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From Critically Endangered Banksia Montana in Western Australia Penny J RECORDS OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM 28 013–020 (2013) DOI: 10.18195/issn.0312-3162.28(1).2013.013-020 A new species of mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from critically endangered Banksia montana in Western Australia Penny J. Gullan1, Melinda L. Moir2 and M. C. Leng2 1 Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., 0200, Australia. Email: [email protected] 2 ARC Centre for Excellence in Environmental Decisions, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT – A new species of mealybug, Pseudococcus markharveyi Gullan sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on adult females collected from the critically endangered Banksia montana in the Stirling Range, Western Australia. A population of a possibly conspecifi c mealybug collected in 1985 from B. heliantha in Fitzgerald River National Park, Western Australia, has not been recollected despite intensive searches and may also be threatened. The new species is compared with similar mealybugs found in Australia and the Pacifi c region. Given the immediate threat to the host plant through multiple synergistic forces, namely plant disease, fi re and climate change, the new mealybug species should be considered critically endangered. KEYWORDS: Affi liate species, coendangered, coextinction, cothreatened, insect herbivores, plant- insect interactions, Phytophthora cinnamomi, short-range endemic species INTRODUCTION Banksia species formerly were included in Dryandra The Australian mealybug fauna (Hemiptera: (Mast and Thiele 2007). The mealybugs have not Pseudococcidae) includes just over 200 named species been described previously and are most similar in 66 genera (Ben-Dov 2012) and was documented morphologically to several other Australian species comprehensively by Williams (1985) based almost presently placed in the large genus Pseudococcus entirely on collections available in museums. Subsequent Westwood, 1840. This paper describes and illustrates collecting in natural areas has revealed many new the new mealybug species from B. montana based on mealybug species on native Australian plants (PJG, the adult females and discusses its biology, conservation unpublished data). status and relationships. As part of a project to determine the coextinction potential of plant-dwelling insects, mealybugs were MATERIALS AND METHODS collected on the foliage of Banksia montana (Proteaceae) in the Stirling Range National Park in southwest Western Mealybugs were collected by hand from the foliage Australia. This Banksia species is one of the rarest in the of the Banksia plants and preserved in 70% and 100% genus with just 45 adult and 16 juvenile plants remaining ethanol for transport to the laboratory. Preserved in the wild by 2005 (Gilfi llan et al. 2005). It is listed specimens were slide-mounted in Canada balsam using federally as Endangered and by the Western Australian the method described in Gullan (1984), which is similar State Government as Critically Endangered. Populations to the method of Williams and Granara de Willink of B. montana are restricted to altitudes above 900 m in (1992) except that xylene was used instead of clove oil. the eastern massif of the Stirling Range (Figure 1), and Adult females were mounted one specimen per slide. these populations have been decimated by the non-native Most slide-mounts have been deposited in the Western plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi (Barrett et Australian Museum (WAM), Perth, with a few paratype al. 2008) and wildfi res (Gilfi llan et al. 2005). Banksia specimens in the Australian National Insect Collection montana occurs within the federally-listed threatened (ANIC), CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra. ecological community called Eastern Stirling Range The morphological terms used in the description are Montane Heath and Thicket Community (Figure 2). explained by Williams (1985) and Williams and Watson Very similar mealybugs were collected in 1985 on (1988). All measurements are maximum dimensions (e.g. B. heliantha at Fitzgerald River National Park. Both body width and femur width were recorded at the widest urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1253BDEA-E916-4DAC-AE26-97AE53F89D30 14 P.J. GULLAN, M.L. MOIR AND M.C. LENG FIGURE 1 Habitat of Banksia montana showing the eastern massif of the Stirling Range (photograph by M.L. Moir). FIGURE 2 The Eastern Stirling Range Montane Heath and Thicket threatened ecological community at the summit of the eastern massif, featuring B. montana in the centre (photograph by M.L. Moir). A NEW MEALYBUG FROM THREATENED BANKSIA MONTANA 15 points) and are expressed as the range. Tarsal length slightly thickened inwards from the rim for about one excludes the claw. Spiracle length includes the muscle third of its length. It is not known whether these ducts plate (apodeme). Setal lengths include the setal base. The are homologous with the oral-rim tubular ducts or oral- illustration of the adult female represents a generalized collar tubular ducts of typical mealybugs, and similar- individual based on several of the specimens used for the looking dorsal ducts in other mealybug species have description. The central drawing shows the venter on the been referred to variously as drum-like tubular ducts, right and the dorsum on the left. Enlargements around oral-collar or oral-rim ducts (Williams 1967, 1985; the central drawing are not drawn to the same scale. Beardsley 1971; Williams and Watson 1988; Williams DNA was extracted from two adult females from the 2004). Their structure is more consistent with oral- Stirling Range (see Material examined) and PCR and collar tubular ducts because they lack the distinct rim of sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene oral-rim tubular ducts, however many of these unusual (18S) was conducted using the protocol described in ducts have one or two minute discoidal pores on or near Cook and Gullan (2004). Voucher specimens from the the rim of the duct orifi ce, which is characteristic of DNA work are housed in the ANIC. the oral-rim tubular ducts of some other Pseudococcus species. Here these ducts are referred to by the neutral After discovery of the mealybugs in the Stirling Range descriptor ‘drum-like’, which is a term used by in 2007, and to determine its host specifi city, a further Beardsley (1971) and Williams (2004) in reference to 21 species of Banksia, six species of Hakea, fi ve species similar enlarged ducts in Tympanococcus Williams, of Grevillea and two species of Petrophile were sampled 1967. in the surrounding region. This additional sampling specifi cally included the only two sister taxa of B. Several endemic Australian Pseudococcus species montana (B. pseudoplumosa, B. plumosa, all are in the share some features with the new Western Australian Series Plumosae: Cavanagh and Pieroni 2006), without species. For example, the adult females of P. anestios discovering additional populations of the mealybug Williams, 1985, P. chenopodii Williams, 1985, P. (Moir et al. 2012a). Furthermore, one of us (MCL) epidendrus Williams, 1985, P. eremosus Williams, 1985, recently sampled >150 individuals of B. heliantha, in and a group of fi ve species found only on Araucaria approximately the same locality at the same time of (Araucariaceae) have dorsal oral-rim tubular ducts often year as the collection in 1985, and did not locate any with an obscure rim, translucent pores restricted to the mealybug specimens. hind femur and tibia, small oral-collar tubular ducts restricted to a few near the vulva, and multilocular pores totally absent (Williams 1985). Of these species, only P. SYSTEMATICS epidendrus often has a discoidal pore associated with the rim of the dorsal ducts, and none of the these species Family Pseudococcidae Cockerell, 1905 have drum-like dorsal ducts. Genus Pseudococcus Westwood, 1840 Adult females of the genus Tympanococcus (with the type species from Hawaii and two others from the Philippines) and the endemic Hawaiian genus Chlorococcus Beardsley, 1971 (ive species) share TYPE SPECIES some features with the adult female of the new species Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti, 1867. described here, particularly the drum-like appearance of the dorsal ducts and the restriction of the translucent RELATIONSHIPS pores to the hind femur and tibia in most species According to the current taxonomy of Australian (Zimmerman 1948; Beardsley 1959, 1963, 1971; mealybugs (Williams 1985), the new species Williams 2004). However all species of Chlorococcus from Banksia would be placed in the large genus and the type species of Tympanococcus possess a Pseudococcus. It has the following diagnostic features circulus, which is absent in the Western Australian of Pseudococcus: 17 pairs of cerarii with each cerarius species. However, like the Western Australian species, bearing two or three conical setae, trilocular pores and Chlorococcus species typically have one to three some with one or more auxiliary setae; enlarged dorsal discoidal pores associated with the rim of the dorsal and ventral ducts (probably oral-rim tubular ducts, ducts and multilocular pores are either absent or just a see below); oral collar tubular ducts on the venter; and few are present near the vulva. It is most likely that the discoidal pores including adjacent to the rim of the similarity between Chlorococcus and the new Western enlarged ducts. However, the new species is unusual Australian species is due to convergence. Several species in lacking
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