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Namn Engström, Joel 2021-05-14 Kurs Självständigt arbete (15 hp) Författare Program/Kurs Engström, Joel OP SA 18-21 Handledare Antal ord: 11986 Mariam Bjarnesen Beteckning Kurskod 1OP415 A LONE SEAL – WHAT FAILURE CAN TELL US. ABSTRACT: Special operations are conducted more than ever in modern warfare. Since the 1980s they have developed and grown in numbers. But with more attempts of operations and bigger numbers, comes failures. One of these failures is operation Red Wings where a unit of US Navy SEALs at- tempted a recognisance and raid operation in the Hindu Kush. The purpose of this paper was to see how that failure could be analysed from an existing theory of Special operations. This was to ensure that other failures can be avoided but mainly to understand what really happened on that mountain in 2005. The method used was a case study of a single case to give an answer with quality and depth. The study found that Mcravens theory and principles of how to succeed a special operation was not applied during the operation. The case of operation Red Wings showed remarkable valour and motivation, but also lacked severely when it came to simplicity, surprise, and speed. Nyckelord: T.ex.: Specialoperationer, McRaven, Operation Red Wings, Specialförband. Sida 1 av 41 Namn Engström, Joel 2021-05-14 Kurs Innehållsförteckning 1. INLEDNING ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 PROBLEMFORMULERING ............................................................................................................... 3 1.2 TIDIGARE FORSKNING ................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 SYFTE ............................................................................................................................................ 8 1.4 FRÅGESTÄLLNING ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 AVGRÄNSNINGAR .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.6 DISPOSITION .................................................................................................................................. 9 2. TEORI .............................................................................................................................................. 10 2.1 BEGREPP ...................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 TEORI OM SPECIALOPERATIONER (MCRAVEN) ........................................................................... 10 2.3 MCRAVENS PRINCIPER................................................................................................................ 12 2.4 TEORIDISKUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 14 3. METOD ............................................................................................................................................ 16 3.1 FORSKNINGSDESIGN .................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.1 Teorikonsumerande ............................................................................................................. 16 3.1.2 Kvalitativ textanalys ............................................................................................................ 16 3.1.3 Reliabilitet/Validitet ............................................................................................................. 17 3.2 METODDISKUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 18 3.3 FALLBESKRIVNING ...................................................................................................................... 18 3.3.1 Empiri och Källkritik ........................................................................................................... 18 3.3.1.1 Äkthet ................................................................................................................................ 19 3.3.1.2 Samtidighet ....................................................................................................................... 19 3.3.1.3 Beroendeförhållande ........................................................................................................ 20 3.3.1.4 Tendenser .......................................................................................................................... 20 3.4 OPERATIONALISERING ................................................................................................................ 20 3.4.1 Operationella indikatorer .................................................................................................... 21 3.4.2 Matris för analys ................................................................................................................. 23 3.5 FORSKNINGSETISKA ÖVERVÄGANDEN ........................................................................................ 24 4. ANALYS .......................................................................................................................................... 25 4.1 BAKGRUND OPERATION RED WINGS .......................................................................................... 25 4.2 ANALYS: ENKELHET.................................................................................................................... 26 4.3 ANALYS: SÄKERHET .................................................................................................................... 27 4.4 ANALYS: REPETITION .................................................................................................................. 28 4.5 ANALYS: SYFTE ........................................................................................................................... 29 4.6 ANALYS HASTIGHET ................................................................................................................... 30 4.7 ANALYS: ÖVERRASKNING ........................................................................................................... 32 4.8 ANALYSSAMMANFATTNING ........................................................................................................ 34 5. AVSLUTNING ................................................................................................................................ 35 5.1 SAMMANFATTNING ..................................................................................................................... 35 5.2 RESULTAT OCH SVAR PÅ FRÅGESTÄLLNINGEN ........................................................................... 35 5.3 VIDARE FORSKNINGSBEHOV ....................................................................................................... 36 5.4 RELEVANS FÖR YRKESUTÖVNING ............................................................................................... 37 LITTERATUR OCH REFERENSFÖRTECKNING ...................................................................... 38 Sida 2 av 41 Namn Engström, Joel 2021-05-14 Kurs 1. Inledning 1.1 Problemformulering Modern krigföring är en ständigt ändringsbenägen arena där mycket händer samtidigt. Kon- ventionella metoder med reguljära styrkor, kinetiskt våld, blandas med irreguljära enheter, terrorism, cyberkrigföring och ekonomisk brottslighet. 1 Hotet för en stat, stor som liten, kan komma utifrån likväl som inifrån. Dessa hot måste mötas på olika sätt. Staten behöver bland annat ha kapacitet att göra snabba insatser med speciellt tränade styrkor. Ett verktyg som kan underlätta i allt från storskaligt krig ner till små spetsoperationer i fred är specialförband.2 De kan nyttjas för att bedriva okonventionell krigföring i syfte att skrämma, eller att långsamt trötta ut motståndaren. Specialförband har nyttjats mer sedan millenniumskiftet.3 I exempelvis USA har de nästan fördubblats i storlek och blivit mer insatta tack vare sin förmåga att påverka ledningssystem hos motståndare, samt specialförbandens förmåga att agera näst intill obemärkt och i gråzoner av konfliktskalor.4 I Sverige har nyligen de svenska specialförbanden blivit tilldelade en lätt bataljon för understödsuppgifter för ytterligare verkan.5 Trots det utökade nyttjande av speci- alförband och dess förmågor, finns fortfarande en brist på vetenskapliga belägg för hur de ska nyttjas.6 Vid flera tillfällen, bland annat 1993 och 2005 genomfördes specialoperationer i Somalia och Afghanistan där amerikanska specialförband misslyckades med sina operationer.7 Arthur Ri- zer undersöker fallet i Afghanistan med hjälp av en beskrivande fallstudie av operation Red 1 Håkan Gunneriusson och Sascha-Dominik Bachmann, ”Russia’s Hybrid Warfare in the East: Using the Infor- mation Sphere as Integral to Hybrid Warfare.”, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 2015 (oktober 2015): 206. 2 Linda Robinson, The Future of U.S. Special Operations Forces (New York: NY: Council on Foreign Relations, 2013), 3. 3 Christopher Marsh, James Kiras, och Patricia Blocksome, ”Special Operations Research: Out of the Shadows”, Special operations journal, nr 1.1 (2015): 2. 4 Robinson, The Future of U.S. Special Operations Forces, 4. 5 Regeringen, ”Ett användbart försvar - Regeringens proposition2008/09:140” (Regeringen,
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