DOCSLIB.ORG

Generic Concepts in Nectriaceae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Generic Concepts in Nectriaceae available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 80: 189–245. Generic concepts in Nectriaceae L. Lombard1*, N.A. van der Merwe2, J.Z. Groenewald1, and P.W. Crous1,3,4* 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Centre (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; 3Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Centre (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; 4Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands *Correspondence: L. Lombard, [email protected]; P.W. Crous, [email protected] Abstract: The ascomycete family Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) includes numerous important plant and human pathogens, as well as several species used extensively in industrial and commercial applications as biodegraders and biocontrol agents. Members of the family are unified by phenotypic characters such as uniloculate ascomata that are yellow, orange-red to purple, and with phialidic asexual morphs. The generic concepts in Nectriaceae are poorly defined, since DNA sequence data have not been available for many of these genera. To address this issue we performed a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences for the 28S large subunit (LSU) nrDNA, the internal transcribed spacer region and intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene (ITS), the large subunit of the ATP citrate lyase (acl1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb1), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), α-actin (act), β-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (cmdA), histone H3 (his3), and translation elongation factor 1- alpha (tef1) gene regions for available type and authentic strains representing known genera in Nectriaceae, including several genera for which no sequence data were previously available. Supported by morphological observations, the data resolved 47 genera in the Nectriaceae. We re-evaluated the status of several genera, which resulted in the introduction of six new genera to accommodate species that were initially classified based solely on morphological characters. Several generic names are proposed for synonymy based on the abolishment of dual nomenclature. Additionally, a new family is introduced for two genera that were previously accommodated in the Nectriaceae. Key words: Generic concepts, Nectriaceae, Phylogeny, Taxonomy. Taxonomic novelties: New family: Tilachlidiaceae L. Lombard & Crous; New genera: Aquanectria L. Lombard & Crous, Bisifusarium L. Lombard, Crous & W. Gams, Coccinonectria L. Lombard & Crous, Paracremonium L. Lombard & Crous, Rectifusarium L. Lombard, Crous & W. Gams, Xenoacremonium L. Lombard & Crous; New species: Mariannaea humicola L. Lombard & Crous, Neocosmospora rubicola L. Lombard & Crous, Paracremonium inflatum L. Lombard & Crous, P. contagium L. Lombard & Crous, Pseudonectria foliicola L. Lombard & Crous, Rectifusarium robinianum L. Lombard & Crous, Xenoacremonium falcatus L. Lombard & Crous, Xenogliocladiopsis cypellocarpa L. Lombard & Crous; New combinations: Aquanectria penicillioides (Ingold) L. Lombard & Crous, A. submerse (H.J. Huds.) L. Lombard & Crous, Bisifusarium biseptatum (Schroers, Summerbell & O'Donnell) L. Lombard & Crous, B. delphinoides (Schroers, Summerbell, O'Donnell & Lampr.) L. Lombard & Crous, B. dimerum (Penz.) L. Lombard & Crous, B. domesticum (Fr.) L. Lombard & Crous, B. lunatum (Ellis & Everh.) L. Lombard & Crous, B. nectrioides (Wollenw.) L. Lombard & Crous, B. penzigii (Schroers, Summerbell & O'Donnell) L. Lombard & Crous, Calonectria candelabra (Viegas) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, C. cylindrospora (Ellis & Everh.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, Clonostachys apocyni (Peck) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, C. aurantia (Penz. & Sacc.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, C. blumenaviae (Rehm) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, C. gibberosa (Schroers) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, C. manihotis (Rick) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, C. parva (Schroers) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, C. tonduzii (Speg.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, C. tornata (Höhn.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, Coccinonectria pachysandricola (B.O. Dodge) L. Lombard & Crous, C. rusci (Lechat, Gardiennet & J. Fourn.) L. Lombard & Crous, Hydropisphaera fusigera (Berk. & Broome) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, Ilyonectria destructans (Zinssm.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, I. macroconidialis (Brayford & Samuels) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, Mariannaea catenulatae (Samuels) L. Lombard & Crous, Nectriopsis rexiana (Sacc.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, Neocosmospora ambrosia (Gadd & Loos) L. Lombard & Crous, N. falciformis (Carrion) L. Lombard & Crous, N. illudens (Berk.) L. Lombard & Crous, N. ipomoeae (Halst.) L. Lombard & Crous, N. monilifera (Berk. & Broome) L. Lombard & Crous, N. phaseoli (Burkh.) L. Lombard & Crous, N. plagianthi (Dingley) L. Lombard & Crous, N. ramosa (Bat. & H. Maia) L. Lombard & Crous, N. solani (Mart.) L. Lombard & Crous, N. termitum (Höhn.) L. Lombard & Crous, N. tucumaniae (T. Aoki, O'Donnell, Yos. Homma & Lattanzi) L. Lombard & Crous, N. virguliformis (O'Donnell & T. Aoki) L. Lombard & Crous, Neonectria candida (Ehrenb.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, Penicillifer diparietisporus (J.H. Miller, Giddens & A.A. Foster) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, Rectifusarium ventricosum (Appel & Wollenw.) L. Lombard & Crous, Sarcopodium flavolanatum (Berk. & Broome) L. Lombard & Crous, S. mammiforme (Chardon) L. Lombard & Crous, S. oblongisporum (Y. Nong & W.Y. Zhuang) L. Lombard & Crous, S. raripilum (Penz. & Sacc.) L. Lombard & Crous, Sphaerostilbella penicillioides (Corda) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, S. aurifila (W.R. Gerard) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, Volutella asiana (J. Luo, X.M. Zhang & W.Y. Zhuang) L. Lombard & Crous, Xenoacremonium recifei (Le~ao & L^obo) L. Lombard & Crous; New name: Mariannaea pinicola L. Lombard & Crous; Typification: Epitypification (basionyms): Rectifusarium ventricosum Appel & Wollenw., Xenogliocladiopsis eucalyptorum Crous & W.B. Kendr.. Published online ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.12.002. Hard copy: xxx. INTRODUCTION and are of great importance to agriculture and medicine. They have been extensively exploited in industrial and commercial The order Hypocreales (Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, applications (Rossman 1996). These fungi are generally char- Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) includes approximately 2 700 acterised by the production of lightly to brightly coloured, ostio- fungal species from 240 genera, which are divided over eight late, perithecial ascomata, containing unitunicate asci with families (Kirk et al. 2008, Crous et al. 2014), with some genera hyaline ascospores; asexual morphs, the form most frequently still classified as incertae sedis (Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2007). encountered in nature, are moniliaceous and phialidic (Rogerson Members of this order are globally found in various environments 1970, Samuels & Seifert 1987, Rossman 1996, 2000, Rossman Studies in Mycology Peer review under responsibility of CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. Copyright © 2014, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. Production and hosting by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 189 LOMBARD ET AL. et al. 1999). The taxonomic importance of these asexual morphs DNA isolation, amplification and analyses has only been recognised relatively recently (Rossman 2000, Seifert & Samuels 2000). The morphology of asexual forms is Total genomic DNA was extracted from 7-d-old single-conidial often crucial for the morphological identification of these fungi. cultures growing on 2 % (w/v) malt extract agar (MEA) using The family Nectriaceae is characterised by uniloculate the method of Damm et al. (2008). Partial gene sequences were ascomata that are white, yellow, orange-red or purple. These determined for the 28S large subunit (LSU) nrDNA, the internal ascomata change colour in KOH, and are not immersed in a transcribed spacer region and intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene well-developed stroma. They are associated with phialidic (ITS), the large subunit of the ATP citrate lyase (acl1), the RNA asexual morphs producing amerosporous to phragmosporous polymerase II largest subunit (rpb1), RNA polymerase II second conidia (Rossman et al. 1999, Rossman 2000). This family largest subunit (rpb2), β-tubulin (tub2), histone H3 (his3), includes around 55 genera that were originally based on translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), calmodulin (cmdA) asexual or sexual morphs. The genera include approximately and α-actin (act) using the primers and PCR protocols listed in 900 species (www.mycobank.org; www.indexfungorum.org). Table 2. Integrity of the sequences was ensured by sequencing The majority of these species are soil-borne saprobes or weak the amplicons in both directions using the same primer pairs as to virulent, facultative or obligate plant pathogens, while some were used for amplification. A consensus sequence for each are facultatively fungicolous or insecticolous (Rossman et al. locus was assembled in MEGA v. 6 (Tamura et al. 2013) and 1999, Rossman 2000, Chaverri et al. 2011, Gr€afenhan et al. additional sequences were obtained from GenBank (Table 1). 2011, Schroers et al. 2011). Several species have also been Subsequent alignments for each locus were generated in reported as important opportunistic pathogens of humans MAFFT v. 7 (Katoh & Standley 2013) and manually corrected (Chang et al. 2006, de Hoog et al. 2011, Guarro 2013)while where necessary.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction
    Notes Introduction 1. In the book, we use the terms ‘fungal infections’ and ‘mycoses’ (or singular fungal infection and mycosis) interchangeably, mostly following the usage of our historical actors in time and place. 2. The term ‘ringworm’ is very old and came from the circular patches of peeled, inflamed skin that characterised the infection. In medicine at least, no one understood it to be associated with worms of any description. 3. Porter, R., ‘The patient’s view: Doing medical history from below’, Theory and Society, 1985, 14: 175–198; Condrau, F., ‘The patient’s view meets the clinical gaze’, Social History of Medicine, 2007, 20: 525–540. 4. Burnham, J. C., ‘American medicine’s golden age: What happened to it?’, Sci- ence, 1982, 215: 1474–1479; Brandt, A. M. and Gardner, M., ‘The golden age of medicine’, in Cooter, R. and Pickstone, J. V., eds, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, Amsterdam, Harwood, 2000, 21–38. 5. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the first use of ‘side-effect’ was in 1939, in H. N. G. Wright and M. L. Montag’s textbook: Materia Med Pharma- col & Therapeutics, 112, when it referred to ‘The effects which are not desired in any particular case are referred to as “side effects” or “side actions” and, in some instances, these may be so powerful as to limit seriously the therapeutic usefulness of the drug.’ 6. Illich, I., Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health, London, Calder & Boyars, 1975. 7. Beck, U., Risk Society: Towards a New Society, New Delhi, Sage, 1992, 56 and 63; Greene, J., Prescribing by Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Dis- ease, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007; Timmermann, C., ‘To treat or not to treat: Drug research and the changing nature of essential hypertension’, Schlich, T.
    [Show full text]
  • Patellariaceae Revisited
    Mycosphere 6 (3): 290–326(2015) ISSN 2077 7019 www.mycosphere.org Article Mycosphere Copyright © 2015 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/6/3/7 Patellariaceae revisited Yacharoen S1,2, Tian Q1,2, Chomnunti P1,2, Boonmee S1, Chukeatirote E2, Bhat JD3 and Hyde KD1,2,4,5* 1Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 2School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3Formerly at Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa 403 206, India 4Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 5World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China Yacharoen S, Tian Q, Chomnunti P, Boonmee S, Chukeatirote E, Bhat JD, Hyde KD 2015 – Patellariaceae revisited. Mycosphere 6(3), 290–326, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/6/3/7 Abstract The Dothideomycetes include several genera whose ascomata can be considered as apothecia and thus would be grouped as discomycetes. Most genera are grouped in the family Patellariaceae, but also Agrynnaceae and other families. The Hysteriales include genera having hysterioid ascomata and can be confused with species in Patellariaceae with discoid apothecia if the opening is wide enough. In this study, genera of the family Patellariaceae were re-examined and characterized based on morphological examination. As a result of this study the genera Baggea, Endotryblidium, Holmiella, Hysteropatella, Lecanidiella, Lirellodisca, Murangium, Patellaria, Poetschia, Rhizodiscina, Schrakia, Stratisporella and Tryblidaria are retained in the family Patellariaceae. The genera Banhegyia, Pseudoparodia and Rhytidhysteron are excluded because of differing morphology and/or molecular data.
    [Show full text]
  • Competing Sexual and Asexual Generic Names in <I
    doi:10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.06 IMA FUNGUS · 9(1): 75–89 (2018) Competing sexual and asexual generic names in Pucciniomycotina and ARTICLE Ustilaginomycotina (Basidiomycota) and recommendations for use M. Catherine Aime1, Lisa A. Castlebury2, Mehrdad Abbasi1, Dominik Begerow3, Reinhard Berndt4, Roland Kirschner5, Ludmila Marvanová6, Yoshitaka Ono7, Mahajabeen Padamsee8, Markus Scholler9, Marco Thines10, and Amy Y. Rossman11 1Purdue University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, West Lafayette, IN 47901, USA; corresponding author e-mail: maime@purdue. edu 2Mycology & Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA 3Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Geobotanik, ND 03/174, D-44801 Bochum, Germany 4ETH Zürich, Plant Ecological Genetics, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland 5Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, 320 Taoyuan City, Taiwan 6Czech Collection of Microoorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic 7Faculty of Education, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan 8Systematics Team, Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Auckland 1072, New Zealand 9Staatliches Museum f. Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany 10Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt (Main), Germany 11Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA Abstract: With the change to one scientific name for pleomorphic fungi, generic names typified by sexual and Key words: asexual morphs have been evaluated to recommend which name to use when two names represent the same genus Basidiomycetes and thus compete for use. In this paper, generic names in Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are evaluated pleomorphic fungi based on their type species to determine which names are synonyms. Twenty-one sets of sexually and asexually taxonomy typified names in Pucciniomycotina and eight sets in Ustilaginomycotina were determined to be congeneric and protected names compete for use.
    [Show full text]
  • Thyronectria Revisited and Re-Instated
    Persoonia 33, 2014: 182–211 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158514X685211 Persistent hamathecial threads in the Nectriaceae, Hypocreales: Thyronectria revisited and re-instated W.M. Jaklitsch1, H. Voglmayr1,2 Key words Abstract Based on type studies and freshly collected material we here re-instate the genus Thyronectria (Nec- triaceae, Hypocreales). Species of this genus were recently for the most part classified in the genera Pleonectria act (Nectriaceae) or Mattirolia (Thyridiaceae), because Thyronectria and other genera had been identified as members Ascomycota of the Thyridiaceae due to the presence of paraphyses. Molecular phylogenies based on several markers (act, ITS, Hypocreales LSU rDNA, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub) revealed that the Nectriaceae contain members whose ascomata are characterised Mattirolia by long, more or less persistent, apical paraphyses. All of these belong to a single genus, Thyronectria, which thus Nectriaceae has representatives with hyaline, rosy, green or even dark brown and sometimes distoseptate ascospores. The new species type species of Thyronectria, T. rhodochlora, syn. T. patavina, syn. T. pyrrhochlora is re-described and illustrated. Pleonectria Within the Nectriaceae persistent, apical paraphyses are common in Thyronectria and rarely also occur in Nectria. pyrenomycetes The genus Mattirolia is revised and merged with Thyronectria and also Thyronectroidea is regarded as a synonym rpb1 of Thyronectria. The three new species T. asturiensis, T. caudata and T. obscura are added to the genus. Species rpb2 recently described in Pleonectria as well as some species of Mattirolia are combined in the genus, and a key to tef1 Thyronectria is provided. Five species are epitypified.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Gliocephalotrichum Simplex</I>
    ISSN (print) 0093-4666 © 2010. Mycotaxon, Ltd. ISSN (online) 2154-8889 MYCOTAXON doi: 10.5248/114.161 Volume 114, pp. 163–169 October–December 2010 A new record of Gliocephalotrichum simplex from India Sanjay K. Singh, Lal Sahab Yadav, Paras N. Singh, Rahul Sharma & Kunhiraman C. Rajeshkumar singhsksingh@rediffmail.com National Facility for Culture Collection of Fungi, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune - 411 004, India Abstract — During a survey of interesting and rare fungi infecting economically important plants in the forests of the Western Ghats in India, an uncommon fungal species was isolated from fruits of Terminalia chebula. The fungus has distinctive morphological features such as a whorl of sterile arms subtending penicillate branches bearing yellowish masses of elongated to ellipsoidal conidia. Based on morphological characters and a comparison of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), the fungus was determined to be Gliocephalotrichum simplex, a species not previously known from India. Key words — anamorph, fungal diversity, Hypocreales, ITS sequence Introduction India is a tropical country that harbors considerable fungal biodiversity (Bilgrami et al. 1991, Jamaluddin et al. 2004). As part of our ongoing effort to discover and preserve fungi, we are making regular surveys and isolating rare and unusual fungi. During 2008–09 partially degraded fruits of Terminalia chebula were collected from the forest floor in Western Ghats in Maharashtra state, India. From these fruits a fungus was isolated and identified as Gliocephalotrichum simplex. This fungus has never been recorded from India. The present communication describes this fungus from India on artificial media isolated from fruits of T.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Centaurea Stoebe (Spotted Knapweed)
    Endophytic fungi as a biodiversity hotspot: the case of Centaurea stoebe (spotted knapweed) Alexey Shipunov Department of Forest Resources University of Idaho Spotted knapweed Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L., also known as C. maculosa, C. micrantha, C. biebersteinii) is a noxious, invasive plant which was introduced into North America from Eurasia in 1890s. Plant fungal endophytes • Grow inside plant, but do not cause any symptoms • Cryptic symbionts, inhabiting all plants • Play lots of different roles, include host tolerance to stressful conditions, plant defense, plant growth, and plant community biodiversity • One example of the economic importance of endophytes is taxol, well-known anticancer drug, which is not a product of Taxus brevifolia (yew) tree, but of its endophyte Taxomyces andreana Anamorphs and teleomorphs More than 1/3 of fungi do not normally express any sexual characters. They are anamorphs. Sometimes, some anamorphic fungi develop into sexual teleomorphs which have “more morphology” and can be properly classified. Before molecular era, all anamorphic fungi have been treated as Alternaria (anamorph, above), “Deuteromycota”. and Lewia (teleomorph, below) Most of knapweed endophytes are are the same organism. anamorphic ascomycetes. BLAST search usually reveals mixed lists of ana- and teleomorph names Pleomorphic fungi (with variable anamorph/teleomorph relationships) are one of the most painful problem for fungal taxonomy. The weakness of morphology From Jeewon et al. (2003), and Hu et al. (2007) Pestalotiopsis example: morphology chosen as the only identification tool leads to highly tangled molecular tree. “Identify, then sequence” does not work for novel isolates. Thus, the identification of fungi depends on either high level of expertise, or on proper barcoding.
    [Show full text]
  • Illuminating Type Collections of Nectriaceous Fungi in Saccardo's
    Persoonia 45, 2020: 221–249 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.09 Illuminating type collections of nectriaceous fungi in Saccardo’s fungarium N. Forin1, A. Vizzini 2,3,*, S. Nigris1,4, E. Ercole2, S. Voyron2,3, M. Girlanda2,3, B. Baldan1,4,* Key words Abstract Specimens of Nectria spp. and Nectriella rufofusca were obtained from the fungarium of Pier Andrea Saccardo, and investigated via a morphological and molecular approach based on MiSeq technology. ITS1 and ancient DNA ITS2 sequences were successfully obtained from 24 specimens identified as ‘Nectria’ sensu Saccardo (including Ascomycota 20 types) and from the type specimen of Nectriella rufofusca. For Nectria ambigua, N. radians and N. tjibodensis Hypocreales only the ITS1 sequence was recovered. On the basis of morphological and molecular analyses new nomenclatural Illumina combinations for Nectria albofimbriata, N. ambigua, N. ambigua var. pallens, N. granuligera, N. peziza subsp. ribosomal sequences reyesiana, N. radians, N. squamuligera, N. tjibodensis and new synonymies for N. congesta, N. flageoletiana, Sordariomycetes N. phyllostachydis, N. sordescens and N. tjibodensis var. crebrior are proposed. Furthermore, the current classifi- cation is confirmed for Nectria coronata, N. cyanostoma, N. dolichospora, N. illudens, N. leucotricha, N. mantuana, N. raripila and Nectriella rufofusca. This is the first time that these more than 100-yr-old specimens are subjected to molecular analysis, thereby providing important new DNA sequence data authentic for these names. Article info Received: 25 June 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 23 November 2020. INTRODUCTION to orange or brown perithecia which do not change colour in 3 % potassium hydroxide (KOH) or 100 % lactic acid (LA) Nectria, typified with N.
    [Show full text]
  • A Synonym of <I>Dacrymyces</I> Rather Than
    ISSN (print) 0093-4666 © 2013. Mycotaxon, Ltd. ISSN (online) 2154-8889 MYCOTAXON http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/123.205 Volume 123, pp. 205–211 January–March 2013 Pionnotes, a synonym of Dacrymyces rather than Fusarium Keith A. Seifert Biodiversity (Mycology & Botany), Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6 Canada Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract — The holotype of Fusarium capitatum, the type of the genus Pionnotes, was re-examined. Although Pionnotes was historically considered a synonym of Fusarium, it should henceforth be designated a synonym of Dacrymyces, with F. capitatum a synonym of D. chrysospermus. The generic name Pionnotes and species epithet capitatum should be evaluated further in future phylogenetic revisions of the Dacrymycetales, where most of the genera as currently understood are polyphyletic, and many common species such as D. chrysospermus may represent complexes of phylogenetic species. Key words — Hypocreales, Dacrymyces palmatus, Guepiniopsis, taxonomy Introduction ‘Pionnotes’ is an obscure term in the mycological lexicon. As a noun, it is mostly used in the taxonomy of Fusarium Link for colonies that have lost the discrete sporodochia that characterize the wild type. Its use as a descriptive term was probably proposed first in German by Appel & Wollenweber (1910: 28) as, “lagerartige Konidienansammlungen, die keine bestimmte Form haben und als Pionnotes mehr oder weniger ausgebreitete Schleime darstellen.” By the time of the first international meeting of Fusarium taxonomists held at the University of Wisconsin in Madison in August 1924, pionnote was firmly established in the English terminology of Fusarium taxonomy (Wollenweber et al. 1925). In the modern literature, the term is still often used although, surprisingly, rarely explicitly defined (Booth 1971, Nelson et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Genus Cylindrocladiella
    Mycol Progress DOI 10.1007/s11557-011-0799-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Cylindrocladiella L. Lombard & R. G. Shivas & C. To-Anun & P. W. Crous Received: 10 June 2011 /Revised: 10 November 2011 /Accepted: 25 November 2011 # The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The genus Cylindrocladiella was established to the 18 new Cylindrocladiella species described in this study accommodate Cylindrocladium-like fungi that have small, based on morphological and sequence data, several species cylindrical conidia and aseptate stipe extensions. Contemporary complexes remain unresolved. taxonomic studies of these fungi have relied on morphology and to a lesser extent on DNA sequence comparisons of the internal Keywords Cylindrocladiella . Cryptic species . Phylogeny. transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1, 2 and 5.8S gene) of the Taxonomy ribosomal RNA and the β-tubulin gene regions. In the present study, the identity of several Cylindrocladiella isolates collected over two decades was determined using morphology and phy- Introduction logenetic inference. A phylogeny constructed for these isolates employing the β-tubulin, histone H3, ITS, 28S large subunit and The genus Cylindrocladiella was established by Boesewinkel translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene regions resulted in the (1982) to accommodate five Cylindrocladium-like species identification of several cryptic species in the genus. In spite of producing small, cylindrical conidia. Cylindrocladiella, which is based on
    [Show full text]
  • A Five-Gene Phylogeny of Pezizomycotina
    Mycologia, 98(6), 2006, pp. 1018–1028. # 2006 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 A five-gene phylogeny of Pezizomycotina Joseph W. Spatafora1 Burkhard Bu¨del Gi-Ho Sung Alexandra Rauhut Desiree Johnson Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Cedar Hesse Kaiserslautern, Germany Benjamin O’Rourke David Hewitt Maryna Serdani Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Robert Spotts Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Wendy A. Untereiner Department of Botany, Brandon University, Brandon, Franc¸ois Lutzoni Manitoba, Canada Vale´rie Hofstetter Jolanta Miadlikowska Mariette S. Cole Vale´rie Reeb 2017 Thure Avenue, St Paul, Minnesota 55116 Ce´cile Gueidan Christoph Scheidegger Emily Fraker Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Research, WSL Zu¨ rcherstr. 111CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Durham, North Carolina 27708 Switzerland Thorsten Lumbsch Matthias Schultz Robert Lu¨cking Biozentrum Klein Flottbek und Botanischer Garten der Imke Schmitt Universita¨t Hamburg, Systematik der Pflanzen Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany Kentaro Hosaka Department of Botany, Field Museum of Natural Harrie Sipman History, Chicago, Illinois 60605 Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin- Dahlem, Freie Universita¨t Berlin, Ko¨nigin-Luise-Straße Andre´ Aptroot 6-8, D-14195 Berlin, Germany ABL Herbarium, G.V.D. Veenstraat 107, NL-3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands Conrad L. Schoch Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon Claude Roux State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Chemin des Vignes vieilles, FR - 84120 MIRABEAU, France Andrew N. Miller Abstract: Pezizomycotina is the largest subphylum of Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity, Ascomycota and includes the vast majority of filamen- Champaign, Illinois 61820 tous, ascoma-producing species.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ex-Type Culture Cannot Always Tell the Ultimate Truth
    An ex-type culture cannot always tell the CORRESPONDENCE ultimate truth This note is prompted by the case of the isolates accurately matching the description Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson T-H (1980) generic name Ochroconis, a rather common of this species. The dried type culture Compendium of Soil Fungi. London: Academic genus of saprotrophic soil hyphomycetes, still shows the correct fungus and DNA Press. some of which grow occasionally on sequences of the other isolates representing Ellis MB (1971) Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Kew: humans and fish. Von Arx, in the 1970s, this species can be taken as correct. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. being mainly interested in producing Unfortunate consequences arise when Ellis MB (1976) More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. keys to identify fungal genera in culture a wrongly identified fungus is designated Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. morphologically, did not believe that as an epitype of a species, as happened with Gams W (1971) Cephalosporium-artige Scolecobasidium terreum E.V. Abbott 1927 Hypocrea farinosa Berk. & Broome 1851 Schimmelpilze (Hyphomycetes). Stuttgart: G. with Y-shaped yellowish conidia, and for which Overton et al. (2000) designated Fischer. other species of this genus with darker, an epitype without studying the extant Gräfenhan T, Schroers H-J, Nirenberg HI, Seifert unbranched conidia were congeneric, holotype. It was left to Jaklitschet al. (2008) KA (2011) An overview of the taxonomy, as proposed by Barron & Busch (1962). to correct the situation and to resurrect the phylogeny, and typification of nectriaceous Therefore, he let his young staff member G. generic name Protocrea Petch 1937 for this fungi in Cosmospora, Acremonium, Fusarium, Sybren de Hoog describe a separate genus, fungus and its relatives, while Overton et al.’s Stilbella, and Volutella.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Species of Cylindrocarpon (Neonectria) and Campylocarpon Gen
    STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 50: 431–455. 2004. Novel species of Cylindrocarpon (Neonectria) and Campylocarpon gen. nov. associated with black foot disease of grapevines (Vitis spp.) Francois Halleen1, Hans-Josef Schroers2,3*, Johannes Z. Groenewald3 and Pedro W. Crous3 1ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (The Fruit, Vine and Wine Institute of the Agricultural Research Council), P. Bag X5026, Stellen- bosch, 7599, and the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, P. Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; 2Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, p.p. 2553, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; 3Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcul- tures, P.O. Box 85167, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands *Correspondence: Hans-Josef Schroers, [email protected] Abstract: Four Cylindrocarpon or Cylindrocarpon-like taxa isolated from asymptomatic or diseased Vitis vinifera plants in nurseries and vineyards of South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and France were morphologically and phylogenetically compared with other Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon taxa. Sequences of the partial nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA), internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 of the rDNA including the 5.8S rDNA gene (ITS), and partial ȕ-tubulin gene introns and exons were used for phylogenetic inference. Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon species clustered in mainly three groups. One monophyletic group consisted of three subclades comprising (i) members of the Neonectria radicicola/Cylindrocarpon destructans complex, which contained strains isolated from grapevines in South Africa, New Zealand, and France; (ii) a Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon species isolated from grapevines in South Africa, Canada (Ontario), Australia (Tasmania), and New Zealand, described here as Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum; and (iii) an assemblage of species closely related to strains identified as Cylindrocarpon cylindroides, the type species of Cylindrocarpon.
    [Show full text]