16 THE SATURDAY EVENING POST Octob.,. 17.10.,6

o o or •

OSTESSES and trios of Hawa.iian guitar discomfort as well: the B. & O. began to air-condition, on railroad tracks. The Bul"iington long had been players comfort and entertain passengers to starting with a dining car. That was in 1930. using single gas-8ngine cars to give more frequent Florida. A daily train between Cleveland and \Vhen the Century of Progress Exposition began service on its secondary lines, The maker or the Detroit is transformed and its running time short­ in Chicago, in the summer of 1933, the B. & O. had rubber-tired cars was the Edward G. Budd Manufac­ ened; its cars become as lively and alluring as the about 125 air-conditioned cars in operation on the turing Company, of Philadelphia. Ralph Budd and decks of a transatlantic liner on a week-end cruise; it numerous sections of the Capitol Limited, running Edward are not kinsmen, and tltis was their first has a restaurant as smart as any in a first-class botel. between New York and Crucago by way of Washing­ meeting. The railroad president was not convinced with divans and half-moon tables; kitchen and ton. At the same time on the Chicago run from that pneumatic tires were as yet practical for use on smells are in another car. Lately a railroad president Southern gateway cities the air-conditioned George the railroads, but Edward Budd, a lifelong worker in has been East with the eqillvalent of a million dollars Washington. of the Chesapeake & Oruo, was attract­ metal, set to ·work to make rum see that the metal of in each hand to pay for a pair of streamlined Zephyrs ing swarms of passengers from its non-air-conditioned those cars was important. Stainless steel, according of stainless steel that will run fast enough to pull rivals. As a consequence of these demonstrations. to Edward Budd, was the answer to the railroads' Denver and Chicago nearer by ten hours. Other rail­ born of competition, more than 7000 Pullman and passenger problems. IIe had a plan brewing for a road presidents may be seen in conference with passenger coaches have been air-conditioned, at a complete train of stainless steel; another Western strange hybrids, formed by crossing artists and sales­ cost of about. 50,000,000. On Southern railroads road had been working with him. men, who are called industrial designers. Air­ white and black passengers in their separate coaches conditioned coaches appear in steadily increasing enjoyed their railroad journeys in the summer of The N e w Strain o f Iron Horse s numbers. Some railroads sell rides at one and one­ 1936 almost as recreation, instead of, as in other haIr cents a mile voluntari1y, almost gaily. The rail­ summers, as grimy, sweaty, hateful experiences. In " W IlEN I got back to Chjcago" said Ralph road stations in New York suddenly become ani­ the meantime most railroad executives have been Budd, "r told Ed Flynn, our 'executive vice mated forests of sids. The bright colors of scarfs and convinced that as between speed and comfort the president, that r had seen a thing tha,t convinced me other woolens make the vast waiting rooms as passengers' vote is overwhelmingly in favor of air­ stainless steel was a means to expand OUl' economical glamorous as a stage. Then comes another crowd­ 'onditioned comfort. fast, ~uick-s~opping b.ut uncomfortable little gas~ tltis time of wistful travelers to an unknown desti­ Nevertheless they have to meet speed with speed. electrIC cars mto full-SIzed trains, \Vhat r had seen nation, bearing Christmas gifts for they know not and it is when they do that our railroad men make was a battleship m~st, strong enough to serve a ship whom. pecinl agents hustle them aboard a train the most dramatic displays of their great skill. As a of war and yet so light that a couple of strong men they have named The Lonely HearL Another regi­ result of changes growing out of competition of the could lift one end." ment of travelers gathers. Each indjvidual has last five years more than 400 trains, covering in ex­ Some months afterward, the manufacturer trundled a bicycle, and bicycle grooms in railroad cess of 19,000 miles, are being operated on scheduled Edward Budd, received bad news-the Union Pacific' livery tenderly take these wheels aboard a train. runs timed at sixty miles an hour or better. In 1930 which had been negotiating with rum Cor a three-ca; Now there comes a crowd in boots and breeches; there were fewer thun thirty such runs, for a total of articulated train of. stainless steel. to cost 250.000, they have tickets for a dude-ranch train. only 1100 miles. How tllis has come abou t is demon­ deCided to gIve their order for a lightweight train to stra.ted by the schedules of three railroads operating the Pullman company and their confidence to an­ No M o re Dirt and Dust between Chi(>ago and l\linneapolis. other metal. Probably it was the Burlington's derision to The ~ay after tl~a.t was announced, Ralph Budd IlE railroads have learned that competition, operate twin Zephyrs between those cities which walked mto the PhIladelphia office of Edward Budd T whether it. comes from other railroads, from auto­ prompted the Chicago & North \Vestern to recon­ whose face that da.y was possibly one inch longer. • mobiles, airplanes or busses, is something to be dealt struct standard equipment into the train it call s the " I see you lost your order." with by being nicer to the customer. Th.is accounts 400. It was redecorated, air-conditioned, and in " "es"J , •sa·d I 1':J ,1war d B 1I.dd "'rlley are going to for the fact that railroad passenger equipment is other ways made more comforb,ble than its prede­ have a tram made of n, form of aluminum." undergoing amazing changes. It is significant, how­ ce~sors, but its principal ofTering was speed. It '.·1'11 buy a train from you, if you will get it out ever, that the greatest competitive stimulus is seen covers eighty-five miles or its journey in seventy-five q~lCkly-as qUickly as they get theirs out," said the to be that which arises from rivalries among the minutes on a. schedule just as fast as the wholly new raIlroad Budd. railroads. Zephyrs. So does the silver-red-and-yellow Hia­ That was July, in 1933. There was one other con­ \Then the Pennsylvania Railroad began to spend watha, semilightweight train of the ~1i1waukee dition: the new train must have a Diesel engine. about 75,000,000 to cl""trify jts line between New Road. This sort of competition explains the eager­ "At t!le Century ,~f Progress that summer," Ralph York and 'Vashington, thereby, in addition to other ness of some railroad presidents to spend millions for Budd WIll tell you, Oenerallllotors had a great dis­ advantages. getting rid of smoke and much dirt. the trains entirely new in ma.terials, design and power. play, a pit where they had an assembly line and Baltimore & Ohio started something that now l>rom­ While in the East in September, 1932, Ralph Budd. manufactured Chevrolet cn.l'S. Two Diesel engines ises to shield all railroad passengers in the United president of the Burlington, went to have a look at a were the power plant for all that work. '"rhey were States not alone from smoke and dirt but climatic gas-electric car made to run on rubber-tired wheels being tested. In order to make a real test, those THE SIlTURDIlY EVENING POST 17

engines, after running all day and evening to the original Zephyr running between Lincoln, Omaha make power and lights, continued to run all and Kansas City, have been increased to four c..'l.rs night, and fed the force they generated iuto the each. Hepeatedly, since the enlargement, the seating city's power lines. I went to see the Diesels capacity has been insufficient." more times than I can remem ber. It was Now, the most important and pertinent fact in amazing to see such vast power coming from a this is nei ther stainless steel nor Diesel power; it is pail' of engines that might have been carried on merchandising. \\That has kept the railroads static a truck. Those two Diesel engines are the same for almost twenty years has been lbe lack of lhis type tha.t went into the first Zephyr train." kind of thinking. A railroad man, when asked wby In less than ten months f!'Om the day tha.t they have not merchandised, will probably remind lhe Budds mnde their deal, the Zephyr, wilh its you that railroad management is something invaded Diesel electric locomotive, made its thrilling at every turn by Government. Literally, the list of nonstop run from Denver to Chicago, 1015 things a railroad president may not do without per­ miles in 785 minutes. mission is longer than a. list of what he may do. Around the fi rst of ~ l ay this year, the Bur­ 'l'here are some other reasons why ordinary rules lington Railroad let it be known that four of merchandising are interfered with on railroads. Lalely, as a crowded ZepbF rolled out of St. Paul on the beginning of 3. fa 1, six-and-a-haLf-hour run to Chi­ cago, Ralph Budd, bappy as a show­ man wilh the S.R.O. sign banging oul, sat in tbe baggage car. The twin of this train was leaving Chicago; on the hicago & N orlh Western Railroad, two reconditioned six-car trains were keeping to a schedule just as fast; and on the Chicago, :'I1ilwaukee & St. Paul were the seven-car emilightweight Hiawathas.

Operating Costs

OU rarely see a railroad presi­ Y dent without a pencil in his hand; and when one figures. he is likely lo explore as f,u lo the right of a. decimal point as to the left. As mighthavebeen xpecled,~ lr . Budd look ou t his pencil. N enr by. a n­ other maU-ft. stranger to ~ I r . Budd-was riding in the baggage CRr; he wore clean white coveralls as he enjoyed the scenery. If Mr. Budd wrole down ",hat was in his bead, he made a. table somewhat in this manner: Cost of opemling a Zephyr lmin one mile, 80.3141; cost of opera.ting tl. standard train of the same ca­ pacity, 0.6955. By ilems:

U;PKTIl ITLUI

\ ;NDIUlWOOD.It. UNDIUtWOOD The item wltich showed 1 fist re­ Jl Jtre amlined .ftal n'.ss• .fteel Bl4r/lnKton Zephyr. These .flluer Jtreak. Will .It-lake the 101$ MII.s Between d lIction was crew, and it was apropos C hicago and Denuer In Rec ord Time. Jlboue - The Latest Design I n Pullman Cars, Used on the Union Pacific lhat M 1' . Budd's secl'clary should in­ vite his attention to Ule idle man in coveraUs. Zephyr iI'nins-it will have eight before the "\\'ho did you say?" year is ended: more next year-had com l>i eted "I said he is the Zephyr's fireman." 1,000,000 miles of opern.tion. 'rhe 1,000,000 There waS nothing for the fireman to fire; fuel is miles had produced 11. profit. According to fed. to the mechanjsm, as on an automobile, by the 1I1r. Budd: driver when he use the throttle. Yet, under union "It may be questioned whether, in the net, rules. there must be a fll'cman. we have made much money, but we have mnde The great significance of lightweight trains of some, and there is more money to be made if we stainless steel is not their purpose, their shape or give the service people want. 'rhe declining Diesel power, but their metal and the way that it is Cu rve of railroad travel thl.1t began sixteen fabl'icaled. This is the lhought of Edwal'd O. Budd. years ago, now, on our road, has changed its whose company makes and sells these trains. course and started upward. 'rravel has in­ \I-hen yon talk with ~[r . t~dward Budd he'll sny. creased and is increasing more. The average ,; \\'e've got much more than just a train of shining dislance lraveled by all people riding the Bur­ railroad cars. \I-e've got a new art lhat ,,;1I be a lington trains in 1935 was J 10 miles. The previ­ powerful lever in economic rehabilitation. OllS year it was 129 miles. That means we got "Add up in your mind the extra cost of w~jng b:lCk a lot of shol't-haul business. Our los had heavy lhings, and you will get a sum lhat re"eals been much heavier in local lhan in through just what I meau. First of all, you must remember lravel. In the old days, 75 per eent of our that most of the work we do on earth is moving passenger business was local. things around. As a beginning, tltink or the ponder­ .. The Zephyrs have been patronized beyond ous masses moved in the process or getting just one K IiYSTOS E \' I~W co. our expecta.tions. Two of the trains, the .:\lark man rrom his bed to his office in lhe morning. Again~t Twain between Burlington and St. Louis, and his cofTee, toast, orange ( Continued on Pa ~. 76) 76 THE SIlTURDIlY E VENIN G POST October 17, 19;J6

( Continued f r om Pagt! 7 4 ) negotiated with farmers at a cost of go wrong, but the Congress, a group of unnecessary alphabetical armies of po­ not less than a dollar pel' contract­ 53 1. men and women, never should be litical employees tbere must be added and in many instances much more­ persuaded to break faith with the peo­ to the staggering aggregate the costs and you will begin to visualize the pic­ ple. Thus the Constitution reposed in of their unnecessary activities-work ture of tllis type of waste under the the President the duty only to ad­ that would have been done gladly and Santa Claus plan. m,inister the laws, while to the Congress for the most part by the benefited com­ But waste of money-millions and it entrusted the grave responsibility of munities-all that was necessary to be miJlions of borrowed dollars-was not making the laws. done, had "·e held fast to the sane and all that was involved in this plan. 'rhe economical plan of assisting local efTort, substituting of Federal for local man­ .Il Chance f o r House cle aning instead of trying to run everything agement meant, too, waste of good from \\'ashington. 'rake. for instance, citizenship. Such a plan breaks down This is our country-yours and mille. what would seem a most insignificant 10calleadersbip, destroys local respon­ It is worth dying for, if need be, as matter, almost too trh-ial for men­ sibility, turns all eyes on '\rashington thousands have done, and surely it is tion-the matter of the issuance of and kills initia.tive- self-help incentive. worth working for-working for to the Govel'llment checks under tllis plan. It loses the advantage of firsthand extent of providing a Congress of such Is it so in significant? Hundreds of mil­ knowledge of conditions and those upstanding men and women as will lions of checks have been issued by safeguards against waste and mistakes keep their promises, be teadfaslly re­ the Government, and are still being that are present under local responsi­ sponsive to our expressed wiU, and issued. It costs the Government a bility. When these safeguards are gone protect us from flagrant dissipation of shade more than t\,tenty-one cents to and the Government is footing the our revenues and from an all-consuming pay its avemge obligation by check­ bills, communities are tempted to seek public debt-a Congress that will, in that is, to prepare the check, verify and and obtain, through political influ­ our present threatelling condition, put sign, send it out. pay it upon presenta­ ence, large grants of money, because on the brakes in such sane and good­ tion, follow it through the accounts, they happen to have the pull it takes engiJleering manner as will give at determine its correctness and legality, to get it-money that, in the getting, once the encouraging assurance that and file it away in safe storage, includ­ shatters the patriotism of those obtain­ another wreck can be avoided, and then ing the cost of paper, printing, and so ing it. It opens the way to those innu­ take up the task of helping us out of on. ::- Iultiply this cost by the hundreds merable a.buses that each of us are daily the mess into which we have been led . of millions of Government checks here­ observing, of people being assisted who 'fhe election on ~ovember third next tofore and now being issued, and you are not in need, but who would rather will afford us our fil'St opportunity­ will find that tIlls one little item is in be on relief than work. The breaking the first national election since the real reality a very substantial amount­ dowll and wanton waste of the self­ purposes of the ~ ew Deal program be­ many times more, in fact, than was respect and self-reliance of a substan­ came clear. It is not just a holiday-a wasted on Quoddy or the Florida tial portion of our citizenship, the en­ day fo,· golf 0 1" fishing-it is t he all­ ditch. or both, plus other projects of forced injecting of parasitism into the important occasion when we select the similar character. body politic, is a waste and damage we men and women who are to represent can never measure but will require us in the Congress of the United States. The Waste of Citize nship years to repair. 'rrue, the nominations in the states The whole thing bas been tmgic. and districts have been made and our These costs do not in clude t.hose aris­ Tragic. first, because representative selections are thus limited . but there GE ..... U I N.: J' yno. 1. 1>0":5 T ll t:S E ing from mistakes in mailing, wrong de­ government simply cannot succeed if is still time to test the sincerity, hon­ '1' 111 '( ;S, OVEUCO;\I ES C O;\11'UESSI 0;'l1 liveries, duplicate checks, therts and officials persist in securing election on esty and ca.pacity of the nominees. At LOSS ":S. UEO UC ES SE n l O US Itli' G forgeries-all of which multiply as the promise of a definite program and least, we can retire to private life those \\ E\H. STOI'S J.) \ ,,\ CF.IIOUS conno­ S IVE \TT\ C K . M UI. T I I'LIES .:.'FI_ volume increases- substantially aug­ then in abandoning the program for who have shown their incapacity, and C IE~T O " EI1 \ T I:-..G "1Ft:. menting such costs and in some in­ one going in the opposite direction; especially those who helped bring about stances involving not only investigl1- and, second, because we have so neg­ the surrender of the economy Congress. If )OU would 8:1 r l'l)' protect yOllf car a .. ainSl muny operation hazards, Ir{'a l it \\ illl tional expense by the Secret Service lected the duties and responsibilities If our Congresses have been weak, it ;~ nL.lill {, J rnpro \'eJ p ) roil. A Pyroil tren ted but total loss of the amounts involved. of self-government as to elect and has been because we have been laz\." , 'ar, new or old, o peral(,8 better, morc ('co­ Add to this waste-a large part of thereby entrust the afTairs of govern­ indolent, complacent or dollar crazy. '1omi ca ll y and \\ i th a grt'n ter degree o f safely. which could have been avoided-the ment to a Congress that holds its re­ But if future Congresses are weak, it Pyroil Company ",ill ellaw you definite lab­ costs of similar extravagances too sponsibilities so lightly as to permit will be because we just don't give a )raIOf) and field finJings. Ilroving this. numerous to mention, such as the such a thing to happen. cuss. O ne o f the most outslnnding features of thousands of contracts the Agricul­ A President might slip 01' accept bad I~npr ovcd Pyroi l is its nbility to .stop cor,ro­ Editor's N ote-This i. the second of two articles by M r. M cCarl. lion . Corrofilvc a llad.• formed chlcAy durtn~ tural Adjustment Administration has advice, and there is just one of llim to 'ombuslion, is generally responsible for serio )uS I}()\\ cr losses. Corrosion creates "'car on 'ing8, " i810 n8, cylinders, bearings and gears. ?yroil tlef('(IIs this el1 emy. "It keeps harmful ,,"car fro m occurrin g. Improved Pyroi l has ma ny rcmarkl.l blc quul_ ti es. It keeps valves free. Stops valv e chat­ (C ontinu~ d from Page 17) !er. Frees away sllHJ f.es and gums. Heduces !arbon (ormatio n. 1 he regular usc of 1m­ >rovcd Pyroil saves you far more than its cost. juice, eggs and bacon there is written years aHer 1929 as in other factories. twice the lensile slrength of mild steel. Look everywhere for the famous P yroil some of the cost of shipping and using However, .i\lr. Budd's staff often heard Its strength endures when it is exposed ;j"n-al service stations, garages and at too heavy instruments of agriculture, from him this dictum, "A depression to terrific heats. It is so ductile that it tlher deal(· rs. Then l ry Pyroil. lA'a m the is a period in which you have time to liffcrenec in driving your ear .Pyroil treated along with the cost of the too heavy can be dra.wn into fllle wil'e or pressed I nd prot('CI/.-'f. / . ships and trains in which the food came lhink." I n 1931 he came out of a into a deep-dl'awn, graceful shape. The Furllu' r importa nt. facts nbout Improved to market. 'rhe man himself rides in a spell of thinking with an idea that was finial and other ornamental glitter on )yroil st'nt Free for mailing the coupon be­ car or train many times as hea"y as it focused on a knife blade. the Chrysler Building, as well as that ow. Al l1l1u factured and Cuarant<.-'Cd I.y need be. now, for safety. The knife blade was made or stain­ shining on the mooring mast and walls )yroil Company, \\'. V. Kidder, Foundt'r, " \\-hethcr he crosses a. bridge or less sleel ; it had been brought frolll of the Empire State Building. is made :0 1 LaF'oll cttc Ave., LaCrosse, \\' is., U.. A. passes through a tunnel, you can be Germany eight or nine years before by with thi~ ~auges of this stuff, simply sure that all along his way he is paying the experimental genius of the Budd becRuse It 1S beautiful and will not cor­ G~rlui,,~ Py roil IJ~/Jr. TM, stitT toUs to weight. 'rhe wear and PIllladelphia plant, Col. E. J. II'. Rags­ rode. For hypodermic needles, false­ ::,ifl/luJure 011 E'6f ColI/oj,I6'". tear inflicted by heavy mechanisms dale. teeth "lates, submarine periscopes, golf is reflected in everything that we buy. Tllis bit of cutlery, which kept its clubs and wl'lst-watch chains it was "ge get it in our tax bills, at our table, glasslike sheen even when exposed to finding just a little use when 'Edward everywhere. sea water and organic acids, was im­ Budd began to flllger itand ask, II \,here H\\·e have been developing swiftly pOl·tant simply because it served to could we effect the great st saving in the means of cheaper power. The Diesel open to the Budd stafT the knowledge PYROIL CO:\IPANY the world t1trough ligh tweigh t con­ 2t1 l.a .·oUeue Ave .. LaCrone. \\'Is .• U.S.A. engine is one of the finest expressions of new alloys. but especially one in the structIOns made of this?" PI~ IW'nd F~ important !acu ~a,.dina- Pvroil·. un­ of that cheapness now, but in the use stainless group that metallurgists call First the Budd organization had to ulJUaldficit-DC')'. Safety and Ec»n6Ir1Y f~tul"ell lor my car. of lightweight, stronger steel we cut in 1 and 8. 1'his is an alloy of low-earbon find a way to fabricate the material in Name ...... • - ...... • ~ less than half the power needed for a steel with 18 per cent of chromium and large shapes. The beginning was an air­ Addre.. .. _.. ____ ...... • _ ...... given task. All heavy mechanisms. it per cent of nickel; it has a score of plane. an amphibian. th first all-steel seems to me. haye been made obsolete, trade Dames in thjs country, but it was airplane that was e\'er made. I t is City. Stale. _ and in wiping out that obsolescence we first produced in Germany by Krul>P. mounted no\\'. as if it were 11 statue should find, for everyone who wants it, The term "stainJ:.~s" is a mild exag­ in front of The .F'rankJin Institute it; an abundance of work." geration. but it reflects only one of the Philadelphia. ' Lack of work probably was ju;:; t as virtues of this mat ~ rial. Besides an un­ "In Our first adventures with tllis much a problem to the Edward O. paralleled ('apacity ror resisting corro­ noble metal," said 1.1r. Budd recently, Budd ::- Ianufacturing Company in the sion, this alloy po,:;sesses approximately (Continued on Po:;. 79 ) THE SRTURDAY EVENING POST 79

( Co nt i nu ~d f rom Page 76) much faster, more comfortable and up so much that it will withstand a. com­ "we discovered that no satisfactory cheaper to operate could be made to pression load of 48,000 pounds. way had been devised for fastening it weigh less than half as much. At that ,. Because we have learned bow to together. A tailor does not make your point he lold Colonel Hagsdale to de­ get along without costly dies, we can coat without some cutting of the cloth. sign a train.\\'hen Ralph Budd came pretty well adapt the scheme of mass and he cannot make it without thl·ead . along. prepared to buy, they had some­ production to the manufacture of rail­ Before we could fabricate stail11ess thing to show him. Budd the railroad road cars." steel, some new way had to be invented man had ideas of his own; latcr he sen 1. Those strong and holiow shapes of for putting pieces of it together in a on to Philadelphia the Burlington's stainles' steel now take their place lasting unjon. Hivets? Just because mechanicaJ engineer, E. C. Anderson, with bricks, with boards and other each rivet requires tbe punclting of a to make sure that in building a tmin elemen tal things that builders use. The hole in your materiaL it represents a for high-speed service the designers principle has untold applications, and weakness. Spot welding? frills has would have the counsel of one experi­ ah'eady, at the Budd plant, out of sucb been lhe handmaiden of the stamping enced with equipmen t ill actual service. frameworks they have fashioned bOi:tts art. "\re understood it fully. It varies; Ragsdale's engineer assistan ts were and parts of boats, a wide variety of one spot weider's work in fusing two young feUows trained in aircraft, and railroad cars. truck bodies and other pieces of metal is not uniform with an­ RagsdaJe hjmself. before he went into structures. This is why :'.11'. Budd says other's; we could get nowhere tryi.ng to lhe Army, in 1910, bad studied ship­ that wb"t has been developed is not a use a welding process so uncel'tall1 on building in Germany. \Yhat they man­ train of cars but a manufacturing art. the work we had in mind. "'e then had aged to pour into one design was ex­ made the dismaJ discovery that ordi­ perience in building things to 11y, to .Ill uminum Trains nary welding of len destroyed lhe swim and to run on wheels. corrosion-resistant properties of 18 and Colonel Ragsdale started with a \\There ligh tweigb t passenger trains 8. That stopped us for almost two copy of T H E SATUROA y EVEN1NG POST. ill'e concerned, stainJess steel has a years." He made numerous sketches wherever worthy rival in aluminum. "'hile tho be could find white space. \Yhen his Budd hlanufacturing Company has Stitching Steel W ith L ig h tning notions and those of each l\rr. Budd heen building the balf dozen h'ains of had taken form in pencil lines, he went stainless steel that now are in opera­

II Shot welding was worked out for to the factory's pattern shop. rrhere he tion on the Burlington, and another us by Colonel Hagsdale and his slafl'. took up a block of wood and began to for the Boston & Maine Railroad, the A farmhouse near his home was struck hew it into form against the sandel'. Pullman Company has built half " D isagreeable in themseJves- coJd s 1'hat is a big wheel of sandpaper, re­ dozen lightw ight trains of aluminum by lightning. One of his young sons o ften lead to g rave illness. o thing showed him how lhe bolt had melted volved by power. alloys which it sold to the Union the copper rod lhat bad conducted it Aiter balI n. dozen tries, Colonel Pacific Hailroad. and another which is li ke Duofold's scientifically correct to earth; yet this intense heat. had Ragsdale had a prow sha,ped like a in operation on the I llinois Central. I n fabric in two thin layers fo r effective been built up and dissipaled so qUickly horse's hoof, and those lines have not. addition there are in operation extreme p ro cectio n witho ut uncomfo rtable been altered in any Zephyr train. "-hat lightweight trains, Diesel-powered, that the adjacent woodwork was not itch, w eigh t o r buJk. Inner layer sofr, even discolored. Pondering on that, he he had wished to shape was a. train built by the Goodyear Zeppelin or­ carne to realize that in nature terrific architecture tha.t would express sleek­ poration for the New IlavenRoad and absorbing corrOLl nex t the skin. Outer heats are generated and dispelled in ness and speed of airplane and auto­ by thOe American Car & Foundry Com­ layer contains woo l -but the w ool lhe least flash of time. If we could al'­ motive quality. pany for lhe Gulf, Mobile & Northern; can't touch you. Y o u get all the But there was something else to be also there nre in operation on several range to do that with stainless stee!. warmth and pro tecri o n o f w ool, but change a spot to fluid and lhen .0001 It worked out in this pioneering. Re­ railroads semi-lightweight trains built before its 18 per cent of chrollllllln, 8 cently ]'lr. Budd told me, "We had of low-carbon-steel alloys. These al­ nOt the itch. JUSt f ry a few suits this pel' cent of nickel and 74 per c~nt of made up OUI' mind to eliminate the use loys, marketed under variolls trade winter! All styles fo r men, w o men, steel had lime to separate 01' dlstul'b of costly dies in making these t rains. names, have admirers among ruiJroad children, and infants. the glasslike surface, we would have In metal stamping, the die is the part men who beli ve th m to be more prac­ precisely what we wan ted: . that gives its shape to a piece of metal tical for all-around raiJroad service DUO FOLD, lNC. • M O H AW K , N . Y. "At that time I was tlllnklllg of ar­ when you stamp it. Dies cost a lot of than any other known materials. ranging for a. bell to ring when a weld money. On nn automobile line we will There is just one thing certain about was wrongly made: since then we ~Hwe be allowed a million dollars or more fol' passenger-train equipment, and that is ~ given up the bell and use a hght. the body dies. \\'hen you al'e pl'oducing that everything that was considered Wherever one of our men IS tlSlI1g o.ne hundreds of thousands of objects, each standard as recently as seven yeurs ago Hen/In Underwear one shaped like aU the others, die costs is now outmoded, destined for early of these macltines to stitch Olll' st~lln ­ C.",pltU less steel witb tiny threads of lightmng, can be spread thinly. But this is not disappearance from the main lines. ra"g.of",tII'S you may see a light flash whenever a true of railroad cars." As long ago as April. ]932, the pas­ Jt)"its . .. shirts sengel' fares that now have been pre­ Ilntl shorts to weld is not precisely righ t. A Iso you fulllt"gth on. can see tbe tape on whieh is written as The Making of a Zephy r scribed by governmental edict as the ""d tU'o-pitu a curving line the time record of neh highest tllt,t may be charged-namely, milS. All pop­ " I gave my ideas and tho stafT set to two cents pel' mile in coaches and ulur SI)/tS for weld. That shows the exacl length of rhildn". the fraction of a second used to fuse work. As a result, aU we need to make three cents per mile, without sur­ the metal. We have made good welds a Zepbyr train of cars is an inexpensive charge. in Pullmans-were established in one one-thousandth part of a s~c~nd; set of tools. The bulk of the stainless by lhe I..ouisvilie & Nashville Haili'oad, in practice we use abou t OIl~SIXtl til steel comes in rolls like tape, no wider but the results were inconclusive. part of a second. " -bero t\~' O ple~es ~~I ' e than your palm, no thicker than a Later, toward lhe close of 1933, due 10 heavy piece of paper. rl'his i pulled intensive competition among the roads. united, what joins them. IS a. tmy ~n­ WOOD in cans visible ingot of steel which f?1' ~n 111- thl'ough a drawbench. and all the dies even more sweeping reductions were required are a few pairs of rollers. that made, this time by lowering the fare stant was molten; this weld IS bJdden WI LL FIX IT because it cools before it extends to the could be packed up in a suitcase. To for travel in coaches to one and one­ show how we put strength in this con­ half cents p r mile. surfaces. ",Yo had Dever made a plane of any struction, take a cigarette paper; rolled frills much the railroads have 1..."I10WO kind when I authorized the building: of into" cylinder, it ceases to be floppy. for years-when the choice is between this amphibian. We copied an Itahan I n the same way, we bend this tape one railroad and another, the travelers plane. Our all-steel plane was hgh leI' lengthwise into a shape like u , and ride the cheapest way. But there are and faster than the wooden thlllg It then, by a special form of welding, fix other aspects of this competition, now copied and, besides, it had places for along the open side another piece thn.t that automobil s, busses and airplanes four riders instead of only two. orne makes it boxlike. \\-e cail th"t added are each striving for a bigger cut of of the sheeting of the hull was no piece the cover plate. As soon as the what long since has ceased to be simply thicker than a calling card. and I do member becomes like a box, it is tre­ railroad business. not think that any pieee of i; had lhe mendously stiffened. I could show yOll For several years the Atlantic Coast Now .. . you can quick~ an airplane rudder made in the Sa.voin. Line Railroad has been experimenting Iy repair anything with thickness of blotting pal,er. \~ e fimshed this wonderful new dis­ that in 1931 and after being Oown plant in ltaly under our license. No with its flllest train, The Florida Spe­ one untreated member has strength to cial. George Jallles is the road's general coverycalled Plastic \\'ood around this c~untr;, we sent it ~bro~d . -that handles just like for 100 1 l utl' l Test pi lois Oew it. They landed It, wllh resist your bending of it, but when it passenger agen t, and for .mauy years putty and hardens into H", ..h old R",irs has been fashioned in that u shape and he has arranged for special trains on the wheels retracted. on its belly, twelve lasting waterproof, Fill, end... and the open end is covered and lhese which successive Presidents ha.ve made one-thousandths of an inch III thick­ greaseproof wood. Plastic holu irt Roo... . ba ... Wood adheres permanent­ b.ard .. Cllpb •• , d. ness. It was dented. of course, "but parts are pu t together in X formation, their journeys between \rashington it get astonishjng strength; a twelve­ "nd Florida and other poiuts in tbe ly to wood, metal, plaster ••• Ru", chaw"" there was never a hint of collapse. -holds nails, screws­ PUU .. C.. t tfl. bath­ 'l'hat year-J931-].lr. Budd re­ inch section will weigh two pou nds or South. What he devised for the Florida can be painted. Paint and r •• m 1U11I ."a ••• less, but it will stand a compression Speciru was a recreation car presided hardwa~ stores !!tU 25<: tube!. Repai" t.unitll'e., turned from abroad, charged \nth en­ 3Sc c:anL Always k~p it handy. 1.1' ; 611, bolt.. etc. thusiasm for putting shl.illless-steel cars load of 35,000 pounds. Th n. when you over by a. sweet-voiced hostess, one add a little more metal by welding in a who could play bridge, mah-jongg, On railroad tracks. ~11'. Budd was con­ vinced that trains as safe, or safer, and tiny crosspiece, you bring that strength tiddlywinks or backgammon. Likewise 80 THE SATURDAY EVENING POST O c tober 17, 1936

the car carried three Hawaiian v;ith was, in the main, for men who still live and we want to serve tha.t yearning. guitars. Of course, during the winter under the pell of what'railroad trains \ Ve are running a bicycle train, and we season there are six or seven sections and engines meant to them when they have it plan worked out for a dude­ of this train bound in each direction. 'were boys. ranch trip. \\Then the train reaches its 'rhis came to mean a total of about two "The sched uled Sunday happened destination, the horses will be there dozen culilu'ed hostesses and just as to coincide with one of the winter's and competent horsemen will be on many Hawaiian trios. There was danc­ worst storms, yet we had a crowd of hand. On the bicycle trip, the pla n is GOLF CHAMPION ing both on the many trains of the several hundred, including men from to drop the passengers at a given spot Florida Special and in the Atlantic the New York Stock Exchange and and then pick them up some miles be­ Coast Line omccs. Last winter the other officers of mighty corporations yond. They can bring their own bicy­ Florida Special carried a total of about without the remotest connection with cles if they like." 50,000 passengers. the railroad. I think the climax of the rrhis year the New York Cen tral or course, neither hostesses nor trip was when we turned that crowd spent about 100,000 to carry out the Hawaiians are presented as answers to loose in our ' I·est Albany shop. They ideas of an industrial designer on a new "A COOLING PASHOr the problems of those who tmvel. were taken out on the erccting floor, train, T he ~ [ercu l'y I for fast se l'vice- AQUA VELVA AFTER. T heir presence on trains is merely a where engines were in every imaginable 165 miles in 170 minu tes-between EVERY SHAVE MAKES symptom of the tremendous change state of undress. 'rhen they poured out Cleveland and Detroit. T his train that is working in tbe attitude of rail­ to the running shed. Several big en­ above the trucks is quite as astonishing MY FACE FEEL CLEAN roads toward their passenger business. gines were there with steam up and as any Zephyr, although it is a shrewd AND FRESH AL.L PAY !" On the long runs in tbe West and safety valves set. These gleeful visitors adaptation of standard railroad equip­ Southwest where there is competition climbed all over them. They blew .the men t to a modern idea. The designer for the patronage of those who cannot whistles, rang the bells and pretended was chosen for the task precisely be­ afford to ride in sleeping cars the rail­ they were running wild, I can't tell cause he had no preconceived notions CLOSES SKIN PORES •• FIGHTS roads have begun the practice of lend­ you where the revenue on that is COnl­ of design in railroad trains. OFF PIMPLES, SORE SPOTS- ing pillows free of charge. Between ing from, but we know that if we show " \Ve wanted fresh in tell igence applied 'lX TARM water and shavinl1 c r eam Chjcago and Los Angeles passengers enough enthusiasm along these lines, to ou r problem," said ~1 r . \ Vil li a mso n. VV ope n the pores in your s kin. have access to lunch-counter cars and we wil l get response. " \Ve wanted help from someone who Dirt ~\nd dus t settling in these o pe n they may have tray service at their IITake the city of New York. Here had spent his life outside the railroad pores Ofte n s tart blac kheads, sor e seats, at a cost considerably less than in are thousands craving sport who have business. \Ve wanted to escape from our s pots, ingrown h a irs. the regular diners. 'rhere are breakfasts little money. \\'e ran a ski tnlin up to own fLxed ideas and con ven tions." Preve nt Irrita tio n with a cool, for twenty-five cents, luncheons for Gore ~ l ountain in the lower part of the soothing d ash of Aqua Ve lva afte r every s have . It closes pores-makes thirty cents and dinners for thirty-five Adirondack, about 200 miles from The L o nely Heart Special your s kin feel fres h and ting ling cen ts. New York. • with h e.,llh. The railroads have wailed so much u'r here we re no hotel accommoda­ "\Ve have a train quite li ke a ship. about thei l' lost freight business that tions, so the farmers up there organized \ \T hen the engine starts, the whole • an impression has been created that the situation. I suppose that within a train moves as n, unit, because there is passengers, to any railroad, are a nu­ radius of six or eight miles every farm­ no drawbar slack to be taken up. 'r his merous and boring species.\\"ell, that house sheltered some of the visitors. is avoided by a device called the lock­ FREE isn't true; not any longer. Positively Each of these boys and girls, as they tigh t cou pIer. In the train itself there is it is not true on the New York Central, got 00' the train, was able to find a. bus a diner given over entirely to dining OFFER which is making a good profit on a according to a number on a card. rrhe facilities. The kitchen is in an adjoin­ T h e J . n. Wllllllm . Co .. G la.t o n b ury. Conn .• U . S. A. Pleue .end m e II tria l boule o f Aqu lI Vel vlII. the passenger business that will gross busses dropped three or fou r at every ing car. 'rhe walls of this train are world ', liH lle~ t .elll n tlllrte r ·,h lnlnil p r e p lllrlll t ion . around 60,000,000 this year; once farmhouse. It was exciting just to see paneled with wood as beautiful as wood N llm' ... ______j upon a time, it had a gross of more than t hem in their bright woolen costumes. may be, even though its thickness is S treet &: No.______110,000,000. So what the New York rr he farmer families were delighted that of paper. 'rhe vestibules are cir­ with these visitors and overfed them C ity &: S t ill" sn Central is striving for is something like cular; each one a gray-and-blue lobby a ~O,OOO,OOO prize. T hey have a notion with enthusiasm. Our ski trains used made bright with vermilion doors, The tbat they can get that business back if to leave around ten or eleven on Friday furlli ture, the ligb ts and all the other they use enough imagination. nights and deliver their passengers at equipment have been made to fit a that mountain station in the morning concept that a train can be as luxurious Imagination in Railroading in time for a country breakfast. ince as a private club, and as cornIortable." then we have tried it out in other cities, \Vell, that's a new idea for sure. But In his tower office overlooking Park notably in Detroit. if you ask why all tbe railroads have Avenue sits l~. E. ,ViJliamson, the pres­ " H ere is a scheme that prom ises to begun to tm.nsform themselves this iden t. Ilis horizon is a wide one, wi thin make city life a lot more wholesome. way and make travel on the railroads which dwell about 10,000,000 people­ People can go out Friday night and almost better than life at home, you'll a great pool of passenger potenti:llity. get back Monday morning. All Amer­ have to find the answer in something I' \\re are trying all sorts of schemes," ica bas become much more conscious said last year aboard T he Lonely H eart. :\lr. ~'illiamson told me recently. " \Ye oC the outdoors in recent years. They This special was run at Christmas time. are trying to revive the interest and want to leave the city over Sunday, It was designed to provide a holiday the romance that trip for young people people used to see in who mjght otherwise th.e railroad busilless. be left lonesome in the F or exam pie, we carne I city. Christmas dinne,' to realize that boys and was served at a hotel girls had grown up TI'1AC.K$ in Pittsfield, Massa­ wi thou t ever having IQ - 35 chusetts. 'rhere were NEW AMITY been conscious of the en tertai ners aboard railroads; almoslevery the train, and agents Zip-sealed Billfolds family has an automo­ of the roads distrib­ fet (be greate r pro­ bile, and wben they uted litlle Cl,ristmas J\.hny m en pr~ r slide.fastener think abou t a trip, they te.ctio n the ZI PP~aluable papers, lI'ees, toys and other gIves currenCY, ff doze ns o f fix their eyes upon the appl' opriu,te things. etC, Amity dealer~ 0 ~~ choose, family car. " fe want to orne of the passengers styles fro m whIch $S 00 All get those youngsters • hadProvided their own riced fro m $1.0 0 to '. . P de o f select q uahty, tOP railroad- minded, and personal cheer ~ how­ are . mIa ther neatly (a'l 1o re d •a.nd that isn't hard to do. ever, and it was one gralo ea . it roa n y exclUSive At the lIotchkiss reple te wit also be h ad of these who und rtook Amity features. May h m aking School there is a rail­ to reply to two sus­ with key cases to matC , road club. We do every­ picious fellow pas­ floe g ift ensembles. . .J' thing we can to en­ sengers who were 'ty" &e~" t'"'''' _ Item il/lluraud: l~tW 1:;'Cboke oJ b Ja~k courage boys like that; asking each other the slyle. N".434· Reta Il $1. . we have taken groups question : \Vhy was the or brown. IF STAMPED of boys from other railroad taking so schools all through the mucb trouble just to underground labyrinth operate an excursion of transformer and sig­ train? To answer, fL nal stations. "~e show passenger who had IT'S LEATHER them the Y:lrd opera­ hrough t his Christmas tions over on the \\"est DRAWN .v .A... D&1. LlSN Co west Bend. WIt. " You're ,flippin', Burrough. ' cheer v..-ith him rose to Am ity Leather Pr odUcts ., Side. his reet and roared: "Last win ter we ran " Passengers! The rail­ a \\" onder Train. T hat road loves yoU!"