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Home , Austan Goolsbee, Charlene Barshefsky, Douglas Schoen, Ed Darack, Fouad Ajami, Hannah Mary Rothschild

COUNCIL^ FOREIGN RELATIONS

200Annual Report 8^^"^ Annual Report July 1, 2007 – June 30, 2008

Council on Foreign Relations

58 East 68th Street , NY 10065 tel 212.434.9400 fax 212.434.9800

1779 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 tel 202.509.8400 fax 202.509.8490 www.cfr.org [email protected]

Officers and Directors, 2008–2009

OFFICErs Directors Carla A. Hills Suzanne E. Helm Term Expiring 2009 Term Expiring 2010 Term Expiring 2011 Co-Chairman Vice President, Development Madeleine K. Albright Peter Ackerman Henry S. Bienen Robert E. Rubin Kay King Richard N. Foster Charlene Barshefsky Ann M. Fudge Co-Chairman Vice President, Washington Program Maurice R. Greenberg Stephen W. Bosworth Richard C. Holbrooke Richard E. Salomon L. Camille Massey Henry R. Kravis Colin L. Powell Vice Chairman Vice President, Membership, Joseph S. Nye Jr. Frank J. Caufield Joan E. Spero Richard N. Haass Fellowship, and Corporate Affairs James W. Owens Ronald L. Olson Vin Weber President Gary Samore David M. Rubenstein Christine Todd Whitman Janice L. Murray Vice President, Director of Studies, Maurice R. Greenberg Chair Senior Vice President, Treasurer, Term Expiring 2012 Term Expiring 2013 Richard N. Haass and Chief Operating Officer Lisa Shields ex officio David Kellogg Vice President, Communications Fouad Ajami Alan S. Blinder Senior Vice President and Publisher and Marketing J. Tomilson Hill Kenneth M. Duberstein Alberto Ibargüen Nancy D. Bodurtha Lilita V. Gusts Secretary Stephen Friedman Vice President, Meetings Carla A. Hills George E. Rupp Irina A. Faskianos Jami Miscik Richard E. Salomon Vice President, National Program Robert E. Rubin Anne-Marie Slaughter and Outreach

Officers and Directors, Emeritus & Honorary Leslie H. Gelb Peter G. Peterson President Emeritus Chairman Emeritus Maurice R. Greenberg David Rockefeller Honorary Vice Chairman Honorary Chairman Charles McC. Mathias Jr. Robert A. Scalapino Director Emeritus Director Emeritus

Note: This list of Officers and Directors is current as of July 1, 2008. A historical roster of Directors and Officers can be found on pages 78–79. Contents

4 Mission Statement 54 Communications and Marketing 8 Letter from the Co-Chairs 56 International Affairs Fellowship Program 10 President's Message 57 Endowed and Named Chairs, Fellowships, and Lectureships 16 60 Development 18 Special Initiatives 71 Committees of the Board 24 David Rockefeller Studies Program 72 2008 Board Election 30 Publications 73 International Advisory Board 32 New York Meetings Program 74 By-Laws of the Council 36 Washington Program 76 Rules, Guidelines, and Practices 40 National Program 78 Historical Roster of Directors and Officers 44 Corporate Program 80 Financial Statements 48 Term Member Program 90 Staff 50 Outreach Program 93 Membership 52 CFR.org 95 Membership Roster Mission Statement

The Council on Foreign Relations is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the choices facing the and other countries.

Founded in 1921, the Council takes no institutional positions on matters of policy. The Council carries out its mission by – maintaining a diverse membership, with special programs to promote interest and develop expertise in the next generation of foreign policy leaders; – convening meetings at its headquarters in New York and in Washington, DC, and other cities where senior government officials, members of Congress, global leaders, and prominent thinkers come together with Council members to discuss and debate major international issues; – supporting a Studies Program that fosters indepen- dent research, enabling Council scholars to produce articles, reports, and books and hold roundtables that analyze foreign policy issues and make concrete policy recommendations; – publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal on international affairs and U.S. foreign policy; – sponsoring Independent Task Forces that produce reports with both findings and policy prescriptions on the most important foreign policy topics; and – providing up-to-date information and analysis about world events and American foreign policy on its website, CFR.org.

4 At the Council

Pakistan isn’t an ordinary country, and it’s not facing an ordinary situation now. We have two different fault lines. We have one fault line between dictatorship and democracy, and we have a second between the forces of moderation and the forces of extremism. — Benazir Bhutto (8/15/07) Former Prime Minister of

I don’t think we should fear sovereign wealth funds any more than we should fear any invest- ment into the United States that is done on commercial grounds.

— Robert M. Kimmitt (1/28/08) Deputy Secretary, U.S. Department of the Treasury

We responded to the potential threat of a nuclear weapon eliminating civilization as we know it. [In climate change] we’re staring at another kind of weapon—man-made, likewise, and uncon- trolled at this moment—that has the ability to change life as we know it on this Earth.

— (10/29/07) U.S. Senator (D-MA)

Our engagement in is very serious and we have more than 2,500 soldiers there. . . . At the same time, our military presence is not enough to give a solution to the problem of an independent and stable Lebanon. . . . We are convinced that it’s necessary to involve in discussions.

— Giorgio Napolitano (12/13/07) President of

5 Our neighbors [in Latin America] realize that the paradigm of develop- ment has changed, that development in the region cannot come solely from within, that it must come from com- peting successfully in global markets and using democratic institutions to expand opportunity to the poor and to the vulnerable.

— (10/9/07) U.S. Secretary of State

My government has a position that We believe sharia is only for Muslims. peace does not come with a single If you are not a Muslim, you have declaration, and peace does not exist nothing to do with sharia. You can live all of a sudden just with a single signa- peacefully in any part of the country, ture. For peace we need confidence- and sharia will not catch up with you.

building measures. — Muhammad Sa’ad Abubakar III (11/19/07) —Song Min-soon (9/26/07) Sultan of Sokoto, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea

Lowering interest rates to keep the You cannot coerce nations into democ- economy on an even keel when adverse racy. You can’t intimidate nations into financial-market developments occur democracy or force them into democ- will reduce the penalty incurred by those racy or fight them into democracy. Every who exercise poor judgment. country in the world finds its own level

— Donald L. Kohn (11/28/07) of entry, its own center of gravity. Vice Chairman, Board of Governors, — (11/28/07) System U.S. Senator (R-NE)

The information age means you don’t For more than four years, it was easy need training camps to become a terror- to say: “[] is an American prob- ist; all you need is an connec- lem.” That is not true because this is our tion. The Web is terrorism’s new frontier, problem. . . . We have to do something. offering both persuasive inspiration and Otherwise it will be more than a disaster— practical instruction. a real catastrophe.

— Robert S. Mueller III (9/28/07) — Bernard Kouchner (9/25/07) Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation Minister of Foreign and European Affairs,

6 The progress on gender parity [in the UN] is an area where we are really critically challenged, because statistics have shown that the higher you go, the fewer women there are. . . . The goals are there. The resolutions are there. The challenge is in really taking concrete action to ensure that we have women there and we retain them.

— Asha-Rose Migiro (3/11/08) Deputy Secretary-General,

Intelligence is sometimes described as analogous to putting the pieces of a puzzle together, except we hardly ever get to see the picture on top of the box. The individuals that we detain pro- vide us with a bunch of new puzzle pieces, but most important, very often they have seen the picture on top of the box.

— Michael V. Hayden (9/7/07) Director, Central Intelligence Agency

We know that there are 1.5 billion hectares of the world pro- ducing food. But there are 2.7 billion hectares that lie idle, and 90 percent of that is in Latin America and Africa, and none of it is titled. And if it is not titled, how is it going to get the credit that is necessary to start clearing the rocks, getting the channels into place, and getting the irrigation?

—Hernando de Soto (6/4/08) President, Institute of Liberty and Democracy, Peru

The Iraqi authorities and the United States must urgently take concrete measures beyond simply paying lip service to the compact with the PKK [Kurdistan Workers’ Party]. The bloodshed each day at the expense of innocent lives as a result of this terror intensifies the collective trauma and exhausts the patience of the Turkish public, limiting the political choices of our government.

— Recep Tayyip Erdog˘an (9/27/07) Prime Minister of

At the Council 7 Letter from the Co-Chairs

Co-Chairman Carla A. Hills Co-Chairman Robert E. Rubin

We are pleased to be writing one year after becoming co- Adviser Stephen J. Hadley, Senators Joe chairs of the Board of Directors. It was a year with many Biden and Chuck Hagel, President Evo Morales of , highlights for the Council and for us. and Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner of France. Coun- There is much we could say here about the Council’s cil programming during the opening of the UN General recent achievements, including the purchase of a new Assembly featured fifteen heads of state and government building in Washington, DC, the $123 million fundraising and foreign ministers within a twelve-day stretch. success of the Campaign for the Council, record numbers Meeting formats this year were richly varied and for Foreign Affairs, and a continually evolving website included forty-four roundtable series led by fellows, seven that remains the best of its kind. Instead, we would like to named lectureships, seven half-day policy symposia, six devote this year’s letter to one area that consistently sets two-day conferences on subjects ranging from geopoliti- this institution apart—its convening power. cal realities to foreign policy for the next U.S. administra- Large or small, on the record or not for attribution, tion, and hundreds of general meetings, as well as book in New York, Washington, DC, or across the nation and clubs, webcasts and teleconferences, study groups, and the world, Council meetings set a high standard for much- advisory committee meetings. The Council also held needed dialogue on foreign policy. The number, range, seven briefings and twelve conference calls for the media, and quality of meetings—which are intrinsic to the including one after the assassination of Benazir Bhutto Council—remain truly impressive. that attracted nearly 120 reporters. Over the past year we participated in a number of the Council meetings reached beyond traditional constitu- more than one thousand meetings and conference calls encies. More than thirty of the nation’s top college and the Council held that brought together prominent and university presidents participated in the new Higher Edu- influential scholars and practitioners from government, cation Working Group to discuss how their institutions academia, and the private sector. Among these individu- can meet the challenges of . The first Reli- als were the late Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto, gion and Foreign Policy Summer Workshop convened a Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation co-chair Melinda French diverse group of nearly fifty high-level religious leaders to Gates, Iraqi prime minister Nuri al-Maliki, Secretary of discuss global developments. More than two dozen chief State Condoleezza Rice, Royal Dutch Shell CEO Jeroen executive officers attended the inaugural CEO Forum to van der Veer, and World Bank president Robert B. Zoellick. find ways to integrate geopolitical and geoeconomic risks We welcomed also Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson, into corporate strategy.

8 Vice Chairman Richard E. Salomon

Council events looked to the past to better prepare for Bush and former chief of staff Thomas F. tomorrow’s policy challenges. A new meeting series in McLarty III for immigration policy. association with the National History Center featured What we have described here only scratches the surface prominent historians examining the events and times that of activity at the Council. In an era defined by globaliza- have shaped foreign policy today. The Lessons Learned tion, we believe that the need for this organization has and HBO-sponsored History Makers series hosted distin- never been greater. We also believe that the Council has guished individuals such as former Federal Reserve Board never done better at meeting this need. chairman and our Board colleague and As we cap off the Council’s eighty-seventh year, we former head of the Environmental Protection Agency would like to thank Chairman Emeritus Peter G. Peterson Christine Todd Whitman, who reflected on experiences and Vice Chairman Richard E. Salomon for their unwav- and takeaways from their careers. ering leadership during the Campaign for the Council. This expansive convening power is evident as well We would also like to thank Council President Richard N. in the advisory bodies tasked with reviewing Council Haass, whose essay appears in the following pages of this publications—Council Special Reports, Policy Options annual report, for a wonderful five years of leadership. We Papers, books by Council fellows, and other publica- look forward to many more. tions—while they are in draft form. Council members also participate in Independent Task Forces, which this Carla A. Hills year enlisted the leadership of Board member and former Robert E. Rubin U.S. trade representative Charlene Barshefsky and Co-Chairs of the Board former commander of U.S. Southern Command James T. Hill for U.S. policy toward Latin America, former gover- nors George E. Pataki and Thomas J. Vilsack for climate change, former senator Bob Kerrey and former CIA and FBI director William H. Webster for civil liberties and national security, former secretary of defense William J. Perry and former national security adviser Brent Scow- croft for nuclear weapons policy, and former governor Jeb

Letter from the Co-Chairs 9 President’s Message

President Richard N. Haass

I write this essay at a time when the international chal- I also would like to thank the Board of Directors and lenges to the United States are daunting in number, scale, especially its leadership during recent years—Chairman and range. Emeritus Peter G. Peterson, Honorary Vice Chairman The country is faced with wars in Iraq and Maurice R. Greenberg, current Co-Chairs Carla A. Hills that have stretched American armed forces. Prolonged and Robert E. Rubin, and Vice Chairman Richard E. economic difficulty is a real possibility, something that Salomon—for their invaluable advice and support. could well make it even harder to generate domestic politi- Let me begin with the David Rockefeller Studies cal support for relatively open trade and borders. Ameri- Program, the Council’s think tank, which has more cans are still importing and consuming large volumes of scholar-practitioners than ever producing quality work oil despite high prices and climate change. The Middle and has strengthened coverage of the , East presents a full plate of concerns, ranging from the Asia, and a good many global and functional issues. Israeli-Palestinian conflict to Lebanon to , while rela- The Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic tions with remain uncertain and instability threat- Studies now houses twelve fellows working on issues such ens countries like Kenya, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe. U.S. as visa and immigration policy, economic competitive- ties with Asia are generally positive, though the trajectory ness, and emerging markets. Newly endowed fellowships of the U.S.- relationship, which will affect interna- or chairs include the David M. Rubenstein chair in energy tional relations in the twenty-first century more than any and the environment, the General John W. Vessey chair other, is by no means assured. in conflict prevention, and the women and foreign policy What is clear is that the signature challenges of this fellowship. Visiting fellows—those from the four era are global. The work of this institution is thus needed branches of the armed services, the Edward R. Murrow more than ever before. The Council’s evolution in recent press fellow, the national intelligence fellow, in-house years has ensured that it stays ahead of the issues in a rap- international affairs fellows, and others—are better idly changing world. This is a different organization than integrated with the Studies Program. the one I came into five years ago, and I would like to take In the last five years, the Council has launched four this opportunity to reflect on just how far the Council specialized publications: Council Special Reports has come. (CSRs), Policy Options Papers (POPs), Working Papers, I again want to thank President Emeritus Leslie H. and Caravan books. CSRs are policy briefs that provide Gelb, who handed over a decidedly robust organization. timely responses to developing crises or current policy

10 dilemmas. Since their inception in 2004, thirty-five CSRs have been published and several more are in progress. New this year, POPs are rapid-response publications resembling government policy memos. Targeted to poli- cymakers and government officials, they outline a list of options for dealing with pressing foreign policy issues and then recommend a course of action. Also new this year, Working Papers are opinion pieces offering both longer and more in-depth analysis than a standard op-ed. Finally, the Council joined with the Caravan Project to produce a compilation of the Council’s best work on Africa. The book, Beyond Humanitarianism, was offered in a variety of traditional and digital formats, available for download or purchase in its entirety or by chapter. Traditional publica- tions and programming by fellows also remain strong. In the past five years, the Studies Program has increased the number of scholar roundtables by 50 percent, and fellows now host forty-four series ranging from innovation in Asia to best practices in global health. In that same time, Council fellows have also published forty-one books through commercial and university presses. A second area of significant change is the Council’s website, CFR.org. Most obvious is the major facelift, less obvious is the updated technology. Most important is the change in the concept. CFR.org went from Top: Council International Advisory Board member Washington SyCip and Honorary Council Chairman David Rockefeller at the October 2007 being a site about the Council and what it produces to Board meeting. being the most complete, authoritative, and up-to-date Bottom: Council Co-Chairman Robert E. Rubin and Lawrence H. Summers online resource on U.S. foreign policy and international at a session on geoeconomic risk at the CEO Forum.

President’s Message 11 relations. What the Council gathers is now just as important as what it produces. The site boasts literally dozens of new features, from a daily summary of global opinion to award-winning, interactive Crisis Guides, which have now examined the Korean Peninsula, Darfur, and, most recently, the Israeli- Palestinian conflict. These enhancements have more than doubled traffic, with nearly 340,000 unique visi- tors coming to the site each month. CFR.org has quickly become the leading nonpartisan, “one-stop shop” online resource for information and analysis on foreign policy. A third area to highlight is outreach. For much of its history, the Council has concentrated on being a resource for its members (now some 3,800 life, 500 term, and 250 corporate) and for traditional elites, including the execu- tive branch, Congress, and the mainstream media. Soon after I came on board, the Council began reaching out to a number of new constituencies, including college and university administrators, professors, and students; state and local officials; religious and congregational leaders; and community and nongovernmental organization lead- ers. It now has a robust Outreach Program that connects with these groups through workshops, meetings, confer- ence calls, and special sections of the website. In the area of academic outreach, the Council now has nearly 11,000 subscribers to a monthly eNewsletter, Educators Bulletin, hosts briefings for students, engages more than 115 schools in conference calls, and offers academic modules for professors based on Council publications and featuring authors’ teaching notes. The Council also communicates regularly with more than 5,000 state and local officials and 1,600 religious leaders. Two successful new outreach initiatives are the Higher Education Working Group, which gathers top college and university presidents semiannually to explore the roles of their institutions and of students in meeting the challenges of globalization, and the Religion and Foreign Policy Workshop, which convenes a diverse group of religious leaders each summer to discuss international

Left: Hoshyar Zebari, Iraq’s minister of foreign affairs, speaking about the political climate in Iraq. Opposite top: , Council Board member Tom Brokaw, Council Co-Chairman Carla A. Hills, and Council President Haass at the National Conference. Opposite bottom: Rex W. Tillerson, Samuel A. DiPiazza Jr., and Ira A. Lipman at the CEO Forum.

12 The signature challenges of this era are global. The work of this institution is thus needed more than ever before.

President’s Message 13 There is much to feel good about. But the Council cannot rest on its laurels, much less coast.

Top: Council Vice Chairman Richard E. Salomon with Condoleezza Rice at the International Affairs Fellowship Conference. Left: Council Chairman Emeritus Peter G. Peterson at a meeting in Washington, DC.

14 developments. These and other forms of outreach have Let me also say a few things about Foreign Affairs. On the potential, over time, to make a meaningful difference the editorial side, the credit goes to editor Jim Hoge, man- in the foreign policy debate in this country. aging editor Gideon Rose, and those other individuals Closely related to these new series of outreach initia- who six times a year turn out the highest-quality publica- tives is a new emphasis on connecting what we produce— tion in the field. On the publishing side, credit goes to be it the work of fellows, policy symposia, Task Forces, or publisher David Kellogg and his staff for the magazine’s other Council activities—with Council constituencies. extraordinary success in getting its message out. Circula- Every Council product and publication has a tailored tion is now over 160,000, up 29 percent in the last five marketing strategy. Better marketing and improved track- years, and advertising revenue has grown 127 percent. ing methods have led to 25,000 press mentions for the I would be remiss if I did not say a word or two about Council in fiscal year 2008, up from 1,000 in fiscal year the Council’s staff. That more than 55,000 resumes arrive 2003. Rollouts of Council reports and other publications each year for Council positions gives a sense of how much include meetings with government officials; briefings at competition there is to work here. This institution has think tanks, academic institutions, and military bases; always attracted high-quality people, but I continue to be conference calls; and print, radio, and television inter- impressed with the intelligence, creativity, and dedication views. The Council now boasts eleven regular columnists of so many of my colleagues throughout the institution. contributing to major publications around the world, The success over the past five years would not have been and more than 350 op-eds and articles were published by possible without their input. Council scholars this fiscal year. Commentary by Council Another piece of good news is that even as the organi- scholars has appeared in leading newspapers and maga- zation has been able to do much more, its financial situ- zines in the United States and abroad. Briefings for mem- ation remains strong and is arguably stronger than ever. bers of Congress and their staffs, the diplomatic corps Annual Giving increased from $3.6 million in fiscal year in both New York and Washington, DC, and the media 2003 to more than $5.7 million this fiscal year. Foundation have increased markedly. The Council’s new building in grants increased sharply, and Corporate Program income Washington will not be simply a base for members in the doubled. The institution’s major fundraising initiative, area, but also an enhanced platform for promoting the full the Campaign for the Council, was a success, raising more range of Council outreach and activities. than $123 million, nearly $40 million more than the goal It is less difficult to measure activity than it is to deter- originally set. This will prove transformational. That so mine impact or influence, but Council work is making a many of those in the Council community have chosen difference. To name just three areas: Stephen E. Flynn’s to show their support by giving to the Campaign or the work on resilience is altering the debate on homeland Annual Fund or both is a strong vote of confidence in the security in this country, Laurie A. Garrett’s work on work that the Council does. HIV/AIDS changed policy here and around the world, In short, there is much to feel good about. But the and the presidential candidates’ essays in Foreign Affairs Council cannot rest on its laurels, much less coast. The influenced the 2008 presidential campaign. I could cite environment is dynamic and highly competitive; this other examples, but, in sum, the Council is producing an will not change. I look forward to working with the co- impressive amount of good work and getting that work to chairs , the members of the Board, the staff, and the those in a position to influence and make policy. Council’s extraordinary membership on meeting the The list of other innovations from the past five years is challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. long and worth noting: an oral history of the organization that will help preserve the Council’s legacy; an expanded Richard N. Haass Board of Directors; the CEO Forum; a new International President Affairs Fellowship in ; and several new meeting series, including Lessons Learned and HBO-sponsored History Makers, which feature prominent individuals reflecting on their careers.

President’s Message 15 Foreign Affairs

Foreign Affairs editor James F. Hoge Jr.

Foreign Affairs devoted much coverage to the U.S. presi- the biggest differences between the candidates from both dential contest, which generated such high interest here parties. These candidate essays were widely quoted and and abroad. In many ways, the 2008 race was unprece- reprinted in domestic and foreign media. dented—the large number of primaries, candidates, and In addition to focusing on the next president’s chal- debates, and the emergence as front-runners of a woman lenges, Foreign Affairs published several independent and an African-American. And the public was unusually appraisals of President George W. Bush’s foreign policy concerned about international threats, economic set- record. From within the administration, Secretary of backs, and America’s standing in the world. State Condoleezza Rice presented her views, just as she The magazine’s contributors analyzed the critical chal- did at the beginning of the Bush era eight years ago. lenges awaiting a new president and what policy options Foreign Affairs focused on several trends that seemed might best apply. Foreign Affairs also let presidential can- the opposite of what was expected from ongoing glo- didates explain in their own words the major elements and balization. The first was the rise of ethno-nationalism. style of their foreign policies. The essays were paired in Economic globalization is producing a cosmopolitan four sequential issues, starting with and business class, but its disruption of traditional ways of life Mitt Romney in the July/August 2007 issue, followed by is also reviving ethnicity as a safe haven for populations and John Edwards, and whose sense of identity has been shaken. A second trend John McCain, and ending with and Mike is the allure for some developing countries of the Chinese Huckabee in the January/February 2008 issue, the last model of economic development, known as authoritarian before the primaries. Strengthening America’s leadership capitalism. As the theory goes, China’s rapid economic and restoring its military were priorities for most candi- growth can be attributed to loosening the entrepreneur- dates, as was repairing relationships with long-standing ial forces of market while maintaining tight allies. Differences emerged on further liberalizing inter- political and social control of populations. Whether it will national trade, achieving an effective mix of military and work as an economy becomes more complex remains to political antiterror tactics, and how much to view rising be seen. As authoritarianism gains strength and produces powers as adversaries or partners in global management. results in China and Russia, it is not surprising that a third Presidential hopefuls expressed a heightened awareness trend is a decline in the attraction of democracy among of the need to curb climate damage, for the most part aspiring states. Some governments are constricting dem- avoiding painful remedial recommendations. How and ocratic freedoms; others are manipulating the democratic when to wind down the U.S. military role in Iraq elicited process to achieve authoritarian aims.

16 Foreign Affairs focused on several trends that seemed the opposite of what was expected from ongoing globalization.

Special efforts during the year included a set of essays, “Changing China,” and an anthology geared to the agenda of the that was distributed at Davos. Foreign Affairs expanded its presence in India in collaboration with a new high-quality quarterly, India in Global Affairs, which now publishes several Foreign Affairs articles in each issue. Foreign Affairs already appears in Japanese, Spanish, and Russian versions. On the business side, the total paid circulation of Foreign Affairs reached an all-time high of 161,000, up from 156,000 a year ago. This marked the seventh consecutive year of growth in circulation, which has increased by 46 percent since the beginning of 2001. Advertising, up 20 percent in revenue over last year, has more than doubled in pages from an average of thirty-six pages per issue in 2001 to seventy- six in 2007. This year, Barnes & Noble reported that Foreign Affairs was one of the chain’s fifty best-selling magazines (out of more than five thousand) and in the Top 10 in the current events category. The independent research firm Erdos & Morgan continues to rank Foreign Affairs the most influential media among U.S. opinion leaders. The magazine’s website also continues to expand its role as a marketing channel to reach new readers and serve current subscribers with online access to the archive that goes back to 1973. Each month the site attracts more than 300,000 visitors, and a biweekly eNewsletter reaches more than 57,000 opt-in subscribers. In addition, with A new, bolder cover treatment was introduced in the May/June the May/June 2008 issue, the site began offering audio 2008 issue. Newsstand sales have doubled since 2001 and now versions of selected essays for download. account for 25 percent of total circulation.

Foreign Affairs 17 Special Initiatives

Independent Task Forces

The Council sponsors an Independent Task Force when relations in May 2008. Council Fellow Shannon K. an issue of critical importance to U.S. foreign policy arises O’Neil served as project director and Council Senior that would benefit from in-depth, nonpartisan analysis. Fellow Julia E. Sweig as senior adviser. The Task Force A group diverse in backgrounds and views is then con- conducted fact-finding trips to Bolivia and Brazil and vened to reach a meaningful consensus. The goal is to held seminars with members in New York; Washington, reach policy conclusions through private and nonpartisan DC; ; Boston; Miami; ; ; and deliberations—though the Council encourages individual . Declaring that “the era of U.S. hegemony views and dissents that sharpen important differences in in Latin America is over” and that “U.S. policymakers analysis and prescription. must change the way they think about the region,” the Task Forces draw on the expertise of Council members Task Force concluded that “achieving U.S. objectives through a series of review meetings held nationally as and protecting U.S. interests in the well as in New York and Washington, DC. Task Forces requires an unsentimental and reality-based assessment are independent of the Council and solely responsible for of the complex and dynamic changes under way in Latin the content of their reports. For the release of each Task America and in U.S.-Latin America relations—and of Force report, the Council tailors a specific outreach strat- the ways in which the United States can influence those egy designed to engage appropriate audiences. Outreach changes for the better.” A Spanish-language version of the efforts begin during Task Force deliberations and con- Task Force report was released online. tinue in the weeks and months following publication. Former governors George E. Pataki of New York and Under the stewardship of Anya Schmemann, director Thomas J. Vilsack of Iowa released an Independent Task of the Task Force Program, the Council published two Force report in June 2008 focusing on climate change. Independent Task Force reports in 2007–2008. Three Council Senior Fellow Michael A. Levi served as proj- additional Task Forces are currently under way. ect director and Council Adjunct Senior Fellow David G. Victor as senior adviser. The Task Force conducted Recently Released Reports fact-finding trips in Asia and Europe and held seminars Council Board member and former U.S. trade represen- with members in Washington, DC; ; Los Angeles; tative Charlene Barshefsky and former commander of San Francisco; and Boston. Its report said that while the the U.S. Southern Command James T. Hill released an United States must pursue “ambitious and mandatory Independent Task Force report on U.S.-Latin America policies at home,” these would be insufficient to meet the

18 challenge of climate change. On the international front, it laid out a negotiating strategy for a comprehensive UN climate accord, saying that “a good UN deal would provide a strong foundation for global efforts,” but cautioning Thomas J. Vilsack and George E. Pataki, chairs of the Independent Task that such an accord would be hard to reach. In addition, Force on Climate Change. the report called for a Partnership for Climate Coopera- tion that would “bring together the world’s largest emit- these weapons should serve. It will then make recom- ters to implement aggressive emissions reductions.” mendations based on these determinations concerning Other Task Forces arms control policies, nonproliferation, and the U.S. nuclear weapons arsenal. Former senator and 9/11 commissioner Bob Kerrey Former governor of Jeb Bush and former and former CIA and FBI director William H. Webster White House chief of staff Thomas F. McLarty III are are chairs of the Independent Task Force on Civil Liber- chairs of the Independent Task Force on U.S. Immi- ties and National Security, which has reviewed national gration Policy. Council Senior Fellow Edward Alden security programs and policy since 9/11. Council member serves as project director. The goal of the Task Force is Daniel B. Prieto serves as project director. The Task to broaden the immigration debate by examining glo- Force has conducted outreach events with privacy and balization, economic competitiveness, terrorism, and human rights nongovernmental organizations, a biparti- national security, in conjunction with the international san group of members of Congress, and senior congres- dimensions of illegal immigration, to craft recommen- sional staffers. dations for a twenty-first-century immigration policy Former secretary of defense William J. Perry and that better serves U.S. economic, diplomatic, and former national security adviser are national security interests. chairs of the Independent Task Force on U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy. Council Senior Fellow Charles D. Ferguson is the project director. The Task Force is reviewing and assessing current U.S. nuclear doctrine and policy, and will consider whether the United States still needs nuclear weapons and, if so, what purposes

Special Initiatives 19 Council Special Reports

Council Special Reports (CSRs), written by Council fel- the struggle against terrorism.” She concludes by recom- lows or outside experts, are concise policy studies that mending ways for the United States to use diplomatic respond to a developing crisis or contribute to an emerg- assurances more reliably, effectively, and sustainably. ing policy debate. Developed in consultation with an inde- pendent advisory group of experts on the country or issue Maurice R. Greenberg Center in question, a report’s conclusions and recommendations for Geoeconomic Studies reflect the views of the author or authors, not those of Under the direction of Sebastian Mallaby, the Maurice either the advisory group or the Council. The Council R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies (CGS) actively publicizes each report with rollout events such as released three reports, two of which were part of the national meetings, press briefings, and teleconferences. Bernard and Irene Schwartz Series on American Com- To heighten the impact of the reports, the Council makes petitiveness. Robert J. LaLonde, professor at the Harris a special effort to distribute them to appropriate govern- School of Public Policy at the , ment officials, who are briefed on the contents and asked authored The Case for Wage Insurance. This report explains for comments and suggestions. The reports are also why existing programs that emphasize retraining and featured on CFR.org. insurance for short-term job loss do not assuage work- In her report, Avoiding Transfers to Torture, Ashley S. ers’ fears about globalization and recommends rethink- Deeks, a CFR international affairs fellow working at the ing traditional trade adjustment assistance programs to Center for Strategic and International Studies, notes that address the problem of job displacement for long-tenured efforts to return detainees to their home countries face workers. It proposes a shift of resources from existing a significant hurdle when the detainees are likely to be programs to wage insurance—effectively, an earnings tortured on return. In those cases, the United States may supplement for a number of years—for workers facing a obtain “assurances against torture.” But human rights long-term reduction in wages. groups, courts, and some in Congress have questioned David M. Marchick, managing director for the Car- the reliability of these assurances. Deeks argues that the lyle Group, and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Business and United States should “address the criticisms about and Globalization Matthew J. Slaughter coauthored the practical problems with the use of assurances” to avoid second report. Global FDI Policy: Correcting a Protection- undercutting “U.S. efforts to improve its reputation in ist Drift describes how many countries are adopting and expanding regimes to review inward foreign direct invest- ment (FDI) for either national or economic security pur- poses. These tendencies to increase restrictions on FDI have been occurring as FDI has flowed increasingly into sectors widely seen as critical to national security. The report explores what best practices and principles should guide governments in formulating policies to govern reviews of FDI inflows, including how to prevent legiti- mate national security reviews from becoming tools for economic protectionism.

Left: An assembly line worker in Fremont, . Opposite: A shrinking iceberg in Antarctica.

20 Climate change threatens worldwide security and prosperity by possibly contributing to political violence and undermining weak governments.

Climate Change and National Security: An Agenda for Action, written by Joshua W. Busby, an assistant profes- sor at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of at Austin, outlines how climate change threatens worldwide security and prosperity by possibly overwhelming disaster-response capabilities, causing humanitarian disasters, contributing to political violence, and undermining weak governments. Recog- nizing that some climate change is inevitable, the report proposes a portfolio of feasible policy options to reduce the vulnerability of the United States and other countries to the predictable effects of climate change. It goes on to draw attention to the strategic dimensions of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, arguing that sharp reductions in the long run are essential to avoiding unmanageable security problems.

Special Initiatives 21 Center for Preventive Action Led by General John W. Vessey Senior Fellow for Con- flict PreventionPaul B. Stares, the Council’s Center for Preventive Action (CPA) released two CSRs this year. Michelle D. Gavin, adjunct fellow for Africa, wrote Planning for Post-Mugabe Zimbabwe. This report argues that mismanagement has driven Zimbabwe to social and economic ruin and urges the United States to look past President Robert Mugabe’s government to Zimbabwe’s future. It proposes a series of multilateral steps to pro- vide incentives for Zimbabwe’s next leaders to pursue constructive reform and sound governance and give the United States an opportunity to strengthen its often- troubled relationship with . Mona Yacoubian, a special adviser to the United States Institute of Peace’s (USIP) Muslim World Initiative, and Scott Lasensky, acting vice president and senior research associate at the Center for Conflict Analysis and Preven- tion at USIP, wrote Dealing with Damascus: Seeking a Greater Return on U.S.-Syria Relations. They contend that the U.S. policy of diplomatic isolation of Syria has failed to advance U.S. interests in the Middle East. The report examines Syria’s domestic politics and external behavior and draws lessons from the recent history of U.S.-Syria relations. Arguing that dealing with Syria’s government could bring benefits on issues ranging from Lebanon and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to Iraq and Iran, the authors make a case for conditional engagement with Damascus.

Members of a Zimbabwean honor guard with a portrait of President Robert Mugabe during Independence Day celebrations in Harare.

22 The Arthur Ross Book Award

Trita Parsi and Robert Dallek with Council President Richard N. Haass, Paul Collier, and Foreign Affairs editor James F. Hoge Jr.

The annual Arthur Ross Book Award recognizes books that make an outstanding contribution to the understand- ing of foreign policy or . The prize, endowed by the late Arthur Ross in 2001, recognizes nonfiction works published in the preceding two years, in English or in translation, that merit special attention for bringing forth new information that changes our understanding of events or problems, developing analyti- cal approaches that allow new and different insights into a significant issue, or providing new ideas to help resolve foreign policy problems. The award is the most significant in the United States for books on international affairs. It consists of a gold medal prize of $30,000, a silver medal prize of $15,000, and an honorable mention of $7,500. The Council was able to increase the award amount this year thanks to a generous bequest from the estate of Arthur Ross. In 2008, the gold medal was awarded to Paul Collier for The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. The silver medal went to Trita Parsi for Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of , Iran, and the United States, and honorable mention to Robert Dallek for Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power.

Special Initiatives 23 David Rockefeller Studies Program

The David Rockefeller Studies Pro- rising powers, globalization, and book Ruling But Not Governing: The gram’s thirty-one full-time fellows, the means and ends of U.S. foreign Military and Political Development in eighteen adjunct fellows, nine visit- policy. This year, the Studies Pro- , Algeria, and Turkey entered ing fellows, and ten international gram deepened its expertise in the its second printing, Steven A. Cook affairs fellows at other institutions Middle East, Africa, Russia, Japan, worked on a new book on the United published ten books, made progress geoeconomics, conflict prevention, States and Egypt. Stephen Biddle on an additional twenty, produced six and global governance with the continued to influence the Iraq policy Council Special Reports, wrote two addition of seven new fellows. debate as he testified before Con- Policy Options Papers, directed forty- The program’s range allows it gress, briefed senior officials, and four roundtable series, held seven both to contribute to current foreign published his views for wider audi- policy symposia, authored more than policy discussions and to explore ences. also contributed to 350 articles and op-eds, gave count- longer-term trends affecting the the Iraq debate, started a new book less media interviews, testified nine- United States and the world. On on the history of guerrilla warfare, teen times before Congress, and won breaking events and issues in the and published his latest title, War five awards. news, Council fellows serve as a Made New: Technology, Warfare, and Vice President and Director of trusted resource for policymakers, the Course of History: 1500 to Today, Studies Gary Samore and Deputy the media, and interested citizens. in . Isobel Coleman fin- Director of Studies and Direc- They were leading voices in the most ished her manuscript on women tor of the Maurice R. Greenberg significant foreign policy debates and reform in the Middle East and Center for Geoeconomic Studies of the past year, such as those on directed a roundtable series on eco- Sebastian Mallaby led the Studies U.S. policy in Iraq, the subprime nomic and political development in Program with a focus on the most mortgage crisis and its effects on the region. Steven Simon directed significant foreign policy issues the broader global economy, climate a strategic dialogue between Israel facing the United States and the change, and U.S.-China relations in and the United States that brought international community at the start the context of the Beijing Olympics. together senior Israeli officials and of the twenty-first century, includ- This year, one focal point was U.S. policymakers and authored a ing Middle East conflicts, Asia’s the greater Middle East. As his Foreign Affairs article on a post-surge

New Arrivals Michelle D. Gavin, a former senior U.S. Senate staffer and Brad W. Setser, an applied international economist with recent international affairs fellow at the Council, was named experience at the Treasury Department and the International adjunct fellow for Africa studies. Monetary Fund, began work as fellow for geoeconomics. Jeffrey Mankoff, postdoctoral fellow in International Sheila A. Smith, an expert on Japan and Asian international Security Studies, , became adjunct fellow for relations, was named senior fellow for Japan studies. Russia studies. Paul B. Stares, former vice president of the Center for Conflict Stewart M. Patrick, a former research fellow at the Center for Analysis and Prevention at the United States Institute of Global Development and State Department policy planning Peace, joined the Council as the General John W. Vessey senior staff member, joined the Studies Program as senior fellow and fellow for conflict prevention and director of the Center for director of a new program on international institutions and Preventive Action. global governance. Daniel Senor, a former foreign policy adviser in the administration of George W. Bush and senior adviser to the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq, was appointed adjunct senior fellow for .

24 Above: Senior Fellow Walter Russell Mead, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im, Adjunct Senior Fellow Noah Feldman, and Philip Hamburger at the Symposium on Religion and the Open Society. Left: Ban Ki-moon and Senior Fellow Laurie A. Garrett at a meeting on global health at the United Nations. strategy for Iraq. Ray Takeyh con- strengthening of U.S. aid programs Agenda, Richard K. Betts published tinued work on his book on Iranian in Afghanistan. Finally, Daniel Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge foreign policy since 1979 and pro- Senor joined the Studies Program as and Power in American National duced numerous op-eds on U.S.-Iran an adjunct senior fellow and began Security. Joseph J. Helman ran a relations. He and Vali R. Nasr, who writing a book on Israel’s economic popular roundtable series on - launched a roundtable series on development. ligence issues. Scott G. Borgerson global Islamic politics, coauthored Many Council fellows produced concentrated on economic and secu- a Foreign Affairs article on U.S. work on U.S. national security policy. rity issues flowing from the melting policy toward Iran. Noah Feldman Through the media, congressional Arctic and wrote an article for Foreign published The Fall and Rise of the hearings, and nationwide outreach, Affairs. Colonel Robert S. Ferrell, Islamic State as well as several essays Stephen E. Flynn introduced the Colonel Paul E. Greenwood, Cap- on Iraq, the Middle East, and presi- concept of resilience into America’s tain Jeffrey A. Harley, and Colonel dential politics. Mohamad Bazzi conversation on homeland security Jeffrey B. Kendall ran a roundtable led a roundtable series on politi- and elevated the profile of improv- series on defense and national secu- cal developments in Lebanon and ing infrastructure as a critical public rity issues and arranged several Syria and wrote numerous op-eds policy imperative. In addition to -military trips for Council and articles on Lebanon, Syria, and leading the John J. McCloy Round- members, including to South Korea Iraq. Amy B. Frumin researched the table on the National Security and Afghanistan.

David Rockefeller Studies Program 25 Asia was another major area U.S. relations with Russia and Other fellows showcased their of concentration. Elizabeth C. Europe were also a focus of sig- expertise on Latin America and Economy received an honorary nificant activity.Stephen R. Africa. Julia E. Sweig continued degree from Vermont Law School Sestanovich wrote articles, lectured work on how Latinos are transform- for her work on China and the envi- to audiences that included the Rus- ing the United States and on con- ronment, published two articles sian foreign ministry, and testified temporary Cuba. She codirected two in Foreign Affairs, and continued before Congress on Russia’s presi- roundtable series—Latin America, writing her book on China’s global dential transition and the deteriora- America Latin and Globalization resource quest. Adam Segal made tion of U.S.-Russia relations. Jeffrey and Democracy—with Shannon final preparations to publish his Mankoff, a new adjunct fellow for K. O’Neil, who also directed an book on innovation and the technol- Russia studies, analyzed Russia’s Independent Task Force on U.S.- ogy race with Asia. Sheila A. Smith energy strategy and completed his Latin America Relations and began joined the Council as senior fellow book on Russian foreign policy. On research for a book on . for Japan studies, completed research broader European issues, Charles Princeton N. Lyman completed the at Keio University for a project on A. Kupchan led a roundtable series Africa-China-U.S. Trilateral Dia- Japan’s policy toward China, and on U.S.-Europe affairs and com- logue meeting series and published a began directing the new Council pleted writing projects on how ene- report based on its findings.Michelle initiative on security architecture for mies become friends, the domestic D. Gavin joined the Studies Program Northeast Asia. In addition to run- sources of U.S. foreign policy, and as adjunct fellow for Africa and ning the Winston Lord Roundtable the changing nature of transatlantic authored a Policy Options Paper on the Rule of Law in Asia, Jerome relations. Elizabeth Sherwood- on the crisis in Kenya as well as a A. Cohen worked on his forth- Randall led a roundtable series Council Special Report on Zimba- coming book on criminal justice in that explored political, economic, bwe. J. Anthony Holmes began a Taiwan and collaborated with various demographic, and military trends roundtable series on African policy Chinese organizations in develop- in Europe and their implications for issues and expanded the Council’s ing reforms for adjudicating capital U.S. foreign and defense policies. engagement with Africa. punishment cases. Daniel Markey James M. Goldgeier held a sym- The Council’s Center for Preven- closely followed the political crisis in posium on America, Europe, and tive Action examined countries in a Pakistan, writing a Policy Options the world and, with Derek Chollet, variety of regions as it studied ways to Paper on the country and leading a coauthored America Between the Wars: prevent and defuse violent conflict. roundtable series on South Asia. From 11/9 to 9/11. Paul B. Stares, the center’s new

26 New Initiatives Program on Program on Energy and the Environment International Institutions Council Board member David M. Rubenstein has made and Global Governance possible a new endowed chair in the Studies Program that will In 2008 the Council was awarded a three-year, $6 million focus on energy and the environment. Michael A. Levi, the grant from the Robina Foundation, one of the largest Council fellow for science and technology and director of the operating grants ever received in Council history. This award program on energy security and climate change, was named in supports a new five-year program on international institutions April 2008 the David M. Rubenstein senior fellow for energy and global governance, which Senior Fellow Stewart M. and the environment. This commitment of $5 million, made Patrick directs. The program aims to resolve one of the most as part of the Campaign for the Council, provides funds to significant problems of the twenty-first century: the shortage support work focused on any of the broad set of important of effective regional and global institutions to manage the international issues related to energy and energy security, the economic, security, environmental, and humanitarian environment, and climate change. challenges that define the post–, post-9/11 world. The program will offer concrete recommendations for U.S. policymakers and engage constituencies in the United States and abroad, including governments, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector.

Above: Senior Fellow Julia E. Sweig testifying before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on the border crisis between Colombia and Ecuador. Opposite, left to right: 1. Fellow for Latin America Studies Shannon K. O’Neil at the rollout of the Independent Task Force report on U.S.-Latin America Relations. 2. Vice President and Director of Studies Gary Samore at a meeting of the Independent Task Force on U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy. 3. Senior Fellow Sheila A. Smith at a Corporate Program meeting on Japanese politics and foreign policy. 4. Director of the Center for Preventive Action Paul B. Stares at a meeting on Kosovo. 5. Senior Fellow Michael A. Levi at a meeting of the Independent Task Force on U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy. 6. Senior Fellow Stewart M. Patrick at the Symposium on the Future of Conflict Prevention.

David Rockefeller Studies Program 27 director, led a series of Council education to ensure that poor girls The Center for Geoeconomic Special Reports on states at risk of and boys from countries affected Studies continued to explore the conflict.William L. Nash continued by conflict are included. Council interaction between economics and his work on postconflict reconstruc- scholars also did substantial work on global politics. Director Sebastian tion and conflict prevention and energy security and climate change, Mallaby oversaw Council Special directed both the Postconflict Recon- among other science and technology Reports on wage insurance and struction roundtable series and the issues. Michael A. Levi was named global foreign direct investment and military fellows program. the David M. Rubenstein senior continued working on his book on The Studies Program also fellow for energy and the environ- hedge funds as well as his regular expanded its scholarship on global ment, published his book On Nuclear column for . institutions and transnational issues. Terrorism, and directed the Indepen- Edward Alden finished his book Senior Fellow Stewart M. Patrick dent Task Force on Climate Change. The Closing of the American Border: began work as director of a program David G. Victor, who served as Terrorism, Immigration, and Security on international institutions and senior adviser to the Task Force, held Since 9/11. Jagdish N. Bhagwati pub- global governance. Laurie A. a full-day workshop with Council lished his book Termites in the Trading Garrett convened a historic meet- members on unilateral planetary- System: How Preferential Agreements ing with UN secretary-general Ban scale geoengineering and wrote a Undermine , finished two Ki-moon and global health experts Foreign Affairs article on the strategic coedited works, and continued work to discuss challenges and opportu- petroleum reserve. Charles D. on a book on trade targeted to inform nities in the changing landscape of Ferguson began work as project the next administration. Amity global health. Gene B. Sperling and director for the Independent Task Shlaes continued as a regular colum- the Center for Universal Education Force on U.S. Nuclear Weapons nist for Bloomberg, and her book produced a series of policy papers Policy and started researching a The Forgotten Man: A New His- and recommendations on strength- book on global nuclear energy tory of the Great Depression became ening the global aid architecture for developments. a national bestseller. Benn Steil

Director of the Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies Sebastian Mallaby, Paul A. Volcker, and Council Co-Chairman Robert E. Rubin at the Twelfth Annual Term Member Conference.

28 The Center for Geoeconomic Studies continued to explore the interaction between economics and global politics.

completed his new book, Money, ways to manage the global conse- in Africa. Walter Russell Mead Markets, and Sovereignty, with quences of the subprime mortgage contributed pieces to Foreign Affairs, Manuel Hinds, and he continued to crisis in the wake of the meltdown in continued to lead the Council’s pro- direct both the McKinsey Executive securitization. Matthew J. Slaughter gram on religion and foreign policy, and the C. Peter McColough round- coauthored a Council Special Report and published God and Gold: Britain, table series. Brad W. Setser, a new with David M. Marchick on protec- America, and the Making of the Modern fellow for geoeconomics, wrote tionist attitudes toward foreign direct World, named both a about the falling dollar, China’s investment. and an Economist book of the year. reserves, and sovereign wealth Finally, Council fellows contin- He also worked closely with Timothy funds. Caroline Atkinson hosted ued to explore America’s role on the Samuel Shah, who launched a pro- the Global Economics roundtable global stage and trends underlying gram of symposia and roundtables on series, which featured a number of U.S. foreign policy. religion and foreign policy covering prominent figures from the economic made progress on his book on such topics as religious conflict in world discussing current issues, and American recovery from lost wars, Nigeria, evangelicals and U.S. foreign David Braunschvig led the Business continued his monthly columns for policy, in Pakistan, secular- and Foreign Policy roundtable series. the Washington Post, and provided ism in Turkey, and Hindu activism in James P. Dougherty continued his regular commentary for numerous India and the United States. long-running roundtable series on media outlets. Another Washington innovation, U.S. competitiveness, Post columnist, Michael J. Gerson, and foreign policy. Peter B. Kenen published his book Heroic Conser- held roundtables on international vatism: Why Republicans Need to monetary and financial problems and, Embrace America’s Ideals (And Why with Ellen E. Meade, published his They Deserve to Fail If They Don’t) book Regional Monetary Integration. and focused his research on the chal- Roger M. Kubarych focused on lenges of tackling and disease Making a Difference Center for Preventive Action Project on a New U.S.-Middle East Established in 1994 and directed by Paul B. Stares, the Strategy Center for Preventive Action (CPA) creates policy recom- Toward a New U.S.-Middle East Strategy is a joint project mendations designed to prevent the outbreak or escalation of sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations and the Saban deadly conflicts in regions that affect U.S. interests or where Center at the . This historic partner- humanitarian consequences may be especially grave. Over the ship marks the first time that Middle East experts from both past year, the center has published Council Special Reports institutions are jointly developing strategic recommendations. on Zimbabwe and Syria and commissioned new studies on The project’s board of advisers includes leading foreign policy Pakistan’s tribal areas, the Democratic Republic of Congo, generalists, experienced business leaders, and former senior and northern Iraq. CPA convened a symposium on the future government officials. Codirected by Martin S. Indyk, director of conflict prevention and brought leading experts and of the Saban Center at the Brookings Institution, and Gary government officials together to discuss the risk of conflict in Samore, vice president and director of Studies at the Council, weak or failing states. In addition to continuing its ongoing the group is conducting in-depth research, regional fact-finding Potential Conflict Roundtable series, the center also launched trips, dialogue with regional officials, and consultations with a new series highlighting more immediate flashpoints for U.S. policymakers to develop a Middle East strategy for the violent conflict. next administration. In addition to briefing top officials of the new administration, the authors will present their recommen- dations to Congress, the media, and the public.

David Rockefeller Studies Program 29 Publications

Publications are an essential part of be available indefinitely through the BOOK S BY COUNCIL the Council’s mission and a crucial world’s largest online retailer. FELLOWS AND STAFF channel for disseminating the work The Council also continues to America Between the Wars: From 11/9 of Council fellows. The Publications develop alternative publishing for- to 9/11 by Derek Chollet and James department oversees the produc- mats. Beyond Humanitarianism, Goldgeier, a Council on Foreign tion of all Independent Task Force which was officially released in the Relations Book, PublicAffairs (2008) reports, Council Special Reports fall of 2007 as a Caravan Project Beyond Humanitarianism: What You (CSRs), Critical Policy Choices, book, is the first of several planned Need to Know About Africa and Why It Policy Options Papers, Working CFR Books that will be made avail- Matters edited by Princeton N. Lyman Papers, and other content. The rich able in traditional paperback format and Patricia Dorff, CFR Press (2007) variety and high quality of its mate- as well as and audio versions. rials enables the Council to reach a Requests for translating and repost- Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge and multitude of audiences, including ing Council publications online have Power in American National Security policy experts, the academic com- also increased significantly, with by Richard K. Betts, Columbia munity, business leaders, local and Council content now appearing on University Press (2007) religious leaders, and interested websites in foreign countries from The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State by members of the public. Moreover, to India. U.S. nongov- Noah Feldman, a Council on Foreign CFR Books written by fellows are ernmental organizations focusing Relations Book, published by top trade and univer- on Asia, the Middle East, South Press (2008) sity presses, such as HarperCollins, America, and Africa have reprinted God and Gold: Britain, America, and Alfred A. Knopf, W. W. Norton, Council material in newsletters, busi- the Making of the Modern World by , Harvard Univer- ness journals, military magazines, Walter Russell Mead, a Council on sity Press, , and other media, delivering timely Foreign Relations Book, Alfred A. Princeton University Press, and Yale analysis to their global audiences. Knopf (2007) University Press. As always, the full text of all Heroic Conservatism: Why Republicans To expand distribution, the CSRs, Working Papers, Policy Need to Embrace America’s Ideals Council has established new Internet Options Papers, and Task Force (And Why They Deserve to Fail If partnerships, including with Google reports may be downloaded from the They Don’t) by Michael J. Gerson, a and, this past year, Amazon. Through Council’s website, along with select Council on Foreign Relations Book, Google Book Search, the full text of chapters from CFR Books. The web- HarperCollins (2007) more than 150 Council publications site also links to book reviews, is now stored in a digital database, endorsements, and relevant news sto- On Nuclear Terrorism by Michael Levi, enabling Web users to find them ries. For additional information or to a Council on Foreign Relations through a Google keyword search. read or download Council publica- Book, Press And Amazon.com’s print-on-demand tions, including this annual report, (2007) program allows Council reports to visit CFR.org.

30 Regional Monetary Integration by Climate Change and National Security: “[America Between the Wars] is an Peter B. Kenen and Ellen E. Meade, An Agenda for Action by Joshua W. astute and highly informed book.” a Council on Foreign Relations Book, Busby (2007) —New York Times Cambridge University Press (2007) Dealing with Damascus: Seeking Termites in the Trading System: How Greater Returns on U.S.-Syria “[The Fall and Rise of the Islamic Preferential Agreements Undermine Relations by Mona Yacoubian and State is] a thoughtful meditation on the Free Trade by Jagdish Bhagwati, a Scott Lasensky (2008) history, ideals, and revival of sharia . . . a persuasive and readable book on a Council on Foreign Relations Book, Global FDI Policy: Correcting a Pro- complex topic.” Oxford University Press (2008) tectionist Drift by David M. Marchick Winners Without Losers: Why Ameri- and Matthew J. Slaughter (2008) —Christian Science Monitor cans Should Care More About Global Planning for Post-Mugabe Zimbabwe “[Confronting Climate Change] adds Economic Policy by Edward J. Lincoln, by Michelle D. Gavin (2007) another authoritative voice to the clamor a Council on Foreign Relations Book, for U.S. leadership on climate change.” Press (2007) CENTER FOR GEOECONOMIC STUDIES —Washington Post INDEPENDENT TASK FORCE WORKING PAPERS REPORTS “[An] ingenious critique . . . [God and Food Failures and Futures by Laurie A. Gold is a] remarkable piece of historical Confronting Climate Change: A Strat- Garrett (2008) analysis.” egy for U.S. Foreign Policy; George E. Smart Countries, Foolish Choices by Pataki and Thomas J. Vilsack, chairs; —Kirkus Reviews Amity Shlaes and Gaurav Tiwari Michael A. Levi, project director (2008) “[Heroic Conservatism is a] well- (2008) written and engaging memoir [that] U.S.-Latin America Relations: A New COPUBLISHED REPORTS offers a strong defense of administration Direction for a New Reality; Charlene Africa-China-U.S. Trilateral Dialogue: policies and a you-are-there perspective.” Barshefsky and James T. Hill, chairs; A Summary Report by the Brenthurst —Weekly Standard Shannon K. O’Neil, project director Foundation, Chinese Academy of (2008) Social Sciences, Council on Foreign “On Nuclear Terrorism is a must.” Relations, and Leon H. Sullivan COUNCIL —Nature magazine Foundation (2007) SPECIAL REPORTS “[Enemies of Intelligence is] insightful Avoiding Transfers to Torture by . . . [Betts] draws on a rich trove of Ashley S. Deeks (2008) historical materials [that] . . . enrich the The Case for Wage Insurance by book throughout.” Robert J. LaLonde (2007) —American Interest

To order printed copies of Council reports, please contact our distributor,­ the Brookings Institution Press: 800-537-5487 (phone); 410-516-6989 (fax); www.brookings.edu/press. For more information, please email [email protected] or call 212-434-9516.

Publications 31 New York Meetings Program

The New York Meetings Program provides a nonpartisan forum for Council members to engage in informed foreign policy discussions with world leaders, policymakers, academic experts, and renowned thinkers. This year, it offered more than 150 events, including interviews, panel discussions, symposia, screen- ings, book clubs, conference calls, and town halls. These focused on a range of regional and topical issues including Campaign 2008, the global economy, climate change, and the continuing conflict in Iraq. The Council had the privilege of hosting more than twenty-five heads of state and senior foreign government officials throughout the year. Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki of Iraq addressed the future of his nation and its security, and Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdog˘an of Turkey discussed his country’s pos- sible membership in the European Union. The foreign ministers of France and Italy, Bernard Kouchner and Massimo D’Alema, provided insights from Europe. India’s min- ister of external affairs Pranab Mukherjee focused his remarks on the future of U.S.-India relations, and former prime minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto presented her vision for Pakistan before returning to her country from exile. Canada’s prime minister offered his thoughts on the contributions of NAFTA, and President Álvaro Uribe Vélez of Colombia spoke about secu- rity and development in his country. Nigeria’s president Umaru Musa Yar’Adua and Sudan’s foreign min- ister Lam Akol Ajawin addressed the challenges facing their countries and the entire continent of Africa. Top: Prime Minister Stephen Harper of Canada with presider Marie-Josée Kravis. From Asia, speakers included China’s Bottom: Council Board member Maurice R. Greenberg with China’s minister of foreign affairs Yang Jiechi.

32 minister of foreign affairs Yang Jiechi sovereign wealth funds, the global Addressing the State and South Korea’s minister of foreign credit crunch, the falling dollar, the affairs and trade Song Min-soon. rising cost of oil and food, and micro- of the Economy UN secretary-general Ban Ki-moon finance. The Council hosted officials Meetings on the state of the global spoke on development issues and from the United States and abroad, economy remained some of the most offered perspectives from the United from U.S. treasury deputy secretary highly attended events in New York. Nations. Robert M. Kimmitt to France’s min- The World Economic Update series Numerous policymakers took the ister of financeChristine Lagarde. continued in its tenth year moderated by time to address New York members The popular World Economic Update Daniel K. Tarullo. Among the featured on a variety of issues. Director of the series continued in its tenth year, fea- speakers were Stephen S. Roach of Central Intelligence Agency Michael turing leading U.S. economists and Morgan Stanley Asia, Peter Hooper V. Hayden and Director of the Fed- their insights into the world economy. of Deutsche Bank Securities, Laurence eral Bureau of Investigation Robert The 2008 presidential campaign H. Meyer of Macroeconomic Advisers, S. Mueller III each elaborated on his made its way into many discussions. LLC, Joyce Chang of JPMorgan Chase agency’s role in combating terror- Challenges facing the next admin- & Company, and Ethan S. Harris ism. Secretary of State Condoleezza istration were addressed by the Pew of . The Council Rice addressed members on continu- Research Center’s president, Andrew hosted three officials from the Treasury ity and change in U.S. foreign policy Kohut, Council Senior Fellow and Department, including Secretary Henry as part of the fortieth anniversary of former presidential speechwriter M. Paulson Jr. Members heard from EU the International Affairs Fellowship Michael J. Gerson, and former trade commissioner , Program. Undersecretary of State for assistant secretary of state for public who addressed globalization, multi- Political Affairs R. Nicholas Burns affairs James P. Rubin. Pollsters lateralism, and trade, and U.S. Securities offered his thoughts on the U.S. Kellyanne Conway, Geoffrey and Exchange commissioner Paul S. strategic relationship with India and Garin, and Douglas Schoen evalu- Atkins, who spoke about securities the nuclear accord. Senator Joseph ated the role of foreign policy in the litigation. This year’s Bernard L. R. Biden Jr. (D-DE) spoke about campaign. Council Board member Schwartz Lecture featured John the foreign policy challenges facing and Harvard School profes- T. Chambers, chairman and chief America, with particular empha- sor Joseph S. Nye Jr. spoke about the executive officer of Cisco Systems Ltd., sis on Pakistan and Afghanistan. importance of presidential leadership who offered his views on what businesses Senator James H. Webb Jr. (D-VA) during a discussion of his new book, need to know to stay competitive. engaged members in a conversation The Powers to Lead. Presidential his- John P. Lipsky, first deputy managing on restoring America’s standing torian Michael R. Beschloss carried director of the International Monetary in the world and the direction of this theme forward as he reflected on Fund, also addressed members on the national security efforts. Jendayi past presidents during a discussion of rising prices of food and oil. Frazer, assistant secretary of state his book, Presidential Courage: Brave for African affairs, outlined U.S. Leaders and How They Changed Amer- policy toward Africa and the vio- ica 1789–1989, as part of the Council’s lence in Kenya following the election Daughters and Sons series for the there. U.S. Permanent Representa- high school and college-age children tive to the United Nations Zalmay and grandchildren of members. M. Khalilzad shared his views on The conflict in Iraq and unrest the relationship between the United in the Middle East continued to States and the United Nations. generate discussion and debate. The state of the global economy Retired U.S. Army general Barry R. factored heavily into the year’s pro- McCaffrey gave his assessment of the gramming, with more than twenty situation on the ground on the fifth events addressing issues such as anniversary of the start of the war

New York Meetings Program 33 in Iraq. Addressing the Iraqi refugee prospects for an Arab-Israeli peace. following a contentious election, crisis were Robert Carey, vice presi- , chief foreign corre- and Afghanistan’s foreign minister dent of resettlement at the Interna- spondent at NBC News, spoke on his Rangin Dadfar Spanta discussed tional Rescue Committee, James B. experiences reporting from Iraq as the achievements and challenges in Foley, senior coordinator for Iraqi part of the Council’s Daughters and his country. refugee issues at the U.S. Department Sons series. The role of religion in foreign of State, and Kristèle Younès, senior Meetings focused on Pakistan policy received significant attention. advocate at Refugees International. and Afghanistan included a discus- Three half-day symposia, sponsored The commander of U.S. Special sion with the president and chief by the Henry Luce Foundation, Operations Command, Admiral executive officer of the New America focused on evangelicals and U.S. Eric T. Olson, offered his insights Foundation, Steve Coll, and senior foreign policy, religion and the open into military strategy to combat ter- associate at the Carnegie Endow- society, and religion in China. Among rorism. President of the National ment for International Peace Ashley the speakers addressing these topics Iranian American Council Trita Joachim Tellis. Ahmed Rashid, were Peter L. Berger, director of the Parsi and United States Institute of former Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Institute on Culture, Religion and Peace senior fellow Barbara Slavin Central Asia correspondent for the World Affairs at Boston University, discussed the past, present, and Far Eastern Economic Review, and Richard Cizik, vice president for future of U.S.-Iran relations. Aaron Barnett R. Rubin, director of stud- governmental affairs at the National David Miller, public policy scholar ies and senior fellow at the Center Association of Evangelicals, Rev- at the Woodrow Wilson Interna- on International Cooperation at erend Eugene F. Rivers III, special tional Center for Scholars, Shibley New York University, talked about assistant to the presiding bishop for Telhami, professor the role the United States should government and policy at Church for peace and development at the play in the region. Pakistan’s former of God in Christ, Dalia Mogahed, University of Maryland, and Robin prime minister Shaukat Aziz spoke senior analyst and executive director Wright, diplomatic correspondent to a small group of members about for the Center for Muslim Studies for the Washington Post, examined the the recent developments in Pakistan at the Gallup Organization, and

34 The Council had the privilege of hosting over twenty-five heads of state and senior foreign government officials throughout the year.

Focusing on Energy and the Environment New York programming this past year explored issues on energy and the environment. These topics were addressed by experts in the field and world leaders in business and government. Fatih Birol, chief economist at the International Energy Agency, returned this year with a briefing on the findings of the 2007 World Energy Outlook with insights into China and India. Lee Raymond, retired chairman and chief executive officer of Exxon Mobil Corporation, discussed a study by the National Petroleum Council about the future of energy resources. President Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic Fenggang Yang, director of the Above, left to right: 1. President Álvaro Uribe challenged conventional thinking Vélez of Colombia. 2. French minister of finance on climate change, Canada’s prime Center on Religion and Chinese Christine Lagarde. 3. President Umaru Musa Society at Purdue University. Yar’Adua of Nigeria. 4. Prime Minister Nuri minister Stephen Harper spoke on The Council’s HBO-sponsored al-Maliki of Iraq. 5. India’s minister of external environmental concerns for North affairs Pranab Mukherjee. History Makers series featured two America, U.S. undersecretary of state speakers this year. Brent Scowcroft Paula J. Dobriansky spoke on the reflected on his time as national melting Arctic Ocean, and Senator security adviser for presidents John F. Kerry (D-MA) addressed and George H.W. Bush, climate change as an important and former secretary of the treasury consideration of U.S. national security. Lawrence H. Summers shared A panel discussion led by Council Board his experiences both in and out member and former Environmental of government. Protection Agency administrator Christine Todd Whitman focused on economic approaches to global warming. In June, the Council hosted a half-day symposium on China and climate change that addressed critical environmental issues.

New York Meetings Program 35 Washington Program

The Council continues to grow and also reached out to select members (D-CA), (D-CA), and flourish as a source of ideas and of Congress to preview Independent William “Mac” Thornberry (R-TX). information on foreign policy issues Task Force reports on topics related An increasingly valuable resource for decision-makers in the nation’s to their areas of jurisdiction. The to another important Washington capital. The Council in Washington civil liberties Task Force dinner, for constituency is the Council’s Cor- offers members innovative program- example, drew fourteen influential porate Program. More corporate ming on a wide range of international members of Congress, including members in the area than ever before issues. Through targeted dissemina- Representatives Howard Berman are engaged in Council activities, tion of the Council’s intellectual work to Congress, administration officials, the diplomatic corps, the business community, and opinion leaders, the Washington Program also fosters an informed, bipartisan dialogue on the global issues of the day. The Council’s commitment to informing policymakers and promot- ing bipartisan approaches to foreign policy challenges is demonstrated on a regular basis by its outreach to Con- gress. With its reputation as an unbi- ased resource and neutral forum for constructive dialogue, the Council’s Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy program had a very productive year. It provided briefings to new members of Congress from both parties on issues ranging from U.S. trade policy to the future of U.S. involvement in Iraq and hosted two separate meet- ing series for chiefs of staff in the House and Senate. Interaction with senior foreign policy and national security staff continued through the Council’s highly successful congres- sional staff roundtable program, the longest-running consecutive briefing series of its kind. In an effort to more effectively link the work of Council experts to policymakers on a timely basis, this year the Council initiated rapid- response briefings in Washington, DC. These enlisted Council fellows Top: President of Mikheil Saakashvili (far left) at a small Council dinner with Zbigniew Brzez- inski, Prime Minister of Georgia Vladimer Gurgenidze, Senior Fellow Stephen R. Sestanovich, and to brief congressional staff with real- Stephen E. Biegun. time information and analysis on Bottom: Alan Greenspan (right) recounts personal anecdotes and reflects on larger lessons for foreign breaking world events. The Council policy and international relations, as Alan Murray of presides.

36 focusing heavily on Asia as well as Cyprus, Dennis Richardson of officials—speaking to Council on additional functional topics such Australia, and Carolina Barco members. In October, Secretary as export controls, immigration, Isakson of Colombia each welcomed of State Condoleezza Rice dis- energy, and trade. Leveraging Coun- a small group of Council members cussed policy in the Americas, focus- cil expertise in New York as well as for an intimate, not-for-attribution ing on trade agreements with Peru, in Washington, the Corporate Pro- discussion on a range of bilateral Colombia, and Panama. Later in the gram featured speakers from Wall and regional policy topics. Over the month, Treasury Secretary Henry M. Street and continued its Window on past nine years, these luncheons have Paulson Jr. spoke in advance of his Washington Conference Call series deepened the Council’s relationships trip to India and emphasized India’s to highlight ’s perspec- with diplomats, who allow the Coun- rise as a player on the global eco- tive on market turmoil and other cil to return the favor by hosting their nomic stage. Stephen J. Hadley, global issues. foreign ministers and heads of state. assistant to the president for nation- More than 170 foreign govern- This year, for example, the Wash- al security affairs, also took advan- ments are represented in Washing- ington Program hosted several visit- tage of the opportunity to engage ton, and the Council actively engages ing government officials from abroad, with the Washington membership. this diplomatic community through including President Festus Mogae The month following his confir- its Embassy Lunch series, which of Botswana, President Mikheil mation as the first commander of fosters exchange between foreign Saakashvili of Georgia, Foreign U.S. Africa Command, General ambassadors and American busi- Secretary Riaz Mohammad Khan William E. Ward came to the ness, political, and academic leaders. of Pakistan, Foreign Minister Ahmed Council in Washington, shared his Seven ambassadors graciously hosted Aboul Gheit of Egypt, and Finance insights and welcomed feedback from Council members in their residences Minister Bayan Jabr of Iraq. Council members. or embassies this year. Samir Shakir The U.S. government was also Drawing on the worldwide Mahmood Sumaida’ie of Iraq, Said well represented at the Council interest in the hotly contested U.S. Tayeb Jawad of Afghanistan, Pierre in Washington this year, with primary campaign, the Council in Vimont of France, Arturo Sarukhan several members of the adminis- Washington brought advisers to can- of Mexico, Andreas Kakouris of tration—including two cabinet didates from both parties together

New Vice President for the Washington Program Kay King returned to the Council in October 2007 as vice president for the Washington Program, where she manages the Washington office, directs programming for area members, and leads Council-wide initiatives with Congress and the diplomatic community. A Council member since 1994, King held several positions early in her career at the Council in New York, including as a member of the editorial staff of Foreign Affairs and as associate director of the project on European-American relations. King has a diverse background and broad experience in the foreign policy arena. She was vice president for external relations at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), where she was responsible for leading strategic communications and managing outreach to Congress, the executive branch, the media, and the international policy community. Before joining CSIS, King was director of congressional and public affairs at the United States Institute of Peace, president of King Strategies, and deputy assistant secretary of state for legislative affairs. She was also the first executive director of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs and senior legislative assistant for foreign and defense policy to Senator Joseph R. Biden Jr. (D-DE). Coauthor of two studies on international affairs education, King holds a BA from Vassar College and an MA from ’s School of International and Public Affairs.

Washington Program 37 Bringing Together in a series called Campaign 2008 Conversations. Moving beyond the Scholars and Policymakers headlines and campaign rhetoric, this new series took an in-depth look The Council in Washington connects Council experts and their research at some of the ideas that promise to with Washington policymakers and opinion leaders in a timely and evolve into the policies of the next effective manner. Using tailored programming and targeted outreach, president. Three separate events fea- the Washington Program delivers Council products to select decision- tured economic, foreign policy, and makers on Capitol Hill, in the executive branch, and the media, national security advisers sharing the diplomatic, and corporate communities when they need Council guidance they offer to candidates on expertise most. Its programs and outreach initiatives are aimed at a major issues. Gary Gensler speak- variety of audiences: ing on behalf of Hillary Clinton, Congress representing Barack Obama, and Douglas Holtz- – Briefing series provide important information on foreign policy issues Eakin for John McCain discussed for new members of Congress, Senate and House chiefs of staff, and trade, oil prices, and sovereign wealth senior foreign policy and national security staff. funds. Foreign policy advisers Susan – Ad hoc briefings help lawmakers prepare for travel or hone ideas for Rice for Obama, Mara Rudman for legislation and assist committee staff in need of timely information. Clinton, and Randy Scheunemann – Bipartisan salon dinners give members of Congress an opportunity for McCain debated climate change, to discuss a new Council report or address a breaking issue with withdrawal from Iraq, and the Council members. Israeli-Palestinian conflict. National Diplomatic Community security experts P. J. Crowley of the Clinton team, Richard Danzig of – Embassy Lunch programs bring together Council members with the Obama campaign, and Randy senior diplomats. Scheunemann representing McCain – Roundtable Events link Council experts and products with senior presented their candidates’ views on embassy staff. defense spending, the Iranian nuclear Corporate threat, and combating terrorism. The deteriorating economic situ- – Roundtable sessions connect New York and Washington by increasing ation drove much discussion on the the number of discussions on financial and market issues and featuring campaign trail. To further explore speakers from Wall Street. economic issues, the Council in – Conference calls, known as the Window on Washington series, high- Washington launched Global Eco- light the capital’s perspective on global issues. nomic Trends, its newest series of Media meetings. Cosponsored with the Maurice R. Greenberg Center for – Special on-the-record Council meetings include Washington-based Geoeconomic Studies, the series reporters. provides a platform for leading – Press briefings with Council experts focus on breaking foreign policy experts to discuss issues related to issues. financial markets, economics, and – Transcripts of on-the-record events in Washington, DC, are made globalization, focusing on their available on the Council website within a day of the event. implications for U.S. foreign policy. The first meeting of the series fea- tured Timothy D. Adams, former undersecretary for international affairs at the Treasury Department,

38 The Council’s commitment to informing policymakers and promoting bipartisan approaches to foreign policy challenges is demonstrated on a regular basis by its outreach to Congress.

and Steven L. Rattner of the Quad- rangle Group in a discussion on the falling dollar. Subsequent meetings addressed the national security con- sequences of increasing oil prices, the rise of sovereign wealth funds, and the global credit crisis. Speak- ers included Reuben Jeffery III, undersecretary of state for economic, energy, and agricultural affairs; Philip D. Zelikow, White Burkett Miller professor of history at the University of Virginia; and George Soros, chairman of Soros Fund Management. Two additional highlights of the program year were the Council’s HBO-sponsored History Makers series with Alan Greenspan and Frank C. Carlucci, who reflected on their careers and larger lessons for foreign policy and international relations. Looking to the future, the Coun- cil’s Washington office is preparing to move to a new home at 1777 F Street, NW—just a block from the White House, around the corner from the IMF and World Bank, and not far from the State Department. The Council’s new building in Wash- ington offers the entire organization greater visibility, increased opportu- nities to better serve its members and advance the work of the Council in our nation’s capital, and an excellent vantage point from which to promote bipartisan solutions to foreign policy and national security challenges.

Top: General William E. Ward, the first commander of U.S. Africa Command, speaks with Council members the month following his confirmation. Bottom: Jim Hoagland of the Washington Post presides at a meeting of the foreign policy advisers to the presidential candidates, (Obama), Randy Scheunemann (McCain), and Mara Rudman (Clinton).

Washington Program 39 National Program

With more than one-third of Council Blount; the consequences of neglect- Nations Nirupam Sen spoke on members living outside of New York ing infrastructure in , Miami, the future of the United Nations and Washington, DC, the National and Seattle with Council Senior and India. Program provides a forum for mem- Fellow Stephen E. Flynn; global The roundtable series also focused bers across the country and around trends in evangelical Christianity on regional hotspots. In Chicago, the world to discuss pressing foreign in Boston with Boston University’s Dallas, and Houston, Gary Samore, policy issues and contribute to the Peter L. Berger and Council Adjunct the Council’s vice president and Council’s research and publications. Senior Fellow Timothy Samuel director of Studies, explored Iran’s National Program activities take Shah; and Latin American demo- nuclear ambitions; in Boston, Har- place in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, cratic transformation in Atlanta with vard University’s Xenia Dormandy Dallas, Houston, London, Los Ange- Georgia State University’s Jennifer L. discussed the future of Pakistan; and les, Miami, Phoenix, San Diego, McCoy. National members discussed in London, American International San Francisco, Santa Fe, Seattle, U.S. foreign policy and the 2008 Group’s Frank G. Wisner outlined and Tokyo. presidential elections with Coun- the scope of U.S.-Angola relations. The National Program Round- cil President Richard N. Haass in In Los Angeles, RAND’s David L. table series builds on the expertise of Boston, Chicago, London, Los Ange- Aaron addressed the Middle East members, Council fellows, and other les, Miami, and San Francisco. Also in challenges facing the next adminis- leaders. This year’s series, Global San Francisco, Harvard University’s tration; in Dallas, Houston, and Los Challenges, addressed a range of Joseph S. Nye discussed presidential Angeles, Council Fellow Steven A. issues, including global health in Seat- leadership; in Boston, Chancellor Cook explored military and political tle with PATH’s Christopher Elias Alfred Gusenbauer of Austria out- development in Egypt, Algeria, and and in Atlanta with CARE’s Helene lined Europe’s globalization strat- Turkey; in Atlanta, Senior Fellow D. Gayle and the Centers for Disease egy; and, in San Diego, permanent Stephen Biddle discussed the future Control and Prevention’s Stephen B. representative of India to the United of the United States in Iraq; and in

40 Dallas, former U.S. ambassador to Program leveraged the latest technol- Involving Robert W. Jordan ogy to connect members from coast reflected on U.S.-Saudi relations, to coast and beyond. International National Members while Military Fellow Jeffrey B. and domestic policymakers were Kendall analyzed NATO’s role made accessible through teleconfer- in the Council’s Work in Afghanistan. ences and webcasts of select New A primary goal of the National Program In cooperation with local foreign York and Washington, DC, meetings. is to convene Council members who policy organizations, the National In addition, the National Program live outside New York and Washington, Program organized private and Conference Call series, chaired by DC, for seminars at which Council public programs across the country. Vice President for the National fellows discuss their research and Council fellows who spoke nationally Program and Outreach Irina A. writing. The purpose of these seminars about their books included Michael Faskianos, featured scholars and is to involve members in the Council’s J. Gerson on Heroic Conservatism, experts on current issues and crises. research and expose the fellows to Michael A. Levi on On Nuclear Audio and video files of on-the- members’ perspectives. Terrorism, Walter Russell Mead on record meetings are downloadable to This year, Michael A. Levi led God and Gold, and Noah Feldman iPods or MP3 players through RSS seminars on the draft report of the on The Fall and Rise of the Islamic feeds and regularly updated podcasts Council-sponsored Independent Task State. Members discussed Paul and may be accessed through CFR. Force on Climate Change in Boston, Collier’s The Bottom Billion and Jack org, the iTunes Music Store, and Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle. L. Goldsmith’s The Terror Presidency Yahoo. Full-length recordings are Shannon K. O’Neil and Julia E. Sweig as part of the Council Book Club also available on Princeton’s Univer- led sessions on the draft report of the series, and spoke with both authors sity Channel and at FORA.tv. Council-sponsored Independent Task in interactive conference calls. Force on U.S. Policy toward Latin As in past years, the National America in Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Miami, and San Francisco. Adam Segal met with members in Phoenix to discuss chapters from his forthcoming book. National members reviewed drafts before each seminar and contributed their feedback to help shape the final product.

Opposite: Carla Anne Robbins polling National members on the challenges facing the next administration. Left: Farah Pandith and Reza Aslan at the National Conference panel on Islam and U.S. foreign policy.

National Program 41 National Conference

The National Conference is the pre- page editor Carla Anne Robbins, Scheunemann, the foreign policy mier event of the National Program, on prospects for American advisers respectively to Senators bringing together members from influence; Barack Obama and John McCain, around the world to the Council’s – Former deputy U.S. trade rep- the 2008 presidential candidates; New York headquarters for two and resentative Karan Bhatia and – U.S. ambassador to Iraq Ryan a half days of discussions with fellow Council Co-Chairman and former C. Crocker, with KERA-TV’s members and other leading thinkers U.S. treasury secretary Robert Lee Cullum, on the future of the and practitioners. The Thirteenth E. Rubin, with Council Director United States in Iraq; and National Conference, underwrit- of the Center for Geoeconomic – An evening at the UN headquar- ten by a grant in memory of Peter E. Studies Sebastian Mallaby, on the ters with permanent represen- Haas, was held from June 5 to 7, 2008, economic challenges ahead; tatives to the United Nations and featured the following speakers, – A panel on Islam and the future Maged A. Abdelaziz of Egypt, topics, and sessions: of U.S. foreign policy with Reza Thomas Matussek of Germany, Aslan, a fellow at the University and Heraldo Muñoz of , – Melinda French Gates, co-chair of Southern California’s Center with Anne-Marie Slaughter, of the Bill & Melinda Gates on Public Diplomacy; Noah Council Board member and dean Foundation, with Council Board Feldman, Council adjunct sen- of Princeton University’s Wood- member and NBC News special ior fellow; and Farah Pandith, row Wilson School of Public and correspondent Tom Brokaw on senior adviser at the U.S. Depart- International Affairs. how governments and nonprofit ment of State’s bureau of Euro- organizations interact; pean and Eurasian affairs, with Members also had the opportu- – , CSIS NPR’s foreign correspondent nity to interact with foreign policy counselor and trustee, and Council Deborah Amos; experts, business leaders, former President Richard N. Haass, with – A conversation between Dennis high-level government officials, New York Times deputy editorial McDonough and Randy and leaders of nongovernmental

42 organizations in smaller regional and topical discussion groups, as well as several town halls, on the follow- ing subjects:

– energy security and sustain- ability, with Edward L. Morse, Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran, and ; – immigration, with Steven A. Camarota, Tamar Jacoby, and Edward Alden; – terrorism, with Roger W. Cressey, Ellen Laipson, and Steven Simon; and – trade, with Jeff Faux, Jim Kolbe, and Merit E. Janow.

Opposite left: Council members at the 2008 National Conference. Opposite right: Adam Segal and Thomas J. Christensen lead the China discussion group. Above: Council Board member Anne-Marie Slaughter, Thomas Matussek, Heraldo Muñoz, and Maged A. Abdelaziz. Below left: Ryan C. Crocker and Lee Cullum. Below right: Xenia Dormandy, Marshall Bouton, and Ashley Joachim Tellis lead the India and Pakistan discussion group.

National Program 43 Corporate Program

The Corporate Program convenes government officials, members of on and Finance. business leaders to gain new insights Congress, and the diplomatic com- Featured speakers included Federal into developments at the intersection munity on issues important to busi- Reserve vice chairman Donald L. of international politics, econom- ness, such as energy security, foreign Kohn, U.S. treasury undersecretary ics, and business. Under the new investment, and trade. for international affairs David H. leadership of L. Camille Massey As companies look for profes- McCormick, New York Federal as vice president for membership, sional development opportunities Reserve Bank president and CEO fellowship, and corporate affairs, to cultivate their next generation of Timothy F. Geithner, and World representatives of 250 international corporate leaders, the Corporate Pro- Bank president Robert B. Zoellick. firms regularly meet with govern- gram increasingly serves as a resource Several chief executive officers shared ment officials from around the world, for future leaders to gain insights into their views on the current state of policy analysts, on-the-ground prac- the issues that affect global business. global business as it relates to policy titioners, researchers, and journal- This year, executives and indi- formation, including Royal Dutch ists. Through the Council’s Studies vidual members in the private sector Shell CEO Jeroen van der Veer on Program, corporate members play a took part in more than one hundred energy, RIM CEO Mike Lazaridis on dynamic role in the intellectual life events and thirty interactive confer- technology, and Standard Chartered of the Council—by participating in ence calls with business and foreign CEO Mervyn Davies on sovereign roundtable discussions and advisory policy specialists in New York and wealth funds. groups, one-on-one briefings for Washington, DC, and nationally. The Council hosted its inaugural senior executives, and discussions Program highlights included the CEO Forum in May 2008, which hosted at member company offices. C. Peter McColough Roundtable convened thirty CEOs from the The Corporate Program’s office Series on International Economics, corporate community for a day and in Washington, DC, serves member the World Economic Update Series, a half to discuss the most salient risk companies that are headquartered and sponsored programs by member issues global corporations face today. or have offices in the capital area. In companies including the McKinsey Cohosted by Council President addition to participating in meetings Executive Roundtable Series in Inter- Richard N. Haass and Co-Chairman and roundtables, member companies national Economics, the Merck & Robert E. Rubin, the CEOs engaged have numerous opportunities to be Co., Inc.’s, Global Women Leaders in discussion with Brent Scowcroft, part of small, high-level sessions with series, and the Mayer Brown Forum president and founder of the

New Vice President for Membership, Fellowship, and Corporate Affairs L. Camille Massey, a member of the Council since 1996, joined the Council staff in February 2008 as vice president for membership, fellowship, and corporate affairs. Massey joins from Cue Global, a consulting business she started in 2000, which provides strategic policy and communications services to global organizations. Since 2001, she has served as senior adviser at the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, a public-private partnership, working in twenty-three countries with a concentration in Africa and Asia. Prior to Cue Global, Massey was a director at the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (now Human Rights First). Before studying law, Massey served as assistant director of public affairs at the Council, where she produced and helped create America and the World, a weekly radio program that aired on National Public Radio featuring leading policymakers. Massey is the chair of the board of directors of Breakthrough, an innovative nonprofit organization based in India and the United States that uses media and popular culture to advance human rights, and serves on the board of Syracuse University’s S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications. Massey holds a BA from Syracuse University and a JD from City University of New York Law School’s International Program.

44 Scowcroft Group and former national security adviser to presi- dents George H.W. Bush and Gerald Ford; Martin S. Feldstein, president and CEO of the National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.; Lawrence H. Summers, Charles W. Eliot university professor at Harvard Uni- versity and former secretary of the treasury; and Council Board member Tom Brokaw, special correspondent of NBC News, among others. “The Council on Foreign Relations has assembled a group of fellows second to none in scholarship and productivity. Their publications shape the thinking of policymakers at the highest levels of government and industry, and their par- ticipation in Council activities enriches the experience for members.” — , CEO and Chairman, Company

Top: Council International Advisory Board mem- ber Sadako Ogata, Kati I. Marton, and Kenneth C. Frazier at a meeting of the Global Women Leaders series sponsored by Merck & Co., Inc. Right: Jeroen van der Veer and Edward L. Morse at a meeting on energy scenarios in 2050. Bottom: Participants at the CEO Forum.

Corporate Program 45 GlaxoSmithKline Mitsubishi International Tishman Speyer Properties, Inc. Debevoise & Plimpton LLP Google, Inc. Corporation TOTAL S.A. Ehrenkranz & Ehrenkranz LLP Granite Associates LP Moore Capital Management LLC Tribeca Enterprises Eisner LLP Greenberg Traurig LLP Munich Re America, Inc. United Technologies Corporation First Atlantic Capital, Ltd. Hitachi, Ltd. National Interest Security Company Verizon Communications Inc. French-American Chamber of Houlihan Lokey Howard & Zukin Natixis , Inc. Veronis Suhler Stevenson Commerce IBM Corporation The News Corporation Visa Inc. Hemispheric Partners Indus Capital Partners, LLC Nasdaq OMX Volkswagen of America, Inc. IC & A Inc. InsCap Management, LLC NYSE Euronext Vornado Realty Trust Idemitsu Apollo Corporation Invus Group, LLC Occidental Petroleum Corporation Wyeth Intellispace, Inc. J. E. Robert Companies The Olayan Group Wyoming Investment Corporation Interaudi Bank Jacobs Asset Management, LLC Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker Xerox Corporation Intesa Sanpaolo Jones Day Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Xinhua Finance Limited Japan Bank for International JPMorgan Chase & Co. Garrison LLP Ziff Brothers Investments LLC Cooperation KBR PepsiCo, Inc. JETRO New York Kometal GMBH Austria Phillips–Van Heusen Corporation BASIC Joukowsky Family Foundation Kuwait Petroleum Corporation PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP AARP KS Management Corporation Lukoil Americas Principal Financial Group Apple Core Hotels, Inc. Linklaters MacAndrews & Holdings Inc. Prudential Financial, Inc. AREVA US Mark Partners Mannheim LLC Raytheon Company Arnold & Porter LLP Marvin & Palmer Associates, Inc. Marathon Oil Corporation Resource Holdings, Ltd. Baker & Hostetler LLP Mine Safety Appliances Company Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. Rho Capital Partners The Baldwin-Gottschalk Group Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP Marubeni America Corporation Rothschild North America, Inc. Banca di Roma Oxford Analytica Inc. MasterCard Advisors Sandalwood Securities, Inc. Banca d’Italia Peter Kimmelman Asset MBIA Insurance Corporation Shell Oil Company Barbour Griffith and Rogers Management LLC MeadWestvaco Corporation Sidley Austin LLP Bramwell Capital Management, Inc. Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman Medley Capital Silver Lake Partners Claremont Capital Corporation LLP Medley Global Advisors Sony Corporation of America Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP Merck & Co., Inc. Standard & Poor’s LLP Turkish Industrialists’ and Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy Stanford Financial Group Control Risks Group Businessmen’s Association LLP Sullivan & Cromwell LLP C & O Resources, Inc. Warburg Pincus LLC Mitsubishi Heavy Industries The Tata Group Covington & Burling Weber Shandwick Worldwide CorporateAmerica, Inc. MembersTime Warner, Inc. Craig Drill Capital Corporation Zephyr Management, L.P.

Corporate Program Membership Sector Representation Healthcare 2.2% FOUNDERS Landor Associates Apax Partners, Inc. Caxton Associates American Express Company Lazard Amber Capital Investment CEMEX The Group, Inc. Lockheed Martin CorporationIndustrial 14.2%Management CH2M HILL Companies,Non-Bank Financial Ltd. Hess Corporation The McGraw-Hill Companies Apollo Management Chrysler LLCInstitutions 30.2% Lehman Brothers Moody’s Investors Service ARAMARK Corporation Cisneros Group of Companies McKinsey & Company, Inc. Morgan Stanley Aramco Services Company CIT Group Inc. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. New Media Investments Archer Daniels Midland The CNA Corporation New York Life International, Inc. Company The Coca-Cola Company Media, ,Nike, Inc. and Technology 7.3%Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder Cognizant Technology Solutions PRESIDENT’S CIRCLE Pfizer Inc. Holdings, Inc. Corporation Alcoa Inc. Reliance Industries Limited Baker Capital Corp. Continental Properties American International Group, Inc. The Rohatyn Group Real Estate 2.6%Baker, Nye Advisers, Inc. Corsair CapitalEnergy and Power Basic Element Sanko Holding Banco Mercantil De Beers 7.8% Bennett Jones LLP Soros Fund Management Deere & Company BP p.l.c. Standard Chartered Bank The Bank of New York Deloitte Consumer 3.4% Bridgewater Associates, Inc. Starwood Capital Group Services 17.2%Mellon Corporation Deutsche Bank AG CA Strategic Real Estate Advisors Barclays Capital Duke Energy Corporation Chevron Corporation Toyota Motor North America, Inc. BASF Corporation DynCorpBanks 10.8% International Citi UBS AG The Blackstone GroupOther L.P. 4.3% Electronic Data Systems ConocoPhillips Company U.S. Chamber of Commerce Bloomberg Corporation Credit Suisse Veritas Capital LLC BNP Paribas Energy Intelligence Group, Inc. Drake Management LLC The Boeing Company Equinox Partners, L.P. Eni S.p.A. Booz Allen Hamilton Estee Lauder Companies Inc. Corporate Program Exxon Mobil Corporation PREMIUM Boston Properties, Inc. Federal Express Corporation Fortress Investment Group LLC ABC News Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Ford Motor Company Guardsmark LLC Access Industries, Inc. Bunge Limited Freddie Mac H. J. Company ACE Limited CALYON Corporate Freeport-McMoRan Copper and Investcorp International, Inc. AEA Investors Inc. and Investment Bank Gold, Inc. Kingdon Capital Airbus North America Canadian Imperial Bank Future Pipe Industries, Inc. Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. Alleghany Corporation of Commerce Galt Industries, Inc. Korn/Ferry International Allied World Assurance Canon, Inc. General Atlantic LLC KPMG LLP Company, Ltd. Cantillon Capital Management LLC Company

Benefits of CorporateMembership at the President’s Circle Level ($60,000) – Invitations for senior executives to attend two to three – Invitations to more than one hundred events each year in small, private events with world leaders New York and Washington, DC, and nationally, and to – Priority registration for the annual CEO Forum thirty conference calls – Two private briefings by a CFR fellow – Participation in quarterly briefings for corporate members by CFR president on a current policy priority – Opportunities for executives to participate in select in- depth study groups and roundtables led by CFR fellows – Invitation to the annual Corporate Conference on timely geopolitical and geoeconomic challenges – Invitation for an executive to participate in at least one trip led by a member of CFR leadership (travel fees will apply) – Multiple subscriptions to Foreign Affairs – Invitation to the annual fall dinner for the Council’s Board – Access to corporate-members-only section of CFR.org, of Directors and International Advisory Board which offers Foreign Affairs archives, conference call replays, meetings information, policy articles relevant to – Professional development opportunity for two executives business, and more to participate as Corporate Leaders in the CFR Term Member Program – Member rates for Harold Pratt House meeting facilities – Special advertising rates in Foreign Affairs – Acknowledgment in CFR literature For more information on Founders ($100,000) and Premium ($30,000) membership levels, contact the Corporate Program at 212.434.9684.

46 Corporate Members

FOUNDERS Landor Associates Apax Partners, Inc. Caxton Associates CEMEX American Express Company Lazard Amber Capital Investment CH2M HILL Companies, Ltd. The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. Lockheed Martin Corporation Management Hess Corporation The McGraw-Hill Companies Apollo Management Chrysler LLC Lehman Brothers Moody's Investors Service ARAMARK Corporation Cisneros Group of Companies McKinsey & Company, Inc. Morgan Stanley Aramco Services Company CIT Group Inc. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. New Media Investments Archer Daniels Midland The CNA Corporation New York Life International, Inc. Company The Coca-Cola Company Nike, Inc. Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder Cognizant Technology Solutions PRESIDENT'S CIRCLE Pfizer Inc. Holdings, Inc. Corporation Alcoa Inc. Reliance Industries Limited Baker Capital Corp. Continental Properties American International Group, Inc. The Rohatyn Group Baker, Nye Advisers, Inc. Corsair Capital Basic Element Sanko Holding Banco Mercantil De Beers Bennett Jones LLP Soros Fund Management Bank of America Deere & Company BPp.l.c. Standard Chartered Bank The Bank of New York Deloitte Bridgewater Associates, Inc. Starwood Capital Group Mellon Corporation Deutsche Bank AG CA Strategic Real Estate Advisors Barclays Capital Duke Energy Corporation Chevron Corporation Toyota Motor North America, Inc. BASF Corporation DynCorp International Citi UBS AG The Blackstone Group L.P. Electronic Data Systems ConocoPhillips Company U.S. Chamber of Commerce Bloomberg Corporation Credit Suisse Veritas Capital LLC BNPParibas Energy Intelligence Group, Inc. Drake Management LLC The Boeing Company Equinox Partners, L.P. EniS.p.A. Booz Allen Hamilton Estee Lauder Companies Inc. Exxon Mobil Corporation PREMIUM Boston Properties, Inc. Federal Express Corporation Fortress Investment Group LLC ABC News Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Ford Motor Company Guardsmark LLC Access Industries, Inc. Bunge Limited Freddie Mac H. J. Heinz Company ACE Limited CALYON Corporate Freeport-McMoRan Copper and Investcorp International, Inc. AEA Investors Inc. and Investment Bank Gold, Inc. Kingdon Capital Airbus North America Canadian Imperial Bank Future Pipe Industries, Inc. Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. Alleghany Corporation of Commerce Gait Industries, Inc. Korn/Ferry International Allied World Assurance Canon, Inc. General Atlantic LLC KPMG LLP Company, Ltd. Cantillon Capital Management LLC General Electric Company

Benefits of Corporate Membership at the President's Circle Level ($60,000) - Invitations for senior executives to attend two to three Invitations to more than one hundred events eachyear in small, private events with world leaders New York and Washington, DC, and nationally, and to - Priority registration for the annual CEO Forum thirty conference calls - Two private briefings by a CFRfellow Participation in quarterly briefings for corporate members by CFRpresident on a current policy priority - Opportunities for executives to participate in select in- depth study groups and roundtables led by CFRfellows Invitation to the annual Corporate Conference on timely geopolitical and geoeconomic challenges - Invitation for an executive to participate in at least one trip led by a member of CFR leadership (travelfees will apply) Multiple subscriptions to Foreign Affairs - Invitation to the annual fall dinner for the Council's Board Access to corporate-members-only section ofCFR.org, of Directors and International Advisory Board which offers Foreign Affairs archives, conference call replays, meetings information, policy articles relevant to - Professional development opportunity for two executives business, and more to participate as Corporate Leaders in the CFR Term Member Program Member rates for Harold Pratt House meeting facilities - Special advertising rates in Foreign Affairs Acknowledgment in CFR literature For more information on Founders ($100,000) and Premium ($30,000) membership levels, contact the Corporate Program at 212.434.9684.

46 GlaxoSmithKline Mitsubishi International Tishman Spever Properties, Inc. Debevoise & Plimpton LLP Google, Inc. Corporation TOTAL S.A.' Ehrenkranz & Ehrenkranz LLP Granite Associates LP Moore Capital Management LLC Tribeca Enterprises Eisner LLP GreenbergTraurigLLP Munich Re America, Inc. United Technologies Corporation First Atlantic Capital, Ltd. Hitachi, Ltd. National Interest Security Company Verizon Communications Inc. French-American Chamber of Houlihan Lokey Howard & Zukin Natixis North America, Inc. Veronis Suhler Stevenson Commerce IBM Corporation The News Corporation Visa Inc. Hemispheric Partners Indus Capital Partners. LLC Nasdaq OMX Volkswagen of America, Inc. IC&Alnc. InsCap Management, LLC NYSEEuronexr Vornado Realty Trust Idemitsu Apollo Corporation lnvus Group, LLC Occidental Petroleum Corporation Wyeth Intellispace, Inc. J. E. Robert Companies The Olayan Group Wyoming Investment Corporation Interaudi Bank Jacobs Asset Management, LLC Paul, Hastings, |anofsky & Walker Xerox Corporation Intesa Sanpaolo (ones Day Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Xinhua Finance Limited [apart Bank for International IPMorgan Chase & Co. Garrison LLP Ziff Brothers Investments LLC Cooperation KBR PepsiCo, Inc. (ETRO New York komctal GMBH Austria Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation BASIC |oukowsky Family Foundation Kuwait Petroleum Corporation PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP AARP K.S Management Corporation Lukoil Americas Principal Financial Group Apple Core Hotels, Inc. Linklaters MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings Inc. Prudential Financial, Inc. AREVAUS Mark Partners Mannheim LLC Raytheon Company Arnold & Porter LLP Marvin & Palmer Associates, Inc. Marathon Oil Corporation Resource Holdings, Ltd. Baker & Hostetler LLP Mine Safety Appliances Company Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. Rho Capital Partners The Baldwin-Gottschalk Group Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP Marubeni America Corporation Rothschild North America, Inc. Banca di Roma Oxford Analytica Inc. MasterCard Advisors Sandalwood Securities, Inc. Banca d'ltalia Peter Kimmelman Asset MBIA Insurance Corporation Shell Oil Company Barbour Griffith and Rogers Management LLC MeadWestvaco Corporation Sidley Austin LLP Bramwell Capital Management, Inc. Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman Medley Capital Silver Lake Partners Claremont Capital Corporation LLP Medley Global Advisors Sony Corporation of America Geary Gottlieb Steen &. Hamilton SimpsonThacher & Bartlett LLP Merck & Co., Inc. Standard & Poor's LLP Turkish Industrialists' and Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy Stanford Financial Group Control Risks Group Businessmen's Association LLP Sullivan & Cromwell LLP C & O Resources, Inc. Warburg Pincus LLC Mitsubishi Heavy Industries The Tata Group Covington & Burling Weber Shandwick Worldwide America, Inc. Time Warner, Inc. Craig Drill Capital Corporation Zephyr Management, L.P.

Corporate Program Membership Sector Representation Healthcare 2.2%

Industrial 14.2% Non-Bank Financial Institutions 30.2%

Media, Telecommunications, and Technology 7.3%

Real Estate 2.6^ Energy and Power 7.8%

Consumer 3.4% Services 17.2%

Banks 10.8% Other 4.3%

Corporate Program 47 Term Member Program

The Stephen M. Kellen Term focused largely on global issues the a broad spectrum of issues, includ- Member Program encourages prom- next U.S. administration will need to ing multilateralism and the United ising young leaders from diverse address. Highlights included a session Nations, military strategy in Iraq and backgrounds to engage in a sustained with Council Co-Chairman Robert Afghanistan, and digital openness conversation on international affairs E. Rubin and former chairman of and the balance between privacy and and U.S. foreign policy. Each year a the Federal Reserve Paul A. Volcker, national security. Term members also new class of term members between who candidly discussed the resilience had the chance to speak over dinner the ages of thirty and thirty-six is of the global economy and challenges with Council fellows, including elected to a five-year membership. facing the next president. The confer- Walter Russell Mead, Noah Feld- The program provides them the ence also had panels addressing the man, Michael J. Gerson, Michael A. opportunity to interact with foreign war in Iraq and climate change policy. Levi, Max Boot, Steven Simon, and policy experts and participate in a A panel with the permanent repre- Stephen Biddle. wide variety of events. sentatives of China, Germany, and The Lessons Learned series con- In the fall, term members con- Egypt to the United Nations offered tinues to be an important highlight vened in both New York and Wash- views from abroad. Breakout sessions of the program’s offerings. This ington, DC, to welcome the new class gave participants an opportunity roundtable series, where distin- and brainstorm about the issues they to meet in small groups to discuss a guished individuals reflect upon hoped to address during the program range of topics, including intelligence their career experiences, featured year. New members were paired with reform, the future of Russia, China Council President Emeritus Leslie more seasoned ones to familiarize before the 2008 Olympics, and new H. Gelb, Council Honorary Vice the incoming class with the program. challenges in Africa. A town hall Chairman Maurice R. Greenberg, This spring, third- and fourth-year meeting hosted by Council President Foreign Affairs editor James F. Hoge term members were also paired with Richard N. Haass concluded the Jr., former U.S. Senate majority life members to foster their integra- conference with a discussion ranging leader George J. Mitchell (D-ME), tion into the Council and provide from U.S. foreign policy challenges to vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of meaningful interaction between term the future of the Council. Staff General James E. Cartwright, members and life members. Overall, this year the Term Council Board member and former In its twelfth year, the annual Term Member Program featured more administrator of the Environmental Member Conference remains the than thirty-five roundtable sessions, Protection Agency Christine Todd premier event of the program. This movie screenings, and book club Whitman, and Carnegie Corpora- year’s conference, Campaign 2008: events in New York and Washing- tion president Vartan Gregorian. The Foreign Policy Challenges Ahead, ton, DC. The program touched on

48 Term Member Trips Term members enjoyed five trips during which they met with the leaders and high-level officials of several institutions to deepen their understanding of current foreign policy challenges. In the fall, they visited the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for a day-long program focused on the role of the New York Fed in conducting monetary policy and on the evolving global economy. Federal Reserve Bank of New York president and CEO Timothy F. Geithner spoke on global challenges and policy responses from the view of a central banker. Term members gathered in January at the World Bank in Washington, DC, to discuss development in the world’s poorest countries, business in the Arab world, and climate change. World Bank president Robert B. Zoellick led a conversation on the challenges of creating an effective multilateral system. In February, term members were welcomed to the U.S. naval base in Norfolk, Virginia, by Admiral Jonathan W. Greenert, commander of the U.S. Fleet Forces Command, for two days of sessions on naval capabilities and strategic insights on foreign and defense policy. In the spring, term members met with senior officials at the Central Intelligence Agency for briefings on China, Iran, and counterterrorism, and visited Capitol Hill for discussions with members of Congress on shaping the foreign policy agenda.

Opposite: Helima L. Croft, Council International Affairs Fellow Michelle D. Gavin, and Adam Wolfensohn at the Twelfth Annual Term Member Conference. Right: Andrew C. Huszar, Carie A. Lemack, and Dylan C. Pereira on a term member trip to Norfolk, Virginia.

Term Member Program 49 Outreach Program

This year the Council spearheaded online teaching notes on CFR.org, denominationally diverse group of a broad set of outreach activities published ads in major conference fifty U.S. religious leaders to exam- targeted to four constituencies— programs, and participated in the ine critical international concerns. educators and students; religious International Studies Association’s Religious leaders also attended the leaders; state and local officials; and annual convention. Religion and Foreign Policy Sym- nonprofit, civic, and community lead- In cooperation with the Forum posium series, funded by the Henry ers. The objective is to connect the for the Future of Higher Education, Luce Foundation. Council with—and make it a resource the Council formed the Higher The Council continued to raise for—these groups of interested citi- Education Working Group on its visibility within this community zens whose voices are increasingly Global Issues to explore the role of by facilitating the appearances of important to the national foreign colleges and universities in a com- its experts at religious conferences. policy debate. plex and changing world and how Council Senior Fellows Isobel The Academic Outreach Initia- institutions, as well as students, can Coleman and Steven Simon and tive is designed to link the academic better meet the challenges of global- Fellow Steven A. Cook spoke, community with Council fellows ization. This select group of college respectively, at the annual meet- and analysis. In support of this goal, and university presidents and foun- ings of the American Academy of the Council more than doubled the dation leaders met twice to discuss Religion, the Muslim Public Affairs number of student groups it hosted climate change and China’s future, Council, and the Jewish Council this year, welcoming nearly four hun- respectively. for Public Affairs. Council Senior dred students to meet with fellows Seeking to serve as a resource for Fellows Walter Russell Mead and and staff. Students and professors religious and congregational leaders, Michael J. Gerson addressed respec- also spoke with Council experts and the Religion and Foreign Policy Ini- tively the congregations of Bethel Foreign Affairs authors through an tiative convened its first Religion and AME Church in , Mary- Academic Conference Call series. Foreign Policy Summer Workshop. land, and Glenview Community The Council expanded its library of The gathering brought together a Church in Glenview, .

50 The State and Local Officials Organization’s Washington Connecting with Initiative provides a forum for bipar- Conference. tisan discussion of pressing foreign The Council connects to non- New Constituencies policy issues that affect the priorities profit, civic, and community leaders The Outreach initiative accomplishes and agendas of state and local govern- across the country. Representatives its mission of connecting the Council ments. The monthly State and Local from civic organizations participated with—and making it a resource for— Officials Conference Call series in sessions in New York and Wash- groups of interested citizens whose examined topics such as immigration, ington, DC. Council Fellow Steven voices are increasingly important to the pandemic flu, and globalization with Cook spoke to the Philadelphia World national foreign policy debate. It does state and local leaders from across Affairs Council, and Council Visit- so through special workshops, meetings, the country. ing Fellow Jessica LeCroy to the conference calls, ads in conference Council President Richard N. Business and Industry programs, and special sections of Haass addressed the Democratic Association. CFR.org. The Council now has nearly Governors Association Fall Policy 11,000 subscribers to its monthly Conference, which inclu­ded gover- eNewsletter, Educators Bulletin, and nors Christine Gregoire of Wash- has engaged more than 115 schools in ington, John H. Lynch of New its Academic Conference Call series. Hampshire, Joe Manchin of West Additionally, more than 5,000 state and Virginia, Edward Rendell of Penn- local officials and 1,600 religious leaders sylvania, Brian Schweitzer of are invited to customized monthly Montana, and of Opposite left: State and local officials from around conference calls and webcasts, and to the country participated via teleconference in a Kansas. In addition, Senior Fellow meeting on immigration policy with New Mexico select New York, Washington, DC, and Edward Alden and Adjunct Senior governor William B. Richardson. National Program meetings. With these Fellow Matthew J. Slaughter spoke Opposite right: Senior Fellow Isobel Coleman and efforts, the Council has raised its profile respectively to the Council of State the Reverend Eugene F. Rivers III at the inaugural as the leading resource for foreign policy Religion and Foreign Policy Summer Workshop. Governments Annual State Trends information and analysis and is helping Above: McDonnell International Scholars from and Leadership Forum and the Washington University in St. Louis at a meeting these groups better understand the world State International Development with Council President Richard N. Haass. and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries.

Outreach Program 51 CFR.org

CFR.org has evolved into a compre- 2007 Knight Batten Awards for – expanded portals for the Coun- hensive and innovative source of infor- Innovations in Journalism, a com- cil’s outreach initiatives, as well as mation and analysis on U.S. foreign petition that included entries from for the Center for Geoeconomic policy and international relations, , Washington Post, Studies, the Center for Preventive with dozens of new features, includ- MSNBC.com, and other major Inter- Action, and the Center for Univer- ing award-winning, interactive Crisis net information outlets. “This is an sal Education; Guides and a daily summary of global institution stepping up and honor- – a CFR presence on such Web 2.0 opinion. Site traffic has continued ing the best of journalism. It’s filling sites as YouTube, MySpace, and to increase and now averages nearly an absolutely articulated need,” the Newsvine; 340,000 unique visitors each month. judges said. – a new Crisis Guide on the Israeli- This past year, the Online News The site achieved a number Palestinian conflict; and Association named CFR.org the Best of other milestones during the Specialty Journalism Small Site, and year, including – a new weekly audio feature, The its design won a W3 Silver Award World Next Week, coproduced from the International Academy of – a new subsite, Campaign 2008, with The Economist, which ranked Visual Arts. Most gratifying was the and associated features designed from the outset as that magazine’s first prize awarded to CFR.org’s to track international issues in the most downloaded podcast. multimedia Crisis Guides in the presidential campaign;

“Crisis Guide: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict” is the third in CFR.org’s award-winning series of interactive multimedia features.

52 CFR.org Features

Text – Backgrounders explain complex international issues—for instance, “The China-Taiwan Relationship” or “Intelli- gence Gaps on Iran’s Nuclear Program”—and are designed to be as useful as possible to a broad audience. – Daily Analysis Briefs (DABs) seek to frame the debate on important topics in the news, providing “best-of” links to media, CFR, and other think tank or government sources. – Consulting editor and former New York Times editor Bernard Gwertzman and other staff conduct interviews with analysts and former officials. Gwertzman Asks the Experts is a favorite feature of the Council’s three most prominent distribution partners (, Washington Post, and New York Times). – Online Debates are held biweekly between experts on international issues and are regularly picked up and quoted by other sites. – Essential Documents are important primary source docu- ments relating to a wide range of foreign policy issues. – Must Reads are seminal readings on foreign policy and The Campaign 2008 subsite focuses on foreign policy in the presidential race. national security, nominated by CFR fellows, staff, and outside experts. eNewsletters Audio – Daily News Brief is an email sent each weekday at 9 a.m. – Podcast Interviews with CFR fellows and outside experts (free subscription) offering news headlines from around the are produced two or three times each week. world. Content is available online or in full form by email – The World Next Week, a weekly unscripted podcast, is (all text or HTML) for access on BlackBerry and other produced in collaboration with The Economist. portable readers. – Daily Opinion Roundup covers U.S. and international Video columns, op-eds, and commentaries on international – CFR Meeting Videos and Video Highlights are full-length affairs. coverage of on-the-record CFR events and edited excerpts. Campaign 2008: Foreign Policy Multimedia and Interactives in the Presidential Election – Crisis Guides are award-winning, multimedia, interactive – launched in fall 2007, this subsite offers several features on guides to the world’s most serious issues. Three have been the foreign policy and international economic issues in the published so far—on the Korean Peninsula, in campaign: Candidate Position Trackers, Issue Trackers, Darfur, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict—that combine Campaign blog: The Candidates and the World, Election text, audio, video, and still photography. Analysis, Election Backgrounders, Debates and Speeches – Interactive Maps and Timelines are clickable maps and (transcripts), Campaign Must Reads, and profiles of the historical timelines in photographic slideshow format. Obama and McCain foreign policy advisers.

CFR.org 53 Communications and Marketing

The past year has been one of impres- Haass’s editorial briefings on his appeared this year in leading news- sive growth for Communications Foreign Affairs article “The Age of papers and magazines in the United and Marketing. Continued vigorous Nonpolarity” with senior producers States and abroad, from the Wall media outreach led to Council media and correspondents at the major Street Journal to the International mentions reaching an all-time high networks; Michael J. Gerson’s Herald Tribune and from of more than 25,000. This achieve- cover story in Newsweek; and Julia E. Monthly to Newsweek International. ment is attributable not only to Sweig’s Talk of the Nation interview Increased promotion efforts for the quality of Council content, but broadcast before a live audience at Foreign Affairs brought an estimated also to increased direct outreach to the in Washington, DC. 50 percent rise in media mentions for journalists, editors, and producers. In response to Benazir Bhutto’s the fourth consecutive year. Among Events included seven select press assassination in December 2007, the new initiatives were a robust briefings and twelve conference calls. Communications immediately dis- conference call series with Foreign The Council’s weekly eNewsletter, tributed a comprehensive package Affairs authors, prereleasing pieces The World This Week, now reaches of Council resources and analysis, pegged to news and major world an ever-increasing audience of more including a conference call with events, media partnerships with vari- than 28,000. Senior Fellow Daniel Markey that ous websites and news programs, and Media highlights included a joint attracted nearly 120 national and op-eds tied to Foreign Affairs articles press briefing with theNew York international reporters. in major newspapers and blogs across Times Magazine for Noah Feldman’s Eleven Council scholars now the globe. new book, The Rise and Fall of the write regular columns in major pub- Communications also actively Islamic State; appearances on Char- lications around the world. More promoted CFR.org material. These lie Rose by Vali Nasr, Ray Takeyh, than 350 op-eds and articles written efforts included flagging the Cam- and Leslie H. Gelb; Richard N. by Council fellows and staff have paign 2008 section of the site leading

54 up to Super Tuesday, which contrib- In an effort to give the entire uted to CFR.org’s second highest Council a more distinct and consis- number of unique visitors in a single tent visual identity, the Communi- day—71,500. In addition, Communi- cations and Marketing department cations worked closely with members spearheaded a branding initiative of the website team to organize and this year. An external creative team, publicize a series of four meetings on Landor Associates, incorporated the foreign policy and Campaign 2008 organization’s rich culture, history, cosponsored by CFR.org, The Econo- and mission into a new modern look mist, and New York University’s that would at the same time reflect its Stern School of Business. eighty-seven-year heritage. The Council received a grant from To facilitate media outreach, the the Knight Foundation to hold eight Council began construction onsite of press briefings to help engage regional state-of-the-art television studios in news outlets on international issues. New York and Washington, DC. The Three were held this year—including studios are designed to make Council one with foreign policy advisers scholars accessible for analysis of to Hillary Rodham Clinton, John breaking news on television and radio McCain, and Barack Obama—and outlets around the world. more were planned for the political party conventions and in advance of the candidates’ foreign policy debate in October 2008.

Opposite: Aziz Haniffa (India Abroad), Michele Keleman (NPR), Sonni Efron (), and Betsy Fischer (, NBC News) at a press briefing with Council President Richard N. Haass on his Foreign Affairs article “The Age of Nonpolarity.” Above: Chris Isham of CBS News at a press briefing with Thomas Fingar, chairman of the National Intelligence Council. Right: Terence P. Moran, anchor of ABC News’s Nightline with Council Vice President for Communications and Marketing Lisa Shields at the rollout of the Independent Task Force report on Climate Change.

Communications and Marketing 55 International Affairs Fellowship Program

This year marks the fortieth anniversary of the Interna- International Affairs Fellows tional Affairs Fellowship (IAF) Program. With the selec- 2007–2008 Placements tion of the 2008–2009 IAFs, the total number appointed Bernadette Atuahene, Chicago-Kent College of Law. since the founding of the program passed the 450 mark. Placed in South Africa Land Restitution Commission; To commemorate this occasion, the Council held an Nkuzi, South Africa. expanded IAF Conference. Secretary of State and former Alyssa C. Ayres, University of Pennsylvania. Placed in IAF Condoleezza Rice kicked off the event in June 2008 U.S. Department of State, Office of the Undersecretary with a reflection on the lessons of the past eight years for Political Affairs. and her vision for the future of U.S. foreign policy. As Scott G. Borgerson, U.S. Coast Guard; U.S. Coast she stated, her IAF experience “was indeed one of the Guard Academy. Placed in Council on Foreign Rela- best, best experiences” of her life. For the second day of tions; Columbia University’s Center for Energy, the conference, 160 former, future, and current IAFs Marine Transportation and Public Policy. and Council members joined a panel discussion on U.S. Bradley L. Bowman, U.S. Army; U.S. Military Academy. foreign policy priorities and sessions highlighting the Placed in Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. work of seven recent IAFs. Ashley S. Deeks, U.S. Department of State. Placed in The International Affairs Fellowship Program is Center for Strategic and International Studies. designed to advance the professional development of Amy B. Frumin, USAID—Afghanistan. Placed in Coun- outstanding Americans ages twenty-seven to thirty-five. cil on Foreign Relations. The fellowships seek to bridge the gap between thought Weston Konishi,* Maureen and Mike Mansfield Founda- and action in foreign policy by supporting both a variety tion. Placed in Institute for International Policy Stud- of policy studies and active exposure to policymaking. ies; National Institute for Defense Studies. The program’s distinctive character lies in the contrasting Rachel L. Loeffler, U.S. Department of Treasury. Placed experiences at the juncture of policy research and policy in Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University formulation. It thus encourages academics and others of Virginia. from the private sector to serve in a policy-oriented envi- Evan Sabino Medeiros, RAND Corporation. Placed in ronment through operational experience in public ser- U.S. Department of Treasury. vice. At the same time, it permits government officials on Michelle S. Parker, USAID—Afghanistan. Placed in leave to study important issues in a scholarly atmosphere RAND Corporation. free from operational pressure. These fellows are posted Matthew C. Waxman, U.S. Department of Defense. to various institutions for one year. Placed in Columbia University School of Law. In addition to the regular IAF Program, the Council offers two country-specific fellowships that are open to U.S. citizens ages twenty-seven to forty-five: The IAF in Japan, sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd., enables participants to spend three to twelve months conduct- ing research while affiliated with a cooperating institu- tion in Japan. This fellowship was established in 1997 to strengthen mutual understanding and cooperation between the rising generation of leaders and thinkers in the United States and Japan. The IAF in India, sponsored by E. L. Rothschild LLC, is a newly established program that enables outstanding young Americans to expand their professional horizons and enhance their understanding of India by spending up to one year in the country conducting policy-oriented research or engaging in related professional activities, or both. * International Affairs Fellow in Japan, sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd.

56 Endowed and Named Chairs, Fellowships, and Lectureships

Endowed Chairs, 2007–2008 chairman of its Board of Directors from 1985 to 2007 and ralph bunche chair in africa policy studies member since 1971. James F. Hoge Jr. holds the chair. In 2003, the Council established the first endowed chair philip d. reed chair in science and technology in Africa policy studies at any U.S. think tank or public This chair was established in recognition of Mr. Reed’s policy school. The chair holder addresses matters of eco- contributions to the Council as a member of its Board of nomic and political development in Africa. Directors. The chair was endowed by a gift from the Philip D. Reed Foundation with additional support provided by maurice r. greenberg chair, vice president, director of studies the Malcolm Hewitt Wiener Foundation. This chair, now held by Gary Samore, was established in nelson and david rockefeller chair 1997 by contributions from the friends and colleagues of in latin america studies Maurice R. Greenberg in recognition of his commitment This chair honors two distinguished Americans who have to developing new ideas for U.S. foreign policy and his been influential in the development of U.S. policy in the outstanding leadership of the Council. Western Hemisphere. The chair, now held by Julia E. Sweig, supports the analysis of current developments in maurice r. greenberg chair in china studies Latin America. This chair was established by a grant from the Starr Foun- dation and named for the Council’s honorary vice chair- david m. rubenstein chair in energy and the environment man Maurice R. Greenberg for his many contributions to the Council and his long association with China. The This chair was established early in 2008 through a chair is held by Adam Segal. generous gift from Council Board member David M. Rubenstein, cofounder and managing director of george f. kennan chair the Carlyle Group. Michael A. Levi, who directs the in russian and eurasian studies Council’s program on energy security and climate change, This chair is a tribute to Ambassador Kennan’s notable was appointed to the chair in April 2008. contributions as a leading scholar and statesman and is hasib j. sabbagh chair in middle east studies currently held by Stephen R. Sestanovich. This chair, held by Steven Simon, was established in 1994 to jeane j. kirkpatrick chair recognize Hasib J. Sabbagh’s many contributions to Middle in national security studies Eastern peace efforts and to the advancement of interstate In 2002, the Council established an endowed senior fel- cooperation among different ethnic and religious groups. lowship in national security studies in honor of Jeane J. c.v. starr chair in asia studies Kirkpatrick, long active in the Council and on its Board of Directors, in recognition of her special combination of This chair, now held by Elizabeth C. Economy, was cre- scholarship, hardheadedness, and courage. Stephen E. ated in 1985 through a grant from the Starr Foundation. Flynn held the chair in 2007–2008. Council members affiliated with the Starr Foundation, especially Maurice R. Greenberg, played a notable role in henry a. kissinger chair in u.s. foreign policy establishing it. This chair, currently held by Walter Russell Mead, is general john w. vessey chair named in honor of Dr. Kissinger, the fifty-sixth secretary in conflict prevention of state of the United States and a member of the Coun- cil’s Board of Directors from 1977 to 1981, as a tribute to Established in honor of General Vessey, the former chair- his contributions to the country and the Council. man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, this chair was made pos- sible by a generous gift from Council member Patrick M. peter g. peterson chair, Byrne, chairman and CEO of Overstock.com, and his par- editor of foreign affairs ents John and Dorothy. Created to recognize the impor- This chair is for the editor of Foreign Affairs in recognition tance of conflict prevention, the chair is currently held by of Mr. Peterson’s extraordinary service to the Council as Paul B. Stares.

57 paul a. volcker chair month residency at the Council for sustained study and in international economics writing. The 2007–2008 Murrow Fellow was Mohamad This chair was established in 1997 to honor Mr. Vol- Bazzi, Newsday’s bureau chief for the Middle East. cker, former chairman of the Board of Governors of the bernard l. schwartz senior fellowship Federal Reserve and former member of the Council’s in business and foreign policy Board of Directors. The chair recognizes his accomplish- The fellowship, established in 2002 with a gift from ments as an outstanding public servant and eminent Bernard L. Schwartz, is designed to further research international economist, and gives the Council a leading into the sources of America’s competitiveness in a global presence in international economics. The chair is held by economy and on the relationship between America’s Sebastian Mallaby. economic and foreign policies. The current Schwartz Fellow is Edward Alden. SPECIAL FELLOWSHIPS whitney h. shepardson fellowship intelligence fellowship The Shepardson Fellowship is periodically awarded to This fellowship provides an opportunity for an outstand- persons with experience and recognized professional stat- ing person from the U.S. intelligence community to ure in public or academic affairs related to international expand his or her knowledge of international relations relations. James M. Goldgeier is the current Whitney H. through study, research, and reflection. It also offers the Shepardson Senior Fellow in Transatlantic Relations. fellow the opportunity to fully participate in Council cyrus r. vance fellowship meetings and study groups. The 2007–2008 Intelligence in diplomatic studies Fellow was Joseph J. Helman. This fellowship is offered to a U.S. Foreign Service officer military fellowships nominated by the U.S. Department of State. The Vance Each military service nominates an outstanding candidate Fellow spends about a year affiliated with the Council, for a military fellowship for the year. These fellowships reflecting on issues of foreign policy and participating enable officers to broaden their understanding of inter- in Council programs. The 2007–2008 Vance Fellow was and U.S. foreign policy by spending a Ambassador J. Anthony Holmes. year in residence at the Council. This year’s fellows were endowed and specially funded programs Colonel Robert S. Ferrell, U.S. Army; Colonel Paul E. Greenwood, U.S. Marine Corps; Captain Jeffrey A. Emerging Enterprises Series sponsored by Basic Element Harley, U.S. Navy; and Colonel Jeffrey B. Kendall, Pieter A. Fisher Program, International Relations U.S. Air Force. Gulf Program, Middle East W. Averell Harriman Program, Europe douglas dillon fellowship Winston Lord Program, Asia Each year, the Council names one of its younger fellows Mayer Brown Forum on International Trade and Finance the Dillon Fellow, in honor of former Council vice chair- John J. McCloy Program, International Relations man Douglas Dillon. Steven A. Cook was the 2007–2008 C. Peter McColough Roundtable Series, International Dillon Fellow. Economics McKinsey Executive Roundtable Series on International roger hertog senior fellowship Economics The Hertog Fellowship was established in 2006 through Merck & Co., Inc., Global Women Leaders Series a generous gift from Council member Roger Hertog, vice Thomas J. Watson Meetings Program chairman emeritus of AllianceBernstein LP and a founder of Sanford C. Bernstein & Co., Inc. This fellowship is held LECTURESHIPS by Michael J. Gerson. AND OTHER PROGRAMMING henry kaufman senior fellowship darryl g. behrman lecture on africa policy in international economics and finance This lecture on Africa policy was funded by members of This fellowship, now held by Roger M. Kubarych, was the Behrman family in memory of Darryl G. Behrman, established in 1999 with a gift from the Henry and Elaine who was originally from South Africa and had an abiding Kaufman Foundation and focuses on the global integra- passion for Africa and for international peace. tion of financial markets and their significance for U.S. economic and foreign policy. stephen c. freidheim symposium on global economics edward r. murrow fellowship This annual symposium, created to address any of the Named in honor of Edward R. Murrow and funded by the broad spectrum of issues affecting Wall Street and inter- CBS Foundation, this fellowship offers a correspondent, national economics, was established through the generos- editor, or producer involved with international news a nine- ity of a gift from Council member Stephen C. Freidheim,

58 chief information officer and managing partner at Cyrus russia and russian-american relations Capital Partners. lecture arthur c. helton memorial lecture This annual lecture was endowed by the Alfa Bank with the goal of helping establish a more secure footing for This lecture was established by the Council and the family Russian-American relations. of Council Senior Fellow Arthur C. Helton. Helton died in the August 2003 bombing of the UN headquarters in bernard l. schwartz lecture . The lecture addresses pressing issues in the on business and foreign policy broad field of human rights. This year’s lecture featured This lecture series was established in fall 2002 and is Robert Carey, vice president of resettlement at the Inter- funded by Bernard L. Schwartz, retired chairman and national Rescue Committee, James B. Foley, senior coor- CEO of Loral Space and Communications. The series dinator for Iraqi refugee issues at the U.S. Department of focuses on the relationship between business and govern- State, and Kristèle Younès, senior advocate at Refugees ment in foreign policy. This year’s lecturer was John T. International. Chambers, chairman and chief executive officer of Cisco john b. hurford memorial lecture Systems Ltd. This lecture was inaugurated in 2002 in memory of sorensen distinguished lecture Council member John B. Hurford. Funded by the Hurford on the united nations Foundation, this annual lecture features individuals This lecture was established in 1996 by Theodore C. who represent critical new thinking in foreign policy. Sorensen to honor his wife, Gillian Martin Sorensen, This year’s lecture featured David Cole, professor of and to commemorate her years of service to the United law at Georgetown University Law Center, and Jack L. Nations. Zalmay M. Khalilzad, U.S. permanent repre- Goldsmith, professor at . sentative to the United Nations, was this year’s lecturer. russell c. leffingwell lecture paul c. warnke lecture on international security Inaugurated in 1969, this lecture was named for a charter member of the Council who served as its president from This lecture, endowed by a number of members and the 1944 to 1946 and as its chairman from 1946 to 1953. This family and friends of Paul C. Warnke, commemorates lecture is given by a distinguished foreign official, who is his legacy of courageous service to the nation and inter- invited to address Council members on a topic of major national peace. This year’s program featured Council international significance. The lectureship was origi- President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb. nally endowed by the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company and by Edward and Lucy Leffingwell Pulling, and more recently through the generosity of Thomas Leffingwell Pulling and his son Edward Leffingwell Pulling. robert b. mckeon discussion on the state of the u.s. armed forces This series of meetings featuring the chairman of the joint chiefs and/or the service chiefs has been endowed in perpetuity this year through a gift from Council member Robert B. McKeon, founder and president of Veritas Capital LLC. david a. morse lecture Inaugurated in 1994, this lecture supports an annual meet- ing with a distinguished speaker. It honors the memory of lawyer, public servant, and internationalist David A. Morse, an active Council member for nearly thirty years. This year’s lecturer was Ban Ki-moon, secretary-general of the United Nations. david rockefeller lecture This lecture was endowed by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1985 for an annual African lecturer from either the governmental or the nongovernmental sector. This year’s lecture featured Umaru Musa Yar’Adua, president of Nigeria.

Endowed and Named Chairs, Fellowships, and Lectureships 59 Development

The work that makes the Council the leading voice in the for the Council. (More about the Campaign can be found foreign policy debate would not be possible without the beginning on page 68.) generous support of its donors. Every year, individual Additional Annual Fund revenue was provided by members, foundations, and corporations contribute the fifty-eight members who participated in corporate much-needed funds to support the Council's ongoing or foundation-sponsored matching gift programs. The research and programming as well as new initiatives. Harold Pratt Associates, the Council's recognition group Gifts to the Annual Fund, the pool of unrestricted funds for members who donate $10,000 or more each year to that supports the daily operations of the Council, are an the Annual Fund, remains strong. Two hundred fifty-nine important portion (more than 10 percent) of the annual members now belong, eighty-seven of whom qualify for operating budget. The Annual Fund benefits a range of the Chairman's Circle, which distinguishes those who activities, from the Meetings Program and other member have made annual gifts of $25,000 or greater. The Council programming in New York, Washington, DC, and across is indebted to these leadership donors. Two hundred eigh­ the country, to the work of our fellows and staff, to teen term members, who are designated by an asterisk expanding outreach efforts. in the list that follows, contributed a total of $225,709 to Restricted grants from foundations, corporations, the Annual Fund, an impressive showing by this group and other sources provide more targeted support for the of young Council members. The Council is honored to activities and publications of the Studies Program, the recognize all members who supported the 2007-2008 Council's award-winning website, CFR.org, the signature Annual Fund. Independent Task Force Program, and other initiatives. Endowment gifts, the income from which can support ANNUAL FUND Frederick J. Iseman general operations as well as special lectures, symposia, Morton L. Janklow CHAIRMAN'S CIRCLE Richard L. Kauffman fellowships, and chairs, also play an important role over the ($25,000+) Henry Kaufman long term (see page 66). All charitable gifts to the Council Robert J. Abernethy Richard M. Krasno are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. law Mark A. Angelson Henry R. Kravis Anonymous (2) Marc Lasry and are contributed over and above annual membership Stanley S. Arkin Leonard A. Lauder dues. The Council extends its deepest gratitude to all of its Henry H. Arnhold Michael S. Levin donors and volunteers who give so generously of their time Howard P. Berkowitz Ira A. Lipman and resources in support of its mission each year. Jeffrey Bewkes Vincent A. Mai Peter L. Briger Donald B. Marron One of the highlights this year was the award of a three- Christopher W. Brody Tom F. Marsh year grant totaling $6 million from the Robina Foundation Patrick M. Byrne Richard Medley Wm. Polk Carey John E. Merow of Minneapolis, Minnesota. One of the largest operating Kim G. Davis Hassan Nemazee grants ever received in Council history, it will support a Steven A. Denning Jan Nicholson new five-year program on international institutions and John L. Eastman Karen Parker Feld Mark Fisch Frank H. Pearl global governance. The foundation was established and Theodore J. Forstmann Peter G. Peterson funded in 2004 through the estate of James H. Binger, a Stephen C. Freidheim Lionel 1. Pincus longtime Council member and prominent business and Bart Friedman Lester Pollack Stephen Friedman Robert Price community leader. The Council, as one of only four pos­ Michael E. Gellert Charles Prince sible Robina beneficiaries, is grateful to the foundation for Barbara Goldsmith Joseph L. Rice III the opportunity to be part of Mr. Binger's legacy. Glenn H. Greenberg and Frank Richardson Linda J. Vester The Ripplewood Foundation, Inc. Maurice R. and Corinne P. Theodore Roosevelt IV ANNUAL FUND Greenberg Foundation, Inc. Daniel Rose In this fiscal year, 1,820 members, about 42 percent of Martin J. Gross Marshall Rose Agnes Gund Jeffrey A. Rosen the membership, contributed $5,701,100 to the Annual Marc Haas Foundation Robert Rosenkranz Fund. Led by 100 percent participation by the Board of Mimi and Peter Haas Fund E. John Rosenwald Jr. Directors, the strong performance of Annual Giving is James W. Harpel David M. Rubenstein [osjaua J. Harris Robert E. Rubin especially significant in a year when many members also Roger Hertog Richard Salomon Family Foundation extended their generosity by supporting the Campaign 1. Tomilson Hill Satter Foundation

60 Bernard L. Schwartz Jeffrey W. Greenberg Peter M. Sacerdote Philip C. Lauinger Jr. fames B. Sitrick JohnH.J.Guth Henry B. Schacht Mildred R. Leet Peter |. Solomon Joshua D. Harlan* Douglas E. Schoen LuLi Jerry I. Speyer Sidney Harman Michael P. Schulhof David R. Malpass Starr Foundation James A. Harmon Stephen A. Schwarzman William G. McAfee Kenneth I. Starr Jane D. Hartley James J. Shinn Richard T. McCormack Washington SyCip William Alan Haseltine Walter V. Shipley Larry A. Mizel Steven A. Tananbaum John G. Heimann David L. Shuman* Charlotte M. Morgan* Stephen J. Treadway Charles A. Heimbold Muriel F. Siebert Marc B. Nathanson Enzo Viscusi Heinz Family Philanthropies Bippy M. Siegal Lynn Nesbit Robert C. Waggoner David W.Heleniak William D.Siegel Louis Perlmutter Jarett F. Wait Hellman Family Foundation Alan M. Silberstein Charles M. Pigott Kenneth L. Wallach Marlene Hess Maurice Sonnenberg Stanley R. Resor Stanley A. Weiss William H. Heyman Paul Soros William R. Rhodes George W. Wellde Carla A. Hills Joan E. Spero Robert S. Rifldnd Malcolm H. Wiener Mahnaz Ispahani David F. Stein Robert L. Rosen Robert G. Wilmers Yves-Andre Istel/Y. A. lstel Walter P. Stern Samuel Lawrence Schwerin* Ezra K. Zilkha Foundation Sy Sternberg Joseph M. Sigelman* Nancy A. Jarvis Howard Stringer Brian M. Silver* HAROLD PRATT ASSOCIATES Reuben Jeffery III Scott L. Swid Matthew R. Simmons ($10,000- $24,999) Angelina Jolie* Stephen C. Swid Gillian M. Sorensen Odeh F. Aburdene Alan K. Jones Anne M. Tatlock Blake A. Spahn* Allen R. Adler Gilbert Kaplan Maurice Tempelsman Scott M. Spangler Paul A. Allaire Farooq Kathwari Mark R. Tercek Robert J. Speyer* Hady A. Amr* Robert J. Katz Anthony P. Terracciano Alexandra L. Starr* Terry Lynn Andreas Charles R. Kaye G. Richard Thoman David J. Stern Anonymous (2) James V. Kimsey Lee B. Thomas Jr. Paul Tagliabue Elizabeth Frawley Bagley Roger C. Kline Andrew H. Tisch Cathy L. Taylor* Alan R. Batkin Orin S. Kramer James S. Tisch Diana L. Taylor Robert A. Belfer John D. Langlois Jr. Paul A. Volcker Alberto Vitale Austin M. Beutner Laura Heller Lauder Stephen R. Volk Frederick B. Whittemore Kenneth J. Bialkin William P. Lauder George Vradenburg III Laura Winters John H. Biggs Arthur Levitt Jr. Debra L. Wasserman Tracy R. Wolstencroft John P. Birkelund Troland S. Link David B. Weinberg Ward W.Woods Davis Weinstock II Edward Bleier Kenneth Lipper Jacob J. Worenklein John C. Whitehead Donald Blinken Richard Mallery Nancy Young Anita V. Wien Mary Boies Roman Martinez IV Donald E. Zilkha Robert E. Wilhelm Denis A. Bovin Edward J. Mathias Steven D. Winch* David G. Bradley William E. Mayer SPONSORS James D. Woliensohn Nicholas F. Brady William J. McDonough ($2,500-$4,999) I. Peter Wolff Kenneth D. Brody Patricia Ann McFate Madeleine K. Albright Guy Patrick Wyser-Pratte Tom Brokaw Cappy R. McGarr Anonymous Christian C. Yegen Robert Carswell Robert B. McKeon John E. Avery George H. Young III Frank J. Caufield Carol A. Melton LisaB. Barry William D. Zabel Jonathan A. Chanis Robert B. Menschel Michael P. Behringer James D. Zirin Patricia M. Cloherty WillemMesdag Henry S. Bienen Daniel B. Zwirn* Jonathan E. Colby Robert Millard Edgar Bronfman Jr. Colin J. Corgan* Ken Miller Edgar M. Bronfman Henry Cornell Robert A. Mosbachcr PATRONS Harold Brown Howard E. Cox Jr. Michael H. Moskow ($5,ooo-$9,999) Frank C. Carlucci Lester Crown James Mossman Anonymous Michael J. Christenson Robert C. Dinerstein Rupert Murdoch Nicholas B. Binkley Mary S. Cross William H. Donaldson Rodney W. Nichols Richard C. Blum D. R. Daniel Robin Chandler Duke Ronald L. and Jane T. Olson Roberto Buaron Kathryn W. Davis Charles W. Duncan Jr. Michael S. Ovitz Mark M. Collins Jr. Robert E. Denham Blair Effron James W. Owens Leslee N. Cowen* Diana L. Dougan Joel S. Ehrenkranz Alan J. Patricof Kenneth N. Cukier* Althea L. Duersten Richard Elden Joseph R. Perella Alexander B. Cummings Jr. Peggy Dulany Mallory and Elizabeth* Factor Michael A. Peterson Foundation Michael A. Dal Bello* Robert E. Fallon Cyrus F. Freidheim Hani K. Findakly Anne B. Popkin Jack David Alexander S. Friedman Alan H. Fleischmann Steven Price Daniel L. Doctoroff Johnson Garrett* Joseph H. Flom Pritzker Foundation Michael Douglas Joseph A. Hafner Jr. Richard N. Foster Penny S. Pritzker Matthew J. Fassler* Scott M. Hand Paul J. Fribourg Thomas L. Pulling Antonio L. Ferre Neal Higgins* Barry S. Friedberg W. Russell Ramsey Paul B. Ford Jr. Lyndsay C. Howard Gail Furman Steven L. Rattner and AnnM. Fudge Joseph K.Hurd III Bruce S. Gelb Maureen White Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Richard A. Hurowitz* Harrison [. Goldin Joseph E. Robert Jr. Guido Goldman Merit E. Janow Neal Goldman* Stephen Robert Jeffrey A. Goldstein Wyatt T. Johnson Roy M. Goodman Felix G. Rohatyn Theresa A. Havell Virginia A. Kamsky Peter M. Gottsegen Elihu Rose Richard C. Holbrooke Zachary Karabell Michael D. Granoff Joseph B. Rose Boris A. Jordan Nisha Kumar Evan G. Greenberg May and Samuel Rudin Family Erez C. Kalir* James H. Lambright* Foundation Peter B. Kellner Kevin J. Kinsella Nancy A. Lieberman * Term Member John T.Ryan III

Development 61 Josephine Linden John W. Carr Orit B. Gadiesh Steven Kotler Thomas F. McLarty III James H. Carter James R. Gaines Thomas F. Kranz Lucia Mouat Elliot R. Cattarulla Sergio J. Galvis Kate M. Kroeger* Craig). Mundie Henry E. Catto Richard N. Gardner Charles C. Krulak Stephen A. Myrow* Joyce Chang Claire L. Gaudiani Nancy J. Kuenstner Raffiq A. Nathoo Kimball C. Chen Joseph C. Gawronski* Raj U. Kumar* Mark A. Nichols* Richard B. Cheney Leslie H. Gelb Geraldine S. Kunstadter A. K. Nilsson Burton L. Gerber LaSalle D. Leffall III Carter W. Page Priscilla A. Clapp Michael Gfoeller Marc E. Leland Victor H. Palmieri C. S. Coffey III Peter Gleysteen Susan B. Levine Hunt Consolidated, Inc./ Jerome A. Cohen Jacob D. Goldfield John H. Lichtblau Hunt Oil Company Philip E. Comstock Jr. Russell D. Goldsmith John P. Lipsky Jonathan Plutzik John T. Connor Jr. Lisa E. Gordon-Hagerty Jonathan A. Lipton* Lawrence J. Ramer Jill M. Considine Jamie S. Gorelick James G. Lowenstein Richard Ravitch Kathleen B. Cooper James D. Grant William Lucy Milhrey Rennie Jock Covey Robert S. Green James T. Lynn William R. Salomon Berry R. Cox Arthur N. Greenberg Gary E. MacDougal Diane Sawyer Craig P. Coy Linda Griego Adel Mahmoud Rockwell A. Schnabel Lee Cullum Joseph A. Grimes Jr. Charles T. Manatt George H. Shenk Christine M. Cumming Ray J. Groves Lewis Manilow George P. Shultz Nelson W. Cunningham TressaS. Guenov* David I. Margolis jean K. Smith Walter J. Curley Jr. Andrew S. Gundlach Michael T. Masin H. M. Sonenshine W. B. Cutter Richard N. Haass Barbara C. Matthews Theodore C. Sorensen Evelyn P. Dahm* Nina L. Hachigian Barry R. McCaffrey Joshua L. Steiner James E. Dalton D. B. Haider* James S. McDonald Gordon C. Stewart Kenneth W. Dam C.B.Hall Donald F. McHenry Gordon R. Sullivan Marcia W. Dam Kathryn W.Hall E.S.Mead Frank A. Weil William H. Danforth Edward K. Hamilton Walter Russell Mead Brett I. Zbar* John J. Danilovich Ellen Hancock Montgomery C. Meigs Thomas A. Daschle Edward J. Hardin Roberto G. Mendoza ASSOCIATES Ralph P. Davidson William B. Harrison Jr. Zoltan Merszei ($i,ooo-$2,499) Florence A. Davis Robert C. Hart Ricardo A. Mestres Jr. Wilder K. Abbott Drew S. Days III Andrew P. Heaney* Edward C. Meyer A. R. Abboud Georges deMenil Benjamin W. Heineman jr. Daniel R. Mintz M. B. Aidinoff Lois P. de Menil Melvin L. Heineman Richard L. Morningstar David R. Andrews Jean-Christophe de Swaan Christopher D. Heinz* David H. Mortimer Charles M. Armstrong Roxanne J. Decyk RickiT. Heifer Kenneth A. Moskow Alberta Arthurs C. M. Devine Ernesto P. Hernandez III* Margaret F. Mudd George E. Assousa William H. Draper III janine W.Hill George B. Munroe Christine H. Bader* Richard A. Drucker Leo J. Hindery Jr. Ewell E. Murphy jr. Carter F. Bales Sam Dryden Abigail M. Hirschhorn Jeffrey C.Neal Charles F. Barber Kenneth M. Duberstein H. L. Hobson Norman P. Neureiter Raenu Barod* Joseph D. Duffey Mellody Hobson* Nancy S. Newcomb Thomas C. Barry Patrick A. Dunigan A. M. Hoffman Priscilla A. Newman Charlene Barshefsky Patrick J. Durkin Jeffrey N. Hogan R. K. Nottingham"]" Richard I. Beattie Jessica P. Einhorn George R. Hornig Joseph S. Nye Jr. Gregory R. Bedrosian Robert J. Einhorn James Hornthal Morris W. Offit Richard E. Beeman Henry M. Ellenbogen* James R. Houghton Merle A. Okawara Stephanie K. Bell-Rose James R. Ellis R. G Hubbard Lyndon L. Olson Jr. Christina A. Bennett Robert F. Ellsworth Timothy A. Hultquist Bruce L. Paisner Lucy W. Benson John B. Emerson Thomas O. Hunter Stewart [. Paperin Susan V. Berresford Jonathan A. Emmert* William C. Hunter Scott E. Pardee George C. Biddle Barbara P. Enders* Philip M. Huyck Roger P. Parkinson Michelle N. Billig* Susan G. Esserman Allen I. Hyman Howard G. Paster Michael J. Bingle* Gail H. Evans Mel M. Immergut Ernest T. Patrikis Kathy F. Bloomgarden Jonathan F. Fanton Shirley A. Jackson Douglas L. Paul Lee C. Bollinger Diana Farrell Robert D. joffe David Perez J. Dennis Bonney Martin S. Feldstein Jeh C. Johnson Barbara S. Perlmutter Stephen W. Bosworth James L. Ferguson Jerry L. Johnson* William J. Perry John Brademas Roger W. Ferguson Jr. Peter M. joost John J. Phelan Jr. Elizabeth R. Bramwell Jose W. Fernandez Vernon E. Jordan Jr. Johnv.H. Pierce* Marcus W. Brauchli Geraldine A. Ferraro Arnold Kanter Steven K. Pifer Andrew F. Brimmer Hart Fessenden Scott B. Kapnick Donaldson C. Pillsburyf Glenn A. Britt Betsy Fischer* Michael E. Kavoukjian Marnie S. Pillsbury Richard P. Brown Jr. Julie A. Fisher John M. Keane Nicholas Piatt Greyson L. Bryan John B. Fitzgibbons* Paul X. Kelley Sheila M. Piatt Elaine Buckberg* Pamela P. Flaherty Alfred F. Kelly Jr. Richard W. Pogue Richard R. Burt Peter Flaherty Arthur L. Kelly Daniel B. Poneman William G. Caperton III Kristin J. Forbes* Frederick S. Kempe Dina H. Powell* JuanC. Cappello William E. Franklin Donald M. Kendall Susan K. Purcell Nestor T. Carbonell Harry L. Freeman Edward Kennedy Jr. Gregory N. Racz* Joseph A. Cari Jr. Fredrica S. Friedman Bob Kerrey Charles E. Redman Stephen J. Friedman Sukhan Kim Lucy F. Reed Richard M. Furlaud Edward S. Knight Ned Regan * Term Member Ellen V. Futter Mahesh K. Kotecha William K. Reilly ")" Deceased

62 John C. Reppert Linda T. Yang John Deutch David Kellogg Donald S. Rice Daniel H. Yergin Robert R. Douglass Kay King Charles S. Robb Jaime E. Yordan James H. Duffy Edward Ladd John[. Roberts Fareed Zakaria Philip A. Dur ' George W. Landau Olin C. Robison Frank G. Zarb James W. Dyer James T. Laney David Rockefeller |r. Brian R. Zipp Stuart E. Eizenstat Nicholas R. Lardy Nicholas Rockefeller Claude E. Erbsen Paul A. Laudicina Allan Rosen6eld FRIENDS Richard Fairbanks Anthony P. Lee* Gary N. Ross ($500-S999; Mathea Falco Roger S. Leeds Charles O. Rossotti George H. Aldrich Jamie Fellner John F. Lehman George E. Rupp Lisa Anderson Helen Fessenden* Mel Levine Arthur F. Ryan Paul F. Anderson Eugene V. Fife MarcLevinson Patrick G. Ryan Jr. Anonymous Lawrence S. Finkelstein Glen S. Lewy Thomas Schick Robert Anthoine Stanley Fischer Kenneth G. Lieberthal Arthur Schneier Kofi Appenteng Mercedes C. Fitchett Jonathan S. Linen Brian T.Schreiber Michael H. Armacost Ronald R. Fogleman William J. Long Christopher M. Schroeder Khalid Azim Charles C. Foster Monica C. Lozano Robert A. Scott Peter Bakstansky Jose A. Fourquet Wendy W. Luers Brent Scowcroft Carol Baldwin Moody Arminio Fraga Neto Jane H. Lute Timothy R. Scully William G. Bardel Peter H. Frelinghuysen Eileen R. Mackcvich Donna E. Shalala Grace Barry Alton Frye Murrey Marder John M. Shalikashvili Joseph W. Bartlett Pamela B. Gann Andrew W. Marshall J. M. Shepherd David A. Bartsch Philomene A. Gates William A. Matney* Benjamin B. Sherwood Douglas A. Beck* Helene D. Gayle William B. Matteson JohnE.Berndt Jared M. Genser* Richard H. Matzke John Shu* Robert L. Bernstein David R. Gergen Jay Mazur Denis F. Simon Peter J. Beshar Tatiana C. Gfoeller John J. McCloy II Mark S. Sisk JohnC.Bierley Gordon D. Giffin Debbie McCoy* David R.Slade Jeffrey L. Bleich Andres V. Gil Alonzo L. McDonald Juleanna R. Glover* CarolaH.McGiffert* Joshua N. Solomon Robert J. Blendon Charles N. Goldman Patrick R. McKenna* Michael 1. Sovern John A. Bohn Henry F. Graff Thomas L. McNaugher John Spencer Carter Booth Robert D. Graff Michelle A. Meertens* Carlos J. Spinelli-Noseda* John C. Botts Thomas Graham Jr. Eric D. Melby Paul E. Steiger Jo I. Boufford R. S. Greathead Barry Metzger Elliot Stein Kay Boulware-Miller Carl J. Green Aaron D.Miller Anne Stetson Kimberly G. Braswell Donald P. Gregg Jami Miscik James W. Stevens Henry R. Breck Wallace C. Gregson Jr. Patricia E. Mitchell Donald M. Sumerlin* Ian A. Bremmer* Nicholas G. Griffin* Sherwood G. Moe Ellen O. Tauscher Sundaa A. Bridgett* Galen J. Guengerich Ernest J. Moniz Allen R. Thorpe* Charles N. Brower Bernard M. Gwertzman Frederic A. Morris Frederick S. Tipson Katherine A. Brown Earl B. Hailston Ambler H. Moss Jr. Robert H. Trice Jr. George Bugliarello John P. Hall David C. Mulford David R. Tunnell* Cody D.Burke* Lloyd N.Hand William F. Murdy Laura D.Tyson Sylvia Mathews Burwell William J. Butler Todd C. Hart Ian P. Murray Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran* F. C. Calabia Alexandre P. Hayek Janice L. Murray TedVanDyk Mark G. Califano Thomas B. Hayward Richard B. Myers William [. vanden Heuvel David A. Campbell* Suzanne E. Helm Trevor D. Neilson* Harold E. Varmus F. G. Campbell Robert F. Higgins Matthew Nimetz Gagan Verma* Jose A. Cardenas Joseph C.Hill Marcus Noland Peter H. Vermilye Charles W. Carson Jr. Warren M. Hoge Norman J. Ornstein John W. Vessey David Castelblanco* George R. Hoguet Patrick J. O'Rourke David J. Vitale Juju Chang Richard C. Hottelet Richard d. Osborne Linda J. Wachner Amy L. Chao* Karen E. House Meghan L. O'Sullivan Marshall I. Wais Jr. Stephen A. Cheney Ernest M. Howell William A. Owens John L. Walker Ellen Chesler Gary C. Hufbauer Stephen A. Oxman Leah Z. Wanger Aimee R. Christensen* Edmund J. Hull Hannah C. Pakula Vin Weber Charles E. Cobb Jr. Bobby R. Inman Herbert Pardes Jasper A. Welch Jr. Sue M. Cobb Maxine Isaacs Elizabeth R. Parker David L. Westin Barbara S. Cochran Walter S. Isaacson Michael C. Parks Anne Wexler Johnnetta B. Cole Paul Jabber Robert A. Pastor Mary Jo White William T. Coleman Jr. Jerome Jacobson'J" Patricia M. Patterson Marina v. Whitman Andrea M. Corcoran L. Oakley Johnson Dylan C. Pereira* ElishaWiesel* Carole A. Corcoran Thomas S. Johnson Mary Ann Peters Thomas L. Wilkerson Peter F. Cowhey Robert W. Jordan Michael P. Peters Brian D. Williams Russell C. Crandall* Kenneth I. Juster Joseph F. Peyronnin Edwin D. Williamson Monica E. Crowley Robert P. Kadlec George A. Pivik* Don M. Wilson III Charles B. Curtis Miranda M. Kaiser Neal A. Pollard* Herbert S. Winokur Jr. Russell J. DaSilva Howard Kaminsky Elizabeth Pond Steven J. Wisch JoseM.deLasa Jane J. Kang* Arturo C. Porzecanski Anne E. Wojcicki* Rust M. Deming Helene L. Kaplan Clyde E. Rankin III Charles Wolf Jr. Susan Dentzer Mark N.Kaplan David J. Remnick Adam R. Wolfensohn* Phil E. DePoy Daniel R. Katz Charles B. Renfrew Judy C. Woodruff James V. Derrick Jr. Daniel J. Kaufman Renatc Rennie William H. Wright II Mitul I. Desai* Thomas H. Kean William R. Richardson Andrew Wylie

Development 63 Rozannc L. Ridgway Robert W. Woodruff Alexander M. Brill* Arnaud de Borchgrave Nayla M. Rizk Minky Worden David V.Britt Inmaculada de Habsburgo John D. Rockefeller IV Janet L. Yellen Edith Brown Weiss Edwin A. Deagle Jr. Riordan Roett John N. Yochelson Carroll Brown Eli W. Debevoise II Eric A. Rosand* Arthur Zeikel Frederic J. Brown F. A. DeBusk Peter R. Rosenblatt Charles J. Zwick John P. Brown* Alfred C. DeCrane Jr. Stanley O. Roth Leon C. Brown Ashley S. Deeks* William M. Roth CONTRIBUTORS Judith Bruce Brewster C. Denny Ronald A. Route (UP TO $499) Mark F. Brzezinski David B. Denoon Edward L. Rowny Cara L. Abercrombie* Mark E. Buchman Hazel Denton Arthur M. Rubin Michael J. Abramowitz Bruce Bueno de Mesquita Patricia M. Derian Warren B. Rudman Morton I. Abramowitz Mary B. Bullock I. M. Destler Angela M. Sapp Mancini* Nishith H. Acharya* Stuart M. Bumpas Robert P. DeVecchi Herbert S. Schlosser Daniel J. Acosta Jr.* Deborah K. Burand Joan Didion George D. Schwab Michael F. Adams John A. Burgess Paula J. Dobriansky Theodore U. Schweitzer* Stephanie R. Ahern* Christopher B. Burnham Justin W.Doebele Frederick C. Seibold Jr. Fouad Ajami Patrick O. Burns Robert H. Donaldson John E. Sexton Michael H. Alderman Jonathan S. Bush* Richard L. Drobnick Stanley K. Shcinbaum Peter B. Alderman* Richard C. Bush III Charles A. Duelfer Eleanor B. Sheldon John R. Alexander Rolland H. Bushner Timothy E. Duggan* Ronald K. Shelp Jodie T. Allen Samuel C. Butler Craig G. Dunkcrley Alan R. Sheriff Richard C. Allison Ralph Buultjens Jonathan S. Dunn* Ron Silver Michael A. Almond Camille M. Caesar Kempton Dunn Richard N. Sinkin Jose E. Alvarez Dan E. Caldwell Lewis A. Dunn Richard M. Smith Deborah S. Amos Thomas M. Callaghy Donald B. Easum Richard P. Sobel Harold W. Andersen Robert J. Callander Ralph E. Eberhart Dorothy M. Sobol Wendy R. Anderson* David P. Calleo Nicholas Eberstadt Abraham D. Sofaer Nancy A. Aossey Colin G. Campbell Marian W. Edelman Anne G. Solomon Kwame A. Appiah David A. Caputo Robert H. Edwards Robert Solomon Cresencio S. Arcos LisaM. Caputo Robert H. Edwards Jr. Lesley R. Stahl Anne L. Armstrong John Carey Charles R. Eisendrath Stephen Stamas Lloyd Armstrong Jr. William D. Carmichael Stuart E. Eizenstat Charles R. Stevens Carole Artigiani Albert Carnesale Nancy H. Ely-Raphel Donald M. Stewart J. B. Atwood Barry E. Carter Ainslie T. Embree Marin J. Strmecki Jesse H. Ausubel Hodding Carter III Richard D. Erb Lawrence H. Summers William H. Avery* William D. Casebeer* Andrew P. Erdmann fames S. Sutterlin H. B. Avers Richard E. Cavanagh Robert H. Estabrook Brandon W. Sweitzer Peter W. Baird Ray C. Cave Daniel C. Esty Strobe Talbott John R. Baker Tung M. Chan* David M. Fairman Peter Tarnoff Gerald L. Baliles Robert Chartener Tom J. Farer Thomas C. Theobald Daniella Ballou-Aares* Antonia H. Chayes Ava S. Feiner Franklin A. Thomas Donald K. Bandler Lincoln C. Chen Samuel H. Feist Lydia W. Thomas Teresa C. Barger Saj Cherian Maurice A. Ferre Marta Tienda Harry G. Barnes |r. Susan J. Clark-Johnson D. C. Findlay Matthew S. Tierney* Timothy J. Bartlett Alex B. Clavel* SheriL. Fink* Patricia E. Tierney* Kirsten L. Bartok* Peter A. Clement Paul B. Finney Paul E. Tierney Jr. Adrian A. Basora Mark L. Clifford Lauri J. Fitz-Pegado Sarah L. Timpson David Z. Beckler William F. Clinger Jr. Stephen J. Flanagan Bradley M. Tirpak* Holley M. Bellt Charles G. Cogan C. F. Foley* Maynard J. Toll Jr. Steve Bell Jacob K. Cogan* S. R. Foley Jr. Audrey R. Topping Douglas K. Bereuter Herman J. Cohen Shepard L. Forman Seymour Topping JohnS.Berman* Jonathan R. Cole Brenda L. Foster Frances F. Townsend Peter W. Bernstein Dalton Conley Donald T. Fox Eugene P. Trani Jan Berris Frances D. Cook Charles R. Frank Jr. Adam J. Treanor* Richard K. Betts Gary M. Cook Richard A. Frank Basilios E. Tsingos* James D. Bindenagel Goodwin Cooke Francine R. Frankel James P. Tunkey* Stanley W. Black Caroline N. Cooper* M.T. Fravel* Stansfield Turner Robert O. Blake Laura K. Cooper* DanaH.Freyer Garrick Utley Stephen Blank Kathleen A. Corbet Edward R. Fried Toni G. Verstandig Alan S. Blinder Suzanne Cott Benjamin M. Friedman Melanne S. Verveer Antony J. Blinken Elizabeth M. Cousens Julia M. Fromholz* Carl E. Vuono Katherine E. Bliss* Margaret E. Crahan William P. Fuller Adir G. Waldman* Lincoln P. Bloomfield Ann Crittenden Peter W. Galbraith Christine I. Wallich Richard J. Bloomfield Helima L. Croft* Robert L. Gallucci R. K. Walton Frederick M. Bohen Adelaide M. Cromwell John C. Gannon William H. Webster Avis T. Bohlen Barbara Crossette Charles S. Ganoe George B. Weiksner Landrum R. Boiling Lester M. Crystal F. G. Cause III Allan Wendt Andrea Bonime-Blanc Craig P. Cummings* Catherine Gay Craig R. Whitney Cory A. Booker* Donald Cuneo Philip O. Geier Elie Wiesel Bruce L. Booth Jr.* James B. Cunningham Peter F. Geithner Mason Willrich David L. Boren Dorinda G. Dallmeyer Timothy F. Geithner Donald M. Wilson Marshall M. Bouton Lori F. Damrosch Robert P. George Matthew A. Winkler David W. Bowker* Nathaniel Davis Elliot F. Gerson Spencer P. Boyer* Stephen B. Davis Ralph J. Gerson Jeff G. Bramlett* * Term Member Marion M. Dawson Carr Michael Getler "f Deceased George W. Breslauer Horace G. Dawson Jr. Jackson B. Gilbert

64 Michael J. Gillette Bradley C. Hosmer Erik J. Eeklem* John R. Meyer Ruth B. Ginsburg Amory Houghton Jr. Robert J. Lempert Harold [. Meyerman Norma Globerman Brett E. House* Alexander T. Lennon Elizabeth Midgley Carol Gluck Bradley C. Hosmer Richard C. Leone Edward L. Miles Robert F. Goheerr"|" A. E. D. Howard Herbert Levin Judith B. Milestone Ronnie L. Goldberg Christopher B. Howard Jonathan E. Levitsky Charles R. Miller Abigail Golden-Vazquez* Lynn N. Hughes Debra L.Miller David L. Goldwyn R. J. Hughes Stephen R. Lewis Jr. Matthew L. Miller Paul D. Golob Ellen H. Hume James E. Lieber John A. Millington George |. Goodman Patricia S. Huntington Keith L. Lieberthal* Bradford Mills Peter G. Gould J. C. Hurewitzt Jessica K. Liebowitz Susan L.Mills Timothy J. Graczewski* James B. Hurlock Beverly Lindsay George D. Moffett David E.Gray* Sol Hurwitz Karin M. Lissakers Walter F. Mondale [oshua L. Green* Alberto [barguen Robert E. Litan Harold H. Montgomery Joseph N. Greene |r. David R. Ignatius Sean-Noel Littles* WilliamS. Moody G.J. Greenwald Karl F. Inderfurth Robert S. Litwak John N. Moore •ugh D. Greenway Steven L. Isenberg Eric P. Liu Theodore H. Moran Vartan Gregorian Sarah Jackson JanM. Lodal Charles R. Morris Gigi K. Gronvall* Jennifer A. Jacobs* George C. Lodge Kenneth P. Morse Brandon Grove Francis J. James Clark B. Lombardi Alfred H. Moses Eugenia K. Guilmartin* David P. Janes* Herbert I. London Michael D. Mosettig Pranav Gupte Mark W. Janis Bevis Longstreth Joel W. Motley Robert D. Haas Jane S. Jaquette Bette Bao Lord Homer E. Moyer Jr. Chuck Hagel Bonnie D. Jenkins Winston Lord Virginia A. Mulberger [ames D. Halper AlpheusW. Jessup Stephen Low Steven Muller David R. Halperin Karen H. Johnson Abraham F. Lowenthal Richard W. Murphy Rupert). Hammond-Chambers* Larry D. Johnson Glenn D. Lowry John A. Nagl D. El. Hammonds Michelle D. Johnson Richard W. Lyman James A. Nathan Stephen I landelman Willene A. Johnson Thomas F. Lynch 111 Diana V. Negroponte Herbert |. Hansell Frederick L. Jones 11* Richard K. Lyons John D. Negroponte Marcus B. Mabry I'araskcve Hantzopoulos James R. Jones Merlin E. Nelson Richard A. Joseph Charles F. MacCormack Richard D. Nelson* Maurice Harari Barbara T. Judge- Bruce W. MacDonald Andre Newburg Katherine A. Hardin* Marvin Kalb Consuelo C. Mack Alisa Newman Hood* Deborah A. Harding JanH.Kalicki Bruce K. MacLaury Pamela J. Newman Maureen A. Harrington* Max M. Kampelman Robert M.Macy Jr. Richard T. Newman Arthur A. Hartman Roger E. Kanet John D. Maguire M. Diana H. Newton John H.Haskell Jr. Susan E. Karamanian Thomas G Mahnken AnnM. Nicocelli* John R. Hauge Stanley Karnow Paul G. Mahoney Rosemary N. Niehuss William E. Hauser Richard S. Karp* Thomas H. Mahoney IV William M. Nolle Margaret D. Hayes Theodore W. Kassinger Charles S. Maier Lynne D. Novack LisaW.Heald* Abraham Katz Jason D. Maloney* Jeffrey D. Nuechterlein Charles B. Heck Stanley N. Katz Michael Mandelbaum Sam Nunn Barbara 13. Heep-Richter Carl Kaysen Sloan C. Mann* J. Benjamin H. Nye J.B.Hehir Farhad Kazemi J. E.Marans Don Oberdorfer Stephen R. Heifetz* Barbara L. Kellerman Steven J. Mariotti William E. Odomt Harrv E. Heint/.cn John H. Kelly HansM. Mark Raymond C. Offenheiser Jr. Robert C. Helander Christopher J. Kennan Daniel S. Markey* L.J.Oliva John L. Helgerson Ann Z. Kerr Phebe A. Marr April A. Oliver Richard M. Heller W. C. Kester Anthony D. Marshall Shannon K. O'Neil* Donald C. Hellmann William P. Kinane F. R. Marshall Louis F. O'Neill* Daniel P. Henninger Richard 1. Kirkland Katherine Marshall Pia M. Orrenius Alan K. Henrikson Karin L. Kizer Zachary B. Marshall Margaret Osmer McQuade Robert H. Henry Jacques P. Klein L. Camille Massey Susan S. Osnos Charles F. Hermann Jack W. Klimp Amanda C. Mattingly* F. T. Ostrander Jessica R. Herrera-Elanigan* Jim Kolbe Edward F. McCann ii Tara J. O'Toole Rebecca K. Hersman Andrzej Korbonski JohnW. McCarter Jr. David A. Pacheco* Jessica A. Her/stein Michael V. Kostiw Robert L. McClure Harold C. Pachios Robert E. Herzstein Steven P. Kramer Elizabeth J. McCormack George C. Paine II Sylvia A. Hewlett Sarah E. Kreps* David H. McCormick Matthew A. Palmer Kathleen H. Hicks Jay L. Kriegel Jennifer A. McFarlane Jeremiah S. Pam* Jack D. Hidary* Michael G. Kulma* Brent). Mcintosh* Juliette M. Passer Pamela Hill Tamara Kupperman Thorp* Charles J. McLaughlin IV Hugh T. Patrick Ruth Hinerfeld Mark P. Lagon Doyle McManus Stewart M. Patrick Rachel [lines Denis Lamb Jason D. McManus Roland A. Paul Deane R. Hinton David M. Lampton Thomas A. McNally* Gabriel B. Pellathy* John L. Hirsch Carol J. Lancaster Robert S. McNamara Federico F. Pena Jim Hoagland Jessica E. Lapenn* Thomas E. McNamara Don Peretz Amoretta M. Hoeber Jonathan Lash Lawrence C. McQuade Edward J. Perkins Malcolm I. Hoenlein S. Amer Latif * MarkC. Medish Roswell B. Perkins Bruce Hoffman Richard D. Lawrence Kellie A. Meiman* Robert C. Perry Stanley Hoffmann Tilden J. Le Melle Irene W. Meister Joseph E. Persico M. S. Holcomb* J. W. Leaman* Johanna Mendelson Forman Richard W. Petree John E. Holden Gordon N. Lederman Saul H. Mendlovitz Stephen R. Petschek Henry A. Holmes Maren Leed* Rajan Menon Peter [. Pettibone John D. Holum lohn F. Leich Theodor Meron Jane C. Pfeiffer Gary N. Horlick

Development 65 Minh-thu D. Pham* Steven B. Sample C. E. Stewart Margaret D. Williams Lawrence W. Pierce Michael A. Samuels Charles R. Stith Philip S. Winterer Andrew J. Pierre Miguel A. Sanchez Robert B. Stobaugh David A. Wirth Paul R. Pillar Marlene Sanders Christopher B. Stone* Anne A. Witkowsky Donald L. Pilling Stephen T. Sargeant Jacqueline L. Strasser* Tamara C. Wittes Walter H. Pincus Harold H. Saunders Jane E. Stromseth R. J. Woolsey Alan A. Piatt Robert A. Scalapino Thomas F. Stroock Cecil Wray Richard L. Plepler Jerrold L. Schecter Rose Styron Richard M. Wrona Jr.* Rutherford M. Poats Kate S. Schecter John D. Sullivan David B. Yoffie Gerald A. Pollack Lawrence Scheinman Francis X. Sutton Alice Young Kenneth M. Pollack Stephen C. Schlesinger Cedric Suzman Frederick T. Yu Marquita J. Pool-Eckert Todd A. Schmidt* Carl A. Swanson Philip W. Yun George H. Poste Kurt L. Schmoke Peter B.Swiers Raul H. Yzaguirre Colin L. Powell Amanda W. Schnetzer* John T. Swing Shaarik H. Zafar* Timothy E. Powers Jill A. Schuker William H. Taft IV Donald S. Zagoria Elizabeth M. Prescott* William W. Schwarzer Phillips Talbot Dov S. Zakheim Jeremy Pressman* Stephen M. Schwebel C. B. Tarter Edwin M. Zimmerman [ohn R. Price Jr. J. P. Scoblic* William Taubman Marvin Zonis Raymond K. Price Jr. John M. Scott III* Nicholas E. Thompson* Jeremy B. Zucker* Jonathan M. Protz* Norman P. Seagrave John K.. Tien Jr. Harriet Zuckerman Jeffrey F. Pryce Jonathan E. Sears Ronald Tiersky Robert H. Puckett Sheldon J. Segal Cynthia A. Tindell OPERATING GRANTS Edward L. Pulling Eugene A. Sekulow Claire M. Tisne* AND ENDOWMENT, William B. Quandt John W. Sewell Kiersten Todt Coon* RESTRICTED AND Robert W.Radtke Jeffrey R. Shafer Monica D. Toft SPECIAL GIFTS Anika Rahman Mark A. Shaheen* Jonathan P. Torop* John Raisian Andrew J. Shapiro Stephen J. Trachtenberg DAVID ROCKEFELLER STUDIES R. S. Randolph Isaac Shapiro Harry D. Train II PROGRAM Gustav Ranis Judith R. Shapiro Russell E. Train Odeh F. Aburdene Robin L. Raphel Jason T. Shaplen Peter D. Trooboff American Express Foundation Samuel J. Rascoff* Daniel A. Sharp Nancy S.Truitt Stern Family J. T. Ratchford John Shattuck Edwin M. Truman Boeing Company Kal Raustiala Kevin P. Sheehan Cynthia A. Tucker Booz Allen Hamilton Douglas A. Raymond* Sally A. Shelton-Colby Jonathan B. Tucker BPp.l.c. Celina B. Realuyo Mark B. Sherkey Jr.* Astrid S. Tuminez Richard P. Brown Jr. Charles B. Reed Gary M. Shiffman Richard H. Ullman Carnegie Corporation of New York James L. Regens Raymond Shonholtz Cornelius M. Ulman De Beers William M. Reichert Donald W. Shriver Jr. Maureen T. Upton Alex O. Dehgan Saskia S. Reilly Colette Shulman Victor A. Utgoff European Commission John E. Reinhardt Gary G. Sick Arturo A. Valenzuela Exxon Mobil Corporation Jeffrey A. Reinke* C.J.Silas Gregory E. van der Vink Mark Fisch Thomas F. Remington Robert B. Silvers Michael H. Van Dusen Ford Foundation John Van Oudenaren Jeannie M. Renne-Malone* Adele Simmons Stephen C. Freidheim David E. Van Zandt Nicholas A. Rey Lincoln C. Singleton* Bart Friedman Elsie N. Vance John H. Rich jr. Anne-Marie Slaughter David Fuhrmann Richard A. Slaughter Marsha Vande Berg Paul G. Richards Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Paul S. Slawson Ann M. Veneman Stephen H. Richards German Marshall Fund William B. Richardson AnnB. Sloane Richard R. Verma of the United States Dena Ringold* Lawrence M. Small Marco S. Vicenzino* Peter Gottsegen Carla A. Robbins Patricia T. Smalley Edward H.Vick Martin J. Gross Walter R. Roberts S.B. Smart Jr. Alice S. Victor Roger Hertog David Z. Robinson Hedrick L. Smith David J. Vidal William and Flora Hewlett Davis R. Robinson Malcolm B. Smith Milton Viorst Foundation Hays H. Rockwell L. B. Snider MarkV.Vlasic* Robert & Ardis James Foundation Ervin J. Rokke Andrew W. Solomon Jay M. Vogelson Japan Foundation Center Alan D. Romberg Anthony M. Solomon"!" George J. Vojta for Global Partnership Alton D. Romig Jr. Richard H. Solomon Anthony J. Walton W. K. Kellogg Foundation Andrew A. Rosen* TaraD. Sonenshine [ohn W. Warner Korea Foundation Arthur H. Rosen Juliet S. Sorensen* Volney J. Warner Harold "Gerry" F. Lenfest Daniel H. Rosen Stephen A. Spagnuolo* William Watts Robert K. Lifton Gary Rosen Jonathan S. Spaner* Dennis Weatherstone'f Richard Lounsbery Foundation Mitchell S. Rosenthal Joshua B. Spero Leroy S. Wehrle Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Ronald W. Roskens Ronald I. Spiers Steven Weinberg John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Nicholas Rostow J. A. Spindler Jeremy M. Weinstein* Foundation Nancy H. Rubin Alan Spoon Sidney Weintraub McKinsey & Company, Inc. NilminiG. Rubin* Joseph A. Stanislaw Charles Weiss Jr. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Philip C. Rudder Eugene S. Staples Samuel F. Wells Jr. Neil L. Rudenstine Eric Stein Joanna Weschler America, Inc. Dakota S. Rudesill* Steven E. Steiner Clifton R. Wharton Jr. Randolph Foundation Carol K. Sakoian John D. Stempel Robert J. White James J. Richard Jeswald W. Salacuse Angela E. Stent Christine T. Whitman The Ripplewood Foundation, Inc. George R. Salem Alfred C. Stepan Amy M. Wilkinson* Rockefeller Brothers Fund Fritz Stern Serena B. Wille* Rockefeller Foundation Todd D. Stern Elizabeth H. Williams* David Rockefeller * Term Member Brittanv D. Stewart* Harold M. Williams Shell International Limited "f Deceased Smith Richardson Foundation, Inc.

66 Starr Foundation Amy Regan Neal A. Pollard David and Lucile Packard Foundation Stern Family Susan Rotenstreich James B.Seatonlll Pfizer Foundation Matching Gifts Cathy L. Taylor Mary Anne Schwalbe Edwin M. Smith Program Mice M. & Thomas J. Tisch Mubeen Siddiqui » QUALCOMM Inc. Foundation Deborah Stiles OTHER ENDOWED Rockefeller Brothers Fund PROGRAMS AND CHAIRS United States-Japan Foundation Barbara A. Taylor Rockefeller Financial Services Patricia Weinbach William A.M. Burden Charitable Matching Gift Program CENTER FOR PRE VENTIVE ACTION Lead Trust Stuart Familv Foundation Hunt Alternatives Fund MEETINGS PROGRAM Robert B. McKeon Teagle Foundation Incorporated AlanM. Silberstein Stephen C. Freidheim Peter G. Peterson Washington Post ]ohn W. Vessey Home Box Office Estate of Arthur Ross GIFTS-IN-KIND James D. Zirin John S. and James 1.. Knight David M. Rubenstein Foundation The Council is pleased to acknowledge MAURICE R. GREENBERG CENTER Robert B. McKeon OTHER SPECIAL GIFTS thefollowing individuals and companies FOR GEOECONOMIC STUDIES Theodore C. Sorensen Carnegie Corporation of that generously contributed gifts-in- Anonymous Stern Family New York kind of goods or services this year: Stephen C. Freidheim Neal D. Goldman Bloomberg Fwing Marion Kauffman ARTHUR C. HELTON MEMORIAL Hitachi, Ltd. Hemispheric Partners LECTURE ENDOWMENT Foundation Joe Hurd Hitachi, Ltd. Bernard and Irene Schwartz Nancy D. Bodurtha Anna-Maria & Stephen Kellen IBM Corporation Foundation John W. Dix Foundation Korn/Ferry International Jacqueline D. Gilbert John S. and James L. Knight Raj U. Kumar PROGRAM ON Marjorie Helton Foundation Landor Associates INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS Ruth Kamerman Peter G. Peterson Perm, Schoen & Berland AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Emily Krause Ploughshares Fund Associates, Inc. Robina Foundation Pamela J. Krause State of Qatar Alan Schoen Starr Foundation THE CFRLEGACYSOCIETY WOMEN AND FOREIGN POLICY Edwin D. Williamson Jeanette Silver The Council on Foreign Relations PROGRAM Jennifer Seymour Whitakcr PRESIDENT'S RAPID RESPONSE Legacy Society, formerly known as the Thefollowing made gifts this year in i(j2i Society, was established in 2004 NATIONAL PROGRAM FUND support of the Women and Foreign to acknowledge those who have made Policy Program endowment: Mimi and Peter Haas Fund Anonymous the future vitality of the Council a part Apollo Management, LP Lucy C.Billingsley of their legacy. All those who confirm STLl'IIEN M.KELLEN TERM MEMBER StanleyS. Arkin Elizabeth R. Bramwell in writing that they have included the PROGRAM Joshua J. Harris Laura Breyer Council in their wills or estate plans, or Dawn T. Calabia Marshall Rose Michael H. Coles and Edith Langner as a beneficiary of any other disposition Neal D. Goldman David M. Rubenstein Kathleen Doyle of assets, are recognized as members of Anna-Maria & Stephen Kellen Enzo Viscusi Agnes Gund the CFR Legacy Society. The Council is Foundation Mark-tie Hess grateful to thefollowing individuals, who CORPORATE AND FOUNDATION Lou Anne King Jensen have expressed their intention to provide OUTREACH MATCHING GIFTS Ann Kaplan for the Council'sfuture in this manner. Maria Elena Lagomasino Steven A. Denning AIG Matching Grants Program Mark Fisch AMBAC Assurance Corporation Robert John Abernethy Rose P. Lynch Allen R. Adler Jean M. Martin American Express Charitable Fund CFR.ORG Bank of America Foundation Christopher W. Brody Janet McKinley Basic Element Holland H. Bushner Ed and Sandy Meyer BP Foundation, Inc. Steven A. Denning Lee Cullum Olavun Ciroup CA John S. and James L. Knight Peter G. Fitzpatrick Susan E. Patricof Capital Group Companies Foundation Charitable Foundation Stephen J. Fitzsimmons Barbara Perlmutter Bart Friedman Mamie Pillsburv Morgan Stanley Cleveland H. Dodge Foundation, Inc. Doris Duke Management Neal D. Goldman Bonnie Reiss INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Foundation Pranav Gupte Rosemarv L. Ripley FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM FIG, LLC Richard N. Haass Diana Rowan Rockefeller Suzanne E. Helm Anonymous First Data Corporation Lynn Shanahan William H. Heyman Linda Parrish Brady Gannett Foundation Muriel F. Siebert Peter Bicknell Kellner Mark F. Brzezinski Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Irene W. Meister The following made gifts to support the Deborah K. Burand GE Foundation Scott L. Miller program's annual operations: Jean M. Callaghan Genworth Foundation Lucia Mouat Laura Breyer Russell Crandall Goldman, Sachs & Co. Matching Winthrop R. Munyan Carolyn Carter Craig G. Dunkerley Gift Program Rodney W. Nichols Peggy Dulany ER ANDA Foundation Harry Frank Guggenheim John E. Osborn Exxon Mobil Corporation Richard D. Erb Foundation Peter G. Peterson Linda Gottlieb Rose E. Gottemoeller Robert Wood Johnson Foundation David Rockefeller Paula Hawkins Robert C.Gray Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Douglas E. Schoen Erika Hessman Hitachi, Ltd. Kresge Foundation David Shiverick Smith Diane D. Jacobsen Miles Kahler Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Theodore C. Sorensen Susan Jonas Joshua J. Lippard M.B.I.A. Foundation James Alward Van Fleet Janet W. Ketcham Montgomery C. Meigs John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Malcolm H. Wiener Susan Klein Edward L. Morse Foundation Nancy C. Marcus Sean D. Murphy Giving Campaign Agnes Metzger M. Diana Helweg Newton Mutual of America Theodore G. Osius Note: Please contact Suzanne P. Helm, Sheila Nemazee New York Times Company vice president for development, at Susan Nitze Carter W.Page Foundation [email protected] or 212.434.9781 to advise NoVo Foundation Louis W. Pauly Open Society Institute of any additions or corrections.

Development 67 Campaign for the Council

This year, the Campaign for the Council successfully $25,000,000 AND ABOVE Morgan Stanley & Co. reached its goal of $120 million with a final tally of Peter G. Peterson Steven L. Rattner and David Rockefeller Maureen White $123,664,124 in cash and pledges. Launched in Septem­ The Ripplewood Foundation, Inc. ber 2005, the campaign surpassed its initial goal of $85 $10,000,000-$24,()()<),<)<)() Marshall Rose million by October 2006. The goal was then increased to Peter J. Solomon Starr Foundation Kenneth I. Starr $100 million based on the momentum of the campaign (Maurice R. Greenberg, John C. Whitehead and the Council's many funding needs. By June 2007, Chairman) Malcolm H. Wiener Foundation the $100 million milestone was met, and the target was $S,ooo,ooo-$i)S99S99 $100,000-8249,999 increased to the $120 million now surpassed. David M. Rubenstein Apollo Management, LP The Council is indebted to Chairman Emeritus Peter Stanley S. Arkin G. Peterson and Vice Chairman Richard E. Salomon for $1,000,000-84,999,999 Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder their tireless leadership as co-chairmen of the campaign. Anonymous (2) Holdings, Inc. Frank ]. Caufield Lucy C. Billingsley Their vision, along with 100 percent commitment from Steven A. Denning John P. Birkelund the Board of Directors, set the campaign's pace early on. Stephen C. Freidheim Leon D. Black At its inception we believed that the campaign would Stephen Friedman Mary Boies Mimi and Peter Haas Fund Denis A. Bovin Elizabeth R. Bramwell prove transformational for the Council. That transforma­ Rita E. Hauser Caterpillar Inc. tion is now well under way—as we strengthen the Studies Roger Hertog ERANDA Foundation John B. Hess Program, improve our outreach, and prepare to move our Kenneth M. Duberstein Marlene Hess and James D. Zirin Washington operations into a new home next year. Barry S. Friedberg J. Tomilson Hill Michael E. Gellert The David Rockefeller Studies Program is only one Anna-Maria & Stephen Kellen Michael D. Granoff Foundation of many Council efforts to benefit from the campaign. Agnes Gund Henry R. Kravis James W. Harpel Endowment for the Studies Program generally will pro­ Leonard & Evelyn Lauder Joshua [. Harris vide ongoing revenue in perpetuity to help support the Foundation-Segregated Fund Carla A. Hills Ira A. Lipman Council's broad range of research activities as well as new Ann F. Kaplan Robert B. McKeon Vincent A. Mai projects. Specific endowment gifts established a new chair Richard Medley Robert Millard in energy and the environment as well as a fellowship in Rockefeller Foundation Ronald L. and Jane T. Olson Edward John & Patricia Rosenwald women and foreign policy. Several donors also made gen­ Alan Joel Patricof Foundation Lester Pollack erous operating grants to support specific projects. Arthur Ross")" Muriel F. Siebert Robert E. Rubin Campaign commitments were also designated for Scott L. Swid Richard Salomon Family the Council's outreach initiatives and website, CFR.org. Kenneth L. Wallach An international affairs fellowship in India was estab­ Foundation, Inc. Ezra K. Zilkha Marc Haas Foundation Mortimer B. Zuckerman lished, and the term member program received long-term (Stanley S. Shuman, Chairman) support. A symposium on international economic issues Jerry I. Speyer $50,000^99,999 and a panel discussion on the future of the U.S. military $50o,ooo-$999,999 Odeh F. Aburdene are now fully endowed and have become annual features AEA Investors LLC Altman/Kazickas Foundation Anonymous of the Meetings Program. BPp.l.c. Jewelle Bickford The Council's new Washington building was financed Robert Wood Johnson 1962 John H. Biggs Charitable Trust by highly favorable tax-exempt bonds available to quali­ Tom Brokaw Mannheim LLC D. Ronald Daniel fied 501(c)(3) organizations in the District of Columbia. Donald B.Marron Bart Friedman Campaign gifts will support the Washington presence Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. Ann M. Fudge and the enhanced programming and membership services Jeffrey A. Rosen Alan K. Jones that will be offered in the new building. Robert B. Menschel $250,000-8499,999 Ed and Sandy Meyer The Council is pleased to recognize the following Anonymous Occidental Petroleum Corporation donors, who chose to invest in the future of the organiza­ Jeffrey Bevvkes Thomas R. Pickering Morton L. Janklow Robert Price tion through their gifts to the campaign. Thomas L. Pulling * Term Member David L. Shuman* "f Deceased Vornado Realty Trust

68 m3S,ooo—$49>999 Peter A. Georgescu Louis E. Caldera Ruth J. Simmons Fran Amirsaleh Harrison J. Goldin William D. Carmichael Joshua N. Solomon Laura Breyer Richard C. Holbrooke Warren Christopher Theodore C. Sorensen Michael H. Coles and Edith Langner Michael M. Crow Carlos J. Spinelli-Noseda Marti Dinerstein Estate oi John W. Huizenga Alexander B. Cummings Jr. Joseph A. Stanislaw Kathleen Doyle Mel M. Immergut William H. Danforth Walter P. Stern Connie K. Duckworth Robert J. Katz Jean-Christophe de Swaan Cathy L. Taylor* Franklin A. Thomas Martin S. Feldstein Laura Heller Lauder Rohit M. Desai Robin Chandler Duke Andrew Tilton* Richard N. Foster Harold F. Lentest Patrick J. Durkin Russell E. Train Richard N. Haass Ricardo A. Mestres James W. Dyer James P. Tunkey Invcstcorp International, Inc. Michael H. Moskow Osborn Elliott David R. Tunnell Diane D. [acobsen James Mossman |ames R. Ellis Laura D. Tyson Lou Anne King |ensen Joseph S. Nye Robert F. Ellsworth Mary Wadsworth Darby Charles R. Kaye Colin L. Powell Brent Scowcroft Robert E. Fallon Barbara Walters Maria Elena Lagomasino Anne-Marie Slaughter DianneFeinstein R. K. Walton Rose P. Lynch Jean K.Smith Charles C. Foster Jasper A. Welch |can M. Martin Jarett F. Wait David Fromkin Linda I. Yang Bonnie McElveen-Hunter Christine T. Whitman Richard M. Furlaud Brian R. Zipp Janet McKinley Elizabeth H. Williams* Joseph C. Gawronski* MeadWestvaco Foundation Steven D. Winch* Helene D. Gayle $500-$999 Carl B. Menges Fareed Zakaria Leslie H. Gelb Wilder K. Abbott Sally Minard Frederick W. Ciluck Stacey Y. Abrams* Edward N. Ney $5,ooo-$9,99<) Scott M. Hand Robert Anthoine Olayan Group Jonathan D. Aronson Richard E. Beeman Edward J. Hardin Barbara K. Paley John R. Baker Michael J.Bingle* Benjamin W. Fleineman Susan E. Patricof Marcus W. Brauchli Althea L. Duersten Melvin L. Heineman Barbara S. Perlmutter J. S. Carroll Richard Elden Christopher D. Heinz* Marnie S. Pillsbury Herman J. Cohen Hart Fessenden David W.Heleniak Amy Regan Suzanne Cott Francis A. Finelli Suzanne E. Helm Bonnie Reiss Russell C. Crandall* Alberto Ibargiien Richard C. Hottelet Rosemary L. Riplev Jose M. de Lasa Kav King Amory Houghton Diana Rowan Rockefeller Joseph K. Hurd Ralph E. Eberhart Marvin & Palmer Associates, Inc. Lynn Shanahan Peter B. Kellner Daniel C. Esty Janice L. Murray Maurice Sonnenberg Alfred F. Kelly Eugene V. Fife Rodney W. Nichols Paul Soros Mahesh K. Kotecha Julie A. Fisher Philip A. Odeen Joan E. Spero John D. Langlois Harry L. Freeman Joseph R. Perella Anne Stetson Anthony P. Lee* Peter H. Frelinghuysen Michael L. Riordan Harold Tanner James T. Lynn Abigail Golden-Vazquez William R. Salomon Nicki Fanner Michael T. Masin David L. Goldwyn Robert A. Scott Diana L. Taylor Roberto G. Mendoza Nicholas G. Griffin* James J. Shinn Nancy H. Tilghman Bradford Mills C. B. Hall H. M. Sonenshine Warburg Pincus LLC Jami Miscik Rachel 1 lines MarkR.Tercek Vin Weber Jeffrey C. Neal John L. Hirsch William J. Williams Anita V'olz Wien Roger P. Parkinson James F. Hoge Michael B.Yanney James D. Wolfensohn Ernest T. Patrikis George R. Hoguet Christian C.Yegen John P. Jumper $i,ooo-$4,t)99 Jane C. Pfeiffer Carl Kaysen $10,000-824,099 A. Robert Abboud John v.H. Pierce* Melanie M. Kirkpatrick Madeleine K. Albright Fouad Ajami Steven K. Pifer Raj U. Kumar* Charlenc Barshefsky John E. Avery Simon Ramo James H. Lambright* Richard I. Beattie Christine H. Bader* Jeffrey A. Reinke* John F. Lehman Henry S. Bienen Howard H. Baker Charles B. Renfrew JohnH. Lichtblau Boeing Company Pauline Fl. Baker John C. Reppert Jessica K. Liebowitz Stephen W. Bosworth Peter Beinart Gary N. Ross William Lucy Kenneth D. Brody Nicholas B. Binkley Arthur M. Rubin Eileen R. Mackevich Edgar M. Bronfman (acquelyn R. Bonner* Steven B. Sample Adel Mahmoud Cattarulla Fund of the Dallas John C. Botts Harold H. Saunders Charles S. Maier Nicholas F. Bradv Arthur Schneier Foundation William B. Matteson David Braunschvig Donna E. Shalala Michael}. Christenson Alonzo L. McDonald Glenn A. Britt Eric Shinseki Colin J. Corgan* John R. Menke Charles N. Brower John Shu* Lee ('ullum Joseph M. Sigelman* Ambler H. Moss William H. Donaldson Sylvia Mathews Burwell

Development 69 Hannah C. Pakula G. J. Greenwald Daniel H. Rosen Mary Ann Peters Brandon Grove Patricia L. Rosenfield Joseph F. Peyronnin Ella R. Gudwin* Mitchell S. Rosenthal John]. Roberts Maurice Harari Nilmini G. Rubin* |ohn D. Rockefeller Katherine A. Hardin Philip C. Rudder Ronald A. Route William L. Hauser Neil L. Rudenstine Warren B. Rudman Margaret D. Hayes Dakota S. Rudesill Jed C. Snyder Stephen R. Heifetz* Alison B. Sander Marin J. Strmecki Harry L. Heintzen Miriam Sapiro Paul E. Tierney Richard M. Heller Ralph S. Saul Harry D. Train Donald C. Hellmann Jerrold L. Schecter Adir G. Waldman* Alice H. Henkin Kate S. Schecter Susan R. Weld Rebecca K. Hersman Todd A. Schmidt* Edwin J. Wesely Charles M. Herzfeld James E. Sciutto Mason Willrich Jessica A. Herzstein John M. Shalikashvili Kneeland C. Youngblood Sylvia A. Hewlett Jason T. Shaplen Frank G. Zarb Irvin Hicks Joanna R. Shelton Robert B. Zoellick M. Scott Holcomb* Colette Shulman Gary N. Horlick Robert B. Silvers Brett E. House* Thomas L. Sjovall Cara L. Abercrombie* Andrew C. Huszar* HedrickL. Smith Scott H. Allan Shelley C.Inglis* Richard H. Solomon Deborah S. Amos GeriM. Joseph Eric Stein Hady A. Amr* Jofi J. Joseph Steven E. Steiner Harold W. Andersen Farhad Kazemi Brittany D. Stewart* Carole Artigiani Barbara L. Kellerman Christopher B. Stone* William H. Avery* David Kellogg Thomas F. Stroock Donald K. Bandler Ann Z. Kerr Cedric Suzman Charles C. Battaglia Henry L. King Julia V.Taftf Richard K Betts John D. Kirkpatrick Nicholas E. Thompson* Kian Beyzavi Karin L. Kizer Ronald Tiersky George W. Breslauer MarenLeed* Stephen J. Trachtenberg Leon C. Brown Herbert Levin H. A. Tucher Richard C. Bush Jonathan E. Levitsky Cornelius M. Ulman Rolland H. Bushner Jonathan S. Linen MarkV.Vlasic* David A. Caputo Jason D. Maloney* Volney J. Warner Lisa M. Caputo Hans M. Mark Leroy S. Wehrle Rajiv A. Chandrasekaran* L. Camille Massey Sidney Weintraub Jonathan A. Chanis John W. McCarter Allan Wendt Steve Charnovitz Brent J. Mcintosh* Mitzi M. Wertheim Donald K. Clifford Lawrence C. McQuade Donald M. Wilson Charles G. Cogan Adrienne Medawar Matthew A. Winkler Dalton Conley Charles R. Morris Philip S. Winterer Goodwin Cooke Deroy Murdock Anne A. Witkowsky Laura K. Cooper Stephen A. Myrow* Andrew Wylie Adelaide M. Cromwell Steven J. Naplan* Dov S. Zakheim Kelley E. Currie Merlin E. Nelson Marvin Zonis Kenneth A. Cutshaw Richard D. Nelson* Marion M. Dawson Carr Pauline Newman Joy A. de Menil David D. Newsom"f Phil E. DePoy William M. Nolte Timothy E. Duggan* Jeffrey D. Nuechterlein Craig G. Dunkerlcy April A. Oliver Kempton Dunn Louis F. O'Neill* Robert H. Estabrook F. T. Ostrander Frank E. Ferrari"]" Jeremiah S. Pam* Joshua A. Fine* Hugh T.Patrick Brenda L. Foster Joseph E. Persico Charles R. Frank Richard W. Petree Charles S. Ganoe Lawrence W. Pierce Peter F. Geithner Walter H. Pincus Michael Getler Gerald A. Pollack Carol A. Giacomo Neal A. Pollard* Jackson B. Gilbert William H. Press Walter D. Givhan Robert H. Puckett Carol Gluck R. S. Randolph James M. Goldgeier Clark T.Randt Matthew P. Goodman Robin L. Raphel Joseph T. Gorman Samuel J. Rascoff* Timothy J. Graczewski* Charles B. Reed Stephen R. Graubard Thomas F. Remington David E. Gray* Henry J. Richardson NaylaM.Rizk Note: Please contact Suzanne E. Helm, Ervin J. Rokke vice president for development, at * Term Member Eric A. Rosand [email protected] or 212.434.9781 to advise f Deceased of anv additions or corrections.

70 Development Committees of the Board

executive Gregory Fleming Scott L. Swid Helene D. Gayle Nominating Lauri J. Fitz-Pegado Carla A. Hills, Bart Friedman Robert G. Wilmers‡ James M. Goldgeier and Charles Gati Co-Chair Maurice R. Greenberg Alberto Ibargüen Governance Carl Samuel Gershman Robert E. Rubin, Andrew Gundlach Foreign Merit E. Janow Henry S. Bienen, Chair Michael H. Haltzel Co-Chair Joseph M. Ha Affairs Richard Mallery Madeleine K. Albright, Robert W. Helm Richard E. Salomon, Ruth R. Harkin Martin S. Feldstein, Stephen A. Orlins Vice Chair James V. Kimsey Vice Chair Joshua J. Harris Chair Henry H. Perritt Jr. Sylvia Mathews Mark P. Lagon Peter Ackerman John B. Hess Fouad Ajami Orville Hickok Schell Burwell Dave K. McCurdy Henry S. Bienen Mel M. Immergut Warren Bass Thomas Schick Daniel William Alberto J. Mora Tom Brokaw James R. Jones Tom Brokaw Vin Weber Christman Mark Palmer Kenneth M. Alexander S. Jutkowitz John Lewis Gaddis Raul H. Yzaguirre Kenneth M. Colin L. Powell Duberstein Virginia Ann Kamsky Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Duberstein Peter R. Rosenblatt Henry R. Kravis term membership Tara Diane Sonenshine Martin S. Feldstein David Greenberg Sergio J. Galvis, Chair Richard N. Foster Helene D. Gayle Ira A. Lipman Rita E. Hauser Bart Friedman Terence A. Todman Michael T. Masin Juju Chang Michael H. Van Dusen Michael H. Moskow Jim Hoagland Robert J. Chaves Nancy A. Jarvis Joseph S. Nye Jr. Edward H. Meyer Richard C. Holbrooke Maria Elena Vin Weber Jami Miscik C. Shelby Coffey III W. Bruce Weinrod David M. Rubenstein John J. Mearsheimer Joy E. Drucker Lagomasino Joan E. Spero Ken Miller Rodney W. Nichols Edward J. Mathias R. James Woolsey James W. Owens Laura L. Efros Louis Perlmutter William J. Long Theodore Roosevelt IV audit Alan Joel Patricof Colin L. Powell Sitrick Jeffrey A. Rosen M. Diana Helweg David M. Rubenstein, David M. Rubenstein Newton G. Richard Thoman E. John Rosenwald Jr. Elisabeth N. Sifton James A. Thomson Chair Alexander J. Skora Nancy E. Soderberg Gail D. Fosler Anne-Marie Slaughter Elliot Stein R. Keith Walton Seymour Sternberg Maurice Sonnenberg Christine Todd Richard N. Foster Alan J. Stoga George H. Young III Michael D. Granoff Joshua L. Steiner Whitman Enzo Viscusi Anita Volz Wien Karen Elliott House John H. Watts Nat ional Programs Studies Frank G. Wisner Meetings Compensation I. Peter Wolf Helene D. Gayle, Chair Joseph S. Nye Jr., Chair Michael H. Moskow, Tom Brokaw, Chair Robert J. Abernethy Martin S. Feldstein, Fouad Ajami Vice Chair Chair Dev elopmen t Stephen W. Bosworth Henry S. Bienen Deborah Susan Amos Sylvia Mathews Richard V. Allen Richard E. Salomon, Carla A. Hills Lisa Anderson Burwell Jesse H. Ausubel Chair Robert E. Rubin Kim Gordon Davis Dan Caldwell Hans Binnendijk Henry S. Bienen Richard E. Salomon Mallory Factor Lee Cullum Avis T. Bohlen Ronald L. Olson Bart Friedman Charles F. Dunbar Frank J. Caufield Corporate Ella R. Gudwin† Ann M. Fudge W. Bowman Cutter Affairs Finance Malcolm I. Hoenlein Mimi L. Haas Padma Desai and Budget James F. Hoge Jr.* Stephen Friedman Kenneth M. Katherine Anderson Michael H. Moskow, Karen Elliott House Hardin† Michael B.G. Froman Duberstein, Chair Morton L. Janklow Francis Fukuyama Charlene Barshefsky, Chair Jay T. Harris Richard E. Salomon, Alan Kent Jones Mont P. Hoyt Melvin L. Heineman Vice Chair Zachary Karabell James F. Hoge Jr.* Peter E. Bass Vice Chair‡ Alberto Ibargüen Peter Ackerman Marcus B. Mabry Richard A. Joseph Richard C. Holbrooke Stephen Edward Jami Miscik Henry R. Kravis Biegun Roger C. Altman‡ John H. Kelly Peter L. Briger Jr.‡ Richard L. Plepler Richard Mallery Steven L. Rattner Peter L. Briger Thomas L. Pulling Gary Samore* Christa B. Carone† Althea L. Duerston‡ Judith B. Milestone Jessica P. Einhorn§ Carla Anne Robbins Michael H. Moskow Ernest James Wilson III Frank J. Caufield David L. Shuman† Fareed Zakaria Joyce Chang Gail D. Fosler Lynne Dominick Stephen C. Freidheim‡ Ron Silver Novack Saj Cherian Maurice Sonnenberg Washington Robert C. Dinerstein Stephen Friedman Ronald L. Olson Joachim Gfoeller Jr. Joan E. Spero Judith K. Paulus Program Samuel A. DiPiazza Jr. Alice S. Victor Mark Fisch Michael D. Granoff Henry H. Perritt Jr. Peter Ackerman, Chair J. Tomilson Hill‡ Malcolm H. Wiener Michael P. Peters Thomas E. Donilon, Henry Kaufman‡ James D. Zirin Pearl T. Robinson Vice Chair * Ex officio Marc Lasry‡ Donna E. Shalala Madeleine K. Albright † Term member Carl B. Menges Membership David K.Y. Tang Pauline H. Baker ‡ Serves also on the Robert Millard‡ Joan E. Spero, Chair Peter Tarnoff Mark F. Brzezinski Investment Subcommittee Joel W. Motley Charlene Barshefsky Ted Van Dyk Edwin A. Deagle Jr. § Serves only on the Investment Subcommittee James W. Owens Stephanie K. Bell-Rose Marsha Vande Berg Thomas R. Donahue note: Committee listing as Arthur Mark Rubin Richard N. Foster Jay M. Vogelson Marsha A. Echols of June 30, 2008. Kenneth I. Starr‡ Sergio J. Galvis Philip W. Yun Douglas J. Feith

71 2008 Board Election

The Council’s By-Laws provide for a Board consisting following slate of nominees: Alan S. Blinder, Thomas E. of thirty-five Directors (plus the President, ex officio), Donilon, Diana Farrell, Sergio J. Galvis, George E. Rupp, divided into five classes of seven Directors. Each class and Anne-Marie Slaughter. On March 24, Council mem- serves for a term of five years. In each class, three Direc- bers were notified of the slate and of the petition process tors are elected by the membership and four are appointed available to them in accordance with the By-Laws. No by the Board. petition candidate was put forth. A ballot was mailed to all Directors with terms expiring on June 30, 2008, were Council members on April 17. Martin S. Feldstein, Helene D. Gayle, Karen Elliott At the Annual Meeting for the Election of Directors House, Alberto Ibargüen, Michael H. Moskow, Richard E. on May 21, 2008, 1,655 members participated in person Salomon, and Anne-Marie Slaughter. or by proxy, fulfilling the quorum required by By-Law V. The Nominating and Governance Committee was No name was written on ten or more ballots cast at the composed of Henry S. Bienen (Chair), Madeleine K. meeting, and, therefore, no one was nominated for the Albright, Sylvia Mathews Burwell, Daniel William 2009 election by the write-in procedure outlined in the Christman, Kenneth M. Duberstein, Richard N. Foster, By-Laws. Sarah A. W. Fitts, Donald S. Rice, and Barbara Bart Friedman, Nancy A. Jarvis, Maria Elena Lagoma- Paul Robinson served as election overseers. The follow- sino, Edward J. Mathias, Theodore Roosevelt IV, James ing nominees were elected for five-year terms beginning B. Sitrick, G. Richard Thoman, James A. Thomson, R. July 1, 2008, and expiring June 30, 2013: Alan S. Blinder, Keith Walton, and Christine Todd Whitman. On Janu- George E. Rupp, and Anne-Marie Slaughter. Under cur- ary 4, 2008, the Chair invited the Council membership to rent procedures, the Board completed the Class of 2013 propose possible candidates. The Nominating and Gov- by appointing four Directors. Acting on the recommen- ernance Committee met on March 4 to consider the pool dation of the Nominating and Governance Committee, of names suggested by Council members for the three at its June 5 meeting the Board appointed four Council elective vacancies. Mindful of its mandate to consider “the members to serve five-year terms as Directors in the Class need for diversity with regard to age, sex, race, geographi- of 2013, beginning July 1, 2008, and expiring June 30, 2013: cal representation, and professional background,” the J. Tomilson Hill, Alberto Ibargüen, Shirley Ann Jackson, Nominating and Governance Committee developed the and Richard E. Salomon.

The Council Remembers William G. Hyland

The Council on Foreign Relations mourns the passing of offered an analysis of the Kremlin politics that led to former Foreign Affairs editor William G. Hyland, whose Khrushchev’s downfall. In 1969, he joined the National keen intelligence and dry wit guided the Council’s flagship Security Council (NSC), where he helped in the forma- publication for eight years, from 1984 to 1992. Hyland was tion of Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I. Hyland left a dedicated public servant with a long and distinguished the NSC to head the Bureau of Intelligence and Research career in the field of intelligence and foreign policy. at the State Department in 1973. He later returned to the He served in the CIA from 1954 to 1969 and was head NSC as deputy national security adviser under President of the Soviet desk in the National Office of Estimates. Gerald Ford. Hyland then took on the position of editor During his tenure there, he was tasked with estimat- of Foreign Affairs and authored a number of articles for ing the Soviet threat to the United States. He authored the magazine during his tenure, including “The Case for a number of books in his lifetime; his first,T he Fall of Pragmatism” and “America’s New Course.” Khrushchev, was written during his time at the CIA and

72 International Advisory Board

The International Advisory Board (IAB), established by Baba Gana Kingibe (Nigeria), Special Envoy for Sudan, the Board of Directors in 1995 under the chairmanship African Union; former Foreign Minister of Nigeria of David Rockefeller, honorary chairman of the Council, Yotaro Kobayashi (Japan), Chief Corporate Adviser, Fuji meets annually in conjunction with the fall Board meet- Xerox Co., Ltd. ing to offer perspectives on a broad range of matters of Rahmi M. Koç (Turkey), Honorary Chairman, Koç concern to the Council. IAB members are invited to com- Holding A.S. ment on institutional programs and strategic directions, Luiz Felipe Lampreia (Brazil), Vice-Chairman of and on practical opportunities for collaboration between the Board of Trustees, Centro Brasileiro de Relações the Council and institutions abroad. They also provide Internacionais; former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil invaluable international insights into U.S. foreign policy Maurice Lévy (France), Chairman of the Management in discussions on a variety of issues—from the need Board and Chief Executive Officer,P ublicis Groupe S.A. for new strategies and institutions for the twenty-first Brian Mulroney (Canada), Senior Partner, Ogilvy Renault; century, to the value of multilateral approaches toward former Prime Minister of Canada world problems, to ways to foster democratization. Sari Nusseibeh (Palestinian Authority), President, The IAB includes the following distinguished Al-Quds University individuals: Sadako Ogata (Japan), President, Japan International Cooperation Agency; former UN High Commissioner Chairman: Peter G. Peterson, Chairman Emeritus, Council for Refugees on Foreign Relations; Senior Chairman and Co-Founder, Lubna Olayan (Saudi Arabia), Chief Executive Officer, the Blackstone Group Olayan Financing Company Syed Babar Ali (Pakistan), Adviser, Packages Limited; Ana Palacio (), Senior Vice President, AREVA; former Chairman, Interbank; former Minister of Finance, Foreign Minister of Spain Economic Affairs and Planning, Pakistan Surin Pitsuwan (Thailand), Secretary-General, Khalid A. Alturki (Saudi Arabia), Chairman, Trading and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Development Company (TRADCO) Prannoy Roy (India), President, New Delhi Television Limited Mukesh D. Ambani (India), Chairman and Managing Zalman Shoval (Israel), Head, Foreign Relations Bureau, Director, Reliance Industries, Ltd. Likud Party; former Ambassador of Israel to the United Ahmad E. Bishara (Kuwait), Secretary-General, National States Democratic Movement; Professor, Kuwait University Khehla Shubane (South Africa), Chief Executive Officer, Mark C. Chona (Zambia), Chairman and Chief Executive BusinessMap Foundation Officer,S umika Consultancy and Management Services Washington SyCip (Philippines), Founder, SGV Group; Ltd.; former Political Adviser to the President of Zambia Founder, Asian Institute of Management Gustavo A. Cisneros (Venezuela), Chairman and CEO, Horst Teltschik (Germany), Chairman, Teltschik Associates Cisneros Group of Companies GmbH; former National Security Advisor of Germany Gerhard Cromme (Germany), Chairman of the Jacob Wallenberg (Sweden), Chairman, Investor AB Superisory Board, ThyssenKrupp AG Jusuf Wanandi (Indonesia), Senior Fellow, Centre for Abdel Raouf El Reedy (Egypt), Chairman, Mubarak Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta Public Library; former Ambassador of Egypt to the Shirley V.T. Brittain Williams (United Kingdom), United States Member, House of Lords Jacob A. Frenkel (Israel), Vice Chairman, American Yuan Ming (China), Vice-Dean, School of International International Group, Inc.; former Governor, Bank of Israel Studies, Peking University Mikhail Fridman (Russia), Chairman of the Board, Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (Mexico), Director, Alfa Bank Center for the Study of Globalization, Yale University; Toyoo Gyohten (Japan), President, Institute for former President, Mexico International Monetary Affairs; Senior Adviser, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd.

73 By-Laws of the Council

I. All members of the Council shall be elected by the Board of Directors. All All dues shall be paid annually or semiannually in equal installments in members elected to the Council, other than those whose term of membership advance. Default in the payment of any dues for a period of 60 days may be is limited by the conditions of their election, remain members until death, res- deemed to be equivalent to resignation. ignation, or action under the last paragraph of this By-Law. The Board of Directors may elect honorary members with such member- IV. A. There shall be a Board of not more than 36 Directors. The President ship rights, excluding the right to vote in Council affairs, as the Board may of the corporation shall be a Director, ex officio, unless otherwise provided designate. by resolution of the Board of Directors and agreed to by the President. The In any fiscal year, the Board is not constrained in the number of persons remaining members of the Board of Directors shall be divided into five equal elected to five-year term membership so long as the total number of term classes, each class to serve for a term of five years and until their successors members does not exceed 15 percent of the total membership. The terms and are elected and take office. Each class shall consist of three Directors elected conditions of such membership shall be as prescribed by the Board, provided directly by the membership at large and four Directors appointed by the Board. that those elected to such membership are between the ages of 30 and 36 on Following each Annual Election but prior to the commencement of the term January 1 of the year in which their election would take place, and that so long of the new Directors, the Board shall appoint four Directors to serve in the as their term continues such members will have the full rights and privileges of same class as the three Directors elected at the Annual Election. Any Chair- Council membership. man or Vice Chairman of the Board elected on an interim basis pursuant to The Board of Directors may establish such other special categories of Article VII who is not a Director at the time of his or her election, shall during membership having such rights and privileges, and subject to such conditions, the period of such interim service be a Director and, at the time of his or her as the Board may designate. election, shall be designated by the Board of Directors to occupy either (i) the A New York Area member is one whose residence or principal place of busi- position on the Board that would otherwise be occupied by the President, if the ness is within 50 miles of City Hall in the Borough of Manhattan, City of New President is not then serving as a Director, ex officio, or (ii) any vacancy among York. A Washington, DC, Area member is one whose residence or principal the four Directors in each class subject to appointment by the Board. place of business is within 50 miles of the Capitol in the District of Columbia. B. At each Annual Election of the Council, three Directors shall be elected All other members are National. All members other than honorary members to replace the outgoing class of elected Directors. Terms of all Directors, both shall be citizens of the United States or permanent residents of the United States elected and appointed, shall commence on the first day of July next following who have made application to become citizens. their election or appointment or, in the case of any newly created director- A member may be dropped or suspended from membership for a period ships filled by action of the Board, to commence on such other date as may be of six months or more only by a unanimous vote of those Directors attending approved by the Board. A Director, whether elected or appointed, who has a meeting of the Board at which a quorum is present and voting, for any viola- served three years or more of a five-year term shall be eligible subsequently for tion of the By-Laws or rules or regulations of the Board of Directors, or for election or appointment to a single consecutive term. any conduct even though not in actual violation of a By-Law or rule that, in the C. Directors are expected faithfully to attend Board and Board Committee opinion of the Board, is nevertheless prejudicial to the best interests, reputa- meetings to which they are assigned. A Director who fails to attend two-thirds tion, and proper functioning of the Council. A member’s privileges may be of all such regularly scheduled Board and Board Committee meetings in any suspended for a period of up to six months by action of the President subject to two consecutive calendar years shall be deemed to have submitted his or her approval by the Chairman of the Board. resignation to be accepted at the pleasure of the Chairman of the Board. The Board shall have the power to fill any vacancy in its membership. A Director II. It is an express condition of membership in the Council, to which condition appointed to fill a vacancy created by the retirement, resignation, or death of a every member accedes by virtue of his or her membership, that members will Director previously elected by the membership at large shall be nominated by observe such rules and regulations as may be prescribed from time to time by the the Nominating and Governance Committee as the sole candidate in the next Board of Directors concerning the conduct of Council meetings or the attribu- Annual Election to complete the balance of the unexpired term. tion of statements made therein, and that any disclosure, publication, or other action by a member in contravention thereof may be regarded by the Board of V. A. The Annual Meeting of Members shall be held in Directors in its sole discretion as ground for termination or suspension of as soon as practicable after the end of the fiscal year, as determined by the membership pursuant to Article I of the By-Laws. Chairman of the Board. At this meeting the Board of Directors shall present a report of the activities of the Council during the past year, and such other III. Members other than honorary members of the Council shall pay the business shall be considered as shall be brought forward by or with the sanc- following dues per annum: tion of the Board of Directors and that shall have been stated in the notice convening the meeting. b u s i n e s s nonbusiness One-third of the voting members of the Council shall constitute a quorum New York Area for the transaction of business. Members may be represented by proxy. Under 40 $ 1,590 $380 B. The Annual Election of Directors of the Council shall be held at a meet- 40 and Over 3,090 690 ing in New York City on a date set by the President or the Chairman of the Board Washington, DC, Area within 13 months of the preceding meeting at which Directors were elected. Under 40 $1,270 $300 Directors shall be elected by ballot. Ballots will be made available to all members 40 and Over 2,470 550 in advance of the Annual Election and may be cast in person or by proxy autho- National rized in writing or by electronic transmission. The ballot shall contain (i) the Under 40 $860 $210 name of each member who is nominated by the Nominating and Governance 40 and Over 1,670 380 Committee as a candidate for the class of Directors scheduled for election in that year, (ii) the name of any member appointed to a vacancy in the Board and nomi- For purposes of this By-Law, nonbusiness members are those who are regu- nated by the Nominating and Governance Committee as the sole candidate to lar members of the faculty of any accredited educational institution, who are in complete the balance of the unexpired term, (iii) the name of any member who is the public service, who are on the staff of a voluntary organization, or who are nominated in each class by a petition signed by not fewer than ten members, and accredited writers, commentators, journalists, or other media correspondents. (iv) the name of any member who received not fewer than ten write-in votes in All other members, except honorary members, are business members. the preceding election. For their ballots to be counted, members must cast

74 one vote for each of as many candidates as there are vacancies to be filled on the The Committee on Washington Programs shall be composed of no fewer Board, and the candidates with the highest number of votes in each class will be than three members of the Board and such other members of the Board as declared elected as Directors. One-third of the voting members of the Council the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the shall constitute a quorum at the Annual Election Meeting or any other meeting power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional members who shall not be mem- of the members. Notice of any meeting of the members may be written or elec- bers of the Board. The Committee shall have responsibility for overseeing tronic. Administrative details necessary to implement the Council’s nomination programs, activities, services, and other initiatives to enhance participation in and election procedures shall be as prescribed by the President in consultation the Council by members in Washington, DC. with the Chairman of the Board. The Committee on National Programs shall be composed of no fewer than three members of the Board and such other members of the Board as VI. The Board shall constitute such Committees as may from time to time the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have be appropriate, including an Executive Committee, a Committee on Finance the power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional members who shall not and Budget, an Audit Committee, a Committee on Compensation, a Com- be members of the Board. The Committee shall have the responsibility for mittee on Corporate Affairs, a Committee on Development, a Committee overseeing programs, activities, services, and other initiatives to enhance on Meetings, a Committee on Washington Programs, a Committee on participation in the Council by members in regions other than New York National Programs, a Committee on Membership, a Nominating and Gov- City and Washington, DC. ernance Committee, a Committee on Foreign Affairs, and a Committee on The Committee on Membership shall be composed of no fewer than three Studies. Elections of Board members to Committees shall be held at Annual members of the Board and such other members of the Board as the Commit- Meetings of the Board, except that, on the nomination of the Chairman of tee Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall co-opt two members the Board, a Director may be elected at any meeting of the Board to fill a who shall not be members of the Board and who shall be under the age of 40 Committee vacancy. when co-opted, and shall have power to co-opt no fewer than eight additional The Executive Committee shall be composed of the Chairman and Vice members of any age who are not members of the Board. All names proposed Chairmen of the Board, the Chairmen of the standing committees of the for membership in the Council shall be referred to the Committee for its con- Board, and such other members of the Board as the Executive Committee sideration, and the Committee shall submit to the Board its nominations for Chairman deems appropriate. During intervals between meetings of the election to membership. Board, the Committee may exercise the powers of the Board to the extent The Nominating and Governance Committee shall be composed of no permitted by law. fewer than three members of the Board. The Committee shall present names The Committee on Finance and Budget shall be composed of no fewer for Directors, Officers, and Committee members. For the purpose of nomi- than three members of the Board and such other members of the Board as nating candidates to stand for election to the Board, the Committee shall the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the co-opt ten additional members who shall not be members of the Board. The power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional members who shall not be mem- Chairman of the Nominating and Governance Committee shall be selected by bers of the Board. The Committee shall have general supervision of the invest- the Chairman of the Board from among the Board members on the Commit- ment of the funds of the Council and of its financial affairs, and shall present tee. Neither the Chairman of the Board nor the President shall be an ex officio the budget at the Spring meeting of the Board. member of the Nominating and Governance Committee. Both in co-opting The Audit Committee shall be composed of no fewer than three mem- members to its own body and in nominating candidates for each year’s Board bers of the Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. The election, the Nominating and Governance Committee is charged to keep in Committee shall have the power to co-opt no fewer than two additional mind the need for diversity with regard to age, sex, race, geographical repre- members who shall not be members of the Board. The Committee shall have sentation, and professional background. In nominating candidates for each general oversight of the annual audit of the Council and related matters as year’s Board election, the Committee is also charged (i) to solicit the entire may be designated by the Board from time to time. membership for the names of possible candidates and (ii) except as provided in The Committee on Compensation shall be composed of the Chairman By-Law IV(C) to nominate twice as many candidates as there are directorships and Vice Chairmen of the Board, the Chairman of the Nominating and Gov- to be filled at the election by the membership at large. ernance Committee, the Chairman of the Committee on Finance and Budget, The Committee on Foreign Affairs shall be composed of no fewer than and such other members of the Board as the Committee Chairman deems three members of the Board and such other members of the Board as the Com- appropriate. The Committee shall annually fix the compensation of the Offi- mittee Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the power to cers and former Officers and of the Editor ofF oreign Affairs. co-opt no fewer than ten additional members who shall not be members of the The Committee on Development shall be composed of no fewer than Board. All matters relating to the oversight and management of the magazine three members of the Board and such other members of the Board as the shall be referred to the Committee. Committee Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the The Committee on Studies shall be composed of no fewer than three power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional members who shall not be members of the Board and such other members of the Board as the Committee members of the Board. The Committee shall help to plan, implement, and Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the power to co-opt oversee the Council’s financial development programs. no fewer than ten additional members who shall not be members of the Board. The Committee on Corporate Affairs shall be composed of no fewer than three All suggestions relating to matters of research shall be referred to it, and it shall members of the Board and such other members of the Board as the Committee be responsible for the initiation of research projects. The Committee on Stud- Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the power to co-opt no ies shall submit regular reports of its activities to the Board. fewer than ten additional members who shall not be members of the Board. The Except as otherwise provided above, a co-opted Committee member shall Committee shall help to plan, implement, and oversee the Corporate Program. serve for such term as the Committee co-opting him or her shall determine, The Committee on Meetings shall be composed of no fewer than three and during such term shall have the same rights and obligations as other Com- members of the Board and such other members of the Board as the Committee mittee members. One-third of the Directors and co-opted members, duly Chairman deems appropriate. The Committee shall have the power to co-opt elected or appointed, shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of any Commit- no fewer than ten additional members who shall not be members of the Board. tee. Participation by conference telephone, or similar communication equip- The Committee shall have responsibility for overseeing the Council’s program ment allowing all persons participating in the meeting to hear one another at of general meetings and institutional outreach activities involving electronic the same time, shall constitute presence in person at a meeting. and other broadcast media.

By-Laws of the Council 75 VII. The Officers of the corporation shall be a Chairman of the Board, one or more Vice Chairmen, a President, one or more Vice Presidents, a Secretary, a Rules, Guidelines, Treasurer, and such other Officers as in the Board’s judgment may be required. In the event of the election of Co-Chairmen of the Board, each Co-Chairman shall be entitled to exercise all of the rights and privileges of the Chairman set forth in the By-Laws individually, or jointly with the other Co-Chairman, and and Practices each reference in the By-Laws to the Chairman shall be deemed to refer to any Co-Chairman. The Chairman of the Board shall be elected for a term of five years and shall be eligible for reelection to a second term. The Chairman shall be eligible to complete any such term without regard to By-Law limitations on the number or tenure of Directors. Pending election of a Chairman to a five year term and subject to the By-Law limitation on the number of Directors, for purposes of assuring an orderly transition in governance, the Board may elect a Chairman and/or Vice Chairman to serve, on an interim basis, for one or more The following items describe important Rules, Guidelines, and Practices of the terms of up to 12 months each. The Chairman and any Vice Chairman shall be Council on Foreign Relations, with which members and staff should familiar- eligible for election to any such term, on an interim basis, without regard to ize themselves. By-Law limitations on the tenure of Directors or Officers. The other Officers of the corporation shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors. Rule on Foreign Policy Positions The Chairman of the Board, or in his or her absence, a Vice Chairman The following has been the policy of the Council since its origin, reconfirmed designated by the Chairman, may call meetings of the Board and shall by resolution of the Board of Directors on September 11, 1973: preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors. “The Council shall not take any position on questions of foreign policy, The President, subject to the overall direction of the Board of Directors, and no person is authorized to speak, or purport to speak, for the Council on shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the corporation. such matters.” The Vice Presidents in order of seniority shall discharge the duties of the President in his or her absence, and shall perform such other duties as from Rule on Nonattribution time to time shall be assigned them by the Board of Directors. “The Council is a research and educational institution. Everyone who par- The Treasurer shall have custody of the funds of the corporation. ticipates in a Council meeting is encouraged to use and disseminate ideas and The Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the corporation, and information developed in the meeting. It is recognized, at the same time, that shall keep its records. many Council guests and members are, by reason of their governmental or other institutional affiliations, subject to inevitable constraints upon their lati- VIII. The Board shall appoint the Editor of Foreign Affairs and the Director of tude to express opinions, take positions, or offer tentative judgments on public Studies, if any. affairs issues if they are speaking in a public forum or if their statements will be later attributed to them in public media or a public forum. IX. The funds of the corporation shall be invested by the Committee on “Full freedom of expression is encouraged at Council meetings. Finance and Budget or shall be deposited with trust companies or banking Participants are assured that they may speak openly, as it is the tradition of institutions designated by either the Board of Directors or the Committee on the Council that others will not attribute or characterize their statements in Finance and Budget. Disbursements shall be made only upon checks or vouch- public media or forums or knowingly transmit them to persons who will. All ers approved by any one of the following for amounts up to $5,000 and by any participants are expected to honor that commitment. two of the following for amounts of $5,000 and over: the President, any Vice “An appropriate officer of the Council may, however, by advance announce- President, the Treasurer, the Secretary, the Director of Finance, the Editor of ment declare this Rule inapplicable in whole or in part to any particular Council Foreign Affairs, and such other employees of the corporation as may from time meeting, and the presentation portion of the meeting may be recorded and to time be designated by the Committee on Finance and Budget. broadcast on electronic media and/or covered in the print media with the agreement of the speaker and advance announcement to other participants. X. The Annual Meeting of the Board shall be held as soon as practicable after “Notwithstanding the above Rule, the Board of Directors may, from time to the first day of September, as determined by the Chairman of the Board. One- time, prescribe rules governing the subsequent release of any Council records. third of the Directors in office shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of “While the substance of the above Rule has been in effect since the for- the Board. mation of the Council, its present formulation was adopted by the Board of Directors on June 6, 1977, on the recommendation of a special Advisory Panel XI. These By-Laws may be amended at any meeting of the Board of Directors, on the Nonattribution Rule, and subsequently amended on June 7, 1994. The provided notice of the proposed amendment shall have been given at a previ- minutes of the June 1977 meeting contain the following explanatory comments ous meeting or circulated in writing to the members of the Board not less than about the Rule: five days in advance. “The report recognizes that ‘media’ and ‘public forum’ are vague terms. But they can nevertheless be rationally interpreted in the light of the pur- XII. Any person made, or threatened to be made, a party to any action or pro- pose of the Rule. For example, the reformulation would make it legitimate ceeding, whether civil or criminal, by reason of the fact that he or she, his or for a U.S. governmental official to report by memo to his colleagues and her testator or intestate, is or was a Director or Officer of the Council, shall be superiors what he learned at a Council meeting. Similarly, the reformulation indemnified by the Council, and his or her expenses incurred in defending such recognizes that a lawyer may give such a memo to his partners, or a corpo- an action or proceeding shall be advanced by the Council, to the full extent rate officer to other corporate officers. It would not be in compliance with authorized or permitted by law. the reformulated Rule, however, for any meeting participant (i) to publish a speaker’s statement in attributed form in a newspaper; (ii) to repeat it on television or radio, or on a speaker’s platform, or in a classroom; or (iii) to go beyond a memo of limited circulation, by distributing the attrib- uted statement in a company or government agency newsletter. The language of the Rule also goes out of its way to make it clear that a meeting participant is forbidden knowingly to transmit the attributed statement to a newspaper reporter or other such person who is likely to publish it in a public medium. The essence of the Rule as reformulated is simple enough: participants in Council meetings should not pass along an attributed statement in circum- stances where there is substantial risk that it will promptly be widely circulated or published.”

Guidelines on Meetings By resolution adopted on February 28, 1972, as subsequently amended, the Board of Directors has prescribed the following Guidelines governing Council meetings:

76 “The purpose of meetings sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations “In the case of a staff member who is not an Officer, after disclosure by is to promote understanding of international affairs through the free inter- the Director of Human Resources and Deputy Chief Operating Officer to change of ideas among participants. the Chief Operating Officer and the President, those Officers may choose to “In order to encourage to the fullest a free, frank, and open exchange of submit the question to the Board or an appropriate Committee of the Board ideas in Council meetings, the Board of Directors has prescribed, in addition for a decision or to proceed with the transaction at issue, provided that to the Nonattribution Rule, the following guidelines. All participants in proceeding does not violate the law. Council meetings are expected to be familiar with and adhere to these “When there is doubt as to whether a conflict of interest exists, the matter Guidelines. shall be resolved by a vote of the Board, excluding the person concerned. “1. Since the Council invites guests representing many different view- “Nothing herein shall prevent the Council from the payment of salary points, since it selects topics regardless of, or because of, their controversiality, and other compensation or the reimbursement of expenses for personal and since there is a wide divergence of viewpoints among members, it is to be services which are reasonable and necessary to carrying out the purpose of expected that Council meetings will sometimes be marked by sharp dispute. the Council, provided such payments or reimbursements are reasonable and “2. Meetings chairmen are expected to stimulate open expression of opin- not excessive. ion by all participants and should not attempt to mute controversy or stifle “A copy of this policy shall be furnished to each Director at the time of his differences of viewpoint where they exist. To this end it is the responsibility of or her election or appointment to the Board and any renewal thereof, to each chairmen to see to it that all viewpoints expressed are treated with respect and Officer who is a staff member annually at the time of their appointment at the that parliamentary decorum is maintained. fall meeting of the Board, and to other key staff members at the time of hire. As “3. Principal speakers should expect to be questioned vigorously on any a condition of service, the Council shall require each Director, Officer, and key point relevant to their intellectual interest, experience, or expertise in interna- staff member to sign the conflict of interest disclosure statement annually.” tional affairs. It is recognized, however, that some speakers, particularly those holding official positions, may not feel free to answer some questions, and, in Archival Practice such case, their declination will be respected.” By resolution of the Council’s Board of Directors, adopted June 3, 1999, all Apart from the traditional meetings for spouses and for sons and daugh- substantive records of the Council more than 25 years old are open for refer- ters of the members, occasional meetings are also open to guests of members. ence use during library hours at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library at Guest privileges are for those who have special expertise or experience that Princeton University, subject to the following proviso: relates directly to the meeting, as well as the general qualifications of poten- “As a condition of use, the officers of the Council shall require each user tial candidates for Council membership. Members bringing guests should of Council records to execute a prior written commitment that he or she will secure the permission of the Council department organizing the meeting and not directly or indirectly attribute to any living person any assertion of fact acquaint their guests with the Council’s Nonattribution Rule governing what or opinion based upon any Council record without first obtaining from such is said at meetings. person his or her written consent thereto.” Policy on Conflicts of Interest By resolution of the Council’s Board of Directors, adopted June 9, 2005, the fol- lowing policy concerning actual or potential conflicts of interest was approved: “The Directors, Officers, and staff of the Council on Foreign Relations (the ‘Council’) owe a duty of loyalty to the Council, which requires that in their positions, they act in the interest of the Council and not in their personal interests. Directors, Officers, and staff members may not use their positions or nonpublic information about the Council they obtain through their positions in a manner that allows them to secure a significant economic benefit, either directly or indirectly, for themselves or their immediate family. In sum, it is the policy of the Council that its Directors, Officers, and staff have the obligation to avoid ethical, legal, financial, or other conflicts of interest, and the appear- ance thereof, and to ensure that their activities and interests do not conflict with their obligations to the Council or to its welfare. “A conflict of interest or the appearance thereof may exist but is not limited to a circumstance when any Director, Officer, or staff member, or member of his or her immediate family (defined for these purposes as a spouse or domes- tic partner, parents, children, siblings, and in-laws) or an affiliated entity, would have a significant economic interest, directly or indirectly, in a transac- tion with the Council or any other matter that may come before the Board or a Board Committee. “Conflicts of interest or appearances thereof are not limited to financial interests, but include affiliations or other divided loyalties which may influence a decision or appear to cause favoritism in a matter involving the Council. “All conflicts shall be fully disclosed in writing to the Chair of the Nomi- nating and Governance Committee, or to the Director of Human Resources and Deputy Chief Operating Officer in the case of staff members who are not Officers. After receipt of such notice, the Board may authorize the transaction at issue, provided that (i) it does not violate the law and (ii) the Director or Officer having such conflict refrains from voting or otherwise attempting to influence the decision thereon. The minutes of the meeting shall reflect such disclosure and abstention.

Rules, Guidelines, and Practices 77 Historical Roster of Directors and Officers

Isaiah Bowman 1921–50 Hedley Donovan 1969–79 James D. Robinson III 1988–91 Ronald L. Olson 2002– Archibald Cary Coolidge 1921–28 Najeeb E. Halaby 1970–72 Strobe Talbott 1988–93 Thomas R. Pickering 2002–2007 Paul D. Cravath 1921–40 Bayless Manning 1971–77 John L. Clendenin 1989–94 Jeffrey L. Bewkes 2002–2006 John W. Davis 1921–55 W. Michael Blumenthal 1972–77, William S. Cohen 1989–97 Helene D. Gayle 2003–2008 Norman H. Davis 1921–44 1979–84 1989–98 Richard N. Haass 2003– Stephen P. Duggan 1921–50 Zbigniew Brzezinski 1972–77 John S. Reed 1989–92 Richard E. Salomon 2003– John H. Finley 1921–29 Elizabeth Drew 1972–77 Alice M. Rivlin 1989–92 Anne-Marie Slaughter 2003– Edwin F. Gay 1921–45 George S. Franklin 1972–83 William J. Crowe Jr. 1990–93 Madeleine K. Albright 2004– David F. Houston 1921–27 Marshall D. Shulman 1972–77 Thomas R. Donahue 1990–2001 Richard N. Foster 2004– Otto H. Kahn 1921–34 Martha Redfield Richard C. Holbrooke 1991–93, Joseph S. Nye Jr. 2004– Frank L. Polk 1921–43 Wallace 1972–82 1996–99, Fareed Zakaria 2004– Whitney H. Shepardson 1921–66 Paul C. Warnke 1972–77 2001– Peter Ackerman 2005– William R. Shepherd 1921–27 Peter G. Peterson 1973–83, Robert D. Hormats 1991–2004 Charlene Barshefsky 2005– Paul M. Warburg 1921–32 1984–2007 John E. Bryson 1992–2002 Stephen W. Bosworth 2005– George W. Wickersham 1921–36 Robert O. Anderson 1974–80 Maurice R. Greenberg 1992–2002, Tom Brokaw 2005– Allen W. Dulles 1927–69 Edward K. Hamilton 1974–83 2004– David M. Rubenstein 2005– Russell C. Leffingwell 1927–60 Harry C. McPherson Jr. 1974–77 Karen N. Horn 1992–95 Frank Caufield 2006– George O. May 1927–53 Elliot L. Richardson 1974–75 James R. Houghton 1992–96 Ann Fudge 2006– Wesley C. Mitchell 1927–34 Franklin Hall Williams 1975–83 Charlayne Alberto Ibargüen 2006– Owen D. Young 1927–40 Nicholas deB. Hunter-Gault 1992–98 Henry R. Kravis 2006– Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928–72 Katzenbach 1975–86 Kenneth W. Dam 1992–2001 James Owens 2006– Charles P. Howland 1929–31 Paul A. Volcker 1975–79, Donna E. Shalala 1992–93 Colin M. Powell 2006– 1932–37 1988–99 Alton Frye 1993 Christine Todd Clarence M. Woolley 1932–35 Theodore M. Hesburgh 1976–85 Richard N. Cooper 1993–94 Whitman 2006– Frank Altschul 1934–72 Lane Kirkland 1976–86 Rita E. Hauser 1993–97 Sylvia Mathews Burwell 2007– Philip C. Jessup 1934–42 George H.W. Bush 1977–79 E. Gerald Corrigan 1993–95 Stephen Friedman 2007– Harold W. Dodds 1935–43 Lloyd N. Cutler 1977–79 Leslie H. Gelb 1993–2001, Jami Miscik 2007– Leon Fraser 1936–45 Philip L. Geyelin 1977–87 2002–2003 Alan S. Blinder 2008– John H. Williams 1937–64 Henry A. Kissinger 1977–81 Paul A. Allaire 1993–2002 J. Tomilson Hill 2008– Lewis W. Douglas 1940–64 Winston Lord 1977–85 Robert E. Allen 1993–96 Shirley Ann Jackson 2008– Edward Warner 1940–49 Stephen Stamas 1977–89 Theodore C. Sorensen 1993–2004 George E. Rupp 2008– Clarence E. Hunter 1942–53 Marina v.N. Whitman 1977–87 Garrick Utley 1993–2003 Myron C. Taylor 1943–59 C. Peter McColough 1978–87 Carla A. Hills 1994– Chairmen Henry M. Wriston 1943–67 Richard L. Gelb 1979–88 Helene L. Kaplan 1994–96 of the board Thomas K. Finletter 1944–67 Graham T. Allison Jr. 1979–88 Frank G. Zarb 1994–96 Russell C. Leffingwell 1946–53 William A.M. Burden 1945–74 William D. Ruckelshaus 1979–83 Robert B. Zoellick 1994–2001 John J. McCloy 1953–70 Walter H. Mallory 1945–68 James F. Hoge Jr. 1980–84 1995 David Rockefeller 1970–85 Philip D. Reed 1945–69 George P. Shultz 1980–82 Mario L. Baeza 1995–2001 Peter G. Peterson 1985–2007 Winfield W. Riefler 1945–50 William D. Rogers 1980–90 Peggy Dulany 1995–2003 Carla A. Hills David Rockefeller 1949–85 Walter B. Wriston 1981–87 Jessica P. Einhorn 1995–2005 (Co-Chairman) 2007– W. Averell Harriman 1950–55 Lewis T. Preston 1981–88 William J. McDonough 1995–2004 Robert E. Rubin Joseph E. Johnson 1950–74 Warren Christopher 1982–91 Frank Savage 1995–2002 (Co-Chairman) 2007– Grayson Kirk 1950–73 Alan Greenspan 1982–88 George Soros 1995–2004 Devereux C. Josephs 1951–58 Robert A. Scalapino 1982–89 Hannah Holborn Gray 1995–98 Chairman Emeritus Elliott V. Bell 1953–66 Harold Brown 1983–92 George J. Mitchell 1995–2005 Peter G. Peterson 2007– John J. McCloy 1953–72 Stanley Hoffmann 1983–92 Louis V. Gerstner Jr. 1995–2005 Arthur H. Dean 1955–72 Juanita M. Kreps 1983–89 Lee Cullum 1996–2006 Honorary Chairmen Charles M. Spofford 1955–72 Brent Scowcroft 1983–89 Vincent A. Mai 1997–2003 Adlai E. Stevenson 1958–62 Clifton R. Wharton Jr. 1983–92 Warren B. Rudman 1997–2005 John J. McCloy 1970–1989 William C. Foster 1959–72 Donald F. McHenry 1984–93 Laura D’Andrea Tyson 1997–2007 David Rockefeller 1985– Caryl P. Haskins 1961–75 B. R. Inman 1985–93 Roone Arledge 1998–2002 James A. Perkins 1963–79 Jeane J. Kirkpatrick 1985–94 Diane Sawyer 1998–99 Vice Chairmen William P. Bundy 1964–74 Peter Tarnoff 1986–93 Martin S. Feldstein 1998–2008 of the Board Gabriel Hauge 1964–81 Charles McC. Mathias Jr. 1986–92 Bette Bao Lord 1998–2003 Grayson Kirk 1971–73 Carroll L. Wilson 1964–79 Ruben F. Mettler 1986–92 Michael H. Moskow 1998–2008 Cyrus R. Vance 1973–76, Douglas Dillon 1965–78 James E. Burke 1987–95 John Deutch 1999–2004 1985–87 Henry R. Labouisse 1965–74 Richard B. Cheney 1987–89, Robert E. Rubin 2000– Douglas Dillon 1976–78 Robert V. Roosa 1966–81 1993–95 2000–2005 Carroll L. Wilson 1978–79 Lucian W. Pye 1966–82 Robert F. Erburu 1987–98 Kenneth M. Duberstein 2001– Warren Christopher 1987–91 Alfred C. Neal 1967–76 Karen Elliott House 1987–98, Henry S. Bienen 2001– Harold Brown 1991–92 Bill Moyers 1967–74 2003–2008 Joan E. Spero 2001– B. R. Inman 1992–93 Cyrus R. Vance 1968–76 Glenn E. Watts 1987–90 Vin Weber 2001– Jeane J. Kirkpatrick 1993–94 1981–87 Thomas S. Foley 1988–94 Fouad Ajami 2002– Maurice R. Greenberg 1994–2002

78 Carla A. Hills 2001–2007 Devereux C. Josephs 1951–52 James E. Burke 1988–89 William J. McDonough 2002–2003 David W. MacEachron 1972–74 David Woodbridge 1989–94 Robert E. Rubin 2003–2007 John Temple Swing 1972–86 Janice L. Murray 1994– Richard E. Salomon 2007– Alton Frye 1987–93 William H. Gleysteen Jr. 1987–89 Edi tors of Honor ary John A. Millington 1987–96 Foreign Affairs Vice Chairman Margaret Archibald Cary Maurice R. Greenberg 2002– Osmer-McQuade 1987–93 Coolidge 1922–28 Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989–94 Hamilton Fish Presidents Karen M. Sughrue 1993–98 Armstrong 1928–72 Abraham F. Lowenthal 1995–2005 William P. Bundy 1972–84 John W. Davis 1921–33 Janice L. Murray 1995–2002 George W. Wickersham 1933–36 William G. Hyland 1984–92 David J. Vidal 1995–97 James F. Hoge Jr. 1992– Norman H. Davis 1936–44 Ethan B. Kapstein 1995–96 Russell C. Leffingwell 1944–46 Frederick C. Broda 1996–97 Directors of Studies Allen W. Dulles 1946–50 Kenneth R. Maxwell 1996 Henry M. Wriston 1951–64 Gary C. Hufbauer 1997–98 Percy W. Bidwell 1937–53 Grayson Kirk 1964–71 David Kellogg 1997–2002 Philip E. Mosely 1955–63 Bayless Manning 1971–77 Paula J. Dobriansky 1997–2001 Richard H. Ullman 1973–76 Winston Lord 1977–85 Anne R. Luzzatto 1998–2005 Abraham F. Lowenthal 1976–77 John Temple Swing* 1985–86 Lawrence J. Korb 1998–2002 John C. Campbell 1977–78 Peter Tarnoff 1986–93 Elise Carlson Lewis 1999–2007 Paul H. Kreisberg 1981–87 Alton Frye 1993 Robert C. Orr 2002–2003 William H. Gleysteen Jr. 1987–89 Leslie H. Gelb 1993–2003 Irina A. Faskianos 2002– Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989–94 Richard N. Haass 2003– Lisa Shields 2003– Kenneth H. Keller* 1994–95 James M. Lindsay 2003–2006 Ethan B. Kapstein 1995–96 President Emeritus Nancy E. Roman 2004–2007 Kenneth R. Maxwell 1996 Leslie H. Gelb 2003– Suzanne E. Helm 2005– Gary C. Hufbauer 1997–98 Nancy D. Bodurtha 2005– Lawrence J. Korb 1998–2002 Honorary Presidents Gary Samore 2006– Michael P. Peters 2002–2003 Kay King 2007– James M. Lindsay 2003–2006 Elihu Root 1921–37 Gary Samore 2006– Henry M. Wriston 1964–78 L. Camille Massey 2008– Directors of Meetings Executive Executive Directors Vice Presidents Hamilton Fish George S. Franklin 1949–50 Armstrong 1922–28 William Henderson 1952–54, John Temple Swing 1986–93 1955–56 Michael P. Peters 2002–2005 Malcolm W. Davis 1925–27 Walter H. Mallory 1927–59 Melvin Conant 1954–55,* George S. Franklin 1953–71 1956–57,* Senior Vice Presidents 1957–59 Alton Frye 1993–98 Secretaries George V.H. Kenneth H. Keller 1993–95 Moseley III 1959–62 Larry L. Fabian 1994–95 Edwin F. Gay 1921–33 Harry Boardman 1962–69 Michael P. Peters 1995–2002 Allen W. Dulles 1933–44 Zygmunt Nagorski Jr. 1969–78 Paula Dobriansky 2001 Frank Altschul 1944–72 Marilyn Berger 1978–79 Charles G. Boyd 2001–2002 John Temple Swing 1972–87 Margaret David Kellogg 2002– Judith Gustafson 1987–2000 Osmer-McQuade 1979–93 Janice L. Murray 2002– Lilita V. Gusts 2000– Karen M. Sughrue 1993–98 Anne R. Luzzatto 1998–2005 Vice Presidents Honorary Secretary Nancy D. Bodurtha 2005– Paul D. Cravath 1921–33 Frank Altschul 1972–1981 Norman H. Davis 1933–36 Edwin F. Gay 1933–40 Treasurers Frank L. Polk 1940–43 Edwin F. Gay 1921–33 Russell C. Leffingwell 1943–44 Whitney H. Shepardson 1933–42 Allen W. Dulles 1944–46 Clarence E. Hunter 1942–51 Isaiah Bowman 1945–49 Devereux C. Josephs 1951–52 Henry M. Wriston 1950–51 Elliott V. Bell 1952–64 David Rockefeller 1950–70 Gabriel Hauge 1964–81 Frank Altschul 1951–71 Peter G. Peterson 1981–85 C. Peter McColough 1985–87 * pro-tempore Lewis T. Preston 1987–88

Historical Roster of Directors and Officers 79 Financial Statements

statement of financial position as of June 30, 2008 (with comparative totals for June 30, 2007)

2008 2007 Assets Cash and cash equivalents (Notes 2, 8, and 12) $ 32,265,100 $ 6,917,100 Accounts receivable, net, and prepaid expenses (Note 2) 2,650,300 2,186,900 Grants and contributions receivable (Notes 2 and 4) 22,416,900 4,980,600 Contributions receivable for endowment (Notes 2 and 4) 36,836,000 43,740,400 Inventory (Note 2) 212,000 168,900 Investments (Notes 2 and 3) 266,311,100 263,753,700 Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, net (Notes 2, 5, and 8) 65,053,000 23,970,000 Deferred financing cost (net of amortization) (Note 8) 2,888,600 — Total assets $428,633,000 $345,717,600

Liabilities Accounts payable and accrued expenses (Notes 2, 5, and 6) $ 9,262,300 $ 5,853,200 Deferred subscription revenue (Note 2) 3,016,000 3,053,600 Accrued postretirement benefits (Note 7) 3,165,000 3,172,000 Bonds payable (Note 8) 62,680,000 — Total liabilities 78,123,300 12,078,800

Commitments (Note 11)

Net assets (Note 2) Unrestricted 137,259,900 148,828,700 Temporarily restricted (Note 9) 68,640,100 52,007,100 Permanently restricted (Note 10) 144,609,700 132,803,000 Total net assets 350,509,700 333,638,800

Total liabilities and net assets $428,633,000 $345,717,600

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

80 statement of activities For the Year Ended June 30, 2008 (With Comparative Totals for june 30, 2007)

temporarily permanently unrestricted r e s t r i c t e d r e s t r i c t e d 2008 t o t a l 2007 t o t a l Operating revenue and support Membership dues (Note 2) $ 4,827,400 $ — $ — $ 4,827,400 $ 4,402,100 Annual giving 5,701,100 — — 5,701,100 5,765,000 Corporate memberships and related income 6,892,100 — — 6,892,100 6,451,100 Meetings — 1,196,800 — 1,196,800 109,000 DC meetings — 674,300 — 674,300 1,200 International Affairs Fellowships — 236,600 — 236,600 75,100 Grants and contributions for Studies — 17,750,900 — 17,750,900 6,658,900 Other grants and contributions — 10,581,900 — 10,581,900 1,510,900 Foreign Affairs publications 7,924,800 — — 7,924,800 7,642,200 Book publications 53,600 — — 53,600 40,600 Investment return used for current operations (Note 3) 4,645,700 4,759,800 — 9,405,500 6,362,500 Rental income 1,771,500 — — 1,771,500 1,579,400 Miscellaneous 186,100 705,600 — 891,700 685,400 Total operating revenue and support 32,002,300 35,905,900 — 67,908,200 41,283,400 Net assets released from restrictions (Note 9) 11,712,900 (11,712,900) — — — Total operating revenue and support 43,715,200 24,193,000 — 67,908,200 41,283,400 Operating expenses Program expenses: Studies Program 14,004,900 — — 14,004,900 12,187,300 Meetings Program 1,678,300 — — 1,678,300 1,309,900 DC Meetings Program 2,359,900 — — 2,359,900 1,620,500 Special Events 581,800 — — 581,800 555,900 Foreign Affairs publications 8,146,600 — — 8,146,600 7,335,900 Book publications 412,100 — — 412,100 419,600 National Program 1,454,000 — — 1,454,000 1,285,300 Website 1,993,200 — — 1,993,200 1,588,300 International Affairs Fellowships 883,400 — — 883,400 789,300 Communications 1,451,700 — — 1,451,700 1,209,100 Total program expenses 32,965,900 — — 32,965,900 28,301,100 Supporting services: Fundraising: Development 1,093,000 — — 1,093,000 1,042,600 Corporate Program 1,556,800 — — 1,556,800 1,274,100 Total fundraising 2,649,800 — — 2,649,800 2,316,700 Management and general 6,658,300 — — 6,658,300 6,755,500 Membership 714,200 — — 714,200 917,500 Total supporting services 10,022,300 — — 10,022,300 9,989,700 Total operating expenses 42,988,200 — — 42,988,200 38,290,800 Excess of operating revenue and support over operating expenses 727,000 24,193,000 — 24,920,000 2,992,600 Nonoperating revenue (Note 2) Investment (loss)/gain in excess of spending rate (Notes 2 and 3) (14,423,700) (7,560,200) — (21,983,900) 40,017,800 Endowment contributions (Note 4) — — 11,806,700 11,806,700 24,763,100 Gain on sale of fixed asset (Note 5) 2,191,100 — — 2,191,100 — Total nonoperating revenue (12,232,600) (7,560,200) 11,806,700 (7,986,100) 64,780,900 Change in net assets before postretirement changes other than net periodic costs (Note 7) (11,505,600) 16,632,800 11,806,700 16,933,900 67,773,500 Effect of adoption of recognition and measurement date provisions of FASB No. 158 — — — — (848,000) Postretirement changes other than net periodic costs (63,000) — — (63,000) — Change in net assets (11,568,600) 16,632,800 11,806,700 16,870,900 66,925,500 Net assets, beginning of year 148,828,500 52,007,300 132,803,000 333,638,800 266,713,300 Net assets, end of year $137,259,900 $68,640,100 $144,609,700 $350,509,700 $333,638,800

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Financial Statements 81 statement of cash flows For the Year Ended June 30, 2008 (with comparative totals for june 30, 2007)

2008 2007 Cash flows from operating activities: Change in net assets $ 16,870,900 $ 66,925,500 Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation 1,983,000 1,908,200 Amortization of financing costs 49,000 — Change in discount on grants and contributions receivable (1,286,200) 3,583,500 Gain on disposal of fixed assets (2,191,100) — Effect of adoption of recognition and measurement date provisions of FASB No. 158 — 848,000 Net realized and unrealized loss/(gain) on investments 12,312,800 (46,935,000) Bad debt expense 77,000 43,600 Contributions restricted for investment in endowment (11,806,700) (24,763,100) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses (540,400) (553,400) Grants and contributions receivable (16,150,100) (6,295,700) Inventory (43,100) (70,700) Accounts payable and accrued expenses 3,409,100 1,111,800 Deferred subscription revenue (37,600) 94,300 Accrued postretirement benefits (7,000) 94,000 Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities 2,639,600 (4,009,000) Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of building improvements and equipment (43,902,800) (1,423,200) Proceeds from sale of fixed asset 3,027,900 — Purchases of investments (227,931,000) (140,523,200) Proceeds from sales of investments 213,060,800 131,712,900 Net cash used in investing activities (55,745,100) (10,233,500) Cash flows from financing activities: Contributions restricted for investment in endowment 18,711,100 13,468,600 Proceeds from bonds and bridge loan 98,207,100 — Deferred financing costs (2,937,600) — Principal repayments of bonds payable and bridge loan (35,527,100) — Net cash provided by financing activities 78,453,500 13,468,600 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 25,348,000 (773,900) Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 6,917,100 7,691,000 Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 32,265,100 $ 6,917,100 Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Interest paid on capital lease $ 21,300 $ 31,000 Interest paid on bonds and bridge loan $ 2,246,600 —

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

82 notes to financial statements June 30, 2008

1. orGANIZATION and nature of activities The Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. (the “Council”), is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries. Founded in 1921, the Council takes no institutional positions on matters of policy. The Council carries out its mission by maintaining a diverse membership; convening meetings; supporting a Studies Program that fosters independent research; publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal on international affairs and U.S. foreign policy; sponsoring Independent Task Forces; and providing up-to-date information and analysis about world events and American foreign policy on its website, CFR.org. The Council is a Section 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization exempt from federal income taxes under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) and is a publicly supported organization as described in Section 509(a)(1) of the Code. The Council is also exempt from state and local income taxes. It is subject to tax on unrelated business income, which has not been significant.

2. summarY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Accounting—The financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis. The Council adheres to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Cash and Cash Equivalents—The Council considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less, excluding cash and money market funds held in investments, to be cash equivalents. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts—As of June 30, 2008 and 2007, the Council determined that an allowance for uncollectible accounts of $44,100 and $32,600, respectively, is necessary for uncollectible membership receivables. In addition, the Council determined that no allowance is necessary for grants and contributions receivable, and contributions receivable for endowment as of June 30, 2008 and 2007. This determination is based on a combination of factors, such as management’s estimate of the creditworthiness of its members and contributors, a review of individual accounts outstanding, the aged basis of receivables, current economic conditions, and historical experience. Investments—The Council’s investments in marketable debt and equity securities are classified as available for sale and are recorded at their fair values, which are based on quoted market prices. Donated securities are recorded at their fair market value on the date received using an average of the high and low price on the date received. Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis and dividend income is recorded based on the ex-dividend date. It is the Council’s policy to make an annual investment allocation for the support of operations up to 5 percent of the average market value of investments for the three previous years. Amounts allocated to the unrestricted net asset class are at the discretion of the Council’s Board of Directors (the “Board”). Amounts allocated to the temporarily restricted net asset class are based on the donor’s stipulation. The Council’s investments in alternative investment companies are carried at the aggregate net asset value of the shares held by the Council. The net asset value is based on the net market value of the alternative investment company’s investment portfolio as determined by the management of the alternative investment company. Most of the Council’s investments in alternative investment companies are in limited partnerships. Investments held by the limited partnerships generally are carried at fair value as determined by the respective general partners, and may be based on historical cost, appraisals, obtainable prices for similar assets, or other estimates. The Council’s ability to liquidate its investments in limited partnerships is restricted in accordance with the provisions of respective partnership agreements. The fair value of the Council’s investments without readily quoted market prices is determined on an estimated basis by the investment managers. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, the values determined by the investment managers may differ from values that would be used had a ready market for these investments existed, and the differences could be material. The financial statements of the investees are audited annually by independent auditors. Investment income and gains are recorded on accrual basis. Land, Buildings and Building Improvements, and Equipment—Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation or amortization. These amounts do not purport to represent replacement or realizable values. The Council follows the practice of capitalizing expenditures for land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment having a cost of $1,500 or more and a useful life of greater than one year. Depreciation is provided on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of these assets (see Note 5). The fair value of donated property and equip­ment is similarly capitalized and depreciated. In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS No. 34”), Capitalization of Interest Costs, amended by SFAS No. 62, Capitalization of Interest Cost in Situations Involving Certain Tax-Exempt Borrowings and Certain Gifts and Grants, the Council capitalized interest costs as part of constructing its Washington, DC, building (see Note 5 for further information). Inventory—Inventory consists of paper that is stored offsite and used in the printing of the bimonthly publication Foreign Affairs. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost (first in, first out method) or market. Deferred Subscription Revenue—The Council’s subscription fees are recognized as revenue in the applicable period. Deferred subscription revenue represents subscription fees received in advance. Net Asset Classifications—The Council considers all contributions and grants to be available for unrestricted use unless specifically restricted by the donor or grantor. Endowment contributions are invested and, pursuant to the Council’s 5 percent spending policy, an investment allocation is made for general purposes (unrestricted) and specific program activities (temporarily restricted), unless specified by the donor. In the accompanying financial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into three net asset classes: unrestricted, temporarily restricted, and permanently restricted.

Financial Statements 83 Unrestricted net assets represent resources received that have not been restricted by the donor and that have no time restrictions. Such resources are available for support of the Council’s operations over which the Board has discretionary control. Temporarily restricted net assets represent contributions and other inflows of assets whose use by the Council is limited by donor-imposed stipulations that either expire by the passage of time or can be fulfilled and removed by actions of the Council pursuant to those stipulations. When such stipulations end or are fulfilled, such temporarily restricted net assets are reported in the statements of activities as net assets released from restrictions. Permanently restricted net assets represent contributions and other inflows of assets whose use by the Council is limited by donor-imposed stipulations that neither expire by the passage of time nor can be fulfilled or otherwise removed by actions of the Council but permit the Council to expend part or all of the income derived from the investment of the donated assets for either specified or unspecified purposes. Support and Revenue—Contributions are recorded when received unconditionally, at their fair value. Gifts received with donor stipulations that limit the use of donated assets are reported as either temporarily or permanently restricted support. When a donor restriction expires—that is, when a time restriction ends or purpose restriction is fulfilled—temporarily restricted net assets are reclassified as unrestricted net assets and reported in the statement of activities as net assets released from restrictions. It is the Council’s policy to imply a time restriction on gifts of long- lived assets and contributions to be used to acquire long-lived assets in the absence of explicit donor restrictions to that effect, using the estimated useful life of the asset. Membership dues are recorded as membership dues revenue in the period which the dues relate. Conditional contributions, such as grants with matching requirements, are recognized in the appropriate net asset class when the conditions have been met. Bequests are recognized as receivables at the time unassailable rights to the gifts have been established and the proceeds are measurable. Postretirement Benefits—During fiscal 2007, the Council adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Statement No. 158, Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, which was issued on September 29, 2006. FASB No. 158 was an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106, and 132R. FASB No. 158 requires an employer to: (a) recognize in its statement of financial position an asset for a plan’s overfunded status or a liability for a plan’s underfunded status; (b) measure a plan’s assets and its obligations that determine its funded status as of the end of the employer’s fiscal year; and (c) recognize changes in the funded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan in the year in which the changes occur. Those changes were reported in the change in unrestricted in net assets of the Council as of June 30, 2007. Measure of Operations—The Council includes in its definition of operations all revenues and expenses that are an integral part of its programs and supporting activities, including an authorized investment income allocation and all contributions except for those that are restricted for capital expenditures or have been permanently restricted by donors. Investment income, including net realized and unrealized gains and losses, earned in excess of (or less than) the Council’s aggregate authorized spending amount, contributions for capital expenditures, and contributions to permanently restricted net assets are recognized as nonoperating activities. Use of Estimates—The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Allocation of Expenses—The cost of providing the various programs and the supporting services has been summarized on a functional basis in the statement of activities. Accordingly, certain costs have been allocated by management among the programs and supporting services benefited as a percentage of all direct program expenses. Summarized Comparative Information—The 2008 financial statements include certain prior-year summarized comparative information. The statement of activities does not reflect all net asset classes for the year ended June 2007. As a result, the 2007 information does not include sufficient detail to constitute a presentation in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Accordingly, such 2007 information should be read in conjunction with the Council’s financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2007, from which the information was derived.

3. investments The components of the Council’s long-term investments as of June 30, 2008 and 2007, are as follows: 2008 2007 Money markets $ 20,258,800 $ 15,186,000 Domestic equity securities 32,492,800 51,050,600 International equity securities 44,531,300 44,095,800 Foreign and corporate bonds 17,481,500 5,393,400 U.S. government agency obligations 8,625,600 37,559,500 Subtotal 123,390,000 153,285,300 Alternate investments: Hedge and real assets funds 105,355,100 77,166,300 A Absolute return fund of funds 5,810,200 17,542,900 B Private equity funds 27,923,500 12,667,200 C Real estate fund of funds 3,832,300 3,092,000 D Subtotal 142,921,100 110,468,400 Total $ 266,311,100 $ 263,753,700

84 a. Hedge and real assets funds are investments in limited partnerships that invest primarily in domestic and international equity and government securities. The hedge and real assets funds may also trade various financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These financial instruments include securities sold short and long, option contracts, differential and foreign currency forward contracts. Such transactions subject the hedge and real assets funds and their investors to market risk associated with changes in the value of the underlying securities, financial instruments, and foreign currencies, as well as the risk of loss if a counter party fails to perform. The respective hedge and real assets fund managers endeavor to limit the risk associated with such transactions. These instruments do not subject the Council to off-balance-sheet risk. b. The absolute return fund of funds is an investment in a limited partnership that invests primarily through a diversified group of other funds. The goal of the fund is to achieve consistent long-term growth of capital with reduced volatility. The underlying assets consist primarily of equity and fixed income securities. c. Private equity funds are funds whose purpose is to achieve capital appreciation through investments primarily in foreign and domestic securities of companies that are not publicly traded, as well as in limited partnerships. d. The real estate fund of funds is an investment in a limited partnership that invests in real estate managers pursuing traditional commercial property strategies. As of June 30, 2008, the Council has unfunded commitments to limited partnerships of approximately $31.3 million, and intends to sell a portion of its other investments to fund these commitments. Investments, in general, are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate, credit, and overall market volatility. As such, it is reasonably possible that changes in the values of investments will occur in the near term and that such changes could materially affect the amounts reported in the statements of financial position and statements of activities. Investment return consists of the following for the years ended June 30, 2008 and 2007: 2008 temporarily unrestricted r e s t r i c t e d t o t a l 2007 Dividends and interest $ 1,613,000 $ 1,373,900 $ 2,986,900 $ 2,972,400 Realized gain 8,732,900 2,580,700 11,313,600 25,632,400 Unrealized (loss)/gain (18,305,100) (5,321,300) (23,626,400) 21,302,600 Net realized and unrealized (loss)/gain (9,572,200) (2,740,600) (12,312,800) 46,935,000 Total return on investments (7,959,200) (1,366,700) (9,325,900) 49,907,400 Investment return used for current operations (4,645,700) (4,759,800) (9,405,500) (6,362,500) Investment expenses (1,818,800) (1,433,700) (3,252,500) (3,527,100) Investment (loss)/gain in excess of spending rate $(14,423,700) $(7,560,200) $( 21,983,900) $ 40,017,800

4. GRANTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVABLE AND CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVABLE FOR ENDOWMENT Receivables consist primarily of promises to give and are due from individuals, corporations, and foundations. Grants and contributions receivable and contributions receivable for endowment as of June 30, 2008 and 2007, are due to be collected as follows: 2008 2007 Amount due in less than one year: Grants and contributions receivable $ 10,587,900 $ 3,367,900 Contributions receivable for endowment 14,029,700 14,961,600 Total 24,617,600 18,329,500 Amount due in one to five years: Grants and contributions receivable 12,672,700 1,811,900 Contributions receivable for endowment 24,853,500 32,756,700 Total 37,526,200 34,568,600

Gross receivable 62,143,800 52,898,100 Less discount (at rates varying from 2.27% to 5.12%) (2,890,900) (4,177,100) Total net $ 59,252,900 $ 48,721,000

The amortization of pledge discount is reflected as additional contribution revenue. The Council embarked on an endowment campaign in 2006. Contributions totaling $17,457,700 and $24,763,100 were received during the years ended June 30, 2008 and 2007, respectively. During the year ended June 30, 2008, the Council received notification from donors that $5,351,000 in gifts pledged in fiscal year 2007 previously recorded as permanently restricted are to be temporarily restricted for the Council’s Studies program. In addition, the Council reduced current year permanently restricted contributions by $300,000 for changes in verbal pledges made in fiscal year 2007.

Financial Statements 85 5. land, BUILDINGS AND BUILDING IMPROVEMENTS, AND EQUIPMENT Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, at cost, as of June 30, 2008 and 2007, are summarized as follows: e s t i m a t e d 2008 2007 u s e f u l l i f e Land (New York) $ 1,854,300 $ 1,854,300 Land (Washington, DC) 5,397,700 — Buildings and building improvements (New York) 30,626,100 31,508,500 10–55 years Building purchase (Washington, DC) 30,129,400 — Not in service Construction in progress (Washington, DC) 7,312,000 357,900 Equipment (New York) 5,863,900 7,000,000 3–15 years Total 81,183,400 40,720,700 Less accumulated depreciation (16,130,400) (16,750,700) Total net $ 65,053,000 $ 23,970,000

Depreciation expense amounted to $1,983,000 and $1,908,200 for the years ended June 30, 2008 and 2007, respectively. During 2008 and 2007, assets that were fully depreciated were written off in the amounts of $2,127,500 and $5,500, respectively. During 2008, the Council sold an apartment with a net book value of $836,800. The gain on the sale of the apartment of $2,191,100 is reflected as nonoperating revenue in the accompanying statement of activities. Construction in progress consists of costs incurred through June 30, 2008, related to architectural and renovation costs for a Washington, DC, building. In addition, interest on the Council’s bonds is being capitalized until the construction of the building is completed. As of June 30, 2008, approximately $2,200,000 of interest has been capitalized and is included as part of the deferred financing costs balance (see Note 8). The estimated remaining renovation, furnishing, and equipping costs to complete the building is $16,952,300 and the approximate move in date is January 2009. (See Note 8 for further information.) Certain long-term leases for equipment are classified as capital leases. Accordingly, such equipment is capitalized and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. The corresponding obligation of approximately $105,400 and $210,700 as of June 30, 2008 and 2007, respectively (included in accounts payable and accrued expenses), under the capital lease represents the present value of the rental payments discounted by the interest rates implicit in the lease agreements of 10.13 percent. The obligations are maturing in 2009. The minimum future lease payments subsequent to June 30, 2008, are included in Note 11.

6. retirement AND DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLANS The Council has a defined contribution retirement plan covering all employees who meet the minimum service requirements. Payments, which are 12.5 percent of each participant’s salary for employees hired prior to July 1, 1998, and 10 percent for each participant hired after that date, are made to the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association and College Retirement Equities Fund to purchase individual annuities for plan participants. The expense for the plan was $1,241,300 for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2008, and $1,069,200 for 2007, respectively. Participants must contribute 2.5 percent of their salaries and have the option to make additional contributions on their own behalf. The Council has deferred compensation arrangements with former employees. Investment earnings accrue to the benefit of the employees. The bonus payments and accrued earnings of $112,300 and $154,800 as of June 30, 2008 and 2007, respectively, are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the accompanying financial statements.

7. other POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS The Council provides certain health care for its retired employees. Employees are eligible for those benefits when they meet the criteria for retirement under the Postretirement Plan (the “Plan”). The benefit obligations as determined as of the end of the year measurement date are as follows: 2008 2007 Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at beginning $ 3,172,000 $ 3,723,000 Service cost 35,000 37,000 Interest cost 182,000 203,000 Actuarial net gain (29,000) (584,000) Benefits paid (195,000) (207,000) Benefit obligation, end of year $ 3,165,000 $ 3,172,000

The Council accrues expenses and makes benefit payments as they are incurred annually and has not contributed funds to separate trusteed accounts to fund the accumulated postretirement benefit obligations. The discount rate used to determine the end of year obligation is 6.5 percent and 6.25 percent for the years ended June 30, 2008 and 2007, respectively. The net periodic benefit obligations and the components of benefit cost for the years ended June 30, 2008 and 2007, are as follows: 2008 2007 Service cost $ 35,000 $ 37,000 Interest cost 182,000 203,000 Amortization of net loss 52,000 72,000 Amortization of prior service cost (11,000) (11,000) Net periodic cost $ 258,000 $ 301,000

86 The postretirement benefit cost for the years ended June 30, 2008 and 2007, respectively, amounted to $63,000 and $94,000 and was based on actuarial assumptions and a discount rate set as of the beginning of the year. The discount rate was 6.25 percent and the projected credit unit method was used for determining benefits earned during the year. The net periodic pension cost for the years ended June 30, 2008 and 2007, includes reclassifications of amounts previously recognized as changes in unrestricted net assets as follows: 2008 2007 Amortization of net loss $ 52,000 $ 72,000 Amortization of prior service cost (11,000) (11,000)

Amounts that have not been recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs but included in unrestricted net assets to date as the effect of adoption of Statement 158 are as follows: Net actuarial loss $810,000 Prior service cost (credit) (32,000) $778,000

Assumed health-care cost trend rates at June 30: 2008 2007 Health-care cost trend rate assumed for next year 9% 7% Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline 5% 5% Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate 2012 2009

Increasing the assumed medical care cost trend rates by 1 percent in each year would increase the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation by $375,000 as of June 30, 2008, and the aggregate of the service and interest cost components of net periodic postretirement benefit cost for the year by $28,000. Decreasing the assumed health-care cost trend rates by 1 percent would decrease the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation by $318,000 as of June 30, 2008, and the aggregate of the service and interest cost components of net periodic postretirement benefit cost for the year ended by $24,000. Amounts in unrestricted net assets and expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost over fiscal year 2009 are as follows: Net loss $60,000 Prior service cost (11,000)

The following postretirement benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid: y e a r e n d i n g j u n e 30, 2009 $ 209,000 2010 230,000 2011 238,000 2012 237,000 2013 241,000 2014–2018 1,234,000

8. bonds PAYABLE Bonds payable amounted to $62,680,000 as of June 30, 2008 (which approximates fair value), and consist of tax-exempt variable rate demand revenue bonds (the “Bonds”) issued by the District of Columbia on behalf of the Council in August 2007. Proceeds of the Bonds were used for the acquisition, renovation, furnishing, and equipping of an office building, located at 1777 F Street, NW, Washington, DC, to be used by the Council for office and conference space. The Bonds have a stated maturity of August 1, 2042, but the Council can repay the payment obligation at any time and retire the bond issue. Repayment of the principal on the Bonds commences on August 1, 2013. The Bonds currently bear interest at a weekly rate, which is determined by the remarketing agent and is payable monthly, in arrears, on the first day of each month. In no event shall the interest rate exceed the lesser of the highest interest rate which may be borne by the Bonds under the laws of the District of Columbia and 12 percent per annum. As of June 30, 2008, the weekly interest rate on the Bonds was 1.550 percent per annum. The weekly rates ranged from 1.1 percent to 4 percent during fiscal 2008. In accordance with the Trust Indenture dated August 1, 2007, a Project Fund has been established with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (the “Trustee”). As of June 30, 2008, approximately $21,500,000 is held with the Trustee. The Bonds are collateralized by a letter of credit in the amount of $63,401,300 consisting of $62,680,000, which may be drawn upon with respect to payment of unpaid principal amount and $721,300, which may be drawn upon with respect to the payment of up to 35 days of accrued interest on the Bonds or portion of the purchase price representing accrued interest on the Bonds, in each case assuming a maximum interest rate of 12 percent per annum and computed on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed over a year of 365 days. The letter of credit was issued by Bank of America, N.A., and expires on August 14, 2017. Under the current agreement with Bank of America, the Council has agreed to repay the Bonds over a 30-year term.

Financial Statements 87 Principal and interest payments to be paid are as follows for the years subsequent to June 30, 2008: y e a r e n d i n g j u n e 30, p r i n c i p a l i n t e r e s t t o t a l 2009 $ — $ 2,421,400 $ 2,421,400 2010 — 2,503,700 2,503,700 2011 — 2,507,200 2,507,200 2012 — 2,507,200 2,507,200 2013 — 2,510,700 2,510,700 Thereafter 62,680,000 37,622,400 100,302,400 Total $ 62,680,000 $50,072,600 $112,752,600

In connection with the issuance of the Bonds, the Council incurred financing costs in the amount of $2,937,600 that have been capitalized and are being amortized over the life of the Bonds using the half-year convention, which approximates the effective interest method. Amortization expense amounted to $49,000 for the year ended June 30, 2008. As of June 30, 2008, the deferred financing costs consist of the following: 2008 Deferred financing costs $2,937,600 Less accumulated amortization (49,000) Deferred financing costs, net $2,888,600

9. temporarilY RESTRICTED NET ASSETS Temporarily restricted net assets as of June 30, 2008 and 2007, are restricted for the following purposes or time periods: 2008 2007 Studies $ 45,450,500 $37,409,900 International Affairs Fellowships 3,686,200 5,860,300 Next Generation Fellowship 796,400 935,500 Meetings 9,408,500 2,783,500 Capital expenditures 4,075,800 4,335,800 Other 5,222,700 682,100 Total $ 68,640,100 $ 52,007,100

Temporarily restricted net assets were released from restrictions by incurring expenses satisfying the restricted purposes or by the occurrence of other events specified by the donors for the years ended June 30, 2008 and 2007, as follows: 2008 2007 Studies $ 9,685,400 $ 8,983,600 International Affairs Fellowships 507,200 719,600 Meetings 1,246,000 472,100 Capital expenditures 260,000 260,000 Other 14,300 14,600 Total $ 11,712,900 $10,449,900

10. permanentlY RESTRICTED NET ASSETS Permanently restricted net assets as of June 30, 2008 and 2007, are shown below. The income earned on these related investments is available for the following purposes: 2008 2007 Studies $ 48,016,300 $ 47,304,700 International Affairs Fellowships 6,066,100 6,066,100 Meetings 6,189,400 5,187,800 Library 1,021,000 1,021,000 Unrestricted as to use 83,316,900 73,223,400 Total $144,609,700 $ 132,803,000

11. commitments The Council leases certain office facilities and equipment under operating lease arrangements. These leases consist of the Washington, DC, office space and various office equipment rentals. Future minimum payments for capital and noncancelable operating leases as of June 30, 2008, are as follows: y e a r e n d i n g j u n e 30, r e a l p r o p e r t y e q u i p m e n t t o t a l 2009 $161,000 $217,900 $378,900 2010 — 57,300 57,300 2011 — 24,500 24,500 2012 — 3,500 3,500 Total $161,000 $303,200 $464,200

Rent expense under the operating leases amounted to $241,500 for each of the years ended June 30, 2008 and 2007.

88 12. concentration The Council maintains cash and cash equivalents at several financial institutions. Accounts at each institution are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $100,000. During the year, the Council may have cash balances in these financial institutions in excess of the FDIC limits. As of June 30, 2008 and 2007, certain cash equivalents (including outstanding checks) exceeded federally insured limits by approximately $1,094,000 and $2,597,000, respectively. Management believes that credit risk related to these accounts is minimal.

Financial Statements 89 Staff

EXECUTIVE OFFICE Lee Hudson Teslik Associate Editor Richard N. Haass President Eben Kaplan Assistant Director, Business Management Janice L. Murray Senior Vice President, Treasurer, web management and development and Chief Operating Officer Tom Davey Director Jeffrey A. Reinke Chief of Staff to the President Cree Frappier Deputy Director Charles Landow Special Assistant to the President/Research Joan McGrath Web Producer Jessica Legnos Special Assistant to the President Carl Strolle Web Technical Producer Eva Tatarczyk Executive Assistant to the President Daniel Nakhla Associate Web Producer Fiona Korwin-Pawlowski Special Assistant to the Senior Vice President, Treasurer, and Chief Operating Officer David Rockefeller Studies Program Lilita V. Gusts Secretary of the Corporation director of studies office Leslie H. Gelb President Emeritus and Board Senior Fellow Gary Samore Vice President, Director of Studies, Jeanne-Paloma Zelmati Research Associate to the President Emeritus and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair and Board Senior Fellow Sebastian Mallaby Deputy Director of Studies Alton Frye Presidential Senior Fellow Emeritus Janine Hill Deputy Director of Studies Administration task force program Amy Gunning Baker Associate Director, Studies Administration Anya Schmemann Director, Task Force Program and Junior Staff Professional Development Swetha Sridharan Program Coordinator Jean-Michel Oriol Associate Director, Budget Management Melanie Gervacio Lin Assistant Director of Studies FOREIGN AFFAIRS Katherine Howell Studies Administrator editorial fellows James F. Hoge Jr. Editor, Peter G. Peterson Chair Edward Alden Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow Gideon Rose Managing Editor Caroline Atkinson Adjunct Senior Fellow for International Economics Stéphanie Giry Deputy Managing Editor Peter Beinart Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy Daniel Kurtz-Phelan Senior Editor Richard K. Betts Adjunct Senior Fellow for National Security Studies Sasha Polakow-Suransky Associate Editor Jagdish N. Bhagwati Senior Fellow for International Economics Basharat Peer Assistant Editor Stephen Biddle Senior Fellow for Defense Policy Rosemary Hartman Assistant to the Editor Max Boot Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow Kathryn Allawala Research Associate for National Security Studies Catherine Harrington Editorial Assistant David Braunschvig Adjunct Senior Fellow for Business and Foreign Policy publishing Jerome A. Cohen Adjunct Senior Fellow for Asia Studies David Kellogg Publisher Isobel Coleman Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy Lynda Hammes Deputy Publisher and Director, Online Strategy Steven A. Cook Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies Edward Walsh Advertising Director James P. Dougherty Adjunct Senior Fellow for Business and Foreign Policy Michael Pasuit Senior Account Manager Elizabeth C. Economy C.V. Starr Senior Fellow and Director of Asia Studies Emilie Harkin Senior Marketing Manager Noah Feldman Adjunct Senior Fellow Andrea Martin Manager, Retail Marketing and Fulfillment Charles D. Ferguson Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow for Science and Technology Katie Sedgwick Special Assistant to the Publisher Stephen E. Flynn Ira A. Lipman Senior Fellow for Counterterrorism Rachel Leven Publishing Associate and National Security Studies Carolina Aguilar Advertising Sales and Production Assistant Laurie A. Garrett Senior Fellow for Global Health Michelle D. Gavin Adjunct Fellow for Africa Studies Council Publishing and Website Michael J. Gerson Roger Hertog Senior Fellow James M. Goldgeier Whitney H. Shepardson Senior Fellow David Kellogg Senior Vice President and Publisher for Transatlantic Relations Katie Sedgwick Special Assistant to the Senior Vice President Roger M. Kubarych Henry Kaufman Adjunct Senior Fellow and Publisher for International Economics and Finance council publishing Charles A. Kupchan Senior Fellow for Europe Studies Patricia Dorff Director, Publishing Michael A. Levi David M. Rubenstein Senior Fellow for Energy Lia C. Norton Associate Editor and the Environment and Director of the Program on Energy Security and Climate Change cfr.org Princeton N. Lyman Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies Michael Moran Executive Editor Sebastian Mallaby Paul A. Volcker Senior Fellow for International Robert McMahon Deputy Editor Economics and Director of the Maurice R. Greenberg Bernard Gwertzman Consulting Editor Center for Geoeconomic Studies Stephanie Hanson News Editor Jeffrey Mankoff Adjunct Fellow for Russia Studies Jeremy Sherlick Multimedia Producer Daniel Markey Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia Jayshree Bajoria Staff Writer Walter Russell Mead Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy Greg Bruno Staff Writer William L. Nash Adjunct Senior Fellow for Military Affairs Toni Johnson Staff Writer and Director of the Military Fellows Program Vali R. Nasr Adjunct Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies Note: Staff shown as of July 1, 2008. Shannon K. O’Neil Douglas Dillon Fellow for Latin America Studies For the current staff listing, visit www.cfr.org.

90 Stewart M. Patrick Senior Fellow and Director, Program on Arpana Pandey Research Associate International Institutions and Global Governance Arathi S. Rao Research Associate Davis R. Robinson Adjunct Senior Fellow Negar S. Razavi Research Associate Adam Segal Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies Katy Robinette Research Associate Daniel Senor Adjunct Senor Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies Andy Rottas Research Associate Stephen R. Sestanovich George F. Kennan Senior Fellow Peter Rudegeair Research Associate for Russian and Eurasian Studies Conor Savoy Research Associate Brad W. Setser Fellow for Geoeconomics Michael Scavelli Research Associate Timothy Samuel Shah Adjunct Senior Fellow for Religion and Foreign Policy Kammerle Schneider Research Associate Elizabeth Jesse Schreger Research Associate Sherwood-Randall Adjunct Senior Fellow for Alliance Relations Kazuaki Shimotomai Research Associate Amity Shlaes Senior Fellow for Economic History Daniel Simons Research Associate Steven Simon Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow Michelle Smith Research Associate for Middle Eastern Studies Gaurav Tiwari Research Associate Matthew J. Slaughter Adjunct Senior Fellow for Business and Globalization Erika H. Wool Research Associate Sheila A. Smith Senior Fellow for Japan Studies Deyong Yin Research Associate Gene B. Sperling Senior Fellow for Economic Policy and Director of the Center for Universal Education New York Meetings Program Paul B. Stares General John W. Vessey Senior Fellow Nancy D. Bodurtha Vice President for Conflict Prevention and Director of the Center Anastasia M. LaFollette Director of Meetings Administration for Preventive Action Meaghan Mills Assistant Director Benn Steil Senior Fellow and Director of International Economics Vera Ranola Assistant Director Julia E. Sweig Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow Valentina Barbacci Program Coordinator for Latin America Studies and Director Ari Shaw Program Coordinator of Latin America Studies Stephanie E. Drozer Program Associate Ray Takeyh Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies Amanda Lanzarone Assistant to the Vice President David G. Victor Adjunct Senior Fellow for Science and Technology Jackie McKeon Program Assistant Matthew Waxman Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy visiting fellows Washington Program Sundaa A. Bridgett Jones International Affairs Fellow Kay King Vice President Colonel John S. Clark Jr. USAF Military Fellow Chris Tuttle Deputy Director, Washington Program Captain Brian T. Donegan USN Military Fellow and Director of Planning and Administration Amy B. Frumin International Affairs Fellow Jayson Frum Director of Operations and Project Management J. Anthony Holmes Cyrus Vance Fellow in Diplomatic Studies on Africa Linda Harsh Deputy Director, Operations Colonel John C. Kennedy USMC Military Fellow Emily McLeod Associate Director, Washington Meetings Prem G. Kumar International Affairs Fellow Rachel Peterson Associate Director, Events Management Colonel Kevin C. Owens USA Military Fellow Chelsi A. Stevens Associate Director, Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy Elizabeth Rubin Edward R. Murrow Fellow Vanessa Robertson Office Manager research and program staff Thomas Bowman Assistant Director, Washington Program Timothy Westmyer Special Assistant to the Vice President, Anda Adams Associate Director, Center for Universal Education Washington Program Jaclyn Berfond Research Associate Jessica Fleuti Program Coordinator, Washington Meetings Michael Bustamante Research Associate Elizabeth Bryant Program Associate, Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy WooJung Chang Research Associate Catherine Friedl Program Associate, Washington Meetings Sebastian Chaskel Research Associate Scott Macmurdo Program Associate, Washington Meetings Matthew Devlin Research Associate Maureen Hughes Event Assistant Jamie Ekern Assistant Director, Center for Preventive Action John Elliott Research Associate NATIONAL PROGRAM AND OUTREACH Seth Flaxman Research Associate Jeffrey Friedman Research Associate Irina A. Faskianos Vice President Stephanie Gilbert Research Associate Marjorie S. Brands Associate Director Robert Harper Program Coordinator, Military Fellows Program Naureen Kabir Assistant Director Riad Houry Research Associate Jessica R. Brandt Program Associate Eliana Johnson Research Associate Francesca A. Filippelli Program Associate Joshua Kvernen Research Associate Jessica L. Finz Program Associate Jaeah Lee Research Associate Mira Rapp-Hooper Assistant to the Vice President Katherine Michonski Research Associate Ian Mitch Research Associate Membership, Fellowship, and Corporate Affairs Sara Moller Research Associate L. Camille Massey Vice President Alexander Noyes Research Associate Julie Jenkins Special Assistant to the Vice President Anton Ornstein Research Associate Nancy Yao Maasbach Managing Director, Corporate Affairs Victoria Palomo Research Associate Aimee Carter Washington Director, Corporate Affairs

Staff 91 Jana Gasn Beauchamp Deputy Director, Member Relations information services Jean Olivier-White Business Manager Charles Day Chief Technology Officer Helen Belmont Assistant Director, Corporate Affairs Deepak Trivedi Deputy Director, Information Services Operations Monti Burnett Membership Administrator Richard Wawzycki Deputy Director, Information Technology Sarah Dandurand Program Coordinator, Membership Affairs Sadia Bhatti Senior Network Engineer Elizabeth Mathai Program Coordinator, Fellowship Affairs Roberto Osoria Senior Programmer Analyst Kanika Srinivasan Program Coordinator, Corporate Affairs Virginia Rolston Parrott Database Manager and Technical Trainer Jenny Atanasoska Program Associate, Membership Chris Sierra LAN Administrator and Fellowship Affairs Robert Allende Help Desk Technician Scott Bradbury Program Associate, Membership Affairs Alice McLoughlin Assistant to the Chief Technology Officer special events Communications AND MARKETING Valerie Post Director Lisa Shields Vice President Laura Remmert Assistant Director Anya Schmemann Director, Communications Caroline Hockmeyer Event Sales Coordinator Sara Weeks Deputy Director, Communications and Marketing Beth Harris Special Events Assistant Aerica Kennedy Associate Director, Washington Leigh-Ann Krapf Associate Director facility operations Nadine Apelian Communications Coordinator and Media Relations, Neftali Frank Alvarez Director Foreign Affairs Ian Noray Associate Director Nidhi Sinha Communications Coordinator Edwin Santiago Facility Operations Manager Sarah Doolin Special Assistant to the Vice President Anthony Ramirez Assistant Manager Christopher Bostick Facility Operations Assistant Development Dwitte Campbell Evening Facility Operations Assistant Angel Cordova Facility Operations Assistant Suzanne E. Helm Vice President Gilbert Falcon Evening Facility Operations Assistant Betsy R. Gude Director of Development Operations Julissa Sarabia Facility Operations Assistant Sharon R. Herbst Deputy Director, Special Projects Audie Smith Facility Operations Assistant Jennifer Jose Vargas Facility Operations Assistant Colletti-Membreño Assistant Director, Special Projects Lawrence White Facility Operations Assistant Sofia Eastman Development Associate Danielle Moore Help Desk Coordinator Lena Moy Gifts Administrator Margaret O’Leary Foundation Relations Coordinator events management Mark Hudson Event Manager Administration Justin Bilski Assistant Event Manager Janice L. Murray Senior Vice President, Treasurer, Robert Prinzi Assistant Event Manager and Chief Operating Officer Glen Goldman Audio Visual Engineer Jan Mowder Hughes Director of Human Resources and Deputy Chief Operating Officer Fiona Korwin-Pawlowski Special Assistant to the Senior Vice President, Treasurer, and Chief Operating Officer finance Jennifer Perez Associate Director Sigi Silvani Accounting Manager Abram George Senior Accountant Latoya Stewart Staff Accountant Evanda Butler Accounting Associate Linda Copeland Accounting Associate Vera Langley Accounting Associate Anisa Stefi Accounts Payable Associate human resources Jan Mowder Hughes Director of Human Resources and Deputy Chief Operating Officer Margot Morey Deputy Director, New York Clay Johnson Associate Director, Washington Katie Droy Assistant Director Ethel Baril Human Resources Coordinator Liz Orgera Human Resources Coordinator Gideon Copple Interdepartmental Program Associate reception services Melanie Neergaard Manager Patrice Sullivan Reception Services Coordinator library and research services Lilita V. Gusts Director, Library and Research Services, and Secretary of the Corporation Marcia L. Sprules Deputy Director Michelle Baute Associate Director, Web Research Sources Connie M. Stagnaro Research Intranet and Archives Coordinator Erika L. Anderson Technical Services Coordinator Nicholaos Fokas Library Assistant Barbara K. Miller Consulting Archivist

92 Membership

The Council is first and foremost a membership organiza- term membership, candidates must be nominated by one tion. With more than 4,300 members, the Council’s ranks member and seconded by two other individuals (maxi- include top government officials, renowned scholars, mum of three). The seconding letters do not need to be business leaders, acclaimed journalists, prominent law- from Council members, but letters from members are yers, and a host of distinguished nonprofit professionals. strongly encouraged. It is recommended that at least one The current membership is divided almost equally among letter from a current or former professional colleague New York, Washington, and those across the country be included. All candidates must complete a nominee and abroad. The Council relies on its members for their information form, which can be found on the Council’s engagement, substantive contributions, and support, website, and provide a curriculum vitae or chronologi- and counts on members to identify and propose qualified cal resume. If foreign born, the candidate must submit prospects for membership. Membership development a statement that he or she has been naturalized or is a efforts are focused on identifying and attracting diverse permanent resident who has made formal application for leaders in international affairs across all sectors. citizenship. All materials should be sent electronically to [email protected]. Emailed letters must include Membership Selection Procedures an electronic signature or letterhead or must be supple- New members are named twice a year by the Board of mented with a signed hard copy, sent by mail or fax. Directors, which invites selected men and women to join based on the recommendations of the Membership Rules and Regulations Committee. The committee, which meets twice a year, is A candidate’s nominator is responsible for ensuring that composed of five members of the Board and other non- all required application materials are submitted to the Board members the committee chair appoints. To be Council’s Membership Department by the filing dead- considered by the Membership Committee, candidates lines. Candidates or their nominators are responsible must be proposed for membership by current Council for securing seconding letters within the guidelines pre- members. The roster of members is listed at the end of scribed below. Council members are advised to commit this annual report. themselves to supporting a candidacy only when they At every meeting, the Membership Committee consid- can fairly meet the requirements of the process and the ers significantly more candidates than there are vacancies. expectations of the candidates who depend on them for Thus, it is inevitable that some nominations will appear assistance. Please also note the following: before the committee on several occasions. Given the high Council membership is restricted to citizens of the level of the competition, some candidates may never be United States or permanent residents of the United States elected even though they may embody many of the indi- who have made application to become citizens. vidual qualifications outlined below. Council visiting fellows are prohibited from applying for membership until they have completed their fellow- Term Membership ship tenure. Under the auspices of the Membership Committee, Officers of the Council as well as members of the candidates between the ages of the thirty and thirty-six Board of Directors and Membership Committee are pre- are evaluated annually for consideration as five-year term cluded from nominating or writing seconding letters on members of the Council. The term member program any candidate’s behalf. has grown considerably since it was established more A member who is a spouse, close relative (such as a than thirty years ago, with the number of term mem- parent, sibling, cousin, and the like), or near in-law of bers now indexed at up to 15 percent of the total Council a candidate may not formally propose or second that membership. candidate for membership in the Council. Members should also refrain from writing on behalf of clients. Becoming a Member Members should write only in support of candidates Candidates for life membership must be nominated in whom they know well. Additionally, members are encour- writing by one member and seconded by three other aged to make comparative judgments about candidates individuals (maximum of four). To be considered for where appropriate. The committee also advises members

93 to write no more than two letters per round (either one Notification of Candidates nominating letter and one seconding letter, or two sec- All membership candidates and their nominators will onding letters). receive notification of the committee’s decisions accord- In the first paragraph, a clear and comprehensive state- ing to the schedule below. Seconders of elected candidates ment about the nature of the relationship with the candi- will also be notified. date must be included. application d e a d l i n e notification Life Membership March 1 June Nominating Letters Term Membership November 1 June Thoughtful, candid, and succinct comments are far more Life Membership October 1 February important than formal endorsements of candidates. Letters nominating a candidate for consideration by the Candidates who are unsuccessful at any given meeting Membership Committee should be no more than five hun- remain eligible for consideration at a subsequent meeting dred words, and should also address the following criteria: of the committee. An application is reactivated when new materials are received. It is strongly recommended that can- – intellectual attainment and expertise; didates submit at least one new letter of support, an updated – degree of experience, interest, and current involvement curriculum vitae, and a new nominee information form. in international affairs or in other areas affecting inter- If a candidate is not elected after two consecutive meet- national affairs; ings, the application will be placed on hold for a period of – promise of future achievement and service in foreign three years for life membership candidates and one year for relations; term membership candidates. After the hold period, the – potential contributions to the Council’s work; candidate may reactivate the file for consideration. For term – desire and ability to participate in Council activities; and membership applicants, the hold period does not apply if a – standing among his or her peers. candidate would be ineligible to reapply due to age. The process is entirely one of affirmative selection Seconding Letters from the large and evolving pool of nominees. Seconding letters need not be as comprehensive (and should be no more than 300 words) but should amplify Profile of the Membership why, in the opinion of the writer, a given candidate should n u m b e r p e r c e n t a g e be considered for Council membership. In seconding o f m e m b e r s o f m e m b e r s h i p letters particularly, writers should express why a given Location candidate should be considered for Council membership New York Area 1,421 33 for reasons beyond the basic criteria cited. Washington, DC, Area 1,316 30 All membership nominating and seconding letters National/International 1,601 37 should be emailed as text or Microsoft Word documents Total 4,338 100 to [email protected]. Profession Business 1,244 24 Deadlines Professors, Fellows, Strict observance of deadlines is essential to staff support and Researchers 856 20 of the Membership Committee’s work, and we request Nonprofit 667 15 your continuing cooperation. The preparation of individ- Government 458 10 ual membership files for submission to the Membership Law 298 7 Committee is an ongoing process. Candidates whose files University and College are not completed in time for any given meeting of the Administrators 206 5 committee have their files carried forward, without preju- Journalists, dice, to the subsequent meeting, but are considered only Correspondents, if completed. and Editors 398 9 Other 218 10 Life Membership Total 4,338 100 The deadlines for receipt of all materials for the two yearly Contact for all membership matters and correspondence: meetings of the Membership Committee to consider life membership candidates are March 1 and October 1. L. Camille Massey, Vice President for Membership, Fellowship, and Corporate Affairs Term Membership Council on Foreign Relations The deadline for receipt of all materials for the annual 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065 meeting of the Membership Committee to consider term tel 212.434.9487 fax 212.434.9801 membership candidates is November 1. [email protected]

94 Membership Roster

Allen, Lew Jr. Armstrong, Charles Michael Baker, James A. Ill Aaron, David L. Allen, Richard V. Armstrong, Lloyd Jr. Baker, John R. Abbot, Charles S. Allen, ThadW. Arnhold, Henry H. Baker, Abbott, Kimberly M.t Allen, William L. Arnold, Millard W. Baker, Pauline H. Abbott, Wilder K. Allison, Graham T. Aron, Adam M. Baker, Stewart A. Abboud, A. Robert Allison, Richard C. Aronson, Bernard W. Baker, Thurbert E. Abboud, Labeeb M. Almond, Michael A. Aronson, Jonathan David Bakhash, Shaul Abell, Keith W. Alonzo, Anne L. Arsenian, Deana Bakstansky, Peter Abercrombie, Cara L. Alter, Jonathan H. Arsht, Adrienne Balaran, Paul Abercrombie-Winstanley, Gina K. Alter, Karen J. Art, Robert J. Baldwin Moody, Carol Abernethy, Robertjohn Alterman, JonB. Arthurs, Alberta Baldwin, David A. Abizaid, John P. Altman, Drew* Artigiani, Carole Baldwin, Robert Edward Altman, Roger C. Aboelnaga Kanaan, Mona Asencio, Diego C. Baldwin, Sherman Altman, William C. Asian, Reza Abraham, David Stephenf Bales, Carter F. Altshuler, David Asmus, Ronald D. Balick, Kenneth Abramowitz, Michael f. Alvarado, Donna Maria Assousa, George E. Baliles, Gerald L. Abramowitz, Morton I. Alvarez,Jose E. Atkins, Betsy S. Ballou-Aares, Daniella Abrams, Elliott Alving, Amy E. Atkinson, Caroline Balstad, Roberta Abrams, Stacey Y. Amanat, Omar S. Atuahene, Bernadette'f Band, Laurence M. Abshirc, David M. Amerine, Jason L. Atwood, J. Brian Bandler, Donald K. Aburdene, Odeh F. Amirfar, Catherine M. Auer, James E. Banner, Jonathan S.* Acharya, Nishith Hemendra Amlani, Ajay Kishan Aufhauser, David D. Bansal, PreetaD. Ackerly, John Maxon Amos, Deborah Susan Augustine, Norman R. Bapna, Manish Ackerman, Peter Amr, Hady A. Auslin, Michael R. Barany, Zoltan Acosta, Daniel). Jr. Andelman, David A. Auspitz, Josiah Lee Barber, Benjamin R. Adams, Gordon M. Andersen, Harold W. Ausubel, [esse H. Barber, Charles F. Adams, Michael F. Anderson, Christine L."|* Avedon, John F. Barber, James Alden Adams, Robert McCormick Anderson, Craig B. Avery, John E. Bardel, William G. Adams, Timothy Dees Anderson, Desaix Avery, William H. Barger, Teresa C. Addonizio, Elizabeth^ Anderson, Edward G. Ill Awuah, Patrick G. Jr. Barkan, Joel D. Adelman, Carol C. Anderson, Gloria B. Axelrod, Robert M. Barkey, Henri J. Adkins, Travis L."f Anderson, John B. Ayers, H. Brandt Barnes, Harry G. Jr. Adler, Allen R. Anderson, Lisa Azim, Khalid Barnes, Michael D. Aggarwal, Vinod K. Anderson, Mark A. Barnett, F. William Agostinelli, Robert F. Anderson, Paul F. Barnett, Michael Nathan* Ahearn, William E. B Anderson, Wendy Rhea Barnett, Robert B. Ahem, Stephanie R. Babbitt, Bruce Andreas, Terry Lynn Barod, Raenu Babbitt, Eileen F. Aidinoff, M. Bernard Andrews, David R. Babbitt, Harriet C. Barrett, Barbara McConnell Ajami, Fouad Andrews, Michael A. Bacchus, James L. Barrett, John Adams Albion, Alexis K. Angelson, Mark A. Bacevich, Andrew J. Barron, Michael J.* Albright, Madeleine K. Ansour, M. Michael Bacon, Kenneth H. Barry, Grace Alderman, Michael H. Anthoine, Robert Bader, Christine H. Barry, John L. Aldrich, George H. Anthony, John Duke Bader, Jeffrey A.* Barry, Lisa B. Alexander, John R. Aossey, Nancy A. Bader, William B. Barry, Nancy M. Alexander, Margo N. Apgar, David P. Baer, Donald A. Barry, Thomas Corcoran Alexander, Robert J. Aponte, Mari Carmen Baeza, Mario L. Barshay, Jill J. Alford, William P. Appenteng, Kofi Bagley, Bruce M.* Barshefsky, Charlene Allaire, Paul A. Appiah, Kwame A. Bagley, Elizabeth Frawley Bartholomew, Reginald Allbritton, Joe L. Applebaum, Anne E. Bahar, Michaelf Bartlett, Joseph W. Allen, J. Michael III Apter, David E. Bailey, Jed Nathanielf Bartlett, Richard Allen* Allen, Jodie T. Arcos, Cresencio S. Bailey, Ronald Lewis Bartlett, Timothy J. Arend, Anthony Clark Bains, Leslie E. Bartolomei, Jason E."f * Elected to membership in 2008. Argov, Gideon* Baird, Peter W. Bartsch, David A. •^Elected to five-year term membership in Arkin, Stanley S. 2008. Baird, Zoe Basek, JohnT. Note: Membership shown as of September Armacost, Michael H. 1,2008. Baker, Howard H. Jr. Basnight,ElisaM.T.

95 Basora, Adrian A. Bernstein, David Scott Bloomgarden, Kathy Finn Branson, Louise Bass, Gary J. Bernstein, Peter W. Blum, Richard C. Braswell, Kimberly G. Bass, Peter E. Bernstein, Robert L. Blumenthal, Sidney S. Brauchli, Marcus W. Bass, Warren Bernstein, Tom A. Blumenthal, W. Michael Braunschvig, David Batkin, Alan R. Berresford, Susan Vail Blumrosen, Alexander Bernet Brazeal, Aurelia E. Bator, Francis M Berris, Jan Bob, Daniel E. Breck, Henry R. Battaglia, Charles C. Bcrsin, AlanD. Bobbitt, Philip Chase Breed, Henry Eltinge III Bayh, Evan Bertini, Catherine Ann Bodansky, Daniel M. Bremer, L. Paul III Bayrasli, Elmira-!" Bertsch, Gary K. Bodea, Andy S. Bremmer, Ian A. Bean, Frank D. Bcshar, Peter J. Bogert, Carroll R. Breslauer, George William Bearg-Dyke, Nancy Bestani, Robert M. Bohen, Frederick M. Brewer, John D. Beattie, Richard I. Bestor, Theodore C. Bohigian, David S. Breyer, Stephen G. Bcatty, Warren Betts, Richard K. Bohlen, Avis T. Briger, Peter L. Jr. Becherer, Hans W. Beutner, Austin M. Bohn, John A. Brigety, Reuben Earl II* Beck, Douglas A. Bewkes, Jeffrey Boies, Mary Mclnnis Brill, Alexander M. Becker, Elizabeth H. Beyzavi, Kian Boiling, Landrum R. Brimmer, Andrew F. Beckler, David Z. Bhala, Raj Bollinger, Lee C. Brimmer, Esther Diane Bedrosian, Gregory R. Bhide, Amar V. Bollyky, Thomas J. Brinkley, Douglas G. Beeman, Richard E. Bialkin, Kenneth J. Bolton, John R. Britt, David V.B. Behringer, Michael P. Bialos, Jeffrey P. Bommer, Ashley FayeJ" Britt, Glenn A. Beim, David O. Bickford, Jewelle Bond, Robert D. Britton, Dennis A. Beim, Nicholas F. Biddle, George C. Bondurant, Amy L. Broad, Robin Bckavac, Nancy Yavor Biegun, Stephen Edward Bonime-Blanc, Andrea Broadman, Harry G. Belfer, Robert A. Biel, Eric R. Bonner, Jacquelyn Rebekka Broadwell, Paula D."f Belk, Peter I. Biemann, Betsy Bonner, Robert C. Brock, Steven Vernon Bell, Burwell B. Bienen, Henry S. Bonney, J. Dennis Brod, Laura M. Bell, Gordon P. Bierley, John C. Booker, Cory A. Broda, Frederick C. Bell, Joseph C. Biersteker, Thomas J. Booth, Bruce L. Jr. Brodsky, William J. Bell, Peter Dexter Biggs, John H. Booth, Carter Brody, Christopher W. Bell, Robert G. Biglari, Hamid Bordotf, Jason E. Brody, Kenneth D. Bell, Ruth Greenspan Billig, Michelle N. Boren, David L. Brokaw, Tom Bell, Steve Billingsley, Lucy C. Borgerson, Scott G'f Bronfman, Edgar Jr. Bell, Thomas D. Jr. Bindenagel, James D. Bork, Ellen E. Bronfman, Edgar M. Bellamy, Carol Bingle, Michael J. Boschwitz, Rudy Bronner, Ethan S. Bellinger, John B. Ill Binkley, Nicholas Burns Bosworth, Stephen W. Bronson, Rachel Bello, Judith H. Binnendijk, Hans Botts, JohnC. Brookins, Carole L. Bell-Rose, Stephanie K. Birdsall, Nancy Boufford, Jo Ivey Brooks, Stephen G. Bender, Gerald J. Birkclund, John P. Bouis, Antonina W. Brower, Charles N. Benedict, Kennette M. Bishop, William B. Boulware-Miller, Kay Brown Weiss, Edith Benioff, Marc Russell Bissell, Richard E. Boustany, Charles W. Jr. Brown, Alice Lynn Benmosche, Robert H. Black, Cathleen P. Bouton, Marshall M. Brown, Bartram S. Bennet, Douglas J. Black, Leon D. Bovin, Denis A. Brown, Binta Niambrf Bennett, Andrew Owen Black, Bower, Joseph Lyon Brown, Carroll Bennett, Christina A. Black, Stanley Warren Bower, Whitney A. Brown, Frederic J. Bennett, Susan J. Blackburn, Leigh J. Bowie, Robert R. Brown, Gwendolyn A. Benshoof, Janet Blacker, CoitD. Bowles, Erskine B. Brown, Harold Benson, Lucy Wilson Blackwell, J. Kenneth Bowman, Bradley L. Brown, John P. Bereuter, Douglas K. Blackwill, Robert D. Bowman, Frank Lee Brown, Katherine A. Bergen, Peter Lampert Blake, Robert O. Bown, Chad P. Brown, Kathleen Berger, Joshua Adam Blank, Jonah Bowyer, Elizabeth Caldwell Brown, Leon Carl Berger, Marilyn Blank, Stephen Boyd, Charles Graham Brown, Lester R. Berger, Samuel R. Blechman, Barry M. Bracken, Paul Brown, Michael E. Berger, Suzanne Bleich, Jeffrey L. Braddock, Richard S. Brown, Richard P. Jr. Bergman, Lowell A. Bleier, Edward Brademas, John Brown, Seyom Bergsten, C. Fred Blendon, Robert Jay Bradford, Nichol Raet Browning, David S. Berkley, Seth F. Bleyer, Kevin"j" Bradford, Zeb B. Jr. Bruce, Judith Berkowitz, Bruce D. Blinder, Alan S. Bradley, Bill Brun, Leslie A. Berkowitz, Howard P. Blinken, Alan John Bradley, David G. Bryan, Greyson L. Bcrman, Howard L. Blinken, Antony J. Brady, Linda Parrish Bryant, Michael E. Berman, John S. Blinken, Donald Brady, Nicholas F. Bryant, Ralph C. Berman, Jonathan E.* Bliss, Katherine E. Brady, Rose Bryson, John E. Bernard, Kenneth W. Bloch, Julia Chang Brainard, Lael Brzezinski, Mark F. Berndt, John E. Bloom, Evan T. Bramlett.JeffG. Brzezinski, Zbigniew Bloomberg, Michael R. Bramwell, Elizabeth R. Buaron, Roberto Bloomfield, Lincoln P. Branch, Daniel H. Buchman, Mark Edward * Elected to membership in 2008. I Elected to five-year term membership Bloomfield, Richard J. Branscomb, Lewis M. Bucknam, Mark A.* in 2008.

96 Bueno de Mesquita. Bruce Campbell, F. Gregory Chang, |uju Cloherty, Patricia M. Buergenthal, Thomas Campbell, Kurt M. Chanin, Clifford Cloonan, Edward T. Bugliarcllo, George Campbell, Thomas J. Chanis, Jonathan A. Clough, Michael Bull.BartleBreese Cannella, Margaret Chao, Amy L. Coatsworth, John 11. Bullock, Mary Brown Caperton, William Gaston III Chao, Angela A. Cobb, Charles E. Jr. Bumpas, Stuart Maryman Caplan, Gregory A. Chao, Elaine L. Cobb, Sue McCourt Bundy, William D.t Cappello, Alexander L.* Charles, Robert Bruce Cobb. W. Bunzel. Jeffrey H. Cappello, Juan Carlos Charnovitz, Steve Cochran, Barbara S. Burand, Deborah K. Caputo, David A. Chartener, Robert Coffey, C. Shelby III Burgess, |ohn A. Caputo, Lisa M. Chase, Anthony R. Cogan, Charles G. Burke, Cody D. Carbonell, Nestor T. Chatterjee, Purnendu Cogan, Jacob Katz Burke, ]amesE. Cardenas, JoseA. Chaves, Robert J. Cogbill.JohnP. Burnett, Erin Isabellcf Carey, John Chayes. Antonia Handler Cohen, Abby Joseph Burnham, Christopher Bancroft Carey, Sarah C. Checki.Terrence J. Cohen, Ariel Burnley, (antes H. IV Carey, William P. Cheek, Marney L.^ Cohen, Benjamin J. Burns, Patrick Owen Cari, Joseph A. Jr. Chen, John S. Cohen, Betsy Burns, R. Nicholas Carl, Maria 1,. Chen, Kimball C. Cohen, Eliot A. Burns, William F. Carlos. Manuel Luis Chen, Lincoln C. Cohen, Herman (. Burns, William). Carlson, Scott A. Chen, Philip D. Cohen, Jerome Alan Burrows, Mathew Carlucci, Frank C. Chenault, Kenneth I. Cohen, Joel E. Burt, Richard R. Carmichael. William D. Cheney, Richard B. Cohen, Richard M. Burton, Daniel F. [r. Carnesale, Albert Cheney, Stephen A. Cohen, Roberta Jane Burwell, Sylvia Mathews Carone, Christa B. Cherian, Saj Cohen, Shelley H, Carothers, Thomas Bushy, Joshua W. Chester, Ellen Cohen, Stephen Bruce Carpenter, Ted Galen Bush. Jonathan S. Chesney, Robert M."|" Cohen, Stephen F. Carr, John W. Bush, Mary K. Cheston, Sheila (". Cohen, Stephen S. Carrington, Walter C. Cohen, Warren I. Bush, Richard Clarence III Cheung, ChihT. Carroll, J. Speed Cohen, William S. Bushner, Rolland H. Chichester, MarkH. Carruth, Reba Anne Colby, Jonathan E. Bussey, John C. Chickering. A. Lawrence Carson, Charles William Jr. Cole, Johnnetta B. Butler, Paul W. Choffnes, Eileen R.+ Carson, Johnnie Cole, Jonathan R. Butler. Samuel C. Choi, Audrey Carswell, Robert Coleman, Isobel Butler, William |. Chollet, Derek 11. Carter, Aimee D.f Coleman, Lewis W. Butte-Dahl, Jennifer Lynne Cholmondcley, Paula H.J. Carter, Ashton B. Coleman, William T. Jr. Buultjens, Ralph Choucri, Nazli Carter, Barry E. Coles, Julius E. Buxbaum, Richard M. Chretien, Jean-Paulj" Carter, Hoddinglll Coll, Alberto R. Buvske. Gail Christensen, Guillermo Santiago Carter, James Earl Collazo, Ernest J.* Byrd, Kahlil J. Christensen, Stanley F. Carter, James H. Collins, [ay Byrne, Patrick M. Christensen, Thomas J. Carter, Mark Andrew Collins, Joseph J. Byrnes, Maureen K.* Christenson, Michael J. Carter, Marshall Nichols Collins, Marc A. Byrom, Jonathan C. Christianson, Geryld B. Casper, Gerhard Collins, Mark M. Jr. Christman, Daniel William Cassel, Douglass W. Jr. Collins, Timothy C. C Christopher, Warren Casrelblanco, David Collins, Wayne Dale Cabot, Louis W. Chung, Christine K. Cattarulla, Elliot R. Comstock, Philip E. Jr. Caccres. Diane Alleva Churchill, Bruce B.* Catto, Henry E. Cone. Sydney M. Ill Caesar, Camille M. Cicerone, Ralph J.* Caufield, Frank [. Conley, Dalton Cahill, Kevin M. Cirincione, Joseph Caulfield, Matthew P. Conlcv. JillG. Calahia, DawnT. Cavanagh, Richard Edward Clapp.Priscilla A. Calabia, F. Christopher* Cavanaugh, Carey Clarida, Richard H. Conners Petersen, Leila Anne Calabresi, Massimo F.T. Cave, Ray Charles Clark, Dick Connolly, Gerald E. Calder, Kent Eyring Cayten, Megan Reillyt Clark, J.H. CuUum Connor, JohnT. Jr. Caldera, Louis E. Celeste, Richard F. Clark, Mark Edmond Considine, Jill M. Caldwell, Dan Edward Cerjan. Paul G. Clark, Noreen M. Constable, Pamela Caldwell, Philip Cha, Victor D. Clark, Wesley K. Conway, Jill Calello, Paul L.* Chadda, Maya Clarke, Donald C. Cook, Frances D. Calhoun, Craig J. Challenor, Herschelle S. Clarke, Jack G. Cook, Gary M. Califano, Joseph A. Jr. Chambers, Anne Cox Clarke, Teresa Hillary Cooke, Goodwin Calihmo, Mark Gerard Chambers. Liza B. Clark-Johnson, Susan J. Cooke, John F. Calkins, Samuel L. Chamie, Joseph Claussen, Eileen B. Coombe, George William Jr. Callaghy, Thomas M. Chan, Gerald L. Clavel, Alex Bernard Coon, Jane Abell Callander, Robert J. Chan, Ronnie C. Clement, Peter A. Cooney, Joan Ganz Callen, Michael A. Chan, Tung M. Cleveland, Peter Matthews Cooper, Caroline N. Calleo, David Patrick Chandrasekaran, Rajiv A. Clifford, Donald K. Jr. Cooper, Charles A. Cambria, Salvatore F. Chang, David C. Clifford, Mark Lambert Cooper, James H.S. ('amp. Roderic Ai Chang, Gareth C.C. Cline, William R. Cooper, John Milton Jr. Campbell, Carolyn Margaret Chang, Joyce dinger, William F. Jr. Cooper, Kathleen B. Campbell, Colin G. Clinton, William Jefferson Cooper, Kerry

Membership Roster 97 Cooper, Richard N. Curley, Walter J.P. Jr. De, Rajesh Dine, Thomas A. Corbet, Kathleen A. Curtis, Charles B. Deagle, Edwin A. Jr. Dinerstein, Robert C. Corcoran, Andrea M. Curtis, Gerald L. Dean, Jonathan Dinkins, David N. Corcoran, Carole A. Cutler, Walter L. Dean, Robert W. DiPerna, Paula Corgan, Colin f. Cutshaw, Kenneth A. Dear, Alice M. Dirks, Nicholas Bernard Cornelius, Wayne A. Cutter, W. Bowman Debevoise, Eli Whitney II Distlerath, Linda M. Cornell, Henry Cyr, Arthur I. Debs, Barbara Knowles Diuk, Nadia Cortez, Christopher Debs, Richard A. Djerejian, Edward P. Cott, Suzanne D DeBusk, F. Amanda Dobbins, James F. Cotter, William R. Daalder, Ivo H. DeCrane, Alfred C. Jr. Dobriansky, Paula J. Coulter, Michael W.| Dady, Teresa Gail Decyk, Roxanne J. Doctoroff, Daniel L. Couric, Katherine A. Dailey, Brian D. Dedrick, Fred T. Dodd, Christopher J. Courtney, William H. Dajani, Omar M. Deeks, Ashley S. Doebele, Justin W. Cousens, Elizabeth M. Dal Bello, Michael A. Deffenbaugh, Ralston H. Jr. Doerge, David J. Covey, Jock Dale, Catherine M. DeFrancia, Cristian M."|" Doi, Ayako Cowal, Sally Grooms Dale, Helle DeGioia, John J. Doley, Harold E. Jr. Cowan, Geoffrey Dale, William B. Dehgan, Alex O. Dominguez, Jorge I. Cowan, L. Gray Daley, William M. Deibel, Terry L. Donahue, Thomas R. Cowen, Leslee N. Dallara, Charles H. Del Rosso, Stephen J. Donaldson, Peter J. Cowhey, Peter F. Dailey, George Albert Deming, Rust Macpherson Donaldson, Robert H. Cox, Berry R.* Dallmeyer, Dorinda G. Dempsey, Jason K. Donaldson, William H. Cox, Edward F. Dalton, James E. Deng, Francis M. Donatich, John E. Cox, Howard E. Jr. Dam, Kenneth W. Denham, Robert E. Donehoo, Stephen C. Cox, Larry Richard Dam, Marcia Wachs Denison, Robert J. Donfried, Karen Erika Coy, Craig P. D'Amato, Alfonse M. Denning, Steven A. Donilon, Thomas E. Crahan, Margaret E. Damrosch, Lori Fisler Dennis, Everette E. Donohue, Laura K.* Crandall, Russell C. Danforth, William H. Denny, Brewster C. Donohue, Thomas J. Sr. Craner, Lome W. Daniel, D. Ronald Denoon, David B.H. Doran, Charles F. Crawford, John F. Daniel, Donald C.F. Denton, Hazel Dormandy, Xenia B.M.* Crebo-Rediker, Heidi E. Danilovich, John J. Denton, James S. Dorsen, Norman Creed, Alexandra W.* Danin, Robert M. Dentzer, Susan Dory, Amanda Jean Creekmore, Marion V. Jr. Danner, MarkD. DePoy, Phil E. Doty, Grant R. Creighton, James L.* Daschle, Thomas Andrew Dergham, Raghida Doty, Paul M. Jr. Crichton, Kyle DaSilva, Russell J. Derian, Patricia Murphy Dougan, Diana Lady Crippen, Dan L. Daskal, Jennifer Carynf Derr, Kenneth T. Dougherty, James P. Crittenden, Ann Daulaire, Nils M. Derrick, James V. Jr. Douglas, Michael Crocker, Bathsheba N. David, Jack Derryck, Vivian Lowery Douglass, Loren Crocker, Chester A. Desai, Mitul I. Douglass, Robert R. Davidson, Ralph Parsons Croft, Helima L. Desai, Padma Dowling, John Nicholas Davis, Florence A. Cromwell, Adelaide McGuinn Desai, Rohit M. Doyle, Brian J."|" Davis, Geoffrey Clark Cross, Devon G. Desai, Sunil B. Doyle, Michael W. Davis, Jacquelyn K. Cross, June V. Desai, Vishakha N. Doyle, Noreen Davis, Jerome Cross, Mary S. Dcsch, Michael C. Draper, William H. Ill Davis, Kathryn W. Cross, Sam Y. DeShazer, MacArthur Drayton, William Davis, Kim Gordon Cross, Theodore DeSouza, Patrick J. Dreier, David T. Davis, Lynn E. Crossettc, Barbara Despres,GinaH. Drew, Elizabeth Davis, Marion Thomas Crovitz, L. Gordon* Destler, I. M. Dreyfuss, Joel Davis, Nathaniel Crow, Michael M. Deutch, John Dreyfuss, Richard S. Davis, Stephen B. Crowley, Monica Elizabeth* Deutch, Shelley Drezner, Daniel W. Davison, Kristina Perkin Crown, Lester DeVecchi, Robert P. Drobnick, Richard Lee Dawisha, Karen Lea Crumpton, Henry A.* Devine, C. Maury Drozdiak, William M. Dawkins, Peter M. Cruz, Heidi S. Devine, John J. Drucker, Joy E. Dawson Carr, Marion M. Crystal, Lester M. Devine, Thomas J. Drucker, Richard A. Dawson, Christine L. Cukier, Kenneth Neil DeYoung, Karen J. Druyan, Ann Dawson, Horace G. Jr. Cullum, Lee Diamond, Michael W. Dryden, Sam Day, Arthur R. Culora, Thomas J.* Diaz, Charley L. Duberstein, Kenneth M. Days, Drew Saunders III Cumming, Alfred DiCasagrande Olsen, RitaL. DuBrul, Stephen M. Jr. de Borchgrave, Arnaud Cumming, Christine M. Dickey, Christopher S. Duelfer, Charles A. de Habsburgo, Inmaculada Cummings, Alexander B. Jr. Dicks, Norman D. Duersten, Althea L. de Janosi, Peter E. Cummings, Craig P. Dickson-Horton, Valerie L. Duffey, Joseph D. de Lasa, Jose M. Cuneo, Donald Didion, Joan Duffie, David A. de Menil, Georges Cunningham, James B. Diehl, Jackson K. Dully, Gloria Charmian de Menil, Joy Alexandra Cunningham, Nelson W. Dilenschneider, Robert L. Duffy, James H. de Menil, Lois Pattison Diller, Barry* DuGan, Gordon F. de Rothschild, Lynn Forester DiMartino, Rita Duggan, Timothy E. * Elected to membership in 2008. de Swaanjean-Christophe Dimon, James Duke, Robin Chandler J"Elected to five-year term membership de Vries, Rimmer in 2008. Dulany, Peggy Ellsworth, Robert F. Ferguson, James L. Foley, C. Fritz Dunbar, Charles F. El-Shazli,HebaF.* Ferguson, Roger W. Jr. Foley, S. Robert Jr. Duncan, Charles William |r. Elson, Edward E. Ferguson, Tim W. Foley, Thomas S. Duncan, Graham A. Ely-Raphel, Nancy Halliday Fernandez, Jose W. Folsom, George A. Dunigan, Patrick Andrew Embree, AinslieT. Ferrari, Bernard T.* Fontaine, Richard H. Jr. Dunkerlev, Craig G. Emerson, John B. Ferraro, Geraldine A. Fonts, Carlos E. Dunlop, Joan B, Emmert, Jonathan Adam Ferre, Antonio Luis Foote, Edward T. II Dunn, Jonathan S. Emmert, Mark A.* Ferre, Helen Aguirre Foote, William Fulbright Dunn, Kempton Enders, Barbara Pillsbury Ferre, Maurice A. Forbes, Kristin J. Dunn, Lewis A. Ensor, David B. Ferrell, Lisa Carolyn Ford, Harold E. Jr.* Dunn, Michael M. Entwistle, L. Brooks Ferrell, Robert S.* Ford, Paul B. Jr. Dur, Philip A. Epstein, Jason Fesharaki, Fereidun Fore, Henrietta Holsman Durkin, Patrick). Epstein, Jeffrey Fessenden, Hart Forman, Shepard L. Dworkin, Douglas A. Epstein, Joshua M. Fetter, Steve Forstmann, Theodore J. Dyer, |ames W. Erb, Guy F. Fick, Nathaniel C.| Forsythe, Rosemarie Dvson, Esther Erb, Richard D. Fiedler, Jeffrey L. Fosler, Gail D. Erbsen, Claude E. Fields, Bertram H. Foss, Michelle Michot Erburu, Robert F. Fields, Craig 1. Foster, Badi Garrett Eagleburger, Lawrence S. Ercklentz, Alexander T. Fife, Eugene V. Foster, Brenda Lei Earle, Ralph II Erdmann, Andrew P.N. Filippone, Robert J. Foster, Charles C. East, Maurice A. Ervin, Clark Kent Findakly, Hani K. Foster, Richard N. Easterly, Jennie M* Esfandiari, Haleh Findlav, D. Cameron Fourquet, Jose A. Eastman, John Lindner Esper, MarkT.* Fine, Joshua Adam Fowler, Jeffrey L. Easum, Donald B. Esserman, Susan G. Finelli, Francis A. Fowler, Wyche Jr. Eberhart, Ralph E. Estabrook, Robert H. Finer, Jonathan J.| Fox, Daniel M. Eberstadt, Nicholas Esty. Daniel C. Fink, Sheri L. Fox, Donald T. Echols, Marsha A. Etzioni, Amitai Finkelstein, Lawrence S. Fox, Eleanor M. Eck, Bailey Morris Evans, Gail H. Finn, Edwin A. Jr. Fox, Merritt Baker Economy, Elizabeth C. Evans, Harold M. Finnemore, Martha Foxman, Abraham H. Ecton, Donna R. Finney, Paul B. Fraga Neto, Arminio Eddleman, Linda Hiniker Fionda, Kenneth Quinnt Franck, Thomas M. Firestone, Charles M. Francke, Albert Eddy, Randolph P. Ill Fabian, Larry L. Firmage, Edwin B. Frank, Andrew D. Edelman, Gerald M. Factor, Mallory Fisch, Mark Frank, Charles R. Jr. Edelman, Marian Wright Fairbanks, Richard Fischbach, Gerald D. Frank, Richard A. Edelman, Richard Winston Fairman, David M. Fischer, Betsy Frankel, Adam B. Edington, Mark D.W. Falco, Mathea Fischer, Stanley Frankel, Francine R. Edlev, Christopher )r. Falk, Pamela S. Fisher, Drosten Andrewt Frankel, Jeffrey A. Edwards, George C. Ill Falk, Richard A. Fisher, Julie Ann Franklin, Barbara Hackman Edwards, Howard L. Fallon. Robert E. Edwards, Robert H. Fisher, Peter R. Franklin, Shirley Clarke* Fallows, James Edwards, Robert H. (r. Fisher, Richard W. Franklin, William Emery Fang, Bay")" Effron, Blair Fisher, Roger D. Fravel, M. Taylor Fanton, Jonathan Foster biros. Laura L. Fisher, Scott C. Frazier, Kenneth C. Farer, Tom J. Eggers, Jeffrey W."j" Fishlow, Albert Fredman, Jonathan M. Farhadian, Tali Farimah Eggers, Thomas E. Fisk, Daniel W. Freedman, Alix M. Farkas, Evelyn N. Ehrenkranz, Joel S. Fitchett, Mercedes Carmela Freedman, Michael E."|" Farman-Farmaian, Elizabeth Worley Eichengreen, Barry ). Fitts, Sarah A.W. Freeman, Bennett Farmer, Thomas L. Eikenberry, Karl W. FitzGerald, Frances Freeman, Constance J. Farrar, Jay C. Einaudi.LuigiR. Fitzgibbons, Harold E. Freeman, Harry L. Farrar, Stephen Prescott Einhorn,)essicaP. Fitzgibbons, John B. Freidheim, Cyrus F. Farrell, Diana Einhorn, Robert J. Fitz-Pegado, Lauri J. Freidheim, Scott J.* Faskianos, Irina A. Eisendrath, Charles R. Flaherty, Martin S. Freidheim, Stephen C. Fassler, Matthew J. Eizenstat, Stuart E. Flaherty, Pamela P. Frelinghuysen, Peter H.B. Fawaz, Leila Elden, Richard Flaherty, Peter Frey, Donald N. Feigenbaum, Evan A. Elias. Christopher J.* Flanagan, Stephen J. Frey, Howard A. Feinberg, Jared A. Ellenbogen, Henry M. Flannery, Julian M. Freyer, DanaH. Feinberg, Richard E. Elliott, Dorinda Fleischmann, Alan H. Fribourg, Paul J. Feiner, Ava S. Elliott, Inger McCabe Fleming, Gregory James Fried, Edward R. Feinstein, Dianne Elliott, Osborn Fletcher, Phillip Douglas* Friedberg, Aaron Louis Feinstein, Lee Ellis, James Reed Flom, Joseph H. Friedberg, Barry S. Feissel, Gustave Ellis, Lisa R. Flournoy, Michele A. Friedman, Alexander Stephen Feist, Samuel H. Ellis, Mark S. Flynn, George J. Friedman, Bart Feith, Douglas J. Ellis, Patricia Flynn, Stephen E. Friedman, Benjamin M. Feldman, Mark B. Ellis. Rodney Fn'Piere, Patrick John Friedman, Fredrica S. Ellison, Keith Paty Feldstein, Martin S. Fogleman, Ronald R. Friedman, Jordana D. Ellsberg, Daniel Fellner, Jamie Foglesong, Robert H. Friedman, Stephen Ferguson, Charles H.

Membership Roster 99 Friedman, Stephen J. Gaudiani, Claire L. Glin, C. D. Jr.t Gray, David E. Friedman, Thomas L. Gause, F. Gregory III Globerman, Norma Gray, Hanna Holborn Frieman, Wendy Gavin, Francis J. Gluck, Carol Greathead, R. Scott Friend, Theodore W. Gavrilis, James A. Gluck, Frederick W. Greco, Richard Jr. Frist, William H. Gawronski, Joseph Charles Godchaux, Frank A. Ill Green, Carl J. Froman, Michael B.G. Gay, Catherine Goeltz, Richard Karl Green, Eric F. Fromholz, Julia M. Gayle, Helene D. Goins, Charlynn Green, Ernest G. Fromkin, David Gedmin, V. Jeffrey Goldberg, Ronnie L. Green, Jerrold D. Frost, Ellen L. Geier, Philip O. Golden, James R. Green, Joshua L. Frucher, Kate I. Geithner, Peter F. Goldfield, Harold P. Green, Michael J. Frumin, Amy B."f Geithner, Timothy F. Goldfield, Jacob D. Green, Robert Shane Fry, Earl H. Gelb, Bruce S. Goldgeier, James M. Greenberg, Arthur N. Frye, Alton Gelb, Leslie H. Goldin, Harrison J. Greenberg, David Fudge, Ann M. Gellert, Michael E. Goldman, Charles N. Greenberg, Evan G. Fukushima, Glen S. Gellman, Barton Goldman, Guido Greenberg, Glenn H. Fukuyama, Francis Gell-Mann, Murray Goldman, Marshall I. Greenberg, Jeffrey W. Fuld, Richards. Jr. Gelpern, Anna Goldman, Merle D. Greenberg, Karen J. Fuller, William P. Genser, Jared M. Goldman, NealD. Greenberg, Lawrence Scott Fung, Victor K. George, Robert P. Goldmark, Peter C. Jr. Greenberg, Maurice R. Furlaud, Richard Mortimer Georgescu, Peter Andrew Goldsmith, Barbara Greenberg, SanfordD. Furman, Gail Gephardt, Richard A. Goldsmith, Jack Landman III Greenberger, Robert Stephen Futter, Ellen V. Gerber, Burton L. Goldsmith, Russell D. Greene, Joseph N. Jr. Gerber, Louis Goldstein, Gordon M. Greene, Margaret L. Gergen, David R. Goldstein, Jeffrey A. Greene, Raymond F. Ill Gaddis, |ohn Lewis Gerhart, Gail M. Goldstein, Morris Greene, Robert Lanef Gadiesh, Orit B. Germain, Adrienne Goldwyn, David L. Greene, Wade Gaer, Felice D. Gerschel, Patrick A. Golob, Paul D. Greenspan, Alan Gaghan, Stephen W.* Gershman, Carl Samuel Gomory, Ralph E. Greenwald, G. Jonathan Gaines, fames R. Gerson, Allan Gompert, David C. Grccnway, Hugh D.S. Galbraith, James K. Gerson, Elliot F. Goodman, Allan E. Gregg, Donald P. Galbraith, Peter W. Gerson, Ralph J. Goodman, George J.W. Gregg, HeatherS. Gallagher, John P. Gerstein, Daniel M. Goodman, Herbert I. Gregorian, Vartan Gallucci, Robert L. Gerstner, Louis V. Jr. Goodman, John B. Gregson, Wallace C. Jr. Galvis, Sergio J. Gerstner, Louis V. Ill Goodman, Matthew P. Griego, Linda Ganguly, Sunlit Getler, Michael Goodman, Roy M. Griffin, Nicholas G. Gann, Pamela B. Gewirtz, Paul David Goodman, Sherri W. Griffiths, Phillip A. Gannon, John C. Geyer, Georgie Anne Gordon, Albert H. Grimes, Joseph Anthony Jr. Ganoe, Charles S. Gfoeller, Joachim Jr. Gordon, John A. Grissom, Janet Mullins Cans, Lisa M."f" Gfoeller, Michael Gordon, Lincoln Grondine, Robert F. Gantcher, Nathan Gfoeller, Tatiana C. Gordon, Michael R. Gronvall, Gigi Kwik Garber, Larry A. Ghiglione, Loren Gordon, Philip H. Grose, Peter Garcia, Marlen Giacomo, Carol Ann Gordon-Hagerty, Lisa E. Gross, Martin J. Garcia-Passalacqua, Juan M. Giambastiani, Edmund P. Jr.' Gordon-Reed, Annette Gross, Patrick W. Card, Robert G. Jr. Gibbons, John Howard Gorelick, Jamie S. Grossman, Daniel E. Gardels, Nathan P. Giffen, James Henry Gorman, Joseph T. Grossman, Gene M.* Gardner, Anthony Laurence Giffin, Gordon D. Gorsuch, Neil M. Grossman, Marc Gardner, James A. Gil, Andres Valerio Gotbaum, Victor Grove, Brandon Gardner, Nina Luzzatto Gilbert, Jackson B. Gottemoeller, Rose E. Grover, Kathcrine Sye Gardner, Richard N. Gilbert, Steven J. Gottfried, Kurt Groves, Ray J. Garment, Suzanne R. Gill, Bates Gottlieb, Gidon A.G. Gruman, Jessie C. Garnett, Sherman Gottsegen, Peter M. Gudwin, Ella R. Gillette, Michael James Garodnick, Daniel R. Gould, Peter G. Guengerich, Galen J. Gilmore, James S. Ill Garrett, Geoffrey M.* Gourevitch, Peter A. Guenov, Tressa Steffen Gilmore, Richard Garrett, Laurie A. Gourevitch, Philip Gucrra-Mondragon, Gabriel Gilpin, Robert G. Jr. Garten, Jeffrey E. Grace, Lola Nashashibi Guff, Andrew J. Gingrich, Newton L. Garthoff, Raymond L. Graczewski, Timothy John Gund, Agnes Ginsberg, Gary L. Gartner, David J. Grady, Robert E.* Gundlach, Andrew S. Ginsberg, Marc Charles Garwin, Richard L. Graff, Henry Franklin Gupte, Pranay Ginsburg, David Gates, Henry Louis Jr. Graff, Robert D. Gutfreund, John H. Ginsburg, Jane C. Gates, Philomene A. Graham, Bob Guth, John H.J. Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Gates, Robert M. Graham, Carol Lee Gwertzman, Bernard M. Givhan, Walter D. Gati, Charles Graham, Thomas Jr. Gwin, Catherine Glaser, Bonnie S. Gati, Toby Trister Graham, Thomas W. Glauber, Robert R. Granoff, Michael D. Glennon, Michael J. Grant, James D. H * Elected to membership in 2008. Gleysteen, Peter "("Elected to five-year term membership Graubard, Stephen Richards Ha, Joseph M. in 2008. Glickman, Daniel R. Haas, Mimi L. Haas, Robert D. Harris, Katherine Hendrickson, David C. Hobson, H. Lee I [aass, Richard N. Harris, Martha Caldwell Henkin, Alice H. Hochman, Dafnaf Haave, Christopher E. Harrison, Hope M. Henkin, Louis Hockfteld, Susan* Hachigian, Nina L. Harrison, SeligS. Henninger, Daniel P. Hodes, Matthew L. Hackett, Craig D. Harrison, William B. Jr. Henrikson, Alan K. Hodin, Michael W. Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck Hart, Gary Henry, Emil W. Jr.* Hoeber, Amoretta M. Hadlev, Stephen |. Hart, Robert C. Henry, Nancy L. Hoehn, Andrew R. Haf'ner, Joseph A. |r. Hart, Todd Christopher Henry, Peter A. Hoehn, William E. Jr. Haft, Jeremy R. Hartley, Jane D. Henry, Peter B.* Hoenlein, Malcolm I. Hagel, Chuck Hartman, Arthur A. Henry, Robert H. Hot, Frederic C* Hagen, Katherine A. Hartogensis, Gordon A. Herberger, Roy A. Jr. Hoffman, A. Michael 1 laggard, Stephan Haseltine, William Alan Herbst, Jeffrey L* Hoffman, Bruce Hahn, Keith D. Haskell, John H.F. Jr. Hermann, Charles F. Hoffmann, Stanley Hahn, Natalie D. Hathaway, Robert M. Hernandez Colon, Rafael Hofrnan, Steven I. Haider, D. Blake Hauge, John Resor Hernandez, Antonia Hogan, Jeffrey N. I laig, Alexander M. |r. Hauser, Rita E. Herrera-Flanigan, Jessica Rae Hoge, James F. Jr. Hailston, Earl B. Hauser, William Locke Herrnstadt, Owen Edward Hoge, Warren M. Hakim, Peter Havell, Theresa A. Herskovits, Jean Hoguet, George Roberts Hale, David D. Hawkins, Ashton Hersman, Rebecca K.C. 1 loinkes, Mary Elizabeth Hale, Lyric Hughes Hawlcv, F. William Herspring. Dale R. 1 lolbrooke, Richard C. Hall. C. Barrows Hayden, Michael V. Hertog, Roger Holcomb, M. Scott Hall, John P. Hayek, Alexandre P. Hertzberg, Hendrik Holden, John L. Hall, Kathryn Walt Hayes, Margaret Daly Hertzberg, Robert M. I loldren, John P. Hayes, Rita Derrick Hall, Laura A. Herz, Barbara Holewinski, Sarah Theresa'f Havnes, Fred Halper, |ames D. Herz.J.C. Holford, Mande N. Haynes, Lukas Harrison Holgate, Laura S.H. Halperin, David R. Herzfeld, Charles M. Havnes, Ulric Hollick, Ann Lorraine Halperin, Morton H. Herzstein, Jessica A. Hays, Laurie* Holliday, Stuart W. Haltzel, Michael H. Herzstein, Robert E. Hayward, Thomas B. Hollifield, James Frank Hamburg, David A. Hesburgh. Theodore M. Healey, Kerry Murphv 1 lolloway, Dwight F. Jr. Hamburg, Margaret Ann Hess, John B. Heaney, Andrew P. Holmer, Alan F. Hamel, Michael A. Hess, Marlene Heck, Charles B. Holmes, Henry Allen Hamilton, Ann O. Hessler, Curtis A. Hecker, Siegfried S. Holmes, Kim R. Hamilton, Charles V. Hessman, Robin D. Heckman, Leila Holmes, Stephen T. Hamilton, Daniel Hewlett, Sylvia Ann Hedges, Christopher Lynn Holtz-Eakin, Douglas 1 lamilton, Edward K. Heyman, William H. Hedstrom, Mitchell W. Holum, John D. I lamilton, Hugh Gerard |r. Hiatt, Fred Heep-Richter, Barbara D. Hooker, Richard D. Jr. I lamilton, |ohn Maxwell Hicks, Irvin Heer, Paul Hope, Judith Richards Hamilton, Lee H. Hicks, John F. Sr. Hope, Richard O. Hammes, Lyndaf 1 leginbotham, Stanley J. Hicks, Kathleen Holland Horelick, Arnold L. Hammond-Chambers, Rupert ] Hehir, J. Bryan Hicks, Peggy L. Horlick, Gary N. Hammonds, D. Holly Heifctz, Stephen Robert Higginbotham, F. Michael Hormats, Robert D. Hamre, |ohn |. Heimann, John G. Higgins, Heather Richardson Horn, Karen N. I lancock, Ellen Heimbold, Charles A. Jr. Higgins, Neal Horn, Sally K. Hand, Lloyd N. Heimowitz, James B. Higgins, Robert F. Horner, Matina Souretis Hand, Scott M. Heineman, Benjamin W. Jr. Hight, B. Boyd Hornig, George R.* Handelman, Stephen Heineman, Melvin L. Hightower, Edward T. Hornik, Richard H. Hansell, Herbert). Heintz, Stephen B. Hill, Fiona Hornthal, James I lansen. Carol Rae Heintzen, Harry Leonard Hill, J. Tomilson Horowitz, Irving Louis Hanson, Gordon H.* Heinz Kerry, Teresa Hill, JamesT. Horton, Robert Scott Heinz, Christopher D. Hill.JanineW. Hantz, Giselle P. Hosmer, Bradley C. Hejlik. Dennis J. Hill, Joseph C. Hantzopoulos, Paraskeve Hoston, Germaine A. Helander, Robert C. Hill, Pamela Harari, Maurice Hottelet, Richard C. Heleniak, David W. Hill, Raymond D. Hardin, Edward |. Houghton, Amory Jr. Heifer, Ricki Tigert Hillen, John Harding, Deborah A. Houghton, James R. Helgerson, John L. Hills, Carla A. Harding, Harry House, Brett E. Heller, Richard M. Hinderstein, Coreyt Hardt, John P. House, Karen Elliott Helhnan, F. Warren Hinderv. Leo J. Jr. Hargrove, John Lawrence Howard, A.E. Dick Hellmun, Steven E. Hinerfeld, Ruth Harlan, |oshuaD. Howard, Christopher Bernard Hellmann, Donald Charles Hines, Rachel Harman, Jane Howard, Lyndsay C. Helm, Robert W. Hinton.DeaneR. Harman, Sidney Howard, M. William Jr. Helm, Suzanne Hirsch, John L. Harmon, James A. Howell, Ernest M. Helman, Robert A. Hirschborn, Abigail M. Harpel, James W. Howson, Nicholas C. Helprin, Mark Hirsh, Michael P. Harper, Conrad K. 1 loyt, Kendall L. Helvey, David F.f Hitz, Frederick P. Harris, David A. Hoyt, Mont P. Hemphill, Christopher Scott Hoagland, Jim Harris. JayT. I Irinak, Donna I. Hoar, Joseph Paul Harris, Joshua J. Hendricks, Darryll E.

Membership Roster Hrynkow, Sharon H. Iseman, Frederick J. [ones, James R. Karp, Jonathan D. Hsu,Ta-Lin Isenberg, Steven L. Jones, Jeffrey B. Karp, Richard Scott Huang, Andrew Yanzhong Isham, Christopher Jones, Kerri-Ann Kasdin, Robert Huang, Eugene (.•}• lspahani, Mahnaz Jones, Thomas W, Kass, Stephen L. Hubbard, R. Glenn Istel, Yves-Andre Joost, Peter Martin Kassalow, Jordan S. Huber, Richard L. [fob, William H. Jordan, Boris Alexis Kassinger, Theodore W. Huberman, Benjamin Ivester, M. Douglas Jordan, EasonT. Kassof, Allen H. Hudson, Manley O. Jr. Izlar, William H. Jr. Jordan, Robert W. Kathwari, Farooq Hudson, Michael C. Jordan, Vernon E. Jr. Katz, Abraham Huebner, Lee W. / Jorisch, Avi Katz, Daniel Roger Huey, John W. |r. Jabber, Paul Joseph, Geri M. Katz, Robert J. Hufbauer, Gary C. Jackelen, Henry R. Joseph, James A. Katz, Sherman E. Hughes, Lynn N. Jacklin, Nancy P. Joseph, Richard A. Katz, Stanley N. Hughes, R. John Jackson, Bruce Pitcairn Josephson, William Katzenstein, Peter). Hughes, Thomas Lowe Jackson, Jesse L. Sr. Joskow, Paul L.* Kauffman, Richard L. Hull, Edmund}. Jackson, John H. Joulwan, George A.* Kaufman, Daniel [. Hulsman, [ohn C. Jackson, Lois M. Judge, Barbara Thomas Kaufman, Henry Hultman, Tamela Jackson, Sarah Jumper, (ohn P. Kaufman, Robert R. 1 lultquist, Timothy A. Jackson, Shirley Ann Junz, Helen B. Kaufmann, William W. Hume, Cameron R. Jacob, John E. [uster, Kenneth I. Kavoukjian, Michael E. Hume, Ellen H. Jacobs, Jennifer A. Kay, Kira Hunker, Jeffrey A. Jacobs, Nehama K Kaye, Charles R. Hunt, Kathleen E. Jaffe, Amy Myers Kaden, Lewis B. Kaye, David A. 1 [lint, Swanee [amal. Amaney A. Kadlec, Robert P. Kaysen, Carl Hunter, Robert E. James, Francis John Kagan, Robert W. Kayyem, Juliette N. Hunter, ShireenT. Janes, Jackson Kahler, Miles Kazemi, Farhad Hunter, Thomas O. Janis, Mark Weston Kahn, Thomas S. Kea, Charlotte G. Hunter, William Curt Janklow, Morton L. Kaiser, Miranda Margaret Kean, Thomas H. Hunter-Gault, Charlayne Janow, Merit E. Kaiser, Robert G. Keane, John M. Huntington, Patricia Skinner Jaquette, Jane S. Kalb, Bernard Keene, LonnieS. I luntington, Samuel Phillips Jarvis, Nancy A. Kalb, Marvin Kecny, Spurgeon M. Jr. Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman Jebb, Cindy R. Kalicki, Jan H. Kelleher, Catherine M. Hurd, Joseph Kindall III* Jefferson, Ian Markus Kalir, Erez C. Keller, Edmond [. Hurlock,)amesB. Jeffery, Reuben III Kallmer, Jonathan Steelet Keller, Kenneth H. Hurowitz, Richard A. Jenevein, E. Patrick III Kamarck, Andrew Martin Kellerman. Barbara L. Hurst, Robert J. Jenkins, Bonnie D. Kamarck, Elaine C. Kelley, Paul X. Hurwitz.Sol Jensen, Kenneth M. Kaminsky, Howard Kcllner, Peter Bicknell Huszar, Andrew C. Jervis, Robert Kampelman, Max M. Kellogg, David Hatchings, Robert L. Jessup, Alpheus W. Kamsky, Virginia Ann Kelly, Alfred F.[r. Hutchins, Glenn H. Jessup, Philip C. Jr. Kanak, Donald P. Kelly, Arthur L. Huyck, Philip M. Jeter, Howard F. Kanet, Roger E. Kelly, Francis |. Hyatt, Joel Z. Jett, Dennis C. Kang, C.S.Eliot Kelly, [ames P. Hyland, Richard Jillson, Calvin C. Kang, Jane J. Kelly, John 11. Hyman, Allen I. Joffe, Robert D. Kann, Peter R. Kelman, Herbert C. Johns, Lionel Skipwith Kansteiner, Walter H. Ill Kemble, Eugenia / Johnson, Howard W. Kanter, Arnold Kemp, Geoffrey Johnson, James A. Kempe, Frederick S. Iadonisi, Jon A. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss Johnson, James E. Kempner, Maximilian W. Ibargiien, Alberto Kantor, Mickey Johnson, Jay L. Kendall, Donald Mcintosh Ignatius, Adi Kaplan, Ann F. Johnson, Jeh Charles Kenen, Peter B. Ignatius, David R. Kaplan, Gilbert Johnson, Jerry Lavell Keniston, Kenneth Ijaz, Mansoor Kaplan, Helene L. Johnson, Karen H. Kennan, Christopher [. Ikenberry, G. John Kaplan, Mark N. Johnson, L. Oakley Kennedy, Caroline Bouvier Ikle, Fred C. Kaplan, Richard N. Johnson, Larry D. Kennedy, Craig Immergut, Mel M. Kaplan, Stephen S. Johnson, Michelle D. Kennedy, David W. Inderfurth, Karl F. Kapnick. Scott Bancroft Johnson, Nancie S. Kennedy, Edward Jr.* lndyk, Martin S. Kapp, Robert A. Johnson, Robbin S. Keohane, Nannerl O. Ingersoll, Robert S. Kapstein, Ethan B. Johnson, Robert W. IV Keohane, Robert O. Inglis, Shelley Case Karabell, Zachary Johnson, Sheila C* Kern. Paul f. Inman, Bobby R. Karalekas, Anne Johnson, Thomas S. Kerr, Ann Zwicker Intriligator, Michael D. Karamanian, Susan L. Johnson, Willene A. Kerrey, Bob Irish, LeonE. Karatnycky, Adrian Johnson, Wyatt Thomas Kerry, [ohn F. Irvin, Patricia L. Karatz, Bruce E. [olie, Angelina Kerry, Peggy Isaacs, Maxine Karis, Thomas G. Jones, Alan Kent Kessler, Glenn Andrew Isaacson, Walter S. Karl, Jonathan David Jones, Anita K. Karl, Terry Lynn Kessler, Martha Neff * Elected to membership in 2008. Jones, David L. Karnow, Stanley Kester, W. Carl t Elected to five-year term membership Jones, Frederick L. II Karns, Margaret P. Khalidi.Rashidl. Khalilzad, ZalmayM. Kramer, Steven Philip Lane, David J. LeMelle, Gerald A. Khan, Moushumi M. Kranz, Thomas F. Laney, James T. Lemkin, Bruce Stuart Khanna, l'aragt Krasner, Stephen D. Lang, Scott J.t Lemle, J. Stuart Khanna, Vikramaditya S."f" Krasno, Richard M. Langlois, JohnD. Jr. Lempert, Robert J. Khuri, Nicola N. Krauss, Clifford Langlois, Robert J. Lempert, Yael Kifavat, Adnan Krauthammer, Charles Lanskoy, Miriam Lenfest, Harold F. Kiley, Robert R. Kravis, Henry R. Lantz, Matthew P. Lennon, Alexander T.J. Kim, Andrew Byong-Soo Kravis, Marie-Josee LaPalombara, Joseph Lennox, William J. Jr. Kim, Hanya Marie Kreek, Mary Jeanne Lapenn, Jessica E. Lenti, Sarah M. Kim, Sukhan Krens, Thomas Lapham, Lewis H. Lenzen, Louis C. Kimmitt, Robert M. Krepinevich, Andrew F. Lapidus, Gail W. LeoGrande, William M. Kimsey, [ames V. Krepon, Michael Lardy, Nicholas R. Leonard, James F. Kinane, William Patrick Kreps, Sarah Elizabeth Lariviere, Richard W. Leonard, Jennifer A.^ King, Henry L. Kriegel, Jay L. Larrabee, F. Stephen Leone, Richard C. King, Kay Krikorian, Victoria Reznik Larsen, Randall J. Leopold, Evelyn R.* King, Robert R. Krisher, Bernard Larson, Charles R. Lesch, Ann Mosely King, Susan Robinson Kristof, Nicholas D. Larson, Ellie K. Leslie, John W. Jr. Kinsella, Kevin). Kristoff, Sandra J. Lash, Jonathan Lesser, Ian O. Kipper, Judith Kroeger, Kate M. Lasry, Marc Lettow, Paul V.t Kireopoulos, Antonios Steve Kroenig, Matthew Henry ~|" Lasser, Lawrence J. Lettre, Marcel J. II* Kiriakou, Heather Katherine Kronman, Anthony Townsend Lateef, Noel V. Levensohn, Pascal N. Kirk, Crispian Krueger, Anne O. Latif, S. Amer Leverett, Flynt L. Kirkland, Richard I. Krueger, Harvey Lauder, Laura Heller Levin, Herbert Kirkpatrick. |ohn David Krugman, Paul R. Lauder, Leonard A. Levin, John A. Krulak, Charles Chandler Levin, Michael Stuart Kirkpatrick, Melanie M. Lauder, Ronald S. Ku, Charlotte Levine, Mel Kishkovsky, Leonid Lauder, William Philip Kubarvch, Roger M. Levine, Susan B. Kissinger, Henry A. Laudicina, Paul A. Kuenstner, Nancy Jo Levinson, Marc Kittrie, OrdeF. Lauinger, Philip C. Jr. Kull, Steven G. Levitsky, Jonathan E. Kizer, Karin L. Laurence, Jonathan A.f Kulma, Michael G. Levitt, Arthur Jr. Klein, David Laurenti, Jeffrey Kumar, Nisha* Levitt, Matthew A. Klein, Edward Lautenbach, Ned C. Kumar, Raj U. Levy, Reynold Klein, George Lautz, TerrillE. Kumar-Sinha, Punita Lew, Jacob J. Klein, Jacques Paul Laventhol, David A. Kuniholm, Bruce Robellet Lewis, Bernard Klein, Joseph A. Lawrence, Richard D. Kunstadter, Geraldine S. Lewis, Edward T. Kleine-Ahlbrandt, Stephanie T. Lawrence, Robert Z. Kupchan, Charles A. Lewis, Eric L.* K limp. Jack Wilbur Lawson, Eugene K. Kupchan, Clifford A. Lewis, John P. Kline, Roger C. Layne, Christopher Kupperman Thorp, Tamara Lewis, Maureen A. Klorz, Frank G. Lazarus, Shelly B. Kurth, James II. Lewis, Stephen R. Jr. Klurfeld, James M. Lazarus, Steven Kurtzer, Daniel C. Lewis, W. Walker Knee, Jonathan A.* LeMelle.TildenJ. Kushen, Robert A. Lewy, Glen S. Knell, Gary E. Leach, James A. Kux, Dennis Li, Lu Knight, EdwardS. Leaman, J. Welby Kwoh, Stewart Knight, Jessie J. Jr. Leclerc, Paul Libby, I. Lewis Jr. Koellner, Laurette T. Lederman, Gordon Nathaniel Lichtblau, John H. Kogan, Richard Jay L Lee, Anthony P. Lichtenstein, Cynthia C. Kohut, Andrew Laber, JeriL. Lee, Chong-Moon Lieber, James E. Kolb, Charles E.M. Labott, Elise S. Lee, Nancy Lieber, Robert J. Kolbe, Jim Ladd, Edward Lee, Thea Mei Lieberman, Joseph I. Kolodziej, Edward A. Lader, Philip Leebron, David W. Lieberman, Nancy A. Koltai, Steven R. LaFleur, Vinca Leed.Maren Lieberthal, Keith L. Komisar, Lucy Lagomasino, Maria Elena Leeds, Jeffrey T. Lieberthal, Kenneth G. Kondracke, Morton Lagon, Mark P. Leeds, Roger S. Liebowitz, Jessica K. Koonin, Steven E. Laipson, Ellen Lee-Kung, Dinah Lifton, Robert K. Korb, Lawrence J. Lajeunesse, Gabriel C."|" Leet, Kenneth H.M. Light, Timothy Korbonski, Andrzej Lake, David A. LeffalLLaSalleD.IIl Lighthizer, Robert E. Kornblum, John C. Lai, Venkateshwar Leghorn, Richard S. Lincoln, Edward J. Kornblut, Anne E. Lamb, Denis Legro, Jeffrey W. Lindberg, Tod Kostiw, Michael Vincent Lambert, Brett B. Legvold, Robert Lindborg, Nancy Elizabeth Kotecha, Mahesh K. Lambeth, Benjamin S. Lehman, John F. Linden, Josephine Kotler, Steven Lambright, James H. Lehman, Ronald Frank II Lindsay, Beverly Kovner, Bruce S. Lamont, Lansing Lehner, Peter H.* Lindsay, Franklin A. Kraft, Robert K. Lampton, David M. Lehrer, Jim Lindsay, James M. Kramek, Robert E. Lancaster, Carol J. Lehrman, Thomas D.t Linen, Jonathans. Kramer, J. Reed Land, Richard D. Leich, John Foster Ling, Lisa J, Kramer, Jane Landau, George W. Leland, Marc E. Link, Troland S. Kramer, Michael Landers, James M. Lelyveld, Joseph Linnington, Abigail T. Kramer, OrinS. Lane, Charles M. Lemack, Carie A. Lipman, Ira A.

Membership Roster I°3 Lipman, Joanne* Luttwak, Edward N. Mann, Sloan Charles McArdle, Meganf Lippard, Joshua J. Luzzatto, Anne R. Mann, Thomas E. McCaffrey, Barry R. Lipper, Kenneth Lyall, Katharine C. Mansoor, Peter R.* McCain, John S. Ill Lippert, MarkW. Lyman, Princeton N. Manyin, Mark E. McCann, Edward F. II Lippey, Brian C. Lyman, Richard W. Manzi, Jim McCartan, Patrick F. Lippman, Thomas W. Lynch, Thomas F. Ill Marans, J. Eugene McCarter, John W. Jr. Lipsitz.RochelleJ. Lynk, Myles V. Marcom, John E. Jr. McCarthy, James P. Lipsky, John P. Lynn, James T. Marcum, John Arthur McCarthy, Kathleen D. Lipsky, Seth Lynn, Laurence E. Jr. Marder, Murrey McCaw, Susan R.* Lipton, Jonathan A. Lynton, Michael M. Margolis, David I. McChrystal, Stanley A. Lissakers, Karin M. Lyon, David W. Mariotti, Steven J. McCloy, John J. II Litan, Robert E. Lyons, Eugene M. Mark, Hans M. McClure, Robert L. Little, David Lyons, James E. Markey, Daniel S. McCluskey, Jerome P. Littlefield, Elizabeth L. Lyons, Richard Kent Mark-Jusbasche, Rebecca P. McClymont, Mary E.* Littles, Sean-Noel Marks, Paul A. McCormack, Elizabeth J. Litwak, Robert S. M Marlin, Alice Tepper McCormack, Richard Thomas Fox Liu, Eric P. Ma, Christopher Marquet, L. David McCormick, David H. Livingston, Robert Gerald Ma, Ying Marr, Phebe A. McCouch, Donald G. Llewellyn, f. Bruce Mabry, Marcus B. Marron, Donald B. McCoy, Debbie Lobel, Aaron R."|" Mabus, Raymond E. Marsh, Tom F. McCoy, Jennifer L. Lockhart, Dennis P.* MacCormack, Charles Frederick Marshall, Andrew W. McCracken, Paul W. Lodal, Jan M. MacDonald, Bruce Walter Marshall, Anthony D. McCray, Ronald David Lodge, George Cabot MacDougal, Gary E. Marshall, Dale Rogers McCurdy, Dave K. Loeb, Marshall Mack, Consuelo Cotter Marshall, F. Ray McDermott, Jim Logan, Francis D. Mack, J. Curtis II Marshall, Katherine McDevitt, Sean Daniel Lombardi, Clark B. Mackay, Leo Sidney Jr. Marshall, Zachary Blake McDonald, Alonzo L. London, Herbert I. MacKenzie, Gillian Hamilton"!" Marten, Kimberly Joy McDonald, James S. Long, Mary Beth* Mackevich, Eileen R. Martin, Daniel Richard McDonald, Kara C. Martin, Lynn Morley Long, William J. MacLaury, Bruce K. McDonald, Tom Martin, Susan F. Longmuir, Shelley A. Macomber, John Dewitt McDonough, William J. Martin, William F. Longstreth, Bevis Macy, Robert M. Jr. McDougall, Gay J. Martinez, Jennifer S. McEntee, JoanM. Loranger, Donald Eugene Madigan, John W. Martinez, Roman IV McFarlane, Jennifer A. Lord, Bette Bao Maguire, John David Marton, Kati I. McFarlane, Robert C. Lord, Winston Mahajan, RaJ"f Masin, Michael T. McFate, Patricia Ann Lorentzen, Oivind III Mahmoud, Adel Massey, L. Camille McFaul, Michael A. Lotrionte, Catherine B.* Mahnken, Thomas G. Massey, Walter E. McGarr, Cappy R. Louis, William Roger Mahoney, Margaret E. Massimino, Elisa C. McGowan, Alan H. Loury, Glenn Cartman Mahoney, Paul G. Mastanduno, Michael McGowan, Kathleen A. Lovejoy, Thomas E. Mahoney, Thomas H. IV Masters, Carlton A. McGurk, Brett H. Low, Stephen Mai, Vincent A. Matheson, Michael J. McGurn, William Lowenfeld, Andreas F. Maier, Charles S. Mathews, Jessica T. McHenry, Donald F. Lowenkron, Barry F. Makin, John Holmes Lowenstein, James G. Mathews, Michael S. Mcintosh, Brent J. Makinson, Carolyn Lowenthal, Abraham F. Mathias, Charles McC. Jr. McKenna, Patrick R. Mako, William P. Lowry, Glenn D. Mathias, Edward J. McKeon, Robert B. Makovsky, David Loy, Frank E. Mathis, Brian Pierre McKibben, Tracy B.* Malcomson, Scott* Lozano, Ignacio E. Matlock, Jack F. Jr. McLarty, Thomas F. Ill Malek, Frederic V. Lozano, Jose Ignacio Matney, William Alan McLaughlin, Charles James IV Malik, Arslan Lozano, Monica C. Matsukata, Naotaka McLaughlin, John E. Malinovvski, Tom Lu, Xiaobo Matteson, William B. McLean, MoraL. Mallery, David W. Lubin, Nancy Matthews, Barbara C. McLean, Sheila Avrin Mallery, Richard Lubman, Stanley B. Matthews, Eugene A. McLin, Jon Blvthe Mallett, Robert L. Lucas, C. Payne Mattingly, Amanda Curtis McManus, Doyle Malmgren, Harald B. Lucas, Sarah T. Mattox, Gale A. McManus, Jason D. Malmgren, K. Philippa Luck, Edward C. Matuszewski, Daniel C. McMaster, Herbert Raymond Malone, Kim Lucy, William Matzke, Richard H. McNally, Thomas A. Maloney, Jason David Ludes, James M. Maxwell, Kenneth R. McNamara, Dennis L. Malpass, David R. Luers, Wendy W. May, Ernest R. McNamara, Kathleen R. Mamdani, Mahmoud A.* Luers, William H. May, Michael M. McNamara, Robert S. Manatt, Charles T. Lugo, Luis E. Mayer, Claudette McNamara, Thomas E. Manca, Marie Antoinette Luke, John A. Jr. Mayer, William Emilio McNaugher, Thomas L. Mancuso, Mario* Lustick, Ian S. Mayhew, Alice E. McPeak, Merrill A. Mandelbaum, Michael Lute, Jane Holl Mazur, Jay McPherson, M. Peter Maniatis, Gregory A. McQuade, Lawrence C. Manilow, Lewis McAfee, William Gage * Elected to membership in 2008. McWade, Jessica C. Mann, James H. fHlected to five-year term membership McAllister, [ef Olivarius Meacham, Carl E. in 2008. Mann, Michael D. McAllister, Singleton B.

104 Meacham. )on Miller, Judith Mortimer, David H. Napolitano, Janet A. Mead. Dana G. Miller, Ken Mosbacher, Robert A. Nash, William L. Mead. E. Scott Miller, Leland Rhett Mosbacher, Robert A. Jr.* Nasr, Vali R. Mead. Walter Russell Miller. Linda B. » Moseley, T. Michael Nathan, James A. Meadows, Jeanne Terry Miller. MarciaE. Moses, Alfred H. Nathanson, Marc B. Mearsheimer, John J. Miller, Matthew L. Mosettig, Michael David Nathoo, Raffiq A. Medavoy, Mike Miller, Michael T. Moskow, Kenneth A. Nau, Henry R. Medawar, Adrienne Miller, Scott L. Moskow. Michael H. Nauert, Heather Anne Medina, Kathryn B. Miller, William Green Moss, Ambler H. Jr. Neal, Jeffrey C. Medish, Mark Christian Miller, William Scott II Mossman, James Neal. Stephen L. Medley, Richard Milieu, Allan R. Motley, Joel W. Nealer, Kevin G. Meers, Sharon 1. Millington, John A. Mottahedeh, Roy P. Nederlander. Robert Jr. Meertens, Michelle A. Mills, Bradford Motulsky, Daniel T. Negroponte, Diana Villiers Mehlman, Kenneth B.* Mills, Karen Gordon Mouat, Lucia Negroponte, John D. Mehreteab, Ghebre Selassie Mills, Susan Linda Moyer, Homer E. Jr. Neier, Aryeh Mehta, Ved Milner, Helen V. Mroz, John Edwin Neilson, Trevor David Meigs, Montgomery C. Minow, Newton N. Mudd, Daniel H. Nelson, Abagailt Meissner, Doris M. Mintz, Daniel R. Mudd, Margaret F. Nelson, Anne Meister, Irene W. Miranda, Lourdes R. Mujal-Leon, Eusebio Nelson, Daniel N. Melby.EricD.K. Miscik. Jami Mulberger. Virginia A. Nelson, Merlin E. Melloan, George R. Mishkin, Alexander V. Mulcahy, AnneM. Nelson, Richard D. Melton, Carol A. Mitchell, Andrea Mulford, David C. Nelson, Robert L. Jr. Mendelson Forman, Johanna Mitchell.ArthurM.IIl Muller, Edward R. Nemazee, Hassan Mendelson, Sarah E. Mitchell, George J. Muller, Steven Nepomnyashchy, Catharine Theimer Mendlovitz, Saul H. Mitchell, Patricia E. Mulvaney, Sean Nesbit, Lynn Mendoza, Roberto G. Mitchell, WandraG. Mundie, Craig James Neuger, Win J. Menges.CarlB. Mize, David M. Munger, Edwin S. Neuman, Stephanie G. Menke, John R. Mizel, Larry A.* Munoz, George Neureiter, Norman P. Menon, Rajan Mochizuki. Kiichi Munroe, Alexandra Kneeland Newberg, Esther R. Menschel, Robert B. Moe, Sherwood G. Munroe, George B. Newburg, Andre Merkel, Claire Sechler Moffett, George D. Munsch, Stuart B. Newcomb, Nancy S. Merkel, David Austin Molano, Walter Thomas Munvan. Winthrop R. Newell, Barbara W. Meron, Theodor Mondale, Walter F. Murase, Emily Moto Newhouse. John Merow, John E. Moniz, Ernest J. Muravchik, Joshua Newman Hood. Alisa Merritt, Jack Neil Montelongo, Michael Murdoch, Rupert Newman, Jay H. Merszei, Zoltan Montgomery, George Cranwell Murdock, Deroy Newman, Pamela J. Mesdag, Willem Montgomery, Harold H. Murdy, William F. Newman, Pauline Meselson, Matthew S. Montgomery, Mark C. Murillo, Maria Victoria Newman, Priscilla A. Mestres, Ricardo A. Jr. Montgomery, Parker G. Murphy, Caryle M. Newman, Richard T. Metzger, Barry Montgomery, Philip O'Bryan III Murphy, Ewell E. Jr. Newton, M. Diana Helweg Metzl, Jamie Frederic Moock. Jovce Lewinger Murphy, Richard W. Ney, Edward N. Meunier, Sophie Moody. Jim Murphy, Thomas S. Nguyen, TuanH.'f Meyer, Edward C. Moody, William S. Murray, Alan S. Nicholas, N.J. Jr. Meyer, John Robert Moore. John J. Jr. Murray. Douglas J. Nichols, Mark Alexander Meyer, Karl E. Moore, John M. Murray, Douglas P. Nichols, Rodney W. Meyer, Michael Ryder Moore, John Norton Murray, Ian P. Nicholson, Jan Meyer, Paul 11. Moore, Jonathan Murray, Janice L. Nicocelli, AnnM. Meverman, Harold [. Moore, Julia A. Murray, Lori Esposito Nides. Thomas R. Michaels, Jon D.f Moorman, Thomas S. Jr. Murray, Robert J. Niehuss, John M. Michaels, Marguerite Moose, George E. Muse, Martha Twitchell Niehuss, Rosemary Neaher Michel, Christopher Prentiss Moose, Richard M. Musham, Bettye Martin Nielsen, Nancy Mickiewicz, Ellen Mora, Alberto J. Mustafa, HerroK. Nielsen, Suzanne Christine Midgley, Elizabeth Mora, Antonio G. Myers, Richard B. Nilsson, A. Kenneth Mihaly, Eugene B. Moran, Terence P.* Myerson, Toby S. Nilsson, Keith R. Mikell, Gwendolyn Moran, Theodore H. Myrow, Stephen A. Nimetz, Matthew Miles, Edward L. Moravcsik, Andrew Nitze, William A. Milestone, Judith B. Morey, David Edward N Noam, Eli M. Millard, Robert Morningstar, Richard L. Nachmanoff, Arnold Nogales, Luis G. Miller, Aaron David Morris, Charles R. Nacht, Michael Nolan, Janne Emilie Miller, Amber D.t Morris, Frederic A. Nadiri, M. Ishaq Noland, Marcus Miller, Anthony Murray Morrison, J. Stephen Nagl, John A. Nolte, William M. Miller, Charles R. Morrissey, Arthur C. Nagorski, Andrew Nonacs, Eric Steven Miller, Christopher D. Morse, Andrew L. Nagorski, Zygmunt Nooter, Robert Harry Miller, David Charles Jr. Morse, Edward L. Najera, Peter F. Norman, William S. Miller. Debra Lynn Morse. Kenneth P. Nakhleh, Emile A. Norquist, Grover Glenn Miller, Franklin C. Morse, Stephen S. Naplan, Steven J. Northup, Nancy J.*

Membership Roster 105 Norton, Augustus Richard Osman, Hoda K."f Patterson, Patricia M. Piedra, Alberto M. Jr. Norton, Eleanor Holmes Osmer McQuade, Margaret Pattiz, Norman J. Pierce, John vanden Heuvel Norton, Patrick M. Osnos, Peter L.W. Paul, Douglas L. Pierce, Lawrence W. Nossel, Suzanne F. Osnos, Susan Sherer Paul, Roland A. Pierce, Ponchitta Noto, Lucio A. Ostrander, F. Taylor Paulson, Henry M. Jr. Piercy, Jan Novack, Lynne Dominick Ostrov, Shirlene Delacruz Paulus, Judith K. Pierre, Andrew J. Novogratz, Jacqueline O'Sullivan, Meghan L. Paumgarten, Nicholas Biddle Pifer, Steven K. Novy-Marx, Milena K. Otero, Maria Pavel, Barry Pigott, Charles M. Nuechterlein, Jeffrey D. O'Toole, Tara Jeanne Pearl, Frank H. Pike. John E. Nunn, Sam Otto, Eric H.t Pearlstine, Norman Pilgrim, Kathryn Nussbaum, Bruce Ovitz, Michael S. Peckham, Gardner G. Pillar, Paul R. Nye, J. Benjamin H* Owen, Henry David Pedersen, Richard Foote Pilling, Donald L. Nye, Josephs. Jr. Owen, Roberts Bishop Pederson, Rena M. Pillsbury, Marnie S. Owens, James W. Pell, Claiborne Pillsbury, Michael O Owens, William A. Pellathy, Gabriel B. Pilon, Juliana Geran Oakley, Phyllis E. Oxman, Bernard H. Pelletreau, Robert H. Jr. Pincus, Lionel I. Oakley, Robert B. Oxman, Stephen A. Pena, Federico F. Pincus, Walter H. Oberdorfer, Don Oxnam, Robert B. Penn, Lawrence Edward III Pinkerton, W. Stewart Jr. O'Cleireacain, Carol Oye, Kenneth A. Penn, Mark Jeffrey Pipes, Daniel Odeen, Philip A. Pereira, Dylan C. Pipes, Richard Odell, John S. Perella, Joseph R. Pisano, A. Robert* Oettinger, Anthony G. Paal, Douglas Haines Peretz, Don Pisar, LeahF.~f Offenheiser, Raymond C. Jr. Pacheco, David A. Perez, Antonio F. Pitts, Joe W. Ill Offit, Morris W. Pachios, Harold C. Perez, David Pivik, George A. O'Flaherty, J. Daniel Pachon, Harry P. Perez-Stable, Marifeli Pizzarello, Louis D. Oh, Kongdan Packard, George R. Perkin, Linda J. Plaks, LiviaB. O'Hanlon, Michael Page, Carter W. Perkins, Edward J. Piatt, Alan A. O'Hare, Joseph A. Paine, George C. II Perkins, Roswell B. Piatt, Alexander H. Okata, Maritza U.B.t Paisner, Bruce Lawrence Perkovich, George R. Piatt, Nicholas Okawara, Merle Aiko Pakula, Hannah C. Perlman, Janice Elaine Piatt, Sheila Maynard Oliva, L. Jay Palmer, Mark Perlmutter, Barbara S. Planner, Marc F. Oliver, April A. Palmer, Matthew A. Perlmutter, Louis Plepler, Richard L. Olmstead, Cecil J. Palmer, Ronald D. Perritt, Henry H. Jr. Plutzik, Jonathan Olson, Jane T. Palmieri, Victor H. Perry, Elizabeth Jean Poats, Rutherford M. Olson, Lyndon L. Jr. Pam, JeremiahS. Perry, Robert C. Pocalyko, Michael N. Olson, Ronald L. Pan, Esther Perry, William J. Pogue, Richard W. Olvey, Lee D. Pan, Philip P. Persico, Joseph E. Poizner, Stephen L. O'Malley, Cormac K.H. Paperin, Stewart J. Peschka, Mary P."|" Polk, William R. Omestad, Thomas E. Pardee, Scott E. Peters, Mary Ann Pollack, Gerald A. O'Neal, E. Stanley Pardes, Herbert Peters, Michael P. Pollack, Jonathan D. O'Neil, Kathleen A. Pardew, James W. Jr. Peterson, Holly Pollack, Kenneth Michael O'Neil, Michael J. Parekh, Sanjay M. Peterson, Michael A.* Pollack, Lester O'Neil, Shannon K. Parent, Louise M. Peterson, Peter G. Pollard, Neal A. O'Neill, Brian Deveraux Paris, Jonathan Petraeus, David H. Pond, Elizabeth O'Neill, Louis F. Parker Feld, Karen Petree, Richard W. Poneman, Daniel Bruce O'Neill, Mark E. Parker, Elizabeth Rindskopf Petree, Richard W. Jr. Pool-Eckert, Marquita J. O'Neill, Michael J. Parker, Jason H. Petri, Thomas E. Popadiuk, Roman* Onek, Joseph N. Parker, Jay M. Petro, James Ben"J Popkin, AnneB. Oppenheimer, Andres M. Parker, Penny L. Petschek, Stephen R. Popoff, Frank Oppenheimer, Franz Martin Parkinson, Roger P. Pettibone, Peter J. Porter, John Edward Oppenheimer, Michael F. Parks, Michael Christopher Petty, John R. Portes, Richard D. O'Prey, Kevin P. Parsky, Gerald L. Peyronnin, Joseph F. Porzecanski, Arturo C. Ordway, John M.* Parsons, Richard D. Pfaltzgraff, Robert L. Jr. Posen, Adam S. O'Reilly, David J.* Pascual, Carlos E. Pfeiffer, Jane Cahill Posen, Barry R. Orentlicher, Diane Passer, Juliette M. Pfeiffer, Leon K. Posner, Michael Orlins, Stephen A. Passman, Pamela S. Pfeiffer, Steven B. Poste, George H. Ornstein, Norman J. Paster, Howard G. Pham, Minh-thu Duong Postol, Theodore A. O'Rourke, Patrick J. Pastor, Robert A. Phan, Dang Tan Potter, William C. Orr, Robert C. Patel, Ebrahim S. Pharr, Susan J. Pottinger, Matthew F. Orrenius.PiaM. Patrick, Hugh T. Phelan,JohnJ.Jr. Powell, Colin L. Osborn, John E. Patrick, Stewart M. Phelps, Edmund S.* Powell, Dina Habib Osborne, Richard de J. Patrick, Thomas Harold Phillips, Cecil M. Powell, Jerome H. Osius, Margaret Elizabeth Patricof, Alan Joel Phillips, David L. Powers, Averill L. Patrikis, Ernest T. Phillips, Jeanne L. Powers, Thomas * Elected to membership in 2008. Patterson, Eric D.'f Pickering, Thomas R. Powers, Timothy E. "j" Elected to five-year term membership Patterson, Michael D. Pieczenik, Steve R. Pozen, Robert C. in 2008.

106 Prangcr, Robert J. Ranis, Gustav Rice, Susan E. Roggero, Frederick F. Prasso, Sheridan T. Rankin, Clyde E. Ill Rich, John H. Jr. Rogoff, Kenneth S. Precht, Henry Raphel, Robin Lynn Rich, Michael D. Rohan, Karen M. Prcgenzer, Arian L. Rappaport, Alan H. Richard, Anne C. Rohatyn, Felix G. Prescott, Elizabeth M Rascoff, Samuel James Richards, Paul G. Rohlen, Thomas P. Press, William H. Ratchford, J. Thomas Richards, Stephen H. Rokke, Ervin). Pressler, Larry Rather, Dan Richardson, Frank E. Roman, Nancy Ellen Pressman, Jeremy Ratnesar, Romesh M. Richardson, Henry J. Ill Romano, Christina M. Preston, Stephen W. Rattner, Steven L. Richardson, John Romanowski, Alina L. Prewitt, Kenneth Rattray, Gregory John Richardson, Richard W. Romberg, Alan D. Price, Daniel M. Rauch, Rudolph S. Richardson, William B. Romero, Philip Joseph Price, John R. Jr. Raul, Alan Charles Richardson, William R. Romero-Barcelo, Carlos A. Price, Raymond K Jr. Raustiala, Kal* Richardson, Yolonda C. Romig, Alton D. Jr. Price, Robert Ravenal, Earl C. Richburg, Keith B. Rondeau, Ann E. Price, Steven Ravenholt, Albert V. Richter, Anthony Roosevelt, Theodore IV Priest, William W. Jr. Ravich, Samantha F. Riddell, Malcolm C. Rose, Charles Peete Jr. Prieto, Daniel B. Ill Ravitch, Richard Ridgway, Rozanne L. Rose, Daniel Prince, Charles O. Ill Raymond, David A. Rieckhoff, Paul JT Rose, Elihu Pritzker, Penny S. Raymond, Douglas A. Rieff, David Rose, Gideon Pritzker, Thomas J. Raymond, Lee R. Rielly, John E. Rose, Joseph B. Proenza, Luis M. Read, Benjamin L. Riffat, Imran Rose, Marshall Protz, Jonathan M. Reade, Claire E. Rifkind, Robert S. Rosecrance, Richard Prueher, Joseph Wilson Realuyo, Celina B. Ringold, Dena Rosen, Andrew Allen I'rvce, Jeffrey F. Redman, Charles E. Riordan, Michael L. Rosen, Arthur H. Puchala, Donald James Reed, Charles B. Riotta, Giovanni Rosen, Daniel H. Puckett, Robert H. Reed, Jack Rishikof, Harvey Rosen, Gary Pulling, Edward L. Reed, Joseph Verner Ritch, John B. Ill Rosen, Jack Pulling, Thomas L. Reed, Lucy Ferguson Rivers, Richard R. Rosen, Jane K. Punke, Timothy E. Reese, William Sears Riviera, Gloria S. Rosen, Jeffrey A. Purcell, Susan Kaufman Regan, Ned Rivkin, David B. Jr. Rosen, Robert L. Pursley, Robert E. Regens, James L. Rivkin, David W. Rosenberg, Mark B. Pustay, John S. Rehman, Asim Rivlin, Mice M. Rosenblatt, Lionel A. Putnam, Robert D. Reichert, William M. Rizk, NaylaM. Rosenblatt, Peter R. Pye, Lucian W. Reid, Ogden Robb, Charles S. Rosenblum, Mort L. Pvle, Kenneth B. Reiling, Peter A. Robbins, Carla Anne Rosenfeld, Stephen S. Reilly, Saskia Shane Robbins, Elizabeth Jane* Rosenfield, Allan Reilly, William K. Robbins, Rachel F. Rosenfield, Patricia L. Reimer, Dennis Joe Robert, Joseph E. Jr. Rosenkranz, Nicholas Quinn Quainton, Anthonv C.E. Reimers, Fernando Miguel Robert, Stephen Rosenkranz, Robert Quam, Lois E. Reinhardt, John E. Roberts, Bradlev H. Rosenstein, Scott Andrew Quandt, William B. Reinhart, Carmen M. Roberts, John J. Rosensweig, Jeffrey A. Quartel, Robert Jr. Reinharz. Jehuda Roberts, Walter R. Rosenthal, Andrew M. Quelch, John A.* Reinke, Jeffrey A. Robinson, Barbara Paul Rosenthal, Douglas Eurico Questcr, George H. Reisman, William Michael Robinson, David Z. Rosenthal, Jack Quiglev, Kevin F.F. Reiss, Mitchell B. Robinson, Davis R. Rosenthal, Joel H.* Quinn, Jane Bryant Remington, Thomas F. Robinson, James D. Ill Rosenthal, Mitchell S. Qtiinn, JohnM. Remnick, David J. Robinson, Linda Rosenwald, E. John Jr. Renfrew, Charles Byron Robinson, Pearl T. Rosenwald, Nina R Renne-Malone, Jeannie M. Robison, Olin C. Rosenzweig, Robert M. Raab, Jennifer [. Rennie, Milbrey Rocca, Christina B. Rosett, Claudia Rabb, Bruce Rennie, Renate Rocha, V. Manuel Roskens, Ronald W. Rabinowitch, Alexander Reppert, John C. Roche, James G. Rosner, Jeremy D. Rabinowitch, Victor Reppy, Judith V. Rockefeller, David Rosovsky, Henry Racz, Gregory N. Resnicoff, Arnold E. Rockefeller, David Jr. Ross, Christopher W.S. Radtke, Robert W. Resor, Stanley R. Rockefeller, John D. IV Ross, Dennis B. Rahman, Anika Rethmeicr, Blain K. Rockefeller, Nicholas Ross, Gary N. Raines, Franklin D. Revesz, Richard L.* Rockwell, Hays H. Ross, Robert S. Raiser, Skye Revzin, Philip S. Rockwell, Keith McElroy Rossabi, Morris Raisian, John Rey, Nicholas A. Rodin, Judith Rosso, David J. Ramakrishna, Kilaparti Rhinelander, John B. Rodriguez, Cristina M-t Rossotti, Charles O. Ramer, Bruce M. Rhodes, William R. Rodriguez, Rita M. Rostow, Nicholas Ramer, Lawrence J. Ricardel.MiraR. Rodriguez, Vincent A. Rotberg, Robert I. Ramirez, Lilia L. Rice, Condoleezza Rodrik, Dani Roth, Kenneth Ramo, Simon Rice, Donald S. Roett, Riordan Roth, Stanley Owen Ramsey, W. Russell Rice, Joseph A. Roff, J. Hugh Jr. Roth, William M. Randolph, R. Sean Rice, Joseph Lee III Rogers, John M. Rothkopf, Adrean S.| Randt, Clark T. Jr.

Membership Roster 107 Rothkopf, David [ochanan Sapolsky, Harvey M. Schwab, Susan Carroll Sheinbaum, Stanley K. Rottenberg, Linda D. Sapp Mancini, Angela M. Schwalbe, Nina Rebecca Sheldon, Eleanor B. Roumani, Nadia Sargeant, Stephen Thomas Schwartz, Bernard L. Shelp, Ronald K. Route, Ronald A. Sarotte, Mary Elise Schwartz, Eric Paul Shelton, Joanna Reed Rovine, Arthur W. Sassen, Saskia Schwartz, Norton A. Shelton-Colby,SallyA. Rowen, Henry S. Sasser, James R. Schwartz, Peter Shenk, George H. Rowny, Edward L. Satcher, David Schwarz, Adam Shepard, Stephen B. Roy, J. Stapleton Satloff Robert B. Schwarzer, William W. Shepardson, Robert Thomas Rubenstein, David M. Satter, Muneer A. Schwarzman, Stephen A. Shepherd, J. Michael Rubenstein, Leonard S.* Saujani, Reshma M."j" Schwebcl, Stephen M. Shepherd, Karen F. Rubin, Arthur Mark Saul, Ralph Southey Schweitzer, Theodore U. Sheriff, Alan R. Rubin, BarnettR. Saunders, Harold H. Schwerin, Samuel Lawrence Sherkey, Mark B. Jr. Rubin, Gretchen C. Savage, Frank Sciolino, Elaine F. Sherman, Wendy R. Rubin, James P. Sawoski, Mark Sciutto, James E.* Sherr, Lynn B. Rubin, Nancy H. Sawyer, Diane Scoblic, [. Peter Sherry, George L. Rubin, Nilmini Gunaratne Sawyer, Reid L. Scott, Jeannine B. Sherwood, Benjamin B. Rubin, Robert E. Scalapino, Robert A. Scott, John M. Ill Sherwood-Randall, Elizabeth Rubin, Trudy S. Schacht, Henry B. Scott, Robert A. Shields, Geoffrey B. Rudder, Philip C. Schadlow, Nadia Scowcroft, Brent Shields, Lisa Katherine Rudenstine, Neil L. Schaffer, Howard Bruner Scranton, William W. Shiftman, Gary M. Rudin, William C. Schaffer, Teresita C. Scully, Timothy R. Shifter, Michael Rudman, Warren B. Schake, Kori Seagrave, Norman P. Shinn, James J. Ruenitz, Robert M. Schearer, S. Bruce Sears, Jonathan E. Shinseki, Eric Ruggie, John G. Schecter, Jerrold L. Seaton, James B. Ill Shipley, Walter V. Rugh, William A. Schecter, Kate S. Segal, Sheldon J. Shirk, Susan L. Runge, Carlisle Ford Scheffer, David [. Segal, Susan Louise Shirzad, Faryar Rupp, George E. Scheinman, Lawrence Seib, Gerald F. Shlaes, Amity Ruth Ryan, Arthur F. Schell, Orville Hickok Seibold, Frederick C. Jr. Shoemaker, Christopher C. Ryan, Evan M."f" Schell, Theodore H. Seiple, Chris Shonholtz, Raymond Ryan, John T. Ill Schenker, David K. Sekulow, Eugene A. Shribman, David M. Ryan, Kevin P. Selee, Andrew D. Schick, Thomas Shriver, Donald W. Jr. Ryan, Michael E. Selin, Ivan Shriver, Timothy P. Schifter, Richard Rvan, Patrick G. Jr. Sender, Henny Schijman, Alixandre Shu, John Sennett, Richard Shulman, Colette Schiller, Vivian L. Sepiilveda, Lilian Shultz, George P. Schlesingcr, James R. Servan-Schreiber, Pascaline* Shultz, Susan Kent Fried Saccrdote, Peter M. Schlesinger, Stephen C. Sesno, Frank W. Shuman, David L. Sachs, Jeffrey D. Schlosser, Herbert S. Sestanovich, Stephen R. Shuman, Stanley S. Sacks, Paul M. Schmemann, Serge Setser, Brad W. Sick, Gary G. Sagan, Scott D. Schmertz, Herbert Sewall, John O.B. Siebert, Muriel F. Sakoian, Carol Knuth Schmidt, Benno Jr. Sewall, Sarah Siegal, Bippy M. Salacuse, Jeswald William Schmidt, Eric* Sewell, John W. Siegel, William D. Salazar, Ana Maria Schmidt, Todd A. Sexton, John E. Siegman, Henry Salem, George R. Schmoke, Kurt L. Seymour, Frances J. Sifton, Elisabeth N. Salomon, Richard E. Schnabel, Rockwell A. Shafer, D. Michael Sifton, John Salomon, William R. Schneider, Jan Shafer, Jeffrey R. Sigal,LeonV. Salzman, Anthony David Schneider, William Shaheen, Mark A. Sigelman, Joseph M. Samore, Gary Schneider, William Jr. Shailor, Barbara Sikkink, Kathryn A. Sample, Steven B. Schneier, Arthur Shalala, Donna E. Silas, C. J. Samuels, Barbara Christie II Schnetzer, Amanda W. Shalikashvili, John M. Silber, Laura J. Samuels, Michael A. Schoen, Douglas E. Shambaugh, David Silberman, Laurence H. Samuels, Richard J. Schoettle, Enid C.B. Shanker, Thomas Daniel Silberman, Robert S. Sanchez, Miguel Antonio Schorr, Daniel L. Shapiro, Andrew [. Silbcrstein, Alan M. Sanchez, Orlando Schrage, Elliot J. Shapiro, Daniel B. Silkenat, James R. Sandalow, David Schrage, Steven Patrick Shapiro, Isaac Silver, Allison Sandel, Michael J. Schramm, Carl J. Shapiro, Judith R. Silver, Brian M. Sander, Alison B. Schreiber, Brian T. Shaplen, Jason T. Silver, Daniel B. Sanders, Barry A. Schroeder, Christopher Matthew Sharma, Anita Silver, Ron Sanders, Marlene Schubert, Richard Francis Sharp, Daniel A. Silverberg, Daniel I."f Sanderson, Steven E. Schuepbach, Martin A. Shattuck, John Silverberg, Kristen L. Sands, Amy Schuker, Jill A. Shaw, David E. Silvers, Robert B. Sanger, David E. Schulhof, Michael Peter Shearer, Brooke L. Simes, Dimitri K. Sanok, Stephanie"}" Schultz, Tammy "j" Sheehan, Kevin P. Simmons, Adele Sapiro, Miriam Schulz, Laura Abrahams")" Sheehan, Michael A. Simmons, Matthew R. Schulz, William F. * Elected to membership in 2008. Sheeran, Josette M. Simmons, P. J. Schumacher Matos, Edward "{"Elected to five-year term membership Sheffield, [ill \V. Simmons, Ruth J. in 2008. Schwab, George D.

108 Simon, Denis Fred Snyder. Timothy D. Stein, Eric Sullivan, Gordon R. Simon, Hugh V. Jr. Sobel, Richard Paul Steinberg, David |. Sullivan, John D. Simon, |ennifer J. Sobol, Dorothy Meadow Steinberg, James B. Sullivan, Louis W. Sims, Calvin G. Soderberg, Nancy E. * Steinberg. Mark R. Sumerlin, Donald Marcus Sinclair. Paula). Sofaer, Abraham David Steinberg, Richard H. Summers, Lawrence H. Singh. Manisha Sokolski, Henry D. Steinbruner, John D. Sun, Angela"!" Singleton, Lincoln Cameron Solarz, Stephen |. Steiner, Joshua L. Sundiata, Ibrahim K. Sinkin. Richard N. Solnick, Steven L. Steiner, Steven E. Suro, Roberto A. Sisk, MarkS.* Solomon, Andrew Wallace Stempel, John D. Sutphen, Mona K. Sitrick, ]ames Baker Solomon, Anne G.K. Stent, Angela Evelyn Sutterlin, James S. Skinner, Kiron Kanina Solomon, Joshua N. Stepan, Alfred C. Sutton, Francis X. Sklarew, Jennifer Friedman Solomon, Peter J. Stern, David J. Suzman, Cedric Skol, Michael M. Solomon, Richard H. Stern, Eliyahu Swank, Emory C. Skolnikoff, Eugene B. Solomon, Robert Stern, Fritz Swanson, Carl Axel Skora, Alexander ). Sonenshine, H. Marshall Stern, Jeffrey M. Sweeney, John J. Skorton, David |. Sonenshine, Tara Diane Stern, Jessica E. Sweig, Julia Ellen Slade, David R. Sonnenberg, Maurice Stern, Paul G. Sweitzer, Brandon W. Slattery, |im C. Sonnenfeldt, Helmut Stern, Paula Swid, Scott L. Slaughter, Anne-Marie Sonnenfeldt. Richard W. Stern, Todd D. Swid, Stephen Claar Slaughter, Richard A. Sorensen, Gillian Martin Stern, Walter P. Swiers, Peter Bird Slavin, Barbara Sorensen, Theodore C. Sternberg, Marc S. Swing, John Temple Slawson, Paul S. Sorkin, Andrew Ross"]" Sternberg, Seymour Swisher, Clayton E. Sloane, Ann Brownell Soros, George Sterner, Michael E. Syron, Richard F. Sloane, Leigh Morris Soros, Jonathan T. A.* Stetson, Anne Szekelv, Deborah* Sloat, Amanda L."|" Soros, Paul Stevens, Charles R. Szporluk, Roman Slobogin, Kathy* Sosnicky, James R. Stevens. James W. Slocombe, Walter B. Soudriette, Richard W. Stevens, Paul Schott T Small, Lawrence M. Sovern, Michael I. Stevens, Robert J. Taft, William H. IV Smalley, Kathleen Sowers, Thomas S. II "f Stevenson, Charles A. Tagliabue, Paul Smalley, Patricia T. Spagnuolo, Stephen A. Stewart, Brittany D. Tahir-Kheli. Shirin R. Smart. Christopher W. Spalter, Jonathan Stewart, C. Evan Talbot. Phillips Smart, S. Bruce )r. Spangler, Scott M. Stewart, Donald M. Talbott, Devin L.f Smeall, Christopher Spector, Leonard S. Stewart. Gordon C. Talbott, Strobe Smidt, Jonathan D.t Speedie, David C. Stewart, Jamie B. Jr. Talwar, Puneet Smith, Adam Michael Speedie, David Sam Stewart, Ruth Ann Tan Bhala, Kara W.Y. Smith, Dane F. Jr. Speltz.PaulW.* Stiehm, Judith Hicks Tananbaum, Steven A. Smith, David Shiverick Spencer, Edson W. Stiglitz, Joseph E. Tang, David K.Y. Smith, Edwin M. Spencer, John Stiles, Deborah F. Tanner, Harold Smith, Fern M. Sperling, Gene B. Stith, Charles R. Tanter, Raymond Smith, Fred Gary Spero, Joan E. Stith, Kate Tapia.Raul R. Smith, Frederick Wallace Spero, Joshua B. Stobaugh, Robert B. Tarnoff. Alexander Smith, Gayle E. Speyer, Jerry I. Stockman, David A. Smith, Hedrick L. Tarnoff, Peter Speyer, Robert J. Smith, Jean Kennedy Stoessinger, John G. Tarter, C. Bruce Smith, Jeffrey H. Spiegel, Daniel L. Stoga, Alan J. Tarullo, Daniel K. Smith, John T. II Spiegel, John W. Stokes, Bruce Tatlock, AnneM. Smith. Justin B. Spielvogel, Carl Stone, Christopher B. Taubman, William Smith. Leighton W. |r. Spiers, Ronald 1. Stone, Jeremy J. Tauscher, Ellen O. Smith, Malcolm B. Spindler, J. Andrew Stonesifer, Patricia Q. Tavares, Ricardo S. Smith. Martin Spiro, Herbert John Strasser, Jacqueline Laura Taylor, Arthur R. Smith, Michael B. Spoon, Alan Straus, Oscar S. II Taylor, Cathy L. Smith, Perry M. Spratt, John M. Jr. Strauss, Robert S. Taylor, Diana L. Smith, Peter Hopkinson Stacks, John Streeb. Gordon L. Taylor, [ames S. Smith, R. Jeffrey Stahl, Leslev R. Stremlau, John ]. Taylor, James Scott Jr. "J Smith. Richard M. Staley, Kenneth W. Stringer, Howard Taylor, Kathryn Pelgrift Smith, Stephen G. Stam, Allan C. Strmecki, Marin J. Teece, David J. Smith, Theodore M. Stamas, Stephen Strock, James M. Teichner. Martha A. Smith, Tony Stanger, Allison (Catherine Stromseth, Jane E. Teitel, Ruti G. Smith, W. Y. Stanislaw, Joseph A. Stroock, Thomas F. Teitelbaum, Michael S. Smith, Winthrop H. Jr. Staples, Eugene S. Strossen.Nadine Telhami, Shibley Snider, Don M. Starr. Alexandra L. Studzinski, John J.* Tellis, Ashley Joachim Snider, L. Britt Starr. Kenneth 1. Stuehmke, Dorothy J.f Tempelsman, Maurice Snow, Robert Anthony Stavridis, James G. Styron, Rose Temple-Raston, Dina Snowe, Olympia J. Steel, Ronald Sudarkasa, Niara Tenet, George J. Snyder, Jed C. Steiger, Paul E. Sufi, Awais Tercek, MarkR. Snvder, Richard E. Stein, David F. Sughrue, Karen M. Terracciano, Anthony P. Stein, Elliot Suleiman. Ezra N. Terry, Sarah Meiklejohn

Membership Roster 109 Theobald, Thomas C. Townsend, Kathleen Kennedy Van Dusen, Michael H. Walker, Chads E. Theros, Patrick N. Trachtenberg, Stephen Joel Van Dyk, Ted Walker, George R. Thielmann, A. Gregory* Train, Harry D. II Van Evera, Stephen Walker, Jenonne Thiessen, Marc Alexander Train, John Van Fleet, James Alward Walker, John L. Thoman, G. Richard Train, Russell E. Van Oudenaren, John Walker, Nancy J. Thomas, Brooks Trainor, Bernard E. Van Zandt, David Edgar Walker-Huntley, Mary L. Thomas, Evan W. Ill Trani, Eugene P. Vance, Elsie Nicoll Wallace, Roger Windham Thomas, Franklin A. Traub, James Vande Berg, Marsha Wallach, Kenneth L. Thomas, fames P. Treadway, Stephen J. vanden Heuvel, Katrina Wallack, Jessica S.J" Thomas, Lee B. Jr. Treanor, Adam J. vanden Heuvel, William J. Wallander, Celeste Ann Thomas, Lydia Waters Treanor, Mark C. Varela, Marta B. Wallerstein, Mitchel B. Thomas-Graham, Pamela A. Treat, John Elting Varmus, Harold E. Wallich, Christine I. Thompson, Fred D. Trebat, Thomas J. Vecchi, Sesto E. Wallison, Peter J. Thompson, Heather Dawn Treverton, Gregory Frye Veit, Carol Michele Walsh, Ian K. Thompson, Mischa E. Trice, Robert H. Jr. Veit, Lawrence A. Walsh, Michaela Thompson, Nicholas E.S. Trimble, Charles R. Veliotes, Nicholas A. Walt, Stephen M. Thompson, Robert L. Trojan, Vera M. Vendley, William F. Walters, Barbara Thompson, Tommy G.* Trooboff Peter D. Veneman, Ann M. Walton, Anthony John Thompson, W. Scott Truitt, Nancy Sherwood Venkayya, Rajeev V. Walton, R. Keith Thomson, James A. Truman, Edwin M. Verleger, Philip K. Jr. Waltz, Kenneth N. Thomson, Robert H.J' Tsalik, Svetlana Verma, Gagan Wanger, Leah Zell Thornberry, William M.* Tsehai, Elizabeth G. Verma, Richard R. Ward, Jennifer C. Thornburgh, Dick Tsipis, Kosta Vermilye, Peter H. Ward, Katherine T. Thornell, Richard P. Tucher, H. Anton Verstandig, Toni G Warner, Edward L. Ill Thornton, John L. Tucker, Cynthia A. Verveer, Melanne S. Warner, John William Thoron, Louisa Tucker, Jonathan B. Verville, Elizabeth G. Warner, Margaret G. Thorpe, Allen R. Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf Vessey, John W. Warner, Mark R. Tien, John K. Jr. Tuggle, Clyde C. Vester, Linda J. Warner, Volney James Tienda, Marta Tulbah, Ali H.f Viccellio, Henry Jr. Warren, Gerald L. Tierney, Matthew S. Tuminez, Astrid S. Vick, Edward H. Warren, Rick Tierney, Patricia E. Tung, Ko-Yung Victor, Alice S. Washburn, John L. Tierney, Paul E. Jr. Wasserman, Debra L. Tunkey, James P. Vidal, David J. Tiersky, Ronald Wasserstein, Bruce Turekian, Vaughan C.J" Videt, Pote P. Till, Kimberly Waterbury, John Turner, Douglas W. Viebranz, Curtis G. Tillman, Seth P. Watson, Alexander F. Turner, J. Michael Viets, Richard Noyes Tilton, Andrew Watson, Peter S. Turner, James M. Vila, Adis M. Timbers, William H. Watts, John H. Turner, Robert F. Viorst, Milton Timothy-Lankester, Kristen Watts, William Turner, Stansfield Viscusi, Enzo Timpson, Sarah Livingston Waxman, Matthew C. Tusiani, Michael D. Vitale, Alberto Tindell, Cynthia A. Weaver, David R. Tyrrell, R. Emmett Jr. Vitale, David J. Tingle-Smith, Tanisha N.f Webb, Hoyt K. Tyson, Carole Henderson Vlasic, Mark V. Tipson, Frederick S. Weber, Doron Tyson, Laura D'Andrea Voell, Richard Allen Tirana, Amina Weber, Vin Vogel, Ezra F. Tirpak, Bradley M. Webster, William H. U Vogelgesang, Sandy Louise Tisch, Andrew Herbert Wechsler, William F. Udovitch, Abraham L. Vogelson, Jay M. Tisch, James S. Weddle, Steven Uhlig, Mark Vojta, George J. Tisne, Claire Marvel Wedgwood, Ruth Ullman, Richard H. Volcker, Paul A. Todman, Terence A. Wehrle, Leroy Snyder Ulman, Cornelius M. Volk, Stephen R. Todt Coon, Kiersten Wei, Shang-Jin* Ulrich, Marybeth Peterson von Eckartsberg, K. Gayle Rose Toft, Monica Duffy Weidenbaum, Murray Ungar, Sanford J. von Lipsey, Roderick K. Toll, Maynard J. Jr. Weigel, George Unger, David C. von Mehren, Robert B. Tomlinson, Alexander C. Weiksner, George B. Unmacht, Julie Frances Votaw, Carmen Delgado Toobin, Jeffrey R. Weil, Frank A. Upton, Maureen T. Vradenburg, George HI Toomey, Kathleen Elizabeth Weill, Sanford I. Usher, William R. Topping, Audrey Ronning Vuono, Carl E. Weinberg, David B. Usher, William R. Ill Topping, Seymour Weinberg, Steven Ussery, Terdema L. II* W Torano, Maria Elena Weiner, Rebecca UlamJ' Utgoff Victor A. Torop, Jonathan P. Wachner, Linda J. Weinert, Richard S. Utley, Garrick Torres, Gerald Wachtel, Andrew Baruch Weinrod, W. Bruce Torricelli, Robert G. Wadhams, Caroline Pfeiffer Weinstein, David E. Toth, Robert C. Wadsworth Darby, Mary Weinstein, Jeremy M. Toungara, Jeanne Maddox Vagts, Detlev F. Waggoner, Robert C. Weinstein, Michael M. Townsend, Frances Fragos* Vaky, Viron P. Wais, Marshall I. Jr. Weinstock, Davis II Valenta, Jiri Wait, Jarett F. Weintraub, Sidney Valentine, Debra A. Waldman, Adir G. * Elected to membership in 2008. Weisberg, Jacob M. Valenzuela, Arturo A. Waldron, Arthur I Elected Co rive-year term membership Weisman, Steven R. in 2008. van der Vink, Gregory E. Wales, Jane M. •

Weiss, Andrew S. Wilkinson. Sharon P. Woodruff, Robert W. Zanoyan, Vahan B. Weiss, Charles Jr. Wille, Serena B. Woods, Ward W. Zarb. Frank G. Weiss, Cora Williams, Aaron S. Woodward, Susan L. Zartman, 1. William Weiss, Stanley A. Williams, Brian D. » Woolsey, R. James Zbar, Brett I.W. Welch, C. David Williams, Christine Woolsey, Suzanne H. Zegart, Amy B. Welch, Jasper A. Jr. Williams, Cindy Woon, Eden Y. Zeikel, Arthur Welch, Larry D. Williams, Dave H. Worden, Minky Zelikow, Philip D. Weld, Susan Roosevelt Williams, Elizabeth Helen Worenklein, Jacob J. Zelnick, C. Robert Weld, William F. Williams, F. Haydn Worthington, Samuel A." Zemmol, Jonathan I. Wellde, George W. Jr. Williams, Harold M. Wortzel, Larry M Zilkha, Donald E. Wells, Damon Williams, Howard R. Wray, Cecil Zilkha, Ezra K. Wells, Louis T. Jr. Williams, Margaret Douglas Wriggins, W. Howard Zimmerman, Edwin M. Wells, Samuel F. Jr. Williams, Reba White Wright, Joseph R. Jr. Zimmerman, Peter D. Wender, IraT. Williams, Thomas R. II Wright, Lawrence G. Zinberg, Dorothy Shore Wendt, Allan Williams, William J. Jr. Wright, Robin Zinder, Norton D. Wertheim, Mitzi Mallina Williamson, Edwin D. Wright, William H. II Zipp, Brian R. Weshrook, Stephen D. Williamson, Edwin D. Jr. Wrona, Richard M. Jr. Zirin, James D. Weschler, Joanna Williamson, Irving A. Wu, Markt Zittrain, Jonathan L. Wesely, Edwin J. Williamson, Richard Salisbury Wu, Timothy Zoellick, Robert B. Wessel, Michael R. Williamson, Samuel G.' Wucker, Michele M.( Zogbv, James J. West, Francis J. Willrich, Mason Wulf, Norman A. Zolberg, Aristide R. West, J. Robinson Wilmers, Robert G. Wylie, Andrew Zonis, Marvin West, Owen O'Driscoll* Wilson, Don M. Ill Wyser-Pratte, Guy Patrick Zorthian, Barry West,Togo D. Jr. Wilson, Donald M. Zucker, Howard Alan Westin, David L. Wilson, Ernest James III Zucker, Jeremy B. Zuckerman, Harriet Westin, Sherrie Rollins* Wilson, Isaiah III Yacoubian, Mona Zuckerman, Mortimer B. Westly, Steven P. Wilson, Margaret S. Yalman, NurO. Zwick, Charles J. Wethington, Olin L. Wimmer, Kurt A.* Yamada, Tadataka* Zwirn, Daniel B. Wexler, Anne Winch, Steven D. Yang, Linda Tsao Zysman, John A. Weymouth, Elizabeth G. Winfield, W. Montague Yang, Phoebe L. Wharton, Clifton R. Jr. Wing, Adrien Katherine Yankelovich, Daniel Wheeler, John K. Winik, Jay Yanney, Michael B. Wheeler, John P. Ill Winkler, Matthew A. Yegen, Christian C. Whelan, Moiraf Winokur, Herbert S. Jr. Yellen. Janet Louise Whitaker, C. S. Winston, Michael R. Yergin, Daniel H. Whitaker, Jennifer Seymour Winterer, Philip S. Yochelson, John N. Whitaker, Mark Winters, Francis X. Yoffie, David B. White Barton, Laura J. Winters, Laura Yordan, Jaime Ernesto White, John P. Wirth, David A. Yost, Casimir A. White, Julia A. Wirth, Timothy E. Yost, Charles W. White, Mary Jo Wisch, Steven J. Young, Alice White, Maureen Wise, Carol Young, Andrew White, Peter C. Wise, Louise Holly B. Young, George H. Ill White, Robert J. Wisner, Frank G. Young, Jay T. White, William H. Wisner, Graham G. Young, Lesley S. Whitehead, John C. Witkowsky, Anne A. Young, M. Crawford Whitman, Christine Todd Wittes, Tamara Cofman Young, Michael K. Whitman, Marina v.N. Woerner, Fred F. Young, Nancy Whitney, Christopher B. Wofford, Harris Youngblood, Kneeland C. Whitney, Craig R. Wohlforth, William C. Youngwood, Alfred D. Whittemore, Frederick B. Wojcicki, Anne Elizabeth Yu, Frederick T.C. Whonder, Carmencita N. Wolf, Charles Jr. Yun, Philip W. Wiarda, Howard J. Wolf, Ira Yzaguirre, Raul H. Wien, Anita Volz Wolf, Robert* Wiener, Carolyn Seely Wolfensohn, Adam R. Wiener, Malcolm H. Wolfensohn, James D. Zabel, William D. Wiescl, Elie Wolff, Alan Wm. Zafar, Shaarik H. Wilby, Peter Wolff, I. Peter Zagoria, Donald S. Wikienthal, C.Kern Wolff, Jason R. Zahn, Paula A. Wiley, Richard A. Wolfowitz, Paul D. Zaid, Zaid A.| Wilhelm, Robert E. Wolin, Neal S. Zakaria, Arshad R. Wilkerson, Thomas Lloyd Wolosky, Lee S. Zakaria, Fareed Wilkie, Edith B. Wolpe, Howard Zakheim.Dov S. Wilkins, Roger W. Wolstencroft, Tracy R. Zakheim. Roger l.| Wilkinson, Amy M. Woo, Meredith Zaleski, Michel Wilkinson, Daniel C. Woodruff, Judy C. Zamagni, William E. Jr.

Membership Roster Credits

Editor: Patricia Dorff Associate Editor: Lia C. Norton Photo Editor: Nidhi Sinha Publications Intern: Reema Shah Copy Editor: H. Glenn Court Design: ObjectiveSubject Production: Gene Crofts

Photos : 20; 22 CFR.org: 52; 53 Citigroup: 8 right Sebastian Copeland: 12 Ed Darack/Getty Images: cover photo (view of Lake Qadisiyah in Iraq’s Al Anbar province) Melanie Einzig: 6 right bottom; 28; 44; 48; 50 right Hills & Company: 8 left Preston Merchant: 23 Dylan Pereira: 49 Don Pollard: 5; 6 left column, right top, right center; 7; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14 top, left; 16; 25; 27 right; 32; 34; 35; 40; 41; 42; 43; 45; 46; 50 left; 51; 55 top Kaveh Sardari/www.sardari.com: 6 top; 14 right; 19; 26 left, center left, center right; 27 top, left; 36; 37; 39; 54; 55 bottom United States Institute of Peace: 26 right

Note: This annual report is printed on paper certified to the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council, which promotes environmentally responsible, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world’s forests.

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