Студентско археолошко здружение „Аксиос“ Student Archaeological Association “Axios” АМФАКСИТИДА AMPHAXITIS Спонзорирано од: Фондација Институт отворено општество Македонија Sponsored by: Foundation Open Society Macedonia Скопје 2007 Skopje 2007 Амфакситида Amfaksitida vo pi{anite izvori Amphaxitis in the written sources Imeto Amfaksitida poteknuva od sta­ The name Amphaxitis stems from the rogr~kiot zbor Αμφαχίτις, so zna~ewe „od ancient Greek word ��������Αμφαχίτις�� wwhich�ic� �meansean dvete strani na Aksios (Vardar)#. Vo an­ around the two river banks of Axios (Vardar). ti~ko vreme, imeto se odnesuva na teri­ In the antiquity, this name was related to the torijata po dolniot tek na rekata Vardar, territory along t�e lower flow of t�e river Var­ od Demir Kapija do nejzinoto ustie. dar, from Demir Kapija to its river mouth. Dene{nata politi~ka granica me|u R. Today’s political border between R. Mace­ Makedonija i R. Grcija go deli ovoj prostor donia and R. Greece splits the area in two na dva dela. Vo ramkite na R. Makedonija, parts. The part of Amphaxitis situated in the Amfaksitida go opfa}a gevgelisko­va­ R. Macedonia is known as “Gevgelisko – Va­ landovskiot region. landovski region”. Amfaksitida vo protoistorijata Amphaxitis in the protohistory Najstariot istoriski podatok za regio­ The oldest written record of the region along not po dolniot tek na Vardar, go sre}avame t�e lower Vardar valley i found in t�e firt Eu­ vo prviot evropski ep – Homerovata „Ili­ ropean epic poem – Homer’s Iliad. The lyrics jada#. Koga se pee za junacite koi ja branat dedicated to the heroes, defending Troy say: Troja, stihovite velat: “But Pyraichmes led the Paionians with „A krivolakite Pajonci pak si curving bows, from far away in gi vodel Pirajhme, odskraja od Amidon, Amydon, from the broad stream of Axios” od {irokostrujniot Aksij# These lyrics tell us that in the mythical Ova ni zboruva deka vo mitskoto vreme ages of the Trojan War (XIII c. BC) or at least na Trojanskata vojna (ΧΙΙΙ vek pred n.e.), in the ages when the epic was composed (VIII ili barem vo vremeto koga e nastanat epot c. BC), the lower Vardar valley was populated (VIII vek pred n.e.), dolniot tek na Vardar by the Paionians. They lived in well – organ­ go naseluvale Pajoncite. Tie `iveele vo ised settlements and their leaders originated organizirani naselbi i imale voda~i koi fro� t�e town of A�ydon. T�i i t�e firt �i­ poteknuvale od gradot Amidon. Toa e i torical record of any part of Macedonia. prviot istoriski podatok za nekoj del od The existence of settlements, from the Makedonija. epical ti�e, i confir�ed by t�e arc�aeologi­ Postoeweto na naselbi od opeanoto cal excavations of the sites Chaushica, Bo­ vreme e potvrdeno so arheolo{kite is­ hemica, Vardino, Vardaroftsa and particularly tra`uvawa na lokalitetite ^au{ica, Bo­ Kastanas in R. Greece. There are some as­ hemica, Vardino, Vardarovca i osobeno sumptions that the settlement of Vardaroftsa Kastanas vo R. Grcija. Postojat pretpostav is the town of Amydon. They are based on its Амфакситида Сл. 1 - Карта на Македонија и Пајонија Fig. 1 - Map of Macedonia and Paionia ki deka naselbata Vardarovca e gradot expanse and central position in relation to the Amidon. Tie se baziraat na nejzinata pros­ rest of the settlements. tornost i centralna postavenost vo odnos The later ancient writers also tell us that na ostanatite naselbi. the Paionians settled the area of lower Vardar I podocne`nite anti~ki avtori ka`u­ valley. vaat deka prostorot na dolen Vardar, vo Strabo (63 BC – 24 AD) in the seventh ranite vremiwa, go naseluvale Pajoncite. book of his Geography, writing about “what Strabon (63 g. pred n.e. – 24 g. n.e.) vo is now called Macedonia”, says that in the knigata VII od svojata Geografija, zbo­ earlier days the Paionians lived in the “region ruvaj}i za „toa {to sega go vikaat Make­ around the river Axios which is named Am­ donija#, veli deka vo porani vremiwa, phaxitis because of that”. Pajoncite go naseluvale „regionot okolu Justinus (III c. AD), referring to the work rekata Aksij, koj poradi toa se vika Am­ Historiae Filipicae by Pompeus Trogus, writes faksitida#. about Macedonia and the mythical ages: “in Justin (III vek n.e.), citiraj}i go deloto the area of Paionia, which is now part of Mac­ Historiae Filipicae od Pompej Trog (I vek n.e.), edonia, king was, as is now told, Pelegon the Амфакситида zboruva za Makedonija i mitskite vre­ father of Asteropaios whose name is among miwa: „vo oblasta Pajonija, koja sega ob­ the most famous defenders of Troy.” razuva del od Makedonija, kraluval, kako From the works of these writers we can sega se raska`uva, Pelegon tatkoto na notice that at the time of their existence, lower Asteropaj, ~ie {to ime se vbroilo za nas Vardar valley was part of Macedonia, but be­ me|u najslavnite za{titnici na Troja#. fore that it belonged to the Paionians. Od delata na ovie avtori jasno se gleda deka, vo nivnoto vreme, dolniot tek na Vardar e sostaven del na Makedonija, Amphaxitis as part no pred toa toj im pripa|al na Pajoncite. of the Macedonian kingdom There are no historical records from which Amfaksitida vo sostavot we can acknowledge exactly when the an­ na anti~koto kralstvo Makedonija cient Macedonians conquered the lower Vardar valley. Ne postojat istoriografski podatoci T�ucydide (V c. BC) i t�e firt ancient od koi doznavame koga to~no anti~kite Ma­ writer, who considered this region as part of kedonci ja osvoile teritorijata na dolen Macedonia. In his work History of the Pelo- Vardar. ponnesian War he describes the conquest of Tukidid (V vek pred n.e.) e najstariot the Thracian ruler Sitalkes from 429 BC. Ac­ avtor {to zboruva za ovoj region kako cording to him, Sitalkes and his army, depart­ del od Makedonija. Vo deloto „Istorija ing from the Paionian town of Doberos, pene­ na Peloponeskata vojna#, toj go opi{uva trated in Lower Macedonia and conquered the pohodot na trakiskiot vladetel Sitalk towns of Idomene, Gortynia and Atalante. He od 429 g. pred n.e. Spored nego, Sitalk so beieged t�e town of Europo, but �e didn’t svojata vojska, trgnuvaj}i od pajonskiot manage to conquer it, and after that, he con­ grad Dober, prodrel vo Dolna Makedonija tinued ravaging to t�e Eat. i gi pokoril gradovite Idomene, Gortinija T�ee are t�e firt certain �itorical record i Atalante. Gradot Europ go opsadil, no for the existence of towns in the V century BC ne uspeal da go osvoi i potoa prodol`il along the Lower Vardar valley. Since that pe­ da pusto{i na istok. riod until today, Amphaxitis is considered as Ova se prvite sigurni istoriski po­ inseparable part of Macedonia. datoci koi zboruvaat deka po dolnoto The beginning of the III c. BC is marked te~enie na rekata Vardar, vo V vek pred by the Celtic destructions in the Balkan Pe­ n.e., postoele gradovi. Od toa vreme pa s¢ ninsula and Asia Minor. According to the do denes, Amfaksitida se smeta za neraz­ �itoriо��gr�p���er ��������auania (�II������ c. A���������) and Ti�­ delen del od Makedonija. tus Livius����������������������������� (I c. AD) in the period of 2�80 ���– 2�9 Po~etokot na ΙΙΙ vek pred n.e. e obele`an BC the Celts overran Dardania, Paionia and so naezdata na keltskite plemiwa na Macedonia reaching to Delphi. The Vardar Val­ Balkanot. Spored istoriografite Pau­ ley is the main path connecting this territories sanija (ΙΙ vek n.e.) i Tit Livij (Ι vek n.e.), and it is very possible that the barbarians had vo periodot od 280–278 g. pred n.e. Kel­ passed t�roug� it. ����he�������� results ����of the������ archaeo�����­ tite gi pregazile Dardanija, Pajonija i logical excavations at the sites in the region, Makedonija, stignuvaj}i s¢ do Delfi. indicate that in the beginning of the III c. BC, Magistralna trasa koja gi povrzuva ovie the ancient towns in Lower Vardar Valley had teritorii e Vardarskata Dolina, pa e been destroyed and later reconstructed. mnogu verojatno varvarite da pominale In the II c. BC, in the period of the reign of ottuka. Rezultatite od arheolo{kite is­ Philip V, the name Amphaxitis was used for Амфакситида tra`uvawa vo regionot, indiciraat de­ t�e firt ti�e in �itory. We can find it in t�e ka vo ΙΙΙ vek pred n.e. gradovite po dolen Universal History by Polybius (II c. BC) and on Vardar bile opusto{eni i podocna obno­ the coins produced in Thessalonica from 187 veni. – 168 BC, on w�ic� t�e na�e �����ΑΜΦΑΞΙ�ΩΝ��� wawas Vo ΙΙ vek pred n.e., vo vremeto na vlade­ engraved. ewe na makedonskiot kral Filip V, za prv­ The towns which were historically high­ pat se pojavuva imeto Amfaksitida. Nego lighted by Thucydides are also noted in the go sre}avame vo Istorijata na anti~kiot works of other ancient writers, such as: The avtor Polibij (200–118 g. pred n.e.) i na list of the Delphic list of theorodokoi from II c. monetite so natpis ΑΜΦΑΞΙΩΝ, kovani vo BC, the work Historia Naturalis by Pliny the Tesalonika od 187–168 g. pred n.e. Elder, Strabo’ Geography, the well known Gradovite vrz koi Tukidid frli isto­ map Tabula Peutengeriana etc. The records risko svetlo se zabele`ani i vo drugi from these works tell us about the existence anti~ki dela, kako {to se: Spisokot na period of the ancient towns and they give us delfiskite teorodosi od II vek pred t�e bai for locating t�e� on t�e field.