverty, it would be wise not to overstress it. James Frain’s survey in 1833 as a result of disputes between the ministers of the congregation and the revealed that, of the almost 170 holdings that were described, only about Synod of Ulster and partly because Carlingford was only one of a number of 4% were waste or ruinous. Cabins, however, were rather more plentiful than churches under the care of a single minister. It usually remained low on the houses, mainly on the edges of the town (Maps 15, 16; Fig. 2).82 minister’s priorities because of its small size. In the 1860s, however, a more Part of the reason for this apparent stagnation in the eighteenth and early active campaign of preaching in the area resulted in a reinvigoration of the nineteenth centuries was that any benefits generated by new settlers were congregation and in 1869 a new church and school, costing £713 17s. 4d., offset by the gradual withdrawal of the functions of the Dublin government was opened on a site on Newry Street. It was not until 1887 that the manse from the town. The taming of the borderlands meant that a garrison was could be purchased. At least some of the capital and the day-to-day costs of no longer needed in Carlingford. The castle was finally abandoned in 1689 the church were met by the main landlords of the town, Lord Clermont who when William III’s forces were withdrawn and it was allowed to decay, with had acquired some of the interest in the Angelsey estate, and his younger the result that by the time Thomas Wright engraved it in 1748 it had fallen brother, Lord Carlingford.93 This was not a selfless investment. If the town into considerable disrepair.83 It was replaced by a barracks outside the walls, was to be improved and increase its rental to the landlord then reliable opposite the old Dominican priory. This was a small affair measuring 115 feet tenants were needed and, in the view of Protestant landlords, Presbyterians by 74 feet according to a lease of 1784 and could not have accommodated were more reliable than Catholics. a significant garrison, and probably not even the one company of foot that It was not only the institutions of religion that engaged with Carlingford was its nominal strength.84 The other governmental function of the town, in the nineteenth century since both government and business found that of a customs centre, was increasingly reduced in the eighteenth century themselves involved in the remaking of the town. The clearest example of by the growing importance of Newry. In 1726 the customs administration this was the creation of the harbour, the origins of which lay in famine relief was moved from Carlingford Irishto Newry leaving Historic only a skeleton presence Townsworks from the 1840s. Atlas The failure of the potato harvest in the late 1840s of officials. By 1756 Carlingford had only a surveyor of the customs.85 In clearly had an impact on the agricultural side of the town’s activities, but the short term the impact of this on the trade of Carlingford may have been the main problem was fever and a fever hospital was constructed on the limited. In 1752 Richard Pococke could still comment of Carlingford that point to the south-east of the town that is still known as Hospital Field or Royal Irish Academy94 ‘this is properly the port of Newry from which the vessels go up four miles Hospital Point. Economically, of much more significance was the failure higher to the narrow walls and unload into gabbots’.86 More important in of the oyster fishery in 1845, for reasons that are not clear, and it did not finally bypassing Carlingford was the construction of the Newry navigation recover until 1862. This failure was potentially disastrous since it wiped out between 1731 and 1742. Ultimately this allowed ships into Newry itself. The one of the main commercial activities of the town as an exporter of oysters canal then linked Newry with Lough Neagh, allowing goods from Dublin to Dublin and Liverpool and thus ensured that the possibility of purchasing access to the towns trading across Lough Neagh and bringing Coalisland food to replace the potato was much reduced.95 As part of the relief works coal to Dublin in return. To the south the construction of a new harbour established by the Board of Works to alleviate the problems of famine, it was complex at Dundalk between 1740 and 1758 also served to provide more proposed by the local relief committee that a harbour be constructed for the convenient port facilities than those offered at Carlingford.87 Developments town. Before this attempt to improve the harbour, the infrastructure had been such as these ensured that Carlingford’s position in the coastal trade was rudimentary. Henry Brocas’s view of the castle in c. 1800 (Plate 1) shows effectively broken. boats beached on the shore with little by way of formal harbour structures, although earlier references to a harbour imply that some arrangements for * * * loading and unloading existed. By the 1840s the Halls’ view of the town depicted buildings near Taaffe’s Castle that had no chimneys and could be By the end of the eighteenth century Carlingford must have appeared seen as warehouses clustered around the shore, which suggests some formal as a town that had outlived its usefulness. The lack of street names on port organisation. Natural protection for shipping was provided by what the the Ordnance Survey’s depiction of the town in 1835 (Map 2) is more 1822 report called the ‘sandy bay’ in which some forty half-decked smacks redolent of a rural landscape than a well settled and named urban one. The were based. There was potential to create what the report described as ‘an population was falling even before the famine. Most of its functions as a excellent harbour’ if it could be protected by piers.96 A quay, now known as port had been usurped by Dundalk and Newry, both of which had grown Wood’s Quay, which the 1822 fisheries report described as ‘a small pier and significantly in the eighteenth century, leaving it as a small fishing port, some quay wall’, had been built by a Carlingford merchant, Mr Mateer (after still surviving within its medieval walls. In the 1830s it was claimed that whom Mateers Lane was named), who charged quayage of 4d. (Map 17). In 6 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

connection between Greenore and Dundalk was opened, followed in 1877 Valuation by the connection from Greenore to Newry, including Carlingford.100 The £20.0.0 to £39.19.0 building activity of the new port and railway was almost certainly the reason £15.0.0 to £19.19.0 for the temporary surge in the population of Carlingford in the 1860s. The £10.0.0 to £14.19.0 effect of the works on the topography of the town’s shoreline was dramatic. £5.0.0 to £9.19.0 First, in 1872 the rock on which King John’s Castle stood was cut through to Base map 1835 (OS); allow the passage of the railway trackbed along the coast and a bridge was street names 1854 (Val. 3). built across the cutting connecting the castle and town, thus exaggerating the defensive appearance of the castle. Secondly, the narrow gap of land between mountain and sea needed to be expanded to take the trackbed and the new railway station. Thus substantial land reclamation was undertaken, extending the coastline outwards from the edge of Taaffe’s Castle to its modern position,

B removing the previous relationship of these buildings to the sea and making A

C

K their original functions hard to appreciate. As well as modifying aspects of

L

A the existing topography, the reclamation also created space for new buildings Petty sessions N

N court house E E W and infrastructure. The most enduring is the railway station itself (now the

R Y tourist office) but the level crossings and signal posts associated with the

S

T railway were important elements of these new developments.

R E The overt focus of the railway on developing a tourist trade clearly had E

T Carlingford an impact on Carlingford. While Greenore was the primary intended tourist Bay destination of the developers, some visitors made their way further up the line to Carlingford. Although there had been only one hotel in the town in the 1840s, by the 1880s new hotels had begun to emerge to cater for demand. Not all this can be directly linked to the railway since around Carlingford N Lough towns such as Warrenpoint and Rostrevor were also being developed

O L as tourist destinations. Such diversification was of considerable importance D Q U A in maintaining the economic life of Carlingford since some of the traditional R E Y U A T L Q H A areas of activity came under stress in the late nineteenth century. Herring O N L E S E MARKETS L fishing continued to be profitable but it was clearly in decline. In addition the ST R T E E E oyster beds had developed problems. The oyster fishing never fully recovered R E T S T from its problems in the 1840s and 1850s. According to the 1866 report on MEETING sea fisheries, the oyster fishing around Carlingford employed only half as many men as it had done thirty years earlier, with a consequent downturn in business done in the town.101 By 1862 oysters were again being exported Church from Carlingford, but in 1874 the natural oyster beds were said to have been D U N dredged out and it was the 1890s before they were restocked with American, D A Portuguese and British oysters. Despite all of this, in 1903 the Carlingford L K Lough oyster beds were said to be the third most important natural oyster S T 102 N E R L A beds in Ireland. E C H E U R Though the building of the railway certainly brought Carlingford into a T H C M

I L wider world, it also brought it into competition with the rapidly developing L

L A port of Greenore. The new Greenore deep-water harbour, opened in 1873, N E had an impact on the trade of Carlingford. In other areas of life, competition 0 Metres 200 Base map 1835 (OS) was also felt. The formation of a Presbyterian congregation in Greenore in 1887, there previously having been only a mission station, inevitably affected Fig. 3 Valuation of residential buildings, 1854 the Carlingford church. The register of the Carlingford congregation reveals a modest growth in numbers from twenty to thirty-one between 1870 and 1845 the Carlingford relief committee proposed that a pier be erected ‘for the 1886. Even so, it was commented in 1887 that ‘the congregation was by no relief of the fishermen and unemployed poor of the locality’.97 The scheme as means a strong one’. By 1890, with the opening of Greenore, the Carlingford mooted was thought to be too expensive and it was modified to bring it within congregation had fallen to twenty-one, a figure that remained the same in the terms of the 1846 Fisheries Act, which allowed for the construction of 1900. The church was closed in 1935.103 piers for the promotion of fishing. With local funding obtained, it appears that by the summer of 1847 a pier had been erected beside King John’s Castle. * * * To some extent the attempts in the 1840s were only the beginning of formal development of the port. Further work began in the 1850s with a new quay By the beginning of the twentieth century Carlingford had declined to a poor being constructed at King John’s Castle and a second quay was being built physical and economic condition. Even one of its most distinguished sons, in 1855 at Ghan Road, thus creating a permanent harbour (Map 18). The Fr Laurence Murray, had to resort to special pleading to enhance its charms. older infrastructure around Wood’s Quay fell out of use since it was partly As he described it in 1914, Carlingford was ‘though not a handsome town built over in the late 1860s andIrish early 1870s by theHistoric considerable reclamation Towns(it is narrow, hilly, angular Atlas and gloomy) there is a medieval suggestiveness of the shoreline to create a railway trackbed along the shore for the Dundalk, about it which carries one back many centuries and fills the mind with Newry and Greenore Railway as it passed through the town, though mooring vague dreamings’.104 It says much about the limited development of the late posts could still be seen there for some time. Further works were carried out nineteenth century that none of the Irish banks thought it worth setting up a on the piers in the 1880s through a localRoyal harbour improvement Irishcommittee Academybranch there. In topographical terms nineteenth-century Carlingford never using government funding for the creation of infrastructure for fishing (Map developed significantly outside its medieval limits (Map 3, Plate 7), testifying 19).98 to the lack of finance and enthusiasm for urban renewal. Throughout the While government may have provided the infrastructure for the develop- early part of the twentieth century the town continued to deteriorate. It lost ment of the port in the nineteenth century, commerce took the activities its port functions to the deep-water ports at Greenore and Dundalk and its of the town in another direction. The idea of linking Carlingford with the role as a fishing centre also declined. Down to the early 1960s the population wider world through a railway was floated on a number of occasions in the continued to dwindle. Partition in 1922 had cut off the town from its natural nineteenth century. In 1845, for instance, the landlord of the town made hinterland in south Ulster and it was not of sufficient importance to merit such a proposal, but it came to nothing.99 In the 1870s that idea became a the sort of special treatment that Dundalk and other towns received to offset reality. The English railway company, the London and North Western, which the impact of the establishment of the border with Northern Ireland. The served Chester and Holyhead and therefore had close links to the Irish trade, closure of the railway in 1951, after many years of losses, certainly had a wanted to develop its activities in Ireland. Together with a number of other further negative impact.105 From the mid 1960s, however, the population has railway companies, including the Great Northern Railway in Ulster, it began been rising steadily and there has been an increasing appreciation of the to focus its interest on developing Greenore as the Irish side of a new Irish medieval character of Carlingford as a tourist asset. The improving socio- Sea crossing and as a holiday resort in its own right. A passenger sea route political situation in Northern Ireland has also transformed the image of the between Holyhead and Greenore was established in 1870 and in 1872 a new entire border region for tourism. The old railway station has been remodelled harbour was completed at Greenore. To make this commercially viable, as a tourist office, demonstrating the potential of this heritage landscape. Greenore needed to be connected with the wider railway system. An act of The foundation of the Carlingford Lough Heritage Trust in 1990 marked an 1863 had established the Newry and Dundalk Railway and, although this important step in caring for and in promoting Carlingford. Simultaneously had some topographical impact, it was very limited. It was in 1873, after the the work of the Tidy Towns committee has been effective in presenting that establishment of steamer services with Holyhead, that the Dundalk, Newry heritage to a wider world with the potential to make that past the basis for an and Greenore Railway was established by act of parliament. In 1876 the exciting future. CARLINGFORD 7

NOTES Topographical Information 1. Reg. Sweteman, pp 254–5; Pococke, p. 31; Picturesque handbook, p. 89. 2. Deane, p. 100; Ellison, p. 127. The following information relates not to any single administrative division or the sheet lines 3. Pococke, p. 31. of any particular map, but to the built-up area of Carlingford at each of the dates referred to. 4. Buckley and Sweetman, map 3. All grid references used are derived from the Irish National Grid. This grid appears at 5. AU (2), p. 310. 100 m intervals on Map 3. In the Topographical Information grid references are included where 6. Guild merchant roll, pp xix, 6. possible for features not named on either Map 2 or Map 3: they are given in eight figures (the 7. Ormond deeds, i, p. 364. last four figures respectively of the eastings and northings shown on Map 3) and indicate the 8. AU (1), ii, p. 257. approximate centre of the feature in question. 9. Wright, book 2, plates vii, viii. The entries under each heading, except for Streets, are arranged in chronological order by 10. Leslie, 1911, p. 310. categories: for example, all mills are listed before all forges, because the oldest mill pre-dates 11. Excavations 1992, pp 44–5. the oldest forge. 12. Dowdall deeds, p. 207. In general, dates of initiation and cessation are specified as such. Where these are unknown, 13. Mark Hennessy, Trim (IHTA, no. 14, Dublin, 2004), pp 2, 4. the first and last recorded dates are given, and references of intermediate date are omitted 14. Gleeson, pp 36–7. except where corroborative evidence appears necessary. Features originating after 1900 are 15. Excavations 1998, p. 140. listed only in exceptional cases. In source-citations, a pair of years joined by a hyphen includes 16. Ibid. all intervening years for which that source is available: thus 1835–2009 (OS) means all 17. Excavations 1994, p. 60. Ordnance Survey maps from 1835 to 2009 inclusive. 18. Inq. and extents, pp 79, 138. The list of early spellings in section 1 is confined to the earliest and latest examples noted 19. Gleeson and Moore, pp 425–6; Nyhan, pp 288–91. of the variants deemed to be the most significant. Where necessary the earliest noted attestation 20. Inq. and extents, p. 137; John Bradley, Kilkenny (IHTA, no. 10, Dublin, 2000), p. 2. of the commonest spelling in each of these categories is also given. 21. Inq. and extents, pp 157, 199. Street names are listed in alphabetical order. The first entry for each street gives its 22. Ibid., pp 185–6. present-day name according to the most authoritative source, followed by its first identifiable 23. Extents Ir. mon. possessions, p. 245. The tenements were later said to be linked to the mill on the site appearance, named or unnamed, in a map or other record and the various names subsequently (Inq. cancell. hib. repert., i, Louth, Jas. I, no. 3). 24. Extents Ir. mon. possessions, p. 245. applied to it in chronological order of occurrence. For names remaining unchanged on 25. Buckley and Sweetman, pp 235–6. successive Ordnance Survey maps, only the first occurrence of the Ordnance Survey spelling 26. Excavations 1994, p. 167. is cited. 27. Mun. corp. Ire. rept, app., p. 737; Cal. Carew MSS, 1515–74, p. 287. The section on residence is not intended to embrace more than a small fraction of the 28. Reg. Sweteman, p. 139. town’s dwelling houses. The main criteria for inclusion are (1) contribution to the townscape, 29. Extents Ir. mon. possessions, p. 245. past or present; (2) significance in defining critical stages in the history of urban or suburban 30. Excavations 1994, p. 60. housing; (3) abundance of documentation, especially for houses representative of a large class 31. Buckley and Sweetman, p. 323. of dwellings. Biographical associations are not in themselves a ground for inclusion. 32. For example, Reg. Octavian, ii, pp 672–3; Leslie, 1911, p. 163. Abbreviated source-references are explained in the bibliography on pages 13–15 or in the 33. Extents Ir. mon. possessions, p. 246. general list inside the back cover. 34. Cal. Carew MSS, 1515–74, p. 85; TNA: PRO, C1/1381/44. 35. Crown surveys, pp 75–6. 36. AU (1), iii, p. 497. 1 Name 37. O’Donovan, p. 163. Early spellings 38. Roger Stalley, ‘Sailing to Santiago: medieval pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela and its artistic Dún Ogalla 1210 (Misc. Ir. ann., 86). influence in Ireland’, in John Bradley (ed.), Settlement and society in medieval Ireland (Kilkenny, Carlongphort 1213 (ALC, i, 250). Carrlongport 1214 (AU (1), ii, 256). 1988), p. 415. Karlyngford 1232–3 (Guild merchant roll, 65). Karlingford 1267 (Cal. inq. post mort., 39. Cal. Carew MSS, 1515–75, p. 287. Edw. I, ii, 452). Karlyngford 1315 (Sayles, 76). 40. PRONI, D3078/1/25/1–7. Caringeford 1261–2 (Guild merchant roll, 104). 41. State papers ... Henry VIII (11 vols, London, 1830–52), ii, p. 323. 42. Crown surveys, pp 75–6. Kerlyngford 1264–5 (Guild merchant roll, 109), 1301 (Mac Iomhair, 42). 43. Cal. Carew MSS, 1515–74, p. 285. Carrlingford 1315 (Ann. Inisf., 418). 44. Mun. corp. Ire. rept, app., p. 739. Carenforda 1327, 1339, 1351 (Westropp, 424). 45. Cal. Carew MSS, 1575–88, p. 30. Carlyngford 1366–76, 1419, 1484, 1487, 1523, 1538; Carlyngfford 1557 (Dowdall deeds, 46. Buckley and Sweetman, pp 323–9. 107, 166, 203, 208, 218, 224, 250). 47. Cal. S.P. Ire., 1596–7, p. 189. Carlenforde 1401 (Cal. pat. rolls, 1399–401, 449), 1428 (Reg. Swayne, 86). 48. Cal. S.P. Ire., 1592–6, p. 339; Cal. S.P. Ire., 1596–7, p. 378; Cal. S.P. Ire., 1600, pp 341, 460. 49. Cal. S.P. Ire., 1600–01, pp 22, 26, 33, 39, 108, 330. Carlingford 1411, 1487, 1523, 1538, c. 1590 (Dowdall deeds, 155, 208, 219, 225, 263), c. 50. Cal. S.P. Ire., 1603–6, p. 464. 1610 (Cotton map), 1624 (Pynnar), c. 1657 (DS) to present. 51. Donald Woodward, ‘Irish trade and customs statistics, 1614–1641’, in Irish Economic and Social Karliforde 1423 (Cal. papal letters, 1417–31, 261). History, xxvi (1999), pp 60–61, 69. Carlynforde 1436; Carlynford 1439 (Dowdall deeds, 175, 177), c. 1568 (Lythe). 52. Cal. S.P. Ire., 1611–15, pp 363, 442. Carlyngeforde 1436 (Dowdall deeds, 176). 53. George Story, A true and impartial history of the most material occurrences in the kingdom of Ireland Carlyngforde 1437, c. 1538, 1550 (Dowdall deeds, 176, 224, 244), 1596 (Nicholls, 259). during the last two years with the present state of both armies (London, 1693), p. 16. Cairlind 1511 (AU (1), iii, 497), Cáirlind early 17th cent. (AFM, vi, 1998). 54. Bodl., MS Carte 144, f. 61v. Cairlinne 1539 (ALC, ii, 319; AFM, v, 1453). Cairrlinne c. 1578 (Senchas Búrc., 154). 55. John Hanly (ed.), The letters of Saint Oliver Plunkett 1625–1681 (Dublin, 1979), p. 73. 56. Cal. S.P. dom., 1679–80, p. 294. Carlinn, Cáirlinn early 17th cent. (AFM, v, 1617; vi, 2258). 57. Crawford, passim. Carelingforde 1601 (Dowdall deeds, 278). 58. Deane, p. 100; Pococke, p. 31. Carloingport, Carlaingport early 17th cent. (AFM, iii, 178). 59. Census, 1659, p. 467. Carlingforde c. 1602 (Bartlett). 60. Ó Fiaich, pp 104–5. Carlingfoord c. 1661 (Dowdall deeds, 342). 61. Hughes, p. 159. 62. Don Johnston, ‘The Flurry valley: part iii, landlords and society 1659–1841’, in CLAHJ, xxvi, no. 1 (2005), pp 5–10; Harold O’Sullivan, ‘The Trevors of Rostrevor: a British colonial family in Current spellings seventeenth-century Ireland’, M.Litt. thesis, TCD, 1985, pp 185–98. Carlingford 63. CCM, p. 21. Cairlinn 64. Ibid., p. 35. 65. AP/22/G/1–15; AP/21/B/100, 102. Derivation 66. AP/7/1/40. Cathair linn fjord, ‘city on the fjord’ (Logainm). 67. Deane, p. 101. Kerling fjord, ‘the hag’s fjord’ (Givens, 43). 68. Fisheries rept 1, p. 9. 69. First report of the commission of inquiry into the state of the Irish fisheries 1836, HC 1837 [77] xxii, p. 9. 2 Legal status 70. Pococke, p. 31; AP/21/A/9, 24. Charter 1326 (Tempest, 283). 71. Charles Bowden, A tour through Ireland (Dublin, 1791), p. 242. Charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I, that Carlingford be a free borough and that the 72. Deane, p. 101; Went, p. 214. inhabitants and their successors be incorporated by the name of ‘the two bailiffs, 73. TCD, MS 834, f. 1. Irish Historic Townsburgesses and commonalty’Atlas and that they should have all liberties and free customs, 74. Grand jury presentments, 18.3.1719, 25.3.1719. For the gathering of wrack, see F.H.A. Aalen, ‘Some such as the free towns and boroughs on the sea shore of Ireland had, in 1571 historical aspects of the landscape and rural life in Omeath, Co. Louth’, in Irish Geography, iv (1959– 63), pp 265–6. (Fiants, Eliz., 1781). 75. CCM, pp 35, 37; Mun. corp. Ire. rept, p. 740. Charter granted by King James I in 1619 (CCM, 1–13). 76. CCM, p. 7 (1726); Mun. corp. Ire. rept, p. 740; Day and McWilliams, p. 58. Charter 1688; disregarded after 1691 (Tempest, 283). 77. CCM, p. 8 (1733). Royal Irish AcademyCorporation dissolved in 1835 (Gosling, 7). 78. Ellison, p. 127. 79. Royal commission on the condition of the poorer classes in Ireland, app. C, HC 1836 [35] xxx, p. 96. 3 Parliamentary status 80. Deane, p. 100; Pococke, p. 31. 81. Mun. corp. Ire. rept, app. i, p. 740; Hall, i, p. 197. Parliamentary borough (2 members) 1561–1801 (NHI, ix, 47). 82. Johnston, pp 12–21. 83. Cal. treas. bks, 1689–92, pp 66, 252–3, 256, 262, 307; Wright, book 2, plates vii, viii. 4 Proprietorial status 84. RD 361/296/243990. Grant by the Lord John as count of Mortain of 4 cantreds of land in Uriel and ½ cantred 85. RD 183/88/122022. in Louth, namely that nearest the sea, to Bertram de Verdon in c. 1185–9 (Otway- 86. Pococke, p. 31. Ruthven, 401–6). 87. Harold O’Sullivan, Dundalk (IHTA, no. 16, Dublin, 2006), p. 5. 88. First report of the commission of enquiry into the state of Irish fisheries, pp 9–10. Grant made by the Lord John to Peter Pippard of Ardee of ‘4 burgages in the new vill of 89. ‘Carlingford in County Louth’, in Saturday Magazine, no. 419, 12 June 1839. Carlingford with fishing rights on the Lough’ in 1189–92 (Ormond deeds, i, 364). 90. O’Sullivan, 2006, p. 91; O’Sullivan, 2009, pp 102, 104–5. Bertram de Verdon’s daughter Leselina, on her marriage to Hugh de Lacy, brought with 91. Picturesque handbook, p. 90; Day and McWilliams, p. 60. her to the marriage 2½ knight’s fees of land in Cooley in c. 1194–9 (Gormanston 92. Day and McWilliams, p. 60; LCA, PP075/1/6. reg., 195–6). 93. PCB, pp 43–4, 58. Hugh de Lacy granted castle and town of Carlingford to his daughter Matilda on the 94. Gleeson, p. 38. occasion of her marriage to David, baron of Naas, in 1229 (Gormanston reg., 146). 95. Went, p. 214. 96. Fisheries rept 4, p. 45; First report of the commission of enquiry into the state of the Irish fisheries, p. David, baron of Naas, granted castle and town of Carlingford to John le Butler on marriage 216. to David’s daughter Matilda by 1280 (Gormanston reg., 147). 97. Pier papers. Matilda la Botillere enfeoffed her daughter of the manor and vicarage of Carlingford in c. 98. Bassett, p. 403. 1280 (Gormanston reg., 195–6). 99. AP/18/1–31; Picturesque handbook, p. 89. Manor of Carlingford inherited by William de London between 1280 and 1305 (Otway- 100. Casserley, pp 189–92. Ruthven, 405). 101. Report of the commission appointed to enquire into the sea fisheries of the United Kingdom, i, HC Manor of Carlingford sold to Richard de Burgo, earl of Ulster, in 1305 (Gormanston reg., 1866 xvii [3596], p. xciv. 102. Went, pp 214–16. 148–9, 196–7). 103. LCA, PP075/1/6, PCB, p. 58. Granted to earl of Kildare in 1505 (Cal. pat. rolls, Hen. VII, 1494–1509, 443). 104. L. Murray, ‘Omeath’, in CLAHJ, iii (1912–15), p. 223. Crown properties granted to Nicholas Bagenal in 1552 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1509–73, 126). 105. Casserley, pp 192–4. Commons of Carlingford granted to Marcus Trevor in 1667 (Abstract of grants, 142–3). 8 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

Estate devised by will to Robert Nedham, Edward Bayly; partitioned, Carlingford received Draper’s Lane (87601780). Draper’s Lane 1833 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 by Edward Bayly in 1715 (RD 16/209/7308, 17/2/8029). (OS), 1837 (Val. 1), c. 1854 (Val. 3), 1857 (Brassington and Estate sold by Encumbered Estates Court in 1857 (Anglesey rental). Gale), 1907–2009 (OS). Dundalk Road To Dundalk 1835; to Whites Town 1863; to Dundalk 1907, 5 Municipal boundary 1939; unnamed 2009 (OS). Dundalk Road 2011. Three parcels of land, lying together and along the sea-shore, probably forming corporate Dundalk Street/ (89401375). Unnamed 1766 (Wren). ‘Dublin Road entering the district 1655 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 737). Sráid Dhún Dealgán town’ 1793 (McCary 2). Mean Street 1797 (McCary 3). Town and tenements of Carlingford 21 acres, commons of town of Carlingford 1,231 acres ‘Formerly a back lane but now the main street’ 1805 (Longfield 1665 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 737). 1). Road from Dundalk 1818 (O’Hare and Barry). Main Street, Borough limits reputed to extend c. 2 miles N. and 1¾ miles S. of town 1835 (Mun. corp. Mains Street 1833 (Frain 1). From Dundalk 1835 (OS). Unnamed Ire. rept, 737). 1837 (Val. 1). Main Street 1852 (Articles of sale). Dundalk Street 1853 (Val. 2), 1854 (Val. 3). Main Street 1856 (Articles 6 Administrative location of sale). Unnamed 1857 (Admiralty charts 1; Brassington and County: Uriel 1297; Louth 1460 (NHI, ix, 42–3). Gale), 1863 (OS). Dundalk Street 1901 (Census), 1907, 1939; Barony: Dundalke c. 1656 (Dowdall deeds, 333), c. 1657 (DS). Lower Dundalk 1837 unnamed 2009 (OS). Dundalk Street/Sráid Dhún Dealgan 2011 (Lewis, i, 253). Dundalk 1846 (Slater). Lower Dundalk 1846 (Parl. gaz., i, 133), (nameplate). See also High Street, Main Street. For another 1907 (OS). Dundalk Street, see Old Road. Civil parish: Carlingford c. 1656 (Dowdall deeds, 333), c. 1657 (DS). Parishes of Ghan Road/Bóthar Ghan (92901750). Unnamed 1835 (OS), c. 1854 (Val. 3), 1863–2009 Carlingford and Omeath to be united, parish church to be at Carlingford 1658 (OS). Ghan Road/Bóthar Ghan 2011. (Leslie, 1929, 37). Parishes of Carlingford and Cooley 1837 (Lewis, i, 253). Great Street Location unknown, possibly same as Newry Street (q.v.). Great Townlands: Carlingford, Commons, Liberties of Carlingford 1835–2009 (OS). Street ‘adjoining the strand’ 1738 (RD 140/498/96242). Great Poor law union: Dundalk, formed in 1839 (HC 1843 (275), xlvi, 44). Street 1852 (Moore survey, 9). Poor law electoral division: Dundalk, formed in 1839 (HC 1843 (275), xlvi, 44). Grove Road (93200805). Road leading to Belmont 1817 (Moore survey, 14). District electoral division: Dundalk, formed in 1898 (HC 1899 [C.948], xxxix, 125). Unnamed 1835–2009 (OS). Grove Road 2011. High Street Location unknown, possibly same as Dundalk Street or Newry Street (q.v.). High Street 1738 (RD 140/498/96242). 7 Administrative divisions Lane (1) (89801530). Lane 1805 (Longfield 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS), None. 1837 (Val. 1), c. 1854 (Val. 3), 1907–2009 (OS). Lane (2) Location unknown. ‘Lane leading from the sea to the street’ 8 Population 1853 (Moore survey, 11). 1659 1651 1861 777 1936 488 1979 619 Main Street Location unknown, possibly same as Newry Street or Dundalk 1664 312 1871 971 1946 465 1981 631 Street (q.v.). Main Street 1778 (Moore survey, 5), 1789 (RD 1766 7843 1881 727 1951 500 1986 667 406/474/26757). The main street 1882 (Moore survey, 10). For 1821 1,2752 1891 554 1956 565 1991 650 other Main Streets, see Dundalk Street, Newry Street. 1831 1,3192 1901 626 1961 471 1996 647 Mains Street See Dundalk Street. 1841 1,1102 1911 585 1966 550 2002 604 Malt Kiln Lane (88501710). Unnamed 1797 (McCary 3). Malt Kiln Lane 1833 1851 8872 1926 547 1971 559 2006 633 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1), c. 1854 (Val. 3), 1907–2009 (OS). 1 Census, 1659. Market Place, Square or Unnamed 1766 (Wren). Market Street 1797 (McCary 3). Market 2 Hearth money rolls, 514. Street/Sráid an Place 1818 (O’Hare and Barry). River Street 1833 (Frain 1). 3 Ó Fiaich, 103–9. Mhargaidh Unnamed 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1). Square 1853 (Val. 2). (Source: Census, unless where otherwise stated.) Market Square 1854 (Val. 3). Unnamed 1857 (Brassington and Gale), 1863 (OS). Market Street 1866 (Moore survey, 3). 9 Housing Square c. 1900 (Photograph 4). Market Street 1901 (Census), NUMBER OF HOUSES 1907–2009 (OS). Market Street/Sráid an Mhargaidh; Market Inhabited Uninhabited Building Total Square 2011 (nameplates). 1710 - - - 1201 Mateer’s Lane (88401745). Unnamed 1797 (McCary 3). Mateer’s Lane 1833 1821 246 24 1 2712 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1), c. 1854 (Val. 3), 1831 254 31 3 2882 1907–2009 (OS). 1841 230 40 - 2702 Mean Street See Dundalk Street, Newry Street. 1851 193 83 - 2762 Meeting or Meeting See River Street. 1861 153 53 1 2132 House Lane or Street 1871 205 - - 2052 Mill Lane or Road See next entry. 1881 173 26 2 2012 Millers Lane/Lána (89851455). Unnamed 1766 (Wren). Mill Road 1797 (McCary 1891 145 48 - 1932 an Mhuilleora 3). Millers Lane 1805 (Longfield 1). Unnamed 1833 (Frain 1), 1901 158 30 - 1882 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1). Mill Lane 1853 (Val. 2), 1854 (Val. 3). 1911 144 42 - 1862 Unnamed 1863–2009 (OS). Millers Lane/Lána an Mhuilleora 1 RD 7/109/1838. 2011. Newry Street/Sráid an Unnamed 1766 (Wren). Mean Street 1797 (McCary 3). Main 1st-class 2nd-class 3rd-class 4th-class Unoccupied Total an Iúir [north] Street 1818 (O’Hare and Barry). Castle Hill Lane 1833 (Frain 1841 10 91 84 45 40 270 1). From Newry 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1). Newry Street 1853 1851 16 106 67 4 83 276 (Val. 2), 1854 (Val. 3). Unnamed 1857 (Admiralty charts 1). 1861 18 96 41 4 54 213 Main Street 1857 (Brassington and Gale). Newry Street 1876 (Residents’ list), 1907–2009 (OS). Newry Street/Sráid an Iúir 2011. See also Great Street, High Street, Main Street. Classes as defined in Census: Newry Street/Sráid an Unnamed 1766 (Wren). Mean Street 1797 (McCary 3). Main 4th: predominantly mud cabins with 1 room and window only. 3rd: better, with 2–4 rooms and windows. Iúir [south] Street 1818 (O’Hare and Barry). Castle Hill Street 1833 (Frain 2nd: good, with 5–9 rooms and windows. 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1). Newry Street 1853 1st: all houses of a better description than classes 2–4. (Val. 2), 1854 (Val. 3). Unnamed 1857 (Admiralty charts 1). (Source: Census) Main Street 1857 (Brassington and Gale). Newry Street 1876 (Residents’ list), 1907 (OS). Main Street c. 1900 (Photograph 3). Newry Street 1939, 2009 (OS). Newry Street/Sráid an Iúir 2011. 10 Streets Irish Historic Towns AtlasSee also Great Street, High Street, Main Street. Back Lane/An Lána Back Lane 1710, 1720, 1738 (RD 60/296/4095, 42/109/25826, Old Quay Lane/Lána (89101645). Unnamed 1835 (OS). Old Quay Lane 1853 (Val. 2), Cúil (1) 140/498/46242). Unnamed 1766 (Wren). Back Lane 1778 na Seanché 1854 (Val. 3). Unnamed 1857 (Brassington and Gale), 1863– (Moore survey, 5), 1797 (McCary 3), 1818 (O’Hare and Barry), 1939 (OS). Old Quay Lane 1995 (Gleeson, 39). Unnamed 2009 1833 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1). Back Lane (OS). Old Quay Lane/Lána na Seanché 2011. 1854 (Val. 3). UnnamedRoyal 1857 (Admiralty charts 1;Irish Brassington Academy Old Road (90500660). Unnamed c. 1657 (DS). Rode to Raiskey 1709 and Gale), 1863 (OS). Back Lane 1901 (Census), 1907–2009 (Dundalk deeds 1, 493). From Dundalk (Old Road) 1835 (OS). (OS). Back Lane/An Lána Cúil 2011. See also Upper Street. Dundalk Street (Old Road) 1853 (Val. 2). Old Road c. 1854 Back Lane (2) (87701895). Unnamed 1797 (McCary 3). Castle Lane 1833 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1). Back Lane 1854 (Val. 3). Unnamed 1857 (Brassington and Gale), 1907–2009 (OS). Back Lane (3) (87501930). Unnamed 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1). Back Lane 1854 (Val. 3). Unnamed 1857 (Brassington and Gale), 1907– 2009 (OS). Blind Lane Lane 1805 (Longfield 2). Unnamed 1835; Blind Lane 1863– 2009 (OS). Brown’s Lane (88351800). Unnamed 1797 (McCary 3). Brown’s Lane 1833 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1), c. 1854 (Val. 3), 1907–2009 (OS). Castle Hill/Cnoc an (87202000). Castle Hill, to Newry 1818 (O’Hare and Barry). Chaisleáin To Newry 1835 (OS). From Newry 1837 (Val. 1). Unnamed c. 1854 (Val. 3), 1857 (Brassington and Gale), 1907–2009 (OS). Castle Hill/Cnoc an Chaisleáin 2011. Castle Hill Lane See Newry Street [north]. Castle Hill Street See Newry Street [south]. Castle Lane See Back Lane (2). Church or Churchyard (89401495). Church Street 1797 (McCary 3). Church Lane 1805 Lane or Street/ (Longfield 1). Churchyard Lane 1833 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 Lána an Teampaill (OS), 1837 (Val. 1). Church Lane 1853 (Val. 2), 1854 (Val. 3). Unnamed 1857 (Brassington and Gale), 1863–2009 (OS). Church Lane/Lána an Teampaill 2011. Carlingford Abbey, 1792 (Grose) CARLINGFORD 9

(Val. 3). Unnamed 1863 (OS). Dundalk Street, Old Road 1901 traces of burial ground extant 1837 (Lewis, i, 255). Implied by name Chapel Field (Census). Unnamed 1907–2009 (OS). Old Road 2011. 1863 (see 14 Primary production). Pass to Currabolla (87351790). Pass to Currabolla 1833 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835– St Michael’s Church (R.C.), Dundalk St W. Catholic chapel 1824 (Pigot). R.C. chapel 63; closed by 1907 (OS). 1835 (OS). Catholic chapel 1846 (Slater; Parl. gaz., i, 309). Roman Catholic chapel Quay Lane Location unknown, possibly same as Old Quay Lane (q.v.). 1853 (Val. 2), c. 1854 (Val. 3), 1856 (Slater), 1863 (OS). Rebuilt in 1870 (Casey Quay Lane 1836 (Moore survey, 9). and Rowan, 178). Roman Catholic church 1881 (Slater). Catholic chapel 1886 River Lane or Street/ Meeting House Lane 1797 (McCary 3). River Street 1833 (Frain (Ward and Lock, 1886, 5). Catholic church 1895 (Slater). R.C. church 1896 (Jones, Lána na hAbhann 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1). Meeting Street 1853 55). Unnamed c. 1900 (Photograph 1). Catholic chapel 1903 (Ward and Lock, 1903, (Val. 2), 1854 (Val. 3). Meeting House Street 1856–70 (Val. 20). St Michael’s R.C. Church 1907, 1939; R.C. church 2009 (OS). St Michael’s 4). Unnamed 1857 (Brassington and Gale), 1863 (OS), c. 1900 Church 2011. See also 20 Education: school; 22 Residence: parochial house. (Photograph 4), 1907; River Street 1939, 2009 (OS). River Presbyterian meeting house, River St N. (87601615). Presbyterian congregation founded Lane/Lána na hAbhann 2011. For another River Street, see in 1700 (Congregations hist., 267, 451). Meeting house 1753 (Moore lease), 1791 Market Street. (RD 436/45/281652), 1818 (O’Hare and Barry). Presbyterian meeting house 1833 River Street Lane (88651660). Unnamed 1797 (McCary 3). Lane 1818 (O’Hare (Frain 1), 1837 (Val. 1). Presbyterian church of the Remonstrant Synod, third class and Barry). River Street Lane 1833 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 1837 (Lewis, i, 255). Presbyterian meeting house 1846 (Picturesque handbook, 89; (OS), 1837 (Val. 1), c. 1854 (Val. 3), 1857 (Brassington and Parl. gaz., i, 309), 1853 (Val. 2), 1854 (Val. 3). Meeting house 1854 (Moore survey, Gale), 1863–2009 (OS). 7). Presbyterian meeting house 1856–70 (Val. 4). Replaced by new church in 1869 Spout Gate Street Location unknown, possibly same as River Street (q.v.). Spout (see next entry). Gate Street 1720, 1748, 1750 (RD 42/109/25826, 151/502/90024, Presbyterian church, Newry St W. Presbyterian church, built to replace former meeting 140/277/94677). house (see previous entry) in 1869 (Casey and Rowan, 179). Presbyterian church Square See Market Street. 1881 (Slater). Presbyterian meeting house 1886 (Ward and Lock, 1886, 5). Strand Lane (88801640). Unnamed 1797 (McCary 3). Strand Lane 1833 Presbyterian church 1886 (Bassett). Renovated in 1894 (PCB, 75). Presbyterian (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1), c. 1854 (Val. 3), church 1895 (Slater), 1896 (Jones, 55). Presbyterian meeting house 1903 (Ward 1907–2009 (OS). and Lock, 1903, 22). Presbyterian church 1907–2009 (OS). See also 20 Education: Street of Carlingford Location unknown, probably same as Dundalk Street, Newry school. Street (q.v.). Street of Carlingford 1709 (RD 26/261/15398), Methodist meeting house, location unknown, possibly same as next entry. Society formed 1836 (Moore survey, 9). in c. 1809 (Crookshank, ii, 327). Tholsel Street/Sráid Street 1709 (Dundalk deeds 1, 493). Unnamed 1766 (Wren). Methodist meeting house, Newry St E., site unknown, possibly on site of earlier custom Halla an Bhaile Tholsel Street 1793 (McCary 2), 1797 (McCary 3). ‘Formerly house (see 13 Administration). Methodist meeting house 1835 (OS). Closed, moved the main street but now an insignificant back lane’ 1805 to Back Lane by 1853 (see next entry). (Longfield 1). Lane 1818 (O’Hare and Barry). ‘Street leading to Methodist meeting house, Back Lane (2) N. (87601910). Methodist preaching house, the tholsel’ 1825 (Moore survey, 2). Tholsel Street 1833 (Frain moved from former premises (see previous entry) by 1853 (Val. 2). Methodist 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1). Tholsel Street 1853 (Val. meeting house 1854 (Val. 3), 1856 (Val. 4). Closed, moved to new premises by 2), 1854 (Val. 3). Unnamed 1857 (Brassington and Gale), 1863 1862 (see next entry). (OS). Tholsel Street 1901 (Census), 1907–2009 (OS). Tholsel Methodist meeting house, Back Lane (2) N. (87701900). Methodist meeting house, moved Street/Sráid Halla an Bhaile 2011 (nameplate). from former premises (see previous entry) by 1862; 1870 (Val. 4). Upper Street Possibly same as Back Lane (1) (q.v.). Upper Street 1688 (AP/7/1/1). 11 Religion Rooskey Early Christian monastery, Old Rd W., 0.25 km S. of town. ‘Ruscane in plain of Colgi’, founded by St Monenna in early 6th cent. (Esposito, 209). Cell for monks 1201 (Chartul. St Mary’s, ii, 311). Granted to church and canons of St Andrew the Apostle in 1237; robbed in 1332; leased to Christopher Marmion in 1461; tithes leased to vicar of Carlingford, possibly occupied by fishermen in 1532 (O’Sullivan, 2005, 46–7). ‘Land called Rowskeagh’ 1613 (Inq. cancell. Hib. repert., i, Louth, Jas I, no. 3). ‘Old monastery and chapel’ ruinous 1703 (O’Sullivan, 2005, 46–7). Priory in ruins 1835 (OS). Possibly ‘ruins of an old church called Tea’pull Chairlinn’ 1836 (O’Donovan, 317, 162). Priory (in ruins) 1907 (OS). Remains of church extant 1991 (Buckley and Sweetman, 236). Priory (in ruins) 2009 (OS); 2011. Holy Trinity Church (C. of I.), Dundalk St E. Church 1237 (Cal. chart. rolls, 1226–57, 232). Church of Karlingford 1267 (Cal. inq. post mort., Edw. I, ii, 452). Church 1327 (Cal. pat. rolls, 1327–30, 171). Chancel in disrepair 1411; St Mary’s Church 1412 (Reg. Fleming, 153–4, 226–7). St Mary’s parish church 1426 (Reg. Swayne, 48). Parish church of St Mary 1485 (Dowdall deeds, 207). Unnamed c. 1568 (Lythe). Church repaired, chancel ruinous 1622; church, out of repair 1658 (Leslie, 1929, 164, 37). Church rebuilt, incorporating late medieval bell tower, in c. 1665 (Casey and Rowan, 178). Church 1667 (Dungannon grant, 24). Destroyed, tower remaining 1690; rebuilt in early 18th cent. (O’Sullivan, 2005, 54). Parish church dedicated to the Trinity 1744 (Deane, 100). Unnamed 1766 (Wren). Refurbished in c. 1804 (Gosling, 17). Unnamed 1805 (Longfield 1). Rebuilt in 1821 (Casey and Rowan, 178). Church 1824 (Pigot), 1835 (OS). Unnamed 1833 (Frain 1). Church King John’s Castle, 1792 (Grose) 1837 (Val. 1). Parish church, ‘an ancient structure’ 1846 (Slater). Church, tower 1853 (Val. 2). Church 1854 (Val. 3), 1863 (OS). Established church 1856 (Slater). 12 Defence Church 1857 (Brassington and Gale), 1863 (OS). Protestant Episcopal church 1881 King John’s Castle, Newry St E. Constructed before 1210; seized by King John in 1210 (Slater). Church 1886 (Ward and Lock, 1886, 5). Protestant church, tower 1886 (Orpen, ii, 251). Castle 1217 (Cal. pat. rolls, 1216–25, 24, 26). Surrendered to King (Bassett). Protestant church 1895 (Slater). Episcopal church, belfry 1896 (Jones, Henry III in 1221 (Cal. doc. Ire., 1171–1251, 114, 118). Castle repaired by crown 55, 50). Unnamed c. 1900 (Photograph 1). Protestant Episcopal church, parish in 1260–61 (Orpen, iii, 279). Residential quarters, hall built probably in c. 1262 church 1903 (Ward and Lock, 1903, 22). Church 1907; Holy Trinity Church 1939 (Buckley and Sweetman, 320). Castle, hall, stone chamber, roofed with shingles, (OS). Closed in 1991 (Fleming, 263). Refurbished as visitor and cultural centre in requiring considerable repair 1334 (Inq. and extents, 137). Castle of Carlingford 1991 (Gosling, 17). Carlingford Heritage Centre 2011. 1408 (Dowdall deeds, 152). Repaired in 1541 (Extents Ir. mon. possessions, 148). Graveyard: church yard 1667 (Dungannon grant, 24); earliest graveslab 1706 (Power ‘In a wretched condition’ 1549 (Cal. Carew MSS, 1515–74, 85). Carlynford Castell and Swan, 163); church yardIrish 1759; church yard Historicwall 1790 (RD 200/574/134385, Townsc. 1568 (Lythe). AtlasAncient castle 1588 (Cal. pat. rolls Ire., ii, 155). Unnamed c. 420/126/274508); church yard 1793 (McCary 2), 1797 (McCary 3), 1805 1602 (Bartlett). ‘Old castle called the castle of Carlingford’ 1613 (Inq. cancell. (Longfield 1), 1833 (Frain 1); unnamed 1835 (OS); graveyard 1853 (Val. 2), 1854 Hib. repert., i, Louth, Jas I, no. 3). Unnamed c. 1610 (Cotton map), 1624 (Pynnar). (Val. 3), 1863 (OS); church yard 1886 (Bassett); graveyard 1903 (Ward and Lock, King’s castle 1663 (Adair, 277, 278, 280). Castle guard, wall 1689 (Dowdall deeds, 1903, 20), 1907, 1939; unnamed 2009 Royal(OS); graveyard 2011. Irish Academy356). Castle 1693 (Collins). Ancient castle 1715 (Dundalk deeds 3, 287). King’s St Malachy’s Priory (Dominican), Dundalk St E. St Malachy’s Priory, founded in 1352 Castle 1766 (Wren). Carlingford Castle 1792 (Grose). Unnamed 1818 (O’Hare (Inq. and extents, 185–6). Church built in 14th cent.; tower built in 15th cent. and Barry). King John’s Castle (in ruins) 1835 (OS). Old castle 1837 (Val. 1). (Gosling, 20). Roof, walls ‘disfigured by age and incursions of enemies and Remains of castle 1846 (Slater). King John’s Castle (in ruins) c. 1854 (Val. 3), robbers’ 1423 (Cal. papal letters, 1417–31, 261). Church of Dominicans of 1857 (Brassington and Gale), 1858 (Admiralty charts 1, 2), 1863 (OS). Remains Carlingford 1494 (Reg. Octavian, i, 99). House of friars preachers, belfry, chapter- of castle 1881 (Slater). Castle 1883 (Ir. Builder, 15.9.1883). Old castle 1886 (Ward house, church, dormitory, hall, kitchen, ‘strong mansion’, ‘strongly fortified’ 1540 and Lock, 1886, 3). ‘Large portion remains’ 1886 (Bassett). Remains of castle 1895 (Extents Ir. mon. possessions, 245–6). Granted to Nicholas Bagnall in 1552 (Gwynn (Slater). King John’s Castle (in ruins) 1907–2009 (OS). See also 21 Entertainment, and Hadcock, 223). Friar house of Carlingford 1562 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1509–73, 192). memorials and societies: racket court or ball alley. Unnamed c. 1568 (Lythe). Black Friars’ house 1588 (Cal. pat. rolls Ire., ii, 155). The Mint, Tholsel St W. Fortified town house, built probably in 15th cent. (Buckley and Monastery of preaching friars 1613 (Inq. cancell. Hib. repert., i, Louth, Jas I, no. Sweetman, 323). Probably 1 of ‘three castles’ 1649 (Gilbert, ii, 267–8). Probably 1 3). Unnamed c. 1657 (DS). Defaced by Mr Stannus in 1726 (AP/21/A/4). Abbey of ‘five old ruinous castles’ 1689 (Johnston, 22). Castle 1797 (McCary 3). Mansion ruins 1744 (Deane, 100). Unnamed 1766 (Wren). Carlingford Abbey 1792 (Grose). house or castle 1833 (Frain 1). Ruins 1837 (Lewis, i, 255). Square tower 1846 Abbey ruins 1805 (Longfield 1), 1824 (Pigot), 1835 (OS). Misidentified as ‘old (Picturesque handbook, 77). Old castle in ruins c. 1854 (Val. 3). Old castle 1856–63 castle’ 1837 (Val. 1). Remains of Dominican monastery, possible chapel, tower, (Val. 4). Castle in ruins 1863 (OS). Square tower 1886 (Ward and Lock, 1886, turrets, walls 1837 (Lewis, i, 255). Monastery ruins 1846 (Slater). Abbey in ruins 4). Castle ‘in a fair state of preservation’ 1886 (Bassett). Probably 1 of 3 ruined c. 1854 (Val. 3). Monastery ruins 1856 (Slater). Abbey (in ruins) 1857 (Brassington ‘fortresses’ 1896 (Jones, 50). Old square tower 1903 (Ward and Lock, 1903, 20). and Gale), 1858 (Admiralty charts 2). Abbey in ruins 1863 (OS). Monastery ruins Castle (in ruins) 1939 (OS). Repaired in 1947 (Leask, 308). Unnamed 2009 (OS). 1881 (Slater). Abbey aisles, arch, belfry, windows extant 1886 (Ward and Lock, The Mint, ruins extant 2011. 1886, 4). Ruin of Dominican monastery, in good repair 1886 (Bassett). Monastery Tower house, Newry St E. (88101855). Fortified tower house, built in 15th–16th cent. ruins 1895 (Slater). Abbey ruins 1896 (Jones, 50). Unnamed c. 1900 (Photograph (Gosling, 45). Unnamed c. 1568 (Lythe). Possibly 1 of ‘three castles’ 1649 (Gilbert, 1). Abbey in ruins 1903 (Ward and Lock, 1903, 20), 1907, 1939 (OS). Remains of ii, 267–8). Probably 1 of ‘five old ruinous castles’ 1689 (Johnston, 22). Guard chancel, nave, tower, possible domestic range extant 1991 (Buckley and Sweetman, Castle, ‘bounded on the east by the sea and on the south by the parade’ (see 21 234). Abbey (in ruins) 2009 (OS). See also 14 Primary production: Abby Garden; Entertainment, memorials and societies) 1709 (RD 26/261/15398). Old walls 1797 15 Manufacturing: corn mill; 21 Entertainment, memorials and societies: ball court. (McCary 3). Converted to custom house by 1833 (see 13 Administration). See also Chapel, Ghan Rd N. Possibly chapel of St Michael 1485 (Dowdall deeds, 207). ‘Walls of 17 Transport: boat house. a chapel and 80 rigs of land in the Gan’ 1588 (Cal. pat. rolls Ire., ii, 154). Chappel Taaffe’s Castle, Newry St E. Fortified town house, built in 16th cent. (Buckley and c. 1602 (Bartlett). Unnamed 1624 (Pynnar), 1693 (Collins). Remains of church, Sweetman, 329). Probably depicted, unnamed c. 1610 (Cotton map), 1624 10 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

(Pynnar). Probably 1 of ‘three castles’ 1649 (Gilbert, ii, 267–8). Probably 1 Post office, location unknown. Post office, Mrs Spence 1824 (Pigot); Andrew McGreehan of ‘five old ruinous castles’ 1689 (Johnston, 22). In use as custom house 1797 1846, 1856; Mary Woodney 1881 (Slater), 1886 (Bassett), 1895 (Slater). (see 13 Administration). Castle, yard 1833 (Frain 1). Castle 1835 (OS). In ruins Constabulary station, Newry St W. (88201705). Constabulary station 1830–32 (HC 1836 (O’Donovan, 163). Old castle 1837 (Val. 1), 1853 (Val. 2). Castle c. 1854 1833 (379), xxxii.415, 7). Police barracks 1833 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS). (Val. 3), 1857, 1858 (Admiralty charts 1, 2), 1863 (OS). Castle ‘in a fair state of Constabulary police station 1837 (Lewis, i, 254). Moved to new site by 1853 (see preservation’, store 1886 (Bassett). Probably 1 of 3 ruined ‘fortresses’ 1896 (Jones, next entry). 50). Unnamed c. 1900 (Photograph 2). Castle 1907 (OS). Taaffe’s Castle 1908 Constabulary station, Newry St E. (88151830). Police house, barracks, moved from former (Sketches), 1939, 2009 (OS). Remains extant 2010. premises (see previous entry) by 1853 (Val. 2). Police barrack 1854 (Val. 3). Police Bawn: partially excavated in 1998 (Excavations 1998, 139). station 1856 (Slater). Constabulary barrack 1863 (OS). Police barrack 1862–70 Castle, location unknown. Patrick Doudall c. 1590 (Dowdall deeds, 263). (Val. 4). Constabulary station 1881, 1895 (Slater). Garda Síochána station 1939; Castle, location unknown. ‘Small castle otherwise called Castlenenagh’ 1667 (Gosling, unnamed 2009 (OS). In commercial use 2011. 46). Coast guard station, location unknown. 1837 (Lewis, i, 254; HC 1837 [77], xxii.1, 9). Castle, location unknown. Symon’s castle 1667 (Gosling, 46). Coast guard station, Newry St W. Coast guard station, built in 1848 (Casey and Rowan, Mulluneux Castle, location unknown, possibly Dundalk St E. Probably one of ‘five old 179). Coast guard station 1856 (Slater), 1863 (OS), 1881, 1895 (Slater). Coastguard ruinous castles’ 1689 (Johnston, 22). Mullineux Castle 1696 (Moore survey, 2). station 1907, 1939 (OS). Garda Station 2005 (NIAH survey), 2009 (OS); 2011. See Molineuxs Castle 1738 (RD 140/498/96242). Mulluneux Castle 1776 (Johnston, also 22 Residence: coast guard officers’ dwellings. 22). Lough Commission office, location unknown. 1895 (Slater). Castle, Market St S. (88451635). Castle 1797 (McCary 3). Old castle 1833 (Frain 1). Medieval fragments surviving 1995 (Gleeson, 36–7). 14 Primary production Castle, Newry St E., possibly Taaffe’s Castle (see 22 Residence). Castle 1895 (Moore Seynt Johnes land, ‘without the gate’, site unknown. 1436 (Dowdall deeds, 176). rental, 4). Parks, meadows and fields: Town wall. Town wall implied by gate (see below) in 1211–12 (Pipe roll Ire., 64–5). Porter’s park, location unknown. Porter’s park 1540 (Crown surveys, 76). Porterse Park Charter granted to bailiffs for levying murage for 6 years to enclose town with stone 1575 (Rent roll, 40). Porter’s park 1588 (Cal. pat. rolls Ire., ii, 155), 1613 (Inq. wall 1326, 1492; customs granted for 24 years to provost, bailiffs and commonalty cancell. Hib. repert., i, Louth, Jas I, no. 3), 1688 (AP/7/1/1). towards fortifying town with stone wall 1501 (Thomas, ii, 32). Unnamed circuit Friars’ park, location unknown. 1575 (Rent roll, 40). c. 1602 (Bartlett). Town walls 1613 (Inq. cancell. Hib. repert., i, Louth, Jas I, The Gann, Church Lane E., site of later Ghan House (see 22 Residence). The Gan 1588 no. 3). Unnamed circuit 1624 (Pynnar), c. 1657 (DS). Common land ‘within or (Cal. pat. rolls Ire., ii, 154). The Gann 1667 (Abstract of grants, 143). without our walls’ 1698 (CCM, 36, 37). Town wall 1730 (RD 75/245/52776). Conybrough, Dundalk St E., site unknown. 1667 (Abstract of grants, 143). ‘Some of the wall’ extant in 1744 (Deane, 100). Town wall 1746, 1749, 1790 (RD Cortacarraghbegg, Dundalk St, near South Gate (see 12 Defence), site unknown. 1667 123/313/84718, 137/317/93458, 421/33/273886). ‘Portions of walls’ extant 1846 (Abstract of grants, 143). (Picturesque handbook, 80). Fair Water, location unknown. Faire Water 1667 (Abstract of grants, 143). Fair Water Back Lane (1) W. (87001755). Wall 1797 (McCary 3). Town wall 1818 (O’Hare and 1735, 1748, 1750 (RD 83/18/57364, 151/502/90024, 140/277/94677). Barry), 1825 (Moore survey, 7), 1833 (Frain 1). City wall 1863 (OS); unnamed c. Griffins acres, location unknown. Griffin’s acre 1667 (Abstract of grants, 142). Griffins 1900 (Photograph 2); town wall 1907; city wall 1939 (OS). Portions extant in 1991 acres 1762 (RD 213/610/143706). (Buckley and Sweetman, 352). City wall 2009 (OS). Leage Park, Dundalk St E., site unknown. 1667 (Dungannon grant, 24). Dundalk St W. (88601335). Town wall 1793 (McCary 2). Garrison wall 1797 (McCary Locations unknown. Ackergarr, Athnosornegg, Athnosornog, Ballyneshannagh, 3). Town wall 1805 (Longfield 1), 1833 (Frain 1), 1835, 1907; city wall 1939, 2009 Booth rocke, Broolane, Broome’s park alias Parknogelite, Carregnegornell, (OS). Cashell’s land, Cashengerrie or Eliz Bath’s park, Crotacarragh, Edensharrie, Tholsel St W. (89101580). Town wall 1805 (Longfield 1). Portion extant 1991 (Buckley Farnaknime, Farrandowdall, Farrennecurr, Farrenedrum containing Merriman’s and Sweetman, 352), 2011. part, FarranmcCoughan, Farrannewranry, Fervore, Greenhills, Holywood’s land, Newry St W. (87501930). Ditch pre-14th cent. (Excavations 1995, 57). Medieval wall Knockmarlin containing Malpas land, Knockskallow, Lemawne, Mack Ennisfield partially excavated in 1998 (Excavations 1998, 140). alias Bartholomew White’s park, Merrimann’s rocke, Monymore, Mullaghatye Mural gates: als Dunreeghan, Parke Androe, Parke Ard, Parke Edder Avore, Parkenedrumin, Gate, location unknown. Gate at Carlingford 1211–12 (Pipe roll Ire., 64–5). Parkeskeltie, Park Garrett, Park Kne, Park Otter, The Peeces, Randle’s land, North Gate, Newry St, N. end (87801930). Part of medieval defences (Gosling, Russell’s land, Thos White’s park, Seagary’s land, Smythfield, Strow Patricke, 32). North Gate 1730 (RD 75/245/52776), 1744 (Deane, 100), 1785 (RD Whinnaboly, White’s park, White’s rocke 1667 (Abstract of grants, 142–3). 370/160/24742). Partially excavated in 1998 (Excavations 1998, 140). South Gate, Dundalk St, site unknown. Part of medieval defences (Gosling, 32). Mill Park, Dundalk St E., site unknown. 1667 (Dungannon grant, 24), 1689 (Dowdall Unnamed c. 1602 (Bartlett), 1624 (Pynnar). South Gate 1667 (Abstract of grants, deeds, 356). 143), 1730 (RD 75/245/52776). Park Hue, Dundalk St E., site unknown. 1667 (Dungannon grant, 24). Tholsel, Tholsel St W. Built, probably originally 2 storeys over arch, in 15th cent. Stonegate Meadow, location unknown. Stonegate Meadow 1667 (Abstract of grants, (Buckley and Sweetman, 352; Excavations 1994, 60). Probably one of ‘three 143), 1696 (Moore survey, 2), 1720, 1736, 1748 (RD 42/109/25826, 85/177/59606, castles’ 1649 (Gilbert, ii, 267–8). Probably one of ‘five old ruinous castles’ 1689 151/502/90024). Stone Gate Meadow 1748 (Bell). (Johnston, 22). Tholsel 1698 (CCM, 35). Tholsell 1709 (Dundalk deeds 1, 493). Hillmans park, location unknown. Hillman’s meadow 1695 (Moore survey, 6), 1738; Tholsel, tholsel steps 1793 (McCary 2). Extensively repaired in 19th cent. (NIAH Hillmans park 1785 (RD 140/498/96242, 370/160/24742). survey). Old tholsel 1805 (Longfield 1). Tholsel 1833 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 Logh Park, location unknown. 1695 (Moore survey, 6), 1738 (RD 140/498/96242). (OS), 1837 (Val. 1). Tholsel Gate 1853 (Val. 2). Tholsel gatehouse 1854 (Val. 3), Spout Park, location unknown. 1695 (PCB, 49), 1751, 1762, 1773 (RD 151/353/101726, 1856–70 (Val. 4). Tholsel 1863 (OS), 1886 (Ward and Lock, 1886, 4), 1896 (Jones, 213/610/143706, 293/193/194787), 1821 (PCB, 50). 50), 1907, 1939 (OS). Town gate, extant 1995 (Gleeson, 38). Unnamed 2009 (OS). Knockmartin, location unknown. Knockmartin 1696; land known as Crockmartin See also 13 Administration: gaol; 14 Primary production: Tholsel Garden. otherwise Knockmartin 1909 (Moore survey, 2, 4). Spout Gate, River St, W. end (87151590). Unnamed c. 1610 (Cotton map), 1624 Middle Park, location unknown. 1696 (Moore survey, 2). (Pynnar). Spout Gate 1735, 1738 (RD 83/18/57364, 140/498/96242). West gate, Murphy’s park, location unknown. 1707 (Moore survey, 12). ‘which they call the Spout Gate’ 1744 (Deane, 100), 1755 (RD 183/242/122677). Long Park, location unknown. 1710 (RD 26/359/15709). Spout Gate 1818 (O’Hare and Barry), 1825 (Moore survey, 2, 7), 1833 (Frain 1). Loose Park, location unknown. 1710 (RD 26/359/15709). Spoutgate 1854 (Moore survey, 7). Morris Byrne’s park, location unknown. 1710 (RD 26/359/15709). Mural tower, Back Lane W., site unknown. Probably depicted, unnamed c. 1610 (Cotton Three-Cornered Park, location unknown. 1710 (RD 8/7/1634). map). Maunder’s park, location unknown. 1718 (Moore survey, 12). Mural tower, Tholsel St E., site unknown. Probably depicted, unnamed 1624 (Pynnar). Chapel Park, location unknown, possibly same as Chapel Field (q.v.). 1720, 1748 (RD Watch tower, location unknown. Probable watch tower 1211–12 (Pipe roll Ire., 65). 42/109/25826, 151/502/90024), 1748 (Bell), 1750 (RD 140/277/94677). Magazine, location unknown. 1600 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1600, 481). Flower Park, location unknown. Flowers Park 1730; Flower Park 1785 (RD Sea fort, near harbour, location unknown. Sea fort 1649 (Gilbert, ii, 267–8). 75/245/52776, 370/160/24742). Barracks, location unknown, probablyIrish same as next entry.Historic Barracks for foot 1700 (Cal. TownsNew Fields, location unknown.Atlas 1735 (RD 83/18/57364). treas. bks, 1699–1700, 365). ‘Tenement where the barracks now stands’ 1713 (RD Ruskey Park, location unknown. 1736 (RD 85/177/59606). 14/53/5154). Barracks 1717 (Cal. treas. bks, 1717, 545). Old barrack 1739, 1750, Strand Park, location unknown. 1736, 1751, 1773 (RD 85/177/59606, 151/353/101726, 1757 (RD 98/257/68337, 144/345/97780, 192/96/126718). Old barrack, waste 1771 293/193/194787). (AP/7/1/37). Town Gate Meadow, location unknown. 1750 (RD 140/277/94677). Barracks, Dundalk St E. (89951520). BarracksRoyal 1780 (Johnston, 22), Irish 1784 (RD AcademyFearney Park, location unknown. 1755 (RD 183/242/122677). 361/296/243990). Barracks 1797 (McCary 3). See also previous, next entries. Sams Park, location unknown. 1756 (RD 235/282/153723). Barracks, location unknown, probably same as previous entry. Permanent barracks station Kenny’s park, location unknown. 1762 (RD 213/610/143706). 1824 (Johnston, 22). Clay Pit Field, location unknown. 1763, 1797 (RD 223/389/148688, 505/343/33415). Barrack ground, location unknown. Barrack ground 1841 (Stannus papers). Foxes Park, location unknown. 1763 (RD 225/247/145952). Cochrane’s land, location unknown. 1764 (RD 233/254/153803). 13 Administration Frazers field, location unknown. 1764 (RD 234/272/153066). Mint, location unknown. Mint established by act of parliament in 1467 (Stat. Ire., Edw. Meadow Park, location unknown. 1764, 1786 (RD 233/254/153803, 337/18/249265). IV, i, 443). Salmon’s park, location unknown. 1778 (Moore survey, 5). Custom house, Newry St E., in Taaffe’s Castle (see 12 Defence). Custom house, functions Angers park, location unknown. 1785 (RD 370/160/24742). transferred to Newry in 1726 (Crawford, 103; Givens, 50). Custom house 1789 (RD Dowdall’s park, location unknown. 1785 (RD 370/160/24742). 406/474/26757), 1797 (McCary 3). Custom house, closed, moved to new premises Walkers fields, location unknown. 1790 (RD 421/299/274509). by 1833 (see next entry). Long Meadow, Dundalk St E. (92301000). Long Meadow 1793 (McCary 1). Formerly Custom house, Newry St E., on site of former tower house (see 12 Defence), associated a lough but now meadow land 1805 (Longfield 2). with boat house (see 17 Transport). Custom house, moved from former premises by Pigeon House Field, Grove Rd E., 0.5 km S. of town. Pigeon House Field, Pigeon Park 1833 (Frain 1). See also 11 Religion: Methodist meeting house. 1793 (McCary 1). Pigeon Field 1805 (Longfield 2). See also below, old pigeon Courthouse, location unknown. Courthouse 1751 (AP/21/B/102). house. Petty sessions court, location unknown, possibly same as next entry. 1837 (Lewis, i, 253). Ram Park, Dundalk St E. (93001025). 1793 (McCary 1), 1805 (Longfield 2). Courthouse, Newry St W. Petty sessions house 1853 (Val. 2). Petty sessions court house Round Field, Grove Rd E., 0.5 km S. of town. Round Park 1793 (McCary 1). Round 1854 (Val. 3), 1856–70 (Val. 4). Court house 1863 (OS). Petty sessions court 1881, Field 1805 (Longfield 2). 1895 (Slater). Courthouse 1883 (Ir. Builder, 15.9.1883), 1907 (OS). Rebuilt in c. Maudee’s park, location unknown. 1817 (Moore survey, 14). 1935 (Dunne and Phillips, 74). Courthouse 1939; unnamed 2009 (OS). Courthouse Little Meadow, Back Lane (1) W. (87251670). 1818 (O’Hare and Barry). 2011. See also previous entry. The Malt Kiln, location unknown. Parcel of ground known as The Malt Kiln 1836 Town hall, Newry St W. Built in 19th cent. (Gleeson, 40). Unnamed 1907 (OS). Rebuilt in (Moore survey, 9). 1925 (Casey and Rowan, 179). Parish hall 1939; hall 2009 (OS), 2011. Chapel Field, Ghan Rd N. (93601825). Chapel Field 1863, 1907; unnamed 1939; built Gaol, Tholsel St W., in tholsel (see 12 Defence). Locally known as ‘the black hole’; over by 2009 (OS). See also above, Chapel Park; 11 Religion: chapel. disused for many years 1837 (Lewis, i, 254). Rabbit warren, location unknown. Coney burrow 1667 (Abstract of grants, 142, 143). CARLINGFORD 11

Gardens: Cunnegan’s garden, location unknown. 1696 (Moore survey, 2). Gallamore’s garden, Dundalk St E. (87751560). 1696 (Moore survey, 2), 1818 (O’Hare and Barry). Tholsel Garden, location unknown, associated with tholsel (see 12 Defence). 1710 (RD 8/7/1634). Abby Garden, location unknown, associated with St Malachy’s Priory (see 11 Religion). ‘Old Abbe garden’ 1730–40; Abby Garden 1785 (Mateer petition). Collector’s garden, Newry St E. (88501740), associated with collector’s house (see 22 Residence). 1833 (Frain 1). Reid’s garden, location unknown. 1882 (Moore survey, 10). Wests orchard, location unknown. 1696 (Moore survey, 2). White House Orchard, Market St S., site unknown, associated with White House (see 22 Residence). Orchard 1706 (Cuyston deed). White House Orchard 1782 (Moore survey, 13). Orchard, Dundalk St W. (87901470). Orchard 1797 (McCary 3), 1833 (Frain 1). Old orchard 1852, 1856 (Articles of sale). Oyster fishery, in Carlingford Lough. Oyster fishery 1752 (Pococke, 31). Oyster fishing restricted to season in 1818 (HC 1818 (312), ii, 285, 46). Dredging of oysters 1835 (HC 1837 [77], xxii.1, 9). ‘Large quantities of the fine flavoured oysters are taken Quay and harbour, 1843 (Hall, ii, p. 422) here’ 1846 (Slater). Oyster fished ‘in great quantities’, chief employment of town 1846 (Parl. gaz., i, 309, 310). Carlingford oysters 1846 (Picturesque handbook, 16 Trades and services 84). Fishery extinct 1863 (Fortnight, 673). Request to plant oysters refused in 1886 Fairs. Annual fair, 25–8 August, granted by Hugh de Lacy in 1227 (Cal. doc. Ire., 1171– (Bassett). 1251, 233). Fair on feast of the Holy Trinity, granted in 1449 (Stat. Ire., Hen. VI, Quarry, location unknown. Limestone quarry 1797 (RD 505/343/33415), 1809 405). Fair 1796 (Macardle, 51). Monthly fair, first Saturday of the month 1824 (Presentments, 1809, 26). (Pigot). Annual fair 29 September 1837 (Lewis, i, 253–4), 10 October 1846 (Parl. Quarry, Anglesey estate, site unknown. c. 1800 (LCA, PP282/3/1/1 (6)). gaz., i, 310). Monthly fair, first Saturday of the month 1846–95 (Slater). Quarry, Old Rd E., 0.25 km S. of town. Quarry 1835 (OS). Market. Weekly market, Tuesdays, granted to Lionel, earl of Ulster, in 1358 (Gleeson, Quarry, Old Rd E. (90500885). Limestone quarry 1835; quarry (disused) 1907, 1939; 36). Saturday market, granted to duke of York in 1449 (Stat. Ire., Hen. VI, 205). unnamed 2009 (OS). Saturday market 1571 (Fiants, Eliz., 1781), 1824 (Pigot), 1837 (Lewis, i, 254), Quarry, Old Rd W., 0.25 km S. of town. Quarry 1835 (OS). 1846, 1856 (Slater), 1886 (Bassett). Weekly market, Wednesdays 1895 (Slater). Old pigeon house, Grove Rd E., 0.5 km S. of town, in Pigeon House Field (q.v.). Old Stores: pigeon house 1805 (Longfield 2). Location unknown. Houses of storage 1574 (Cal. Carew MSS, 1515–74, 489). Pigeon house, Ghan Rd S. Pigeon house 1835, 1863; in ruins 1907–2009 (OS). Old Quay Lane W. (88951650). Warehouses, built on site of earlier folly (see 21 Pigeon house, Grove Rd E., 0.5 km S. of town. Pigeon house 1835, 1863; in ruins 1907– Entertainment, memorials and societies) in 18th cent. (Gleeson, 39). Stores 1833 2009 (OS). (Goodricke list). George Brown 1853 (Val. 2). Extant 1995 (Gleeson, 39). Glebe, Dundalk St E. (88751575). 1833 (Frain 1). Replaced by school by 1837 (see 20 Newry St E. (88801675). New store, Hugh Hagan 1833 (Frain 1). Education). Newry St E. (88401720). Stores, Christopher Brown 1833 (Frain 1). Osiery, Blind Lane N. (92400965). 1863 (OS). Newry St E., on site of earlier salt works (see 15 Manufacturing). Stores, Robert Mateer 1833 (Frain 1). 15 Manufacturing Newry St E. (88401750). Stores, Robert Mateer 1833 (Frain 1). Mill, location unknown. Mill, mill pond 1211–12 (Pipe roll Ire., 65). Water mill, ‘worth Newry St W. (88301670). Stores, Charles Lucas 1833 (Frain 1). nothing, broken down, lacks mill stones’ 1334 (Inq. and extents, 138). Dundalk St E. (88851510). Stores, Darcy 1854 (Val. 3), 1856–70 (Val. 4). Corn mill, Dundalk St E., associated with St Malachy’s Priory (see 11 Religion). Water Church Lane S., on site of former forge (see 15 Manufacturing). Store 1863 (Val. 4). mill 1540 (Extents Ir. mon. possessions, 245). Mill 1549 (Cal. pat. rolls, Edw. VI, Market St N. (88151645). Store, McKevitt 1863; closed in 1870 (Val. 4). Warehouse, Dundalk St E. (88951525). Built in c. 1820 (NIAH survey). In commercial use iv, 389–90), 1575 (Rent roll, 40). Watermill 1588 (Cal. pat. rolls Ire., ii, 155), 2005 (NIAH survey). 1619 (Inq. cancell. Hib. repert., i, Louth, Jas I, no. 3). Mill 1688 (AP/7/1/1). Mill, Warehouse, Dundalk St W. (88501530). Built in c. 1820; in commercial use 2005 (NIAH miller’s house 1689 (Dowdall deeds, 356). ‘Scarce of water’ 1733 (AP/21/A/9). survey). Old mill 1740, 1757, 1759 (RD 102/3/69457, 192/96/126718, 200/574/134385), Inn, location unknown. Innkeeper 1709 (RD 26/261/15398). 1764 (AP/7/1/18). Corn mill 1835 (OS). Mill 1837 (Val. 1). Corn mill 1853 (Val. 2), Inn, location unknown. 1752 (Pococke, 31). 1854 (Val. 3), 1857 (Admiralty charts 1), 1863 (OS). Corn mill, in ruins 1863 (Val. Inn, Market St S. (88501640). Joseph Larken 1833 (Frain 1). 4). Remains of water mill 1896 (Jones, 55); 1939 (OS). In ruins 1995 (Gleeson, Humphrey’s hotel, location unknown. 1846 (Picturesque handbook, 90). 37), 2011. Victoria Hotel, Newry St E. Victoria Hotel 1866 (Moore survey, 3), 1895 (Moore rental, Mill race (89501200): 1715–17 (Grand jury presentments, 17.3.1715, 28.7.1715, 4), c. 1900 (Moore survey, 10), 1903 (Ward and Lock, 1903, 18). Hotel 1907, 1939; 6.4.1716, 13.7.1716, 5.3.1717); unnamed 1835–1939 (OS); mill race, ruins extant unnamed 2008 (OS). In commercial use 2011. 1992 (Gosling, 21, 20), 2011. Hotel, location unknown. J. Doyle 1886 (Bassett). Mill pond: mill dam 1784 (RD 361/296/243990), 1835 (OS); pond 1837 (Val. 1); mill Hotel, location unknown. P. Hanlon 1886 (Bassett). dam c. 1854 (Val. 3); mill pond 1863 (OS), 1896 (Jones, 55), 1907, 1939; unnamed 2009 (OS). 17 Transport Sluice: sluice 1863, 1907 (OS). Ferry, Carlingford Lough. Revenue of Carlingford ferry granted to abbot of Downpatrick Kiln: corn kiln 1853 (Val. 2); kiln 1854 (Val. 3), 1863 (Val. 4). in 1192–3 (Cartae, 421). Ferry 1408 (Dowdall deeds, 152), 1688 (Cal. treas. bks, Brew house, location unknown. ‘Defaced’ 1580 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1574–85, 261). 1685–9, 1954), 1716 (RD 17/2/8029). Brew house, location unknown. New brew house 1596 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1592–6, 460). Harbour. Port 1282 (Cal. doc. Ire., 1252–84, 417), 1505 (Dowdall deeds, 214). Anchorage Brew house, location unknown. 1762 (RD 285/54/184384). 1540 (Crown surveys, 76). Haven 1564 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1509–73, 232), 1575 Salt works, Church Lane, site unknown, E. of The Gann (see 14 Primary production). Salt (Rent roll, 40). Harbour 1600 (Cal. S.P. Ire., 1600, 56). Port, anchorage 1613 works, salt house, Edward Cooke 1667 (Dungannon grant, 24). Salt works, ‘near (Inq. cancell. Hib. repert., i, Louth, Jas I, no. 3). Harbour 1649 (Gilbert, ii, 268). Carlingford commonly called Leagh Head’ 1668 (Lease 1). Salt works 1671 (Lease ‘Properly the port of Newry’ 1752 (Pococke, 31). ‘Deep and spacious harbour’ 2). Salt pans 1693 (Collins). 1824 (Pigot). Harbour 1846 (Slater). Anchorage 1846 (Parl. gaz., i, 310). Black Salt works, Newry St E. (88401760). Patrick Fearan 1797 (McCary 3). Tenement ‘known buoy, red buoy 1863 (OS). Harbour to be improved 1883 (Ir. Builder, 15.9.1883). by the name of the salt works’ 1809 (RD 612/464/419429). Salt manufacturer, ‘The harbor of Newry’; harbour improvements in progress 1886 (Bassett). Harbour Robert Mateer 1824 (Pigot). Replaced by stores by 1833 (see 16 Trades and 1907–2009 (OS). services). Irish Historic TownsWood’s Quay, Newry StAtlas E. Unnamed 1797 (McCary 3). Small pier, quay wall 1822 Lime kiln, location unknown. 1823 (Presentments, 1823, 90), 1824 (Presentments, 1824, (Fisheries rept 4, 45). Quay 1833 (Frain 1), 1835 (OS). Quay, pier 1837 (Val. 103). 1). Unnamed 1843 (Hall, ii, 422). Improved by famine relief works in 1846–7 Forges and smithies: (Correspondence, 195). Unnamed c. 1854 (Val. 3). Quay 1857 (Brassington and Dundalk St W. (88051600). Forge, Thomas McShane 1833 (Frain 1). Gale). Quay (old) 1863 (OS). Partially built over by Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Tholsel St W. (89051590). Forge, James McShaneRoyal 1833 (Frain 1), 1853 (Val.Irish 2), 1854 Academy Railway by 1863 (see below). Wood’s Quay, mooring posts 1907, 1939; Woods (Val. 3), 1856 (Slater). Quay 2009 (OS). Back Lane (1) W. Forge 1835 (OS). Quay, Newry St E. New quay c. 1854 (Val. 2). Quay 1857 (Brassington and Gale; Church Lane S. (89251475). Forge, Thomas Killeen 1853 (Val. 2), 1854 (Val. 3), 1856 Admiralty charts 1), 1858 (Admiralty charts 2), 1863 (OS). Pier to be improved (Val. 4). Replaced by store in 1863 (see 16 Trades and services). 1883 (Ir. Builder, 15.9.1883). Harbour wall 1886 (Bassett). Quay, mooring posts Dundalk St E. (89551365). Forge, John McDonnell 1854 (Val. 3); 1856–70 (Val. 4). 1907, 1939; quay, pier 2009 (OS). Market St S. (88151620). Forge, Isabella Maxwell 1854 (Val. 3); closed by 1863 (Val. Slip: 1863–1939; unnamed 2009 (OS). 4). Quay, Ghan Rd E. Built in 1855 (DIA). Quay 1857 (Admiralty charts 1). Perch 1863; Location unknown. Blacksmith, Hugh McShane 1856 (Slater). quay, crane, mooring posts, slip 1907; quay, mooring posts, slip 1939; quay, pier, Dundalk St W. (88301560). Forge, Patrick Killin 1863–70 (Val. 4). slip 2009 (OS). Location unknown. Blacksmith, Patrick Mooney 1881 (Slater). Pound Bridge, over stream, Dundalk St, site unknown. Little bridge over mill race at Location unknown. Blacksmith, John Mooney 1886 (Bassett). south end of Carlingford 1715–17 (Grand jury presentments, 17.3.1715, 28.7.1715, Location unknown. Blacksmith, Michael McNally 1886 (Bassett). 6.4.1716, 13.7.1716, 5.3.1717). Pound Bridge 1810 (Presentments, 1810, 26). Location unknown. Blacksmith, John McNally 1895 (Slater). Bridge, over railway, Newry St to King John’s Castle (see 12 Defence) (87801960). Built Location unknown. Blacksmith, John Mooney 1895 (Slater). for Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway (q.v.) in 1876 (Jones, 53). Unnamed Boot and shoe manufactories: 1907, 1939 (OS). In use as pedestrian bridge 2005 (NIAH survey). Dundalk St W. (88751485). John Mallow 1852; closed by 1856 (Articles of sale). Coach house, Dundalk St W. (88551515). 1833 (Frain 1). Location unknown. Michael Migeany 1856 (Slater). Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway station, Newry St E. Railway station 1863 (OS). Location unknown. John Creighton 1876 (Residents’ list). Station 1881 (Slater), 1886 (Bassett), 1895 (Slater). Unnamed c. 1900 (Photograph Location unknown. Patrick Magee 1881 (Slater), 1886 (Bassett). 2). Station 1907, 1939 (OS). In use as tourist office 2005 (NIAH survey), 2010. Location unknown. James Brown 1886 (Bassett). Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway. Newry and Greenore Railway, embankment, Location unknown. James Mulligan 1886 (Bassett). 3 signal posts 1863 (OS). Opened in 1876 (Casserly, 190). Unnamed c. 1900 Fishing net and rope manufactory, location unknown. Charles Murphy 1876 (Residents’ (Photograph 2). L. and N.W.R. (Dundalk, Newry and Greenore branch), 3 level list). crossings, signal post 1907; Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway, 4 level Ship chandlery, location unknown. Robert Parks 1881 (Slater). crossings, 3 signal posts 1939 (OS). Closed in 1951 (Railway Gazette 11.1.1951). Slaughter house, Market St S. (88351635). Slaughter house, Fearin 1862; closed in 1877 Boat house, Newry St E., on site of former tower house (see 12 Defence), associated with (Val. 4). custom house (see 13 Administration). Boat and watch house 1853 (Val. 2), 1854 12 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

(Val. 3), 1862–70 (Val. 4). Boat house 1907; unnamed 1939–2009 (OS). Lower storey of tower house preserved below ground level, known locally as The Watch House 1992 (Gosling, 45). In residential use 2011. Boat house, Newry St E., on Wood’s Quay (q.v.) (88901795). Boat house 1875 (DNGR conveyance). Unnamed 1907, 1939 (OS). In residential use 2011.

18 Utilities Breakwater, junction Tholsel St/Old Quay Lane. (88901650). 15th cent. (Gleeson and Moore, 419). Sluice, Dundalk St E., site unknown. Fresh water sluice 1667 (Dungannon grant, 24). Watercourse, Ghan Rd S. Constructed before 18th cent. (Excavations 1994, 59). Watercourse, Ghan Rd S. Unnamed 1835, 1907; partially extant 2009 (OS). Sluice: 1835, 1907 (OS). Sunday’s Well, location unknown. 1744 (Deane, 100). Spring, Dundalk St W. Well 1835; spring 1907–2009 (OS). Spout, Back Lane (1) W. (87501815). Erected in c. 1830 (NIAH survey). Spout 1907, 1939 (OS), 2011. Spout, Newry St W. (88001850). Erected in c. 1860 (NIAH survey). Spout 1907 (OS). Disused 2005 (NIAH survey). Lighthouse, Greenore Point, 3 km E. of town. Lighthouse at Carlingford 1829 (HC 1829 (241), xxi.143, 64). Built in 1830 (NIAH survey). Carlingford Lough lighthouse 1832 (HC 1834 (590), xii.1, 138). Lighthouse, revolving light 1844 (Parl. gaz., i, xxiv); 1874 (OS). Disused 2005 (NIAH survey). Lighthouse, Hawlbowline Island, 4 km S.E. of town. Haulbowing Rock Lighthouse 1832 (HC 1834 (590), xii.1, lxxiii). Hawlbowline Lighthouse, 2 stationary lights 1844 (Parl. gaz., i, xxiv, 309); 1874 (OS). Dung stand, Newry St E. (88851675). 1833 (Frain 1). Pound, Dundalk St W. 1835 (OS), 1837 (Val. 1), 1907, 1939 (OS). Bath house, Market St N. (88001640). 1853 (Val. 2). Bathing place, location unknown. 1875 (DNGR conveyance). Taaffe’s Castle, 1908 (Sketches) Street paving. Footpath on Main St 1882 (Moore survey, 10). Footpaths on Dundalk St, Market St, Newry St 1907 (OS). 22 Residence Single and paired houses 19 Health Stone house, Back Lane W. (87501720). Stone house late medieval (Gosling, 45–6). Dispensary, Dundalk St W., in Abbeyview (see 22 Residence). Established in 1813 (Poor Constable’s house, location unknown. Constable’s lodging 1540 (Crown surveys, 76). enquiry, 38). Dispensary 1824 (Pigot), 1837 (Lewis, i, 255), 1846 (Slater; Parl. Constable’s house 1588 (Cal. pat. rolls Ire., ii, 155), 1613 (Inq. cancell. Hib. gaz., i, 310), 1856 (Slater), 1863 (OS), 1881, 1895 (Slater). Unnamed c. 1900 repert., i, Louth, Jas I, no. 3), 1715 (Dundalk deeds 3, 287; RD 17/2/8029, (Photograph 1). Abbeyview dispensary 1907, 1939 (OS). 16/209/7308). Old governor’s house 1779 (RD 327/577/220830). Rectory, location unknown. 1578 (Cal. pat. rolls Ire., ii, 273). 20 Education Baemhowsse, location unknown. 1575 (Rent roll, 40). Parish school, location unknown. Robert Savage, 51 pupils 1825 (O’Sullivan, 1973, 11). Friar’s house, location unknown. 1575 (Rent roll, 40). White House, Market St S. (88001605). White House 1706 (Cuyston deed), 1779; Protestant pay school 1826–7 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 712). ‘tenement commonly called the White House’, garden 1817 (Moore survey, 12, Pay school, location unknown. John McGarry, 77 pupils 1825 (O’Sullivan, 1973, 11). 14). White House 1818 (O’Hare and Barry). See also 14 Primary production: White Protestant pay school 1826–7 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 712). Week-day school 1835 (Publ. House Orchard. instr. rept 2, 165). Ghan House, Church Lane E. Ghan House, building begun in 1726; probably completed Pay school, location unknown. John McLoughland, 42 pupils 1825 (O’Sullivan, 1973, 11). in c. 1740 (Casey and Rowan, 178). Ghan House 1846 (Slater). Unnamed 1857 Protestant pay school 1826–7 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 714). (Brassington and Gale), 1863 (OS). Ghan House 1876 (Residents’ list), 1907, 1939; Female school, location unknown. Jane Cullen 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 165). Chalk House 2009 (OS). Ghan House, in commercial use 2011. Female school, location unknown. Mana Savage 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 165). Demesne: unnamed 1766 (Wren); Mr Stannus’s demesne 1777 (Taylor and Skinner, Infant school, location unknown. Ann Read 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 165). Louth); demesne 1793 (McCary 1), 1797 (McCary 3), 1833 (Frain 1); unnamed Parochial school, location unknown. W. Larkin 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 165). 1835 (OS). Week-day school, location unknown. T. Hollowood 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 165). Carlingford House, Dundalk Rd E., 0.25 km E. of town. 1766 (Wren). Catherine’s Grove, Grove Rd E., 0.5 km E. of town. Cathrins Grove 1766 (Wren). Parochial school, location unknown. Boys and girls 1837 (Lewis, i, 255). Catherins Grove 1777 (Taylor and Skinner, 11). Catherine’s Grove, fish pond 1835 School, Dundalk St E., on site of former glebe (see Primary production). School house 14 (OS). Catherine’s Grove 1837 (Lewis, i, 254). Cathrine’s Grove, in ruins 1846 1837 (Val. 1). Church Education Society’s school-house 1853 (Val. 2), 1854 (Val. (Picturesque handbook, 98). Catherine’s Grove 1846 (Slater; Parl. gaz., i, 309), 3), 1856–70 (Val. 4). Episcopal national school 1903 (Ward and Lock, 1903, 22). 1856 (Slater). Catherines Grove 1876 (Residents’ list). Catherine’s Grove 1886 School no. 3, lecture hall 1907, 1939 (OS). In residential use 2010. (Bassett). Catherine’s Grove, fish pond 1907 (OS). National schools, location unknown. Male and female schools 1840 (Parl. gaz., i, 1846, Manse, River St S. Built in c. 1790 (NIAH survey). Unnamed 1835, 1863 (OS). 309). Presbyterian manse, purchased in 1887 (PCB, 61). Manse 1907, 1939 (OS). In National school, location unknown. 1846 (Picturesque handbook, 90). residential use 2011. School, Dundalk St W., associated with St Michael’s Church (see 11 Religion). National Rectory, Dundalk St E. Glebe House, built in 1813 (Lewis, i, 254). Glebe House 1824 school 1854 (Val. 3), 1863 (OS), 1886 (Ward and Lock, 1886, 5). School no. 1 1907, (Pigot). Glebe House 1835 (OS), 1846 (Slater), 1854 (Val. 2), 1856 (Slater), 1858 1939; demolished by 2008 (OS). (Admiralty charts 2), 1863 (OS). Vicarage 1881 (Slater). Rectory 1907, 1939; Erasmus Smith’s school, location unknown. 1857–8 (Endowed schools rept, 190); 18 demolished in 2008 (local information). Nootka Lodge, Ghan Rd S., 0.25 km S. of town. Nootka Lodge 1824 (Pigot); pond 1835 pupils 1868 (Primary educ. returns, 70). Irish Historic Towns(OS); 1837 (Lewis, Atlas i, 254), 1846 (Picturesque handbook, 98; 1846 (Parl. gaz., i, National school, location unknown. 88 pupils 1868 (Primary educ. returns, 70). 309). Nootka House 1846 (Slater). Nootka Lodge 1853 (Val. 2), 1876 (Residents’ School, location unknown. 27 pupils 1868 (Primary educ. returns, 70). list), 1886 (Bassett), 1895, 1899 (Moore rental, 4, 5), 1907 (OS). School, Back Lane (1) W., associated with Presbyterian church (see 11 Religion). New Collector’s house, Newry St E. (88401740). 1833 (Frain 1). See also 14 Primary school house 1869; day school 1872 (PCB,Royal 1, 8). Presbyterian national Irish school 1903 Academyproduction: collector’s garden. (Ward and Lock, 1903, 22). School no. 2 1907, 1939 (OS). Collector’s house, Newry St W. (88201720). 1833 (Frain 1). National school, location unknown. Catherine Mackrell 1881 (Slater). Castle View, Newry St W. Castle View 1835 (OS). Castleview 1837 (Lewis, i, 254). National school, location unknown. John Fearon 1881 (Slater). Castleview House 1846 (Slater). Castleview c. 1854 (Val. 2). Castleview House National school, location unknown. Sarah Bingham 1881 (Slater). 1856 (Slater). Castle View 1863 (OS), 1876 (Residents’ list), 1886 (Bassett), 1907; National school (C. of I.), location unknown. George Clarke 1886 (Bassett). Stella Maris 1939 (OS). In residential use 2011. National school (Presbyterian), location unknown. Anna Duncan 1886 (Bassett). Fairy Hill, Newry St E. 1835 (OS). Built over by Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway by 1863 (see 17 Transport). National school (R.C.), location unknown. J. O’Hair 1886 (Bassett). Abbeyview, Dundalk St W. Abbey View 1846, 1856 (Slater), 1876 (Residents’ list), 1895 School, location unknown. Mixed, 127 pupils 1892 (Nat. educ. return, 124). (Slater). Unnamed c. 1900 (Photograph 1). Abbeyview 1907, 1939 (OS), 2005 National school, location unknown. Charlotte Lewis 1895 (Slater). (NIAH survey). See also 19 Health: dispensary. National school, location unknown. Esther Boswell 1895 (Slater). Castlehill House, location unknown. 1846, 1856 (Slater). National school, location unknown. Mary Crossan 1895 (Slater). Fairview House, location unknown. 1846 (Slater). Porthall House, Back Lane (1) (87201950). John R. Coughlan 1853 (Val. 2). 21 Entertainment, memorials and societies Parochial house, Dundalk St W., associated with St Michael’s Church (see 11 Religion). Parade, Newry St E. (88151845). The Parade 1709, 1739; The Long Walk 1784 (RD Unnamed c. 1854 (Val. 2), 1863; Parochial house 1907, 1939; unnamed (OS). 26/261/15398, 98/257/68337, 361/296/243990). The Parade 1797 (McCary 3). Parochial house 2011. An open space, Parade 1833 (Frain 1). Unnamed 1835 (OS), c. 1854 (Val. 3), Spout Park, location unknown. 1856, 1881 (Slater). 1907–2009 (OS). Coast guard officers’ dwellings, Newry St W. (88051740), in and adjacent to coast guard station (see 13 Administration). Coast guard officers’ dwellings 1864–70 (Val. 4). Folly, Old Quay Lane W., on site of later stores (see 16 Trades and services). The Folly Balling House, location unknown. 1876 (Residents’ list). 1797 (McCary 3). Spring Cottage, location unknown. 1876 (Residents’ list). Ball court, Dundalk St E., in former St Malachy’s Priory (see 11 Religion). Abbey ruins in Bay View, location unknown. 1881, 1895 (Slater). use as ball court 19th cent. (Gosling, 23). Racket court or ball alley, Newry St E., in King John’s Castle (see 12 Defence). Portion Rows and terraces of castle in use as racket court or ball alley ‘up to a very recent period’ 1855 St Michael’s Terrace, Dundalk St W. (89451125). Unnamed 1835 (OS). Rear of Old Road (Marmion, 300). c. 1854 (Val. 3). Unnamed 1863–2009 (OS). St Michael’s Terrace 2011. CARLINGFORD 13

APPENDIX A deployed by Pynnar and the Down Survey (Maps 6, 7). Like the town walls, the enclosure within which the Dominican church was housed in 1540 is not shown on the map. Again the Pre-1700 maps of Carlingford parish church on Lythe’s map with its substantial western tower would seem to reflect better the surviving remains than the symbols on the two seventeenth-century maps. Perhaps the most Despite its importance as a trading port and centre of royal authority, Carlingford before interesting representation on the map is the drawing of the castle, which is very different from 1700, in common with most other small Irish towns, is poorly served by maps. The survey of the tower-house-like symbol used on other early modern maps of Carlingford. This suggests a the town by McCary in 1797 (McCary 3) is the oldest surviving map dedicated to Carlingford significant hall on the seaward side with a tower on the landward side. This again is in line with alone, recording the topographical arrangement of the town in an accurate way and allowing for the interpretation of the standing remains, which show exactly this pattern with the tower being the visualisation of buildings in their context. Before 1700 we are dependent on cartographical over the entrance on the landward side of the castle. This level of accuracy in depicting known representations of Carlingford on smaller-scale maps and these fall into two groups. First, there buildings might serve to suggest that the row of tower houses along the shoreline between castle are those in which the town appears only as a placename or symbol on maps of Ireland. Given and church also represents reality. Pynnar shows a row of substantial cottages in this position, Carlingford’s coastal location and importance as a trading centre in the middle ages, it is not but this is probably an attempt to indicate buildings rather than an accurate indicator of what surprising that it is named on some of the earliest depictions of Ireland. The Italian portolan the buildings looked like. Certainly Lythe’s depiction would be in accord with the evidence in chart by Angelino Dulcert of 1339, for instance, names Carenforda. As the military importance some descriptions that Carlingford had a number of urban tower houses (or ‘castles’), of which of the royal castle increased in the early sixteenth century a castle symbol became common The Mint and Taaffe’s Castle are the only substantial ones remaining. If Lythe is correct in his on the site, as in BL, Cotton MS Augustus I. ii. 21 showing Ireland in the time of King Henry depiction, this surely marks the line of Newry Street but a comparison between these buildings VIII. Later a group of symbols representing a town with a cluster of buildings appears on and reality should not be assumed. The function of the small chimneyless building to the east small scale sixteenth-century maps of Ireland such as the John Goghe map of 1567 or that of of the church is not clear, but it is in a position that would suggest the present Tholsel. If the Baptista Boazio in 1599. In these cases the town is indicated by a collection of conventional cartographer was consistent in his policy of depictions of the public buildings of the town, this symbols that reveal nothing about the internal arrangement of the streets or principal urban may well be the tholsel in its original fifteenth-century form. buildings. The second group of pre-1700 regional surveys provides cartographic views of the Extracts taken from small-scale maps have their limitations in trying to interpret the town that are less schematic in their representation of Carlingford. The three earlier examples topography of towns such as Carlingford, although they may contain more of interest than were carried out by experienced military cartographers Robert Lythe (c. 1568, Map 4), Richard appears at first glance. The maker of small-scale maps was rarely preoccupied with the details Bartlett (c. 1602, Map 5) and Nicholas Pynnar (1624, Map 6). The two later maps are from of urban topography and the temptation was always to present symbolically rather than waste much larger surveys from two very different perspectives — the Down Survey baronial map time and space on the more detailed representation of urban appearance that may have been of Dundalk (c. 1657, Map 7) and a printed chart of Carlingford Lough by Greenvile Collins of limited interest to the user of a regional map. In the case of the depictions of Carlingford, (1693, Map 8). cartographers used a mixture of symbols and pictorial images of reality, omitting from as well Using extracts from regional or all-Ireland maps to discuss the topography of a small as adding to the map to suit their own preoccupations. If used cautiously, however, extracts urban settlement such as Carlingford is problematic, since the main concern of the larger survey from the surviving small-scale maps can reveal a good deal about the development of the urban was not the accurate and detailed representation of any individual settlement. There is also topography of Carlingford in the early modern period. the matter of scale, though this was not the principal limiting factor as a surprising amount of detail can be packed into the small space available to the cartographer. More important perhaps was the tradition of representing towns in schematic ways, without regard for their appearance or internal arrangement. But even here there can be potential for research. Where symbols represent actual sites rather than one generalised depiction for the entire town, they can reflect important early perceptions of the townscape. Thus the collection of symbols representing the town on the Down Survey map needs to be seen in the context of instructions to the surveyors to record ‘permanent and conspicuous objects’ without necessarily noting their relationship to each other. Again the persistence of the symbol for the dissolved Dominican priory on small- scale maps of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Map 4, 6–7) reflects the importance of this site in the minds of contemporary cartographers, while the almost complete absence of the Early Christian foundation at Rooskey (except for Map 6) suggests that it was largely forgotten despite clearly standing remains. Again the presence of the parish church and castle highlights what must have appeared to contemporaries as the key elements in the shape of the town. In most cases, however, the focus of the small-scale map lay elsewhere and the town was made to conform to the principal preoccupations of the map maker, which were usually at a regional level. Diagrammatic representation of a town may have been deemed adequate for a map with other thematic concerns. In the case of the Down Survey the surveyors’ were principally interested in rural property ownership as part of a land redistribution process rather than urban topography, which mattered little in this context. Thus in the regional maps that include Carlingford there are no depictions of property ownership, layout or quality such as are crucial in maps made to manage urban property in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A case in point is the representation of what may have been one of the main pre-1700 Carlingford harbour, c. 1800 (Brocas 3) topographical elements in Carlingford: its walls. Neither Lythe’s survey of Cooley c. 1568 nor Collins’s chart of Carlingford Lough (Maps 4, 8) shows the walls around the town at all. In the case of Collins the primary interest of the map maker was in marine navigation and hence he SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS showed, in a conventional way, features that might be recognised from the sea or of concern to (Other abbreviations are explained on the back cover.) sailors lading in the port. The castle and houses are all symbolic in form, although other Irish Abstract of grants ‘Abstracts of grants of lands and other hereditaments, under the Act maritime charts by Collins contain more details of urban form. The depiction of the salt pans probably reflects the significance of salt in Carlingford’s trade and this chart is of importance of Settlement and Explanation, 1666–1684’. In 15th report from the in fixing their location, which is otherwise known only from deeds. In Lythe’s case his focus commissioners … respecting the public records of Ireland. London, was on the entire lordships of Newry, Mourne and Carlingford and thus the urban centres were 1825. peripheral to his main purpose of depicting the regional geography of the area. Pynnar (Map ‘A Carlingford election petition, 1705’. In CLAHJ, vi, no. 2 (1926), pp 6) was an expert on military fortifications who had considerable expertise in urban mapping, 77–8. having mapped Derry~Londonderry and Coleraine in 1618–19, and the focus of his map of Adair Adair, Patrick. A true narrative of the rise and progress of the Carlingford Lough was on the fortifications of the town. Thus the surrounding countryside Presbyterian church in Ireland. Ed. W.D. Killen. Belfast, 1866. is devoid of placenames in the way that Lythe’s survey is not. Pynnar’s representation is a Admiralty charts 1, 2 Admiralty charts of the east coast of Ireland. (1) ‘Ireland east coast: the mixture of distortion and reality. The depiction of the circuit of the walls as almost circular entrance of Lough Carlingford’, 1857. RIA, C/31/1/E, east coast, p. 27; distorts the shape of the town by elongating the north-west–south-east axis, with the result that (2) ‘Ireland east coast: Drogheda to Carlingford’, 1858. RIA, C/31/1/E, it appears as it might have been seen in an oblique three-dimensional view from the northern east coast, p. 26. side of Carlingford Lough. In comparison the Down Survey, conducted on the ground, shows Anglesey rental Rental of the estate of the trustees of the will of the late Henry William the correct shape of the circuit of the walls. Despite this misrepresentation of the shape of the Marquis of Anglesey. NAI, LEC Rentals (O’Brien)/Vol. 48 (Nov. 1857). defences on Pynnar’s map, there are Irishother features that suggest Historic that he had some knowledge TownsAP Anglesey Atlas papers. PRONI, D619. of Carlingford. Three gates are shown in the walls (the first map to do so) and, while they Articles of sale Copy of articles of agreement between Anne Pawsey, spinster, and are represented symbolically, the parish church and the dissolved Dominican priory are in John Carr, teacher and parish clerk, 1852; copy of memorandum of their correct locations. Again King John’s Castle is represented by a symbol rather than an agreement made on 8 Oct. 1856 between John Carr, teacher of Omeath, accurate plan, but the cartographer was evidently familiar with the commanding presence of and Bernard McAleavy, baker of Carlingford, 1856. LCA, PP282/7/9. Royal Irish AcademyAshford Ashford, William. ‘A village with many ruined buildings by a lake, Taaffe’s Castle in the middle of the town, which he depicted clearly. There is little evidence for the internal arrangement of the town with small cabins being shown at random, a strategy 1821’. Oil on canvas. Location of original unknown; photograph in necessitated by the small scale of the map and the fact that these houses were privately owned Trinity Irish Art Research Centre. (Plate 2). without a military function. Barrie, D.S.M. The Dundalk, Newry & Greenore Railway. Lingfield, Pynnar’s map has some features in common with Bartlett’s depiction of Carlingford 1957. on his map of the Moyry Pass c. 1602. Bartlett’s view of the town is also three-dimensionally Bartlett Bartlett, Richard. Map of the Moyry Pass and Cooley Peninsula, c. oblique, this time from the south-west, giving the same distortion of the appearance of the line 1602. NLI, MS 2656 (1). (Map 5). of the walls. While Pynnar’s concern had been Carlingford Lough, Bartlett’s was with the land Bassett Bassett, G.H. Louth county guide and directory. Dublin, 1886. and the infrastructure for troop movements, especially the principal roads through the town. Bell Bell, John. ‘Survey of the lands in and about Carlingford in the county Indeed it has been suggested that one of his Ulster maps was drawn there. This results in much of Louth, set by Ephraim Stannus Esquire to Mr Thomas Brunkard of the detail of the landscape features such as the ruined Dominican church being omitted …’, 1748, copied by Sherrard, Brassington and Greene, 1824. Scale 20 and placenames, other than those of the main settlements, are absent. Troops could also be perches to an inch. DVP. more readily moved by sea and the navigational hazards are marked by crosses in the lough. Brassington and Gale Brassington and Gale. Map of town of Carlingford, 1857. In Anglesey Again the scale of the map does not allow for any significant detail in layout to be shown, but rental. (Map 18). in comparison with the buildings around the town the urban fabric is poor. In this depiction Brocas 1, 2, 3 Brocas, Henry sr. (1) Carlingford Castle, c. 1800. Watercolour on paper. the royal castle at Carlingford appears smaller than those at Grange and at Newtown (the NGI, 3889; (2) Carlingford Castle, c. 1800. Brown ink drawing. NLI, representation of which is suspiciously similar), although in reality it is much larger. This may 2064 (TX) 101; (3) Carlingford Castle, c. 1800. Watercolour and pencil. say as much about the perceptions of where power lay as about architectural realities. NLI, 2193 (TX) 14. (Plate 1). In many ways the most interesting of the early cartographical descriptions of Buckley and Buckley, V.M. and Sweetman, D.P. Archaeological survey of County Carlingford is that of Lythe, as part of his survey of Newry, Mourne and Cooley in c. 1568 (Map Sweetman Louth. Dublin, 1991. 4). That Carlingford Castle was a focal point for this entire area is indicated by the rubrication Cal. inq. post mort. Calendar of inquisitions post mortem and other analogous documents of both the name and several features of the castle itself. No other site on this map receives preserved in the Public Record Office. 16 vols. London, 1904–74. this level of treatment, an indication of its importance for the cartographer. While the walls of Cal. S.P. dom. Calendar of state papers, domestic series, 1547–80 [etc.]. London, Carlingford are not depicted, the other elements of the town are shown in a form that suggests 1856–. that actual representations rather than symbols were intended. The southernmost building of ‘Carlingford historic town walls County Louth conservation and the town is the Dominican priory, drawn accurately with nave and chancel and a tower at the management plan’. Report by Oxford Archaeology prepared for Louth crossing reflecting the standing remains — a representation that contrasts with the symbols County Council and the Heritage Council, 2008. 14 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

Cartae Mac Niocaill, Gearóid (ed.). ‘Cartae Dunenses xii–xiii céad’. In Hughes Hughes, T.J. ‘Land-holding and settlement in the Cooley Peninsula of Seanchas Ard Mhacha, v, no. 2 (1970), pp 418–28. Louth’. In Irish Geography, iv, no. 3 (1961), pp 149–74. Casey and Rowan Casey, Christine and Rowan, Alistair. North Leinster: the counties of Inq. and extents Dryburgh, Paul and Smith, Brendan (eds). Inquisitions and extents of Longford, Louth, Meath and Westmeath. London, 1993. medieval Ireland. London, 2007. Casserley Casserley, H.C. Outline of Irish railway history. Newton Abbot, 1974. Inq. cancell. Hib. Inquisitionum in officio rotulorum cancellariae Hiberniae … CCM Carlingford Corporation, minute book, 1694–1835. LCA. repert. repertorium. 2 vols. Dublin, 1826–9. Chartul. St Mary’s Chartularies of St Mary’s Abbey, Dublin … and annals of Ireland, Ir. educ. rept 2 Second report of the commissioners of inquiry into education in 1162–1370. Ed. J.T. Gilbert. 2 vols. London, 1884–6. Ireland, appendix 22. HC 1826–7, xii. CLAHJ County Louth Archaeological and Historical Journal. Dundalk, 1904–. Johnston Johnston, Don. ‘Two pre-Ordnance Survey maps of Carlingford’. In Collins Collins, Greenvile. Chart of Carlingford Lough. In Great Britain’s CLAHJ, xxvii, no. 1 (2009), pp 8–25. coasting-pilot being a new and exact survey of the sea-coast of England Jones Jones, R.A. Jones’ guide to the Carlingford Lough district. Warrenpoint, … . London, 1693. (Map 8). 1896. Congregations hist. A history of congregations in the Presbyterian church in Ireland. LCA Louth County Archive, Dundalk. Belfast, 1982. Lease 1 Lease, Lord Dungannon to Edward Cook, 1668. Somerset Record Correspondence Correspondence from January to March 1847 relating to the measures Office, Taunton, DD/WHb/2781. adopted for the relief of distress in Ireland, Board of Works series. HC Lease 2 Lease, Lord Dungannon to Edward Cook, 1671. Somerset Record 1847 [797], lii. Office, Taunton, DD/WHb/2783. Cotton map ‘A plott of the six escheated counties of Ulster’, c. 1610. BL, Cotton Leask, H.G. King John’s Castle, Carlingford, Co. Louth: a national MS Augustus I. ii. 44. monument ... . Dublin, [1941]. Crawford Crawford, W.H. ‘The reshaping of the borderlands, c. 1700–1840’. In Leask Leask, H.G. ‘The Mint, Carlingford, Co. Louth’. In CLAHJ, xi, no. 4 Gillespie and O’Sullivan, pp 93–105. (1948), pp 305–8. Crookshank Crookshank, C.H. History of Methodism in Ireland. 3 vols. London, Leslie, 1911 Leslie, J.B. Armagh clergy and parishes (Dundalk, 1911), p. 310. 1885–8. Leslie, 1929 Leslie, J.B. ‘Inquisition concerning the parishes of Co. Louth, 1658’. In Crown surveys Mac Niocaill, Gearóid (ed.). Crown surveys of lands 1540–41 with the CLAHJ, vii, no. 1 (1929), pp 19–41. Kildare rental begun in 1518. IMC, Dublin, 1992. Longfield 1, 2 Longfield, John. (1) ‘A map of three lots of ground situate in the town Curran, Arthur. ‘The Dominican order in Carlingford and Dundalk’. In of Carlingford and county of Louth part of the estate of the chancellor CLAHJ, xvi, no. 3 (1967), pp 143–60. of Christ Church Dublin’, 1805. Scale 50 feet to an inch. NLI, MS Curran, Arthur. ‘Further notes on the Dominicans of Carlingford’. In 21/F/40 (34); (2) Map of part of Ram Park and a field in Belmount, CLAHJ, xvi, no. 4 (1968), p. 253. 1805. Scale 20 perches to an inch. NLI, MS 21/F/40 (35). (Map 12). Cuyston deed ‘Deed where Thomas Cuyston sells his rights of all land and tenements Survey of the estate of Lord Louth, 1832–3. LCA, PP72/2. that he holds by deed in the town and liberties of Carlingford’, 1706. Lythe Lythe, Robert. Map of Cooley, Omeath, Newry, Mourne and Lecale [c. LCA, PP282/7/2. 1568]. TNA: PRO, MPF 1/89. (Map 4). Davies, Oliver. ‘Old churches in County Louth: barony of Lower Macardle Macardle, P.L. ‘A County Louth almanac of 1796’. In CLAHJ, viii, no. Dundalk’. In CLAHJ, x, no. 1 (1941), pp 8–12. 1 (1933), pp 50–51. Day and McWilliams Day, Angelique and McWilliams, Patrick (eds). Ordnance Survey Mac Iomhair Mac Iomhair, Diarmuid. ‘Townlands of County Louth in A.D. 1301’. In memoirs of Ireland: volume 40, counties of south Ulster. Belfast, 1998. CLAHJ, xvi, no. 1 (1965), pp 42–9. Deane Deane, J. ‘Extracts from Isaac Butler’s journal’. In CLAHJ, v, no. 2 McCary 1, 2, 3 McCary, D. (1) ‘A map of two fields or parcels of land lying in the (1922), pp 93–108. liberties of the corporation of Carlingford in the county of Louth in DIA Dictionary of Irish architects online. Available at www.dia.ie (last the present tenure of Thomas James Fortescue Esquire belonging to accessed 1 Apr. 2011). the chancellor of Christs Church Dublin’, 1793. Scale 20 perches to an DNGR conveyance ‘Lord Clermont to Dundalk Newry and Greenore Railway Coy. inch; (2) ‘A map of three tenaments lying in the town of Carlingford in conveyance of land and premises in liberties of Carlingford’, 22 Jan. county of Louth belonging to the chancellor of Christs Church Dublin 1875, typescript. LCA, PP282/8/1/2. in the present tenure of Thomas James Fortescue Esquire’, 1793. Scale Dowdall deeds McNeill, Charles and Otway-Ruthven, A.J. (eds). Dowdall deeds. IMC, 40 feet to an inch; (3) ‘A map or ground plott of the town of Carlingford Dublin, 1960. in the county of Louth … surveyed by order of Will C. Fortescue DS Down Survey. Map of ‘The barony of Dundalke in the county of Esqr’, 1797. Scale 105 feet to an inch. Parcel numbers correspond Louth’, c. 1657. Reproduced OS, Southampton, 1908. (Map 7). to ‘Reference to the map of the town of Carlingford’, transcribed in Dundalk deeds 1, 2, 3 Murray, L.P. (1) ‘Title deeds of County Louth’. In CLAHJ, vii, no. 4 Johnston, pp 9–11. DVP. (Maps 11, 13). (1932), pp 488–95; (2) ‘Title deeds of Co. Louth’. In CLAHJ, viii, no. McNeill, Charles. ‘The suppression commission of 1539 and religious 1 (1933), pp 52–60; (3) ‘Old title deeds of County Louth, continued’. houses in Co. Louth’. In CLAHJ, v, no. 3 (1923), pp 161–5. In CLAHJ, viii, no. 2 (1934), pp 193–209. Marmion Marmion, Anthony. The ancient and modern history of the maritime Dungannon grant ‘Viscount Dungannon’s grant to Colonel Cooke of a parcel of land lying ports of Ireland. London, 1855. near the town of Carlingford for erecting of saltworks’. In Johnston, pp Marmion, W.F.K. ‘The Marmion family of Carlingford to 1660’. In 24–5. CLAHJ, xxiv, no. 2 (1998), pp 249–60. Dunne and Phillips Dunne, Mildred and Phillips, Brian. The courthouses of Ireland. Mateer petition ‘The petitions of Robert Mateer’, mid to late 18th cent., typescript. Kilkenny, 1999. LCA, PP282/3/1/1 (2). DVP De Vesci estate papers relating to Carlingford. In private ownership of Meissner, J.L.‘The Ghan, Carlingford in “Varia”’. In CLAHJ, xii, no. 1 Viscount de Vesci, Knapton, Abbeyleix. (1949), pp 94–5. Ellison Ellison, C.C. ‘Materials for the Dublin Society agricultural survey of County Louth’. In CLAHJ, xviii, no. 2 (1974), pp 121–7. Misc. Ir. ann. Miscellaneous Irish annals (A.D. 1114–1437). Ed. Séamus Ó hInnse. Endowed schools rept Report of the commissioners for enquiring into endowed schools in Dublin, 1947. Ireland. HC 1857–8 [2336], xxii, pt iv. Moore lease Lease from Ross Moore to George Curphy, 6 Nov. 1753. In private Esposito Esposito, Mario. ‘Conchubrani vita sanctae Monennae’. In RIA Proc., ownership. xxviii C (1910), pp 202–51. Moore rental Moore of Carlingford rentals, 1894–1963. LCA, PP237/1/1–5. Esposito, Mario. ‘The sources of Conchubranus’ Life of St Florena’. In Moore survey ‘Moore estate, Carlingford, Co. Louth. Memorandum of the head leases English Historical Review, xxxv (1920), pp 71–8. and the estate tenants under them. As per my information gathered Fisheries rept 1 First report of the commissioners of the Irish fisheries. HC 1821 xi during the period 1907 to 1912. Arthur S. Coulter, solicitor, Dundalk’. (32), pp 9–13. LCA, PP282/7/10 (2–16). Fisheries rept 4 Fourth report of the commissioners of the Irish fisheries. HC 1823 Nat. educ. return Return from all schools receiving grants from the commissioners of (383) x, pp 1–52. national education in Ireland. HC 1892 (23), lx.427. Fleming Fleming, W.E.C. Armagh clergy, 1800–2000. Dundalk, 2001. Nicholls Nicholls, K.W. ‘A calendar of salved chancery pleadings concerning Fortnight ‘A fortnight in Ireland in the Lent of 1863’. In Frazer’s Magazine: County Louth’. In CLAHJ, xvii, no. 4 (1972), pp 250–60. fishing excerpts,Irish 1861–8, pp 670–83. Historic TownsNyhan Nyhan, Atlas P.F. ‘Kitchen middens at Carlingford’. In CLAHJ, xi, no. 4 Frain 1, 2 Frain, James. (1) ‘A map of the town of Carlingford the property of Sir (1945–8), pp 288–91. Harry Goodricke situated in the parish of Carlingford barony of Lower O’Donovan O’Donovan, John et al. ‘Letters containing information relative to the Dundalk and county of Louth …’, with reference table, 1833. Scale 80 antiquities of the county of Louth, collected during the progress of the feet to an inch. Reference transcribed in Johnston, pp 12–21; (2) Map of Ordnance Survey in 1835–36’. Ed. Michael O’Flanagan. Typescript, Royal Irish AcademyBray, 1928. Carlingford, with reference table, 1833. Scale 80 feet to an inch. DVP. (Maps 15, 16). Ó Fiaich Ó Fiaich, Tomás. ‘The 1766 religious census for some County Louth Gilbert Gilbert, J.T. (ed.). A contemporary history of affairs in Ireland, from parishes’. In CLAHJ, xiv, no. 2 (1958), pp 103–9. A.D. 1641 to 1652 ... . 3 vols. Dublin, 1879. Oram, Hugh. Old Omeath, Carlingford and Greenore. Catrine, Gillespie and Gillespie, Raymond and O’Sullivan, Harold (eds). The borderlands: Ayrshire, 2008. O’Sullivan essays on the history of the Ulster–Leinster border. Belfast, 1989. O’Hare and Barry O’Hare, Patrick and Barry, H. ‘Plan of part of the town of Carlingford. Givens Givens, John. Irish walled towns. Dublin, 2008. The estate of Edward F. Moore Esquire’, 1818. LCA, PP282/7/5. (Map Gleeson Gleeson, Carol. ‘Carlingford’. In Anngret Simms and J.H. Andrews 14). (eds), More Irish country towns. Cork, 1995, pp 32–43. Ormond deeds Calendar of Ormond deeds, 1172–1350 [etc.]. Ed. Edmund Curtis. 6 Gleeson and Moore Gleeson, Carol and Moore, D.G. ‘Excavation at Tholsel Street, vols. IMC, Dublin, 1932–43. Carlingford’. In CLAHJ, xxii, no. 4 (1992), pp 417–26. Orpen Orpen, G.H. Ireland under the Normans, 1169–1333. 4 vols. Oxford, Goodricke list ‘Copy reference to the map of the town of Carlingford being the 1911–20, reprinted 1968. property of Sir Harry Goodricke by James Frain, 1833’. LCA, OS Ordnance Survey. Large-scale maps of Carlingford: scale 1:1056, PP282/7/6. manuscript, 1835 (NAI, OS 140); printed 1910 (surveyed 1907), 1944 Gormanston reg. Calendar of the Gormanston register. Ed. James Mills and M.J. (surveyed 1939). Maps of Co. Louth: scale 1:10,560, manuscript ‘fair McEnery. Dublin, 1916. plan’, parish of Carlingford 1835 (NAI, OS 105/E64.3); sheet 5, printed Gosling Gosling, Paul. Carlingford town: an antiquarian’s guide. Carlingford, 1836 (surveyed 1835), printed 1867 (revised 1863); scale 1:2500, sheet 1992. v 16, printed 1910 (surveyed 1907); scale 1:5000, surveyed 1995–7; Grand jury Grand jury presentment books, Co. Louth, 1713–22. NLI, MS 11949. revised 2004–9 (unpublished). presentments O’Sullivan, 1973 O’Sullivan, Harold. ‘The emergence of the national system of education Grose Grose Collection of drawings. NLI, 1976TX. in north County Louth’. In CLAHJ, xviii, no. 1 (1973), pp 7–38. Guild merchant roll The Dublin guild merchant roll, c. 1190–1265. Ed. Philomena Connolly O’Sullivan, 2005 O’Sullivan, Harold. ‘The Catholic parishes in the barony of Cooley: and Geoffrey Martin. Dublin, 1992. part one’. In Seanchas Ard Mhacha, xx, no. 2 (2005), pp 34–105. Hall Hall, Mr and Mrs S.C. Ireland: its scenery, character, &c. by Mr & Mrs O’Sullivan, 2006 O’Sullivan, Harold. ‘The Catholic parishes in the barony of Cooley: S.C. Hall. London, 1841–3. part two’. In Seanchas Ard Mhacha, xxi, no. 1 (2006), pp 75–132. Hearth money rolls Murray, L.P. (ed.). ‘Hearth money rolls, barony of Dundalk’. In CLAHJ, O’Sullivan, 2009 O’Sullivan, Harold. ‘The Catholic parishes in the barony of Cooley: vii, no. 4 (1932), pp 500–15. part three’. In Seanchas Ard Mhacha, xxii, no. 2 (2009), pp 88–126. CARLINGFORD 15

Otway-Ruthven Otway-Ruthven, A.J. ‘The partition of the de Verdon lands in Ireland in Taylor and Skinner, Taylor, George and Skinner, Andrew. A map of the county of Louth … 1332’. In RIA Proc., lxvi C (1967–8), pp 401–55. Louth 1777. London, 1778. (Map 10). Paterson, T.G.F. and Davies, Oliver. ‘Carlingford church tower’. In Tempest Tempest, H.G. ‘The roll of the sovereigns and burgesses of Carlingford, CLAHJ, ix, no. 3 (1939), pp 246–7. 1706–1828’. In CLAHJ, iii, no. 3 (1914), pp 273–87. PCB Presbyterian Committee Book, 1831–1949. LCA, PP75/1/4. Tempest, H.G. Gossiping guide to County Louth. Dundalk, 1983. Photograph 1, 2, 3, 4 Photographs of Carlingford, c. 1900. (1) General view, looking north, Tourist’s picturesque guide to Carlingford Bay. London, 1872. NLI, Lawrence Collection, LCab 03279; (2) General view, looking Val. 1, 2, 3, 4 Records of the General Valuation Office relating to Carlingford. (1) south, NLI, Lawrence Collection, LRoy 03326; (3) Main Street, Manuscript town plan and field books, 1837, NAI, 4.1197, MFGS Carlingford, Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra, HOYFM. 54/056; (2) Valuation Office house books, 1853, NAI, Val. 5.4047, WAG.0890; (4) The square and mountain, Carlingford, Ulster Folk and OL/3.3397; (3) Printed tenement valuation, Union of Dundalk, 1854. Transport Museum, Cultra, HOYFM.WAG.0892. (Plates 3–6). Manuscript town plan, scale 1:1056, c. 1854 (with later annotations); Picturesque A picturesque handbook to Carlingford Bay and the watering places in (4) Manuscript revision books and related maps, 1856–1893. Valuation handbook its vicinity. Newry and Dublin, 1846. Office, Dublin. Pier papers Papers relating to construction of Carlingford Pier. NAI, OPW 8/76. Ward and Lock, 1886, Ward and Lock’s historical and pictorial guide to Carlingford Bay and Pipe roll Ire. ‘The Irish pipe roll of 14 John, 1211–1212’. Ed. Oliver Davies and D.B. 1903 the Mourne Mountains; with excursions to Downpatrick, Armagh, &c. Quinn. In UJA, 3rd ser., iv, supp. (1941). Index and corrigenda in UJA, London, 1886, 1903. Went Went, A.J. ‘Historical notes on the oyster fisheries of Ireland’. In RIA 3rd ser., vi, supp. (1943), pp 27–36. Proc., lxii C (1961–3), pp 195–223. Pococke Richard Pococke’s Irish tours. Ed. John McVeagh. Dublin, 1995. Westropp Westropp, T.J. ‘Early Italian maps of Ireland from 1300 to 1600’. In Poor enquiry First report of his majesty’s commissioners for enquiring into the RIA Proc., xxx C (1912–13), pp 361–428. condition of the poorer class in Ireland. Supplement to appendix B. HC Wren Wren, Matthew. A topographical map of the county of Louth, 1766. 1835 (369), xxxii. London, 1766. (Map 9). Power and Swan Power, P.F. and Swan, A.B. ‘Tombstone inscriptions in Carlingford Wright Wright, Thomas. Louthiana; or, an introduction to the antiquities of churchyard’. In CLAHJ, xix, no. 2 (1978), pp 149–65. Ireland Presentments Spring assizes presentments, 1809, 1810, 1823, 1824. LCA, . London, 1748. GJ/005/001–2. Pynnar Pynnar, Nicholas. Map of Carlingford Lough. In ‘State of the fortes of NOTE ON MAP 2 Ireland … 1624’. BL, Add. MS 24,200. (Map 6). Railway Gazette Railway Gazette. London, 1906–70. Map 2, Carlingford in 1835, is derived from the Ordnance Survey 1:1056 manuscript plan Records of the Paget family, Lords Paget of Beaudesert, earls of of Carlingford (1835), the published 1:10,560 Ordnance Survey map of Co. Louth, first Uxbridge and marquesses of Anglesey, Irish estate, 1716–1861. edition, sheet 5 (surveyed 1835) and the 1:1056 manuscript valuation plan of c. 1837. The Staffordshire Record Office, Stafford, D603/K/28/7. reconstruction has been adjusted to the planimetry of the published 1:1056 plan (surveyed in Reg. Fleming The register of Nicholas Fleming archbishop of Armagh 1404–1416. 1907). Solid lines represent features still extant in 1907, while dotted lines indicate that, since Ed. Brendan Smith. IMC, Dublin, 2003. that feature had by then disappeared, its exact position cannot be determined. The building Reg. Octavian Registrum Octaviani alias Liber Niger. Ed. Mario Sughi. 2 vols. IMC, identified as the Methodist meeting house on Newry St E. is uncertain since the position of the Dublin, 1999. text on the 1:10,560 Ordnance Survey map is ambiguous. Reg. Swayne The register of John Swayne, archbishop of Armagh and primate of Ireland, 1418–39. Ed. D.A. Chart. Belfast, 1935. Reg. Sweteman The register of Milo Sweteman, archbishop of Armagh 1361–80. Ed. Acknowledgements Brendan Smith. Dublin, 1996. Rent roll O’Sullivan, Harold. ‘A 1575 rent roll, with contemporaneous maps, of When Harold O’Sullivan completed his Irish Historic Towns Atlas fascicle for Dundalk in 2006, the Bagenal estate in the Carlingford Lough district’. In CLAHJ, xxi, he expressed the wish to be the author of the atlas for another town close to his heart, Carlingford. no. 1 (1985), pp 31–47. At the time of his death in 2009 he had made good progress. Raymond Gillespie has completed Residents’ list ‘Residents of Carlingford, Omeath and Greenore 1876 (A list of the topographical information and written the accompanying essay. In circumstances such as inhabitants in alphabetical order with trades & professions)’. Available these, the authors have relied more heavily than usual on a number of people to hold the project at Ulster Ancestry Free Pages www.ulsterancestry.com/ShowFreePage. together. Harold’s friends in the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society, especially php?id=110 (last accessed 9 Feb. 2011). Noel Ross and Don Johnston, have been generous with their comments and their efforts to Ross, Noel. ‘A survey of the estate of Lord Louth in 1832–3’. In help with the completion of this work. Also in Dundalk, the staff of the Louth County Archive, CLAHJ, xxiii, no. 2 (1994), pp 231–9. Lorraine Buchanan and Jayne Hutchinson, guided the efforts of a newcomer to Louth history. Senchas Búrc. ‘Senchas Búrcach’. In Caithréim Thoirdhealbhaigh: the triumphs of Outside Louth, Paul Gosling, Nollaig Ó Muraíle, Dermot Moore and Kay Muir contributed Turlough. Ed. S.H. O’Grady. 2 vols, London, 1926, i, pp 149–58. their expertise on medieval Carlingford and its placename. Viscount de Vesci facilitated access Sketches Fleming, J.S. Sketches of Irish castellated structures. 9 vols. NLI, to his family papers in London and allowed the reproduction of maps. For general advice on 1974TX. maps and illustrations we are grateful to Peter Harbison, Anne Crookshank, Nicola Figgis, Stannus papers Stannus papers relating to Stannus Hill, Carlingford, 1709–c. 1848. Brendan Rooney, Niamh McDonnell of the National Archives of Ireland, Honora Faul of LCA, PP105/4. the National Library of Ireland, and Kathryn Milligan and Paul Ferguson of Trinity College Stat. Ire., Edw. IV Statute rolls of the parliament of Ireland: … reign of King Edward the Dublin. As always we are indebted to the library of the Royal Irish Academy for its forbearance. Fourth. Ed. H.F. Berry and J.F. Morrissey. 2 vols. Dublin, 1914–39. This fascicle would not have been possible but for the financial assistance of Louth County Stat. Ire., Hen. VI Statute rolls of the parliament of Ireland: reign of King Henry the Sixth. Council facilitated by its Heritage Officer, Brendan McSherry, who funded photography; and Ed. H.F. Berry. Dublin, 1910. an exceptionally generous contribution from the Carlingford Lough Heritage Trust through Georgina Finnegan, its chairperson, and Tony Canavan.

Irish Historic Towns Atlas Royal Irish Academy Seal of Carlingford