Chapter 27. Oceania: Overview, Papua New
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Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2018-07-01 Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Life Sciences Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Pacheco, Yelena Marlese, "Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 7444. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7444 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Michael F. Whiting, Chair Sven Bradler Seth M. Bybee Steven D. Leavitt Department of Biology Brigham Young University Copyright © 2018 Yelena Marlese Pacheco All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco Department of Biology, BYU Master of Science Phasmatodea exhibit a variety of cryptic ecomorphs associated with various microhabitats. Multiple ecomorphs are present in the stick insect fauna from Papua New Guinea, including the tree lobster, spiny, and long slender forms. While ecomorphs have long been recognized in phasmids, there has yet to be an attempt to objectively define and study the evolution of these ecomorphs. -
Integration of Entomopathogenic Fungi Into IPM Programs: Studies Involving Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Affecting Horticultural Crops
insects Review Integration of Entomopathogenic Fungi into IPM Programs: Studies Involving Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Affecting Horticultural Crops Kim Khuy Khun 1,2,* , Bree A. L. Wilson 2, Mark M. Stevens 3,4, Ruth K. Huwer 5 and Gavin J. Ash 2 1 Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 2696, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2 Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia; [email protected] (B.A.L.W.); [email protected] (G.J.A.) 3 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco, New South Wales 2703, Australia; [email protected] 4 Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia 5 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, New South Wales 2477, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +61-46-9731208 Received: 7 September 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 25 September 2020 Simple Summary: Horticultural crops are vulnerable to attack by many different weevil species. Fungal entomopathogens provide an attractive alternative to synthetic insecticides for weevil control because they pose a lesser risk to human health and the environment. This review summarises the available data on the performance of these entomopathogens when used against weevils in horticultural crops. We integrate these data with information on weevil biology, grouping species based on how their developmental stages utilise habitats in or on their hostplants, or in the soil. -
Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny
insects Article Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny Ke-Ke Xu 1, Qing-Ping Chen 1, Sam Pedro Galilee Ayivi 1 , Jia-Yin Guan 1, Kenneth B. Storey 2, Dan-Na Yu 1,3 and Jia-Yong Zhang 1,3,* 1 College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; [email protected] (K.-K.X.); [email protected] (Q.-P.C.); [email protected] (S.P.G.A.); [email protected] (J.-Y.G.); [email protected] (D.-N.Y.) 2 Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; [email protected] 3 Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Simple Summary: Twenty-seven complete mitochondrial genomes of Phasmatodea have been published in the NCBI. To shed light on the intra-ordinal and inter-ordinal relationships among Phas- matodea, more mitochondrial genomes of stick insects are used to explore mitogenome structures and clarify the disputes regarding the phylogenetic relationships among Phasmatodea. We sequence and annotate the first acquired complete mitochondrial genome from the family Pseudophasmati- dae (Peruphasma schultei), the first reported mitochondrial genome from the genus Phryganistria Citation: Xu, K.-K.; Chen, Q.-P.; Ayivi, of Phasmatidae (P. guangxiensis), and the complete mitochondrial genome of Orestes guangxiensis S.P.G.; Guan, J.-Y.; Storey, K.B.; Yu, belonging to the family Heteropterygidae. We analyze the gene composition and the structure D.-N.; Zhang, J.-Y. -
Sexual Dimorphism in the Wing Shape and Size of the Carob Moth, Ectomyelois Ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
J o u r n a l o f E n t o m o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y o f I r a n 61 2007, 26(2), 61-73 Sexual dimorphism in the wing shape and size of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) F. Mozaffarian1, A. Sarafrazi1 and G. Nouri Ganbalani2 1. Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 19395-1454, Iran, [email protected], [email protected], 2. Faculty of Agriculture, Moghadas-e-Ardebili University, Ardebil, Iran. Abstract The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), belongs to the family Pyralidae and the subfamily Phycitinae. In spite of some features of sexual dimorphism in size and shape in the order Lepidoptera and the mentioned family, it has not been recorded in this species. In the current study, sexual dimorphism in the wing shape and size of carob moth on four hosts (pomegranate, fig, pistachio and walnut) were detected using landmark- based geometric morphometric and analysis of partial warp scores and centroid sizes. The analysis showed significant wing shape differences (fore wing: P = 1.315E-011, hind wing: P = 1.168E-007) which was the same on all tested hosts. Geometric changes in the fore and hind wing of both sexes were illustrated. Analyses of size showed wings of the females are bigger than those of the males (fore wing: F = 23.19, P = 0.000; hind wing: F = 16.73, P = 0.000) on tested hosts and in spite of allometric growth in test specimens, significant shape differences are still remain in constant size. -
A New Pupillarial Scale Insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from Angophora in Coastal New South Wales, Australia
Zootaxa 4117 (1): 085–100 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4117.1.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5C240849-6842-44B0-AD9F-DFB25038B675 A new pupillarial scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from Angophora in coastal New South Wales, Australia PENNY J. GULLAN1,3 & DOUGLAS J. WILLIAMS2 1Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia 2The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences (Entomology), London SW7 5BD, UK 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new scale insect, Aolacoccus angophorae gen. nov. and sp. nov. (Eriococcidae), is described from the bark of Ango- phora (Myrtaceae) growing in the Sydney area of New South Wales, Australia. These insects do not produce honeydew, are not ant-tended and probably feed on cortical parenchyma. The adult female is pupillarial as it is retained within the cuticle of the penultimate (second) instar. The crawlers (mobile first-instar nymphs) emerge via a flap or operculum at the posterior end of the abdomen of the second-instar exuviae. The adult and second-instar females, second-instar male and first-instar nymph, as well as salient features of the apterous adult male, are described and illustrated. The adult female of this new taxon has some morphological similarities to females of the non-pupillarial palm scale Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell (Phoenicococcidae), the pupillarial palm scales (Halimococcidae) and some pupillarial genera of armoured scales (Diaspididae), but is related to other Australian Myrtaceae-feeding eriococcids. -
Insects 2006 (Includes Publications Since the Last List and Some That Were Not Included in the Last List)
Insects 2006 (includes publications since the last list and some that were not included in the last list) Compiled by P. Hansen Arthur, B. J. & Hoy, R. R. (2006). The ability of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea to distinguish sounds in the vertical plane. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 1546-1549. Bailey, W., MacLeay, C. & Gordon, T. (2006). Acoustic mimicry and disruptive alternative calling tactics in an Australian bushcricket (Caedicia: Phaneropterinae: Tettigoniidae: Orthoptera): does mating influence male calling tactic? Phys. Entomol., 31, 201-210. Barber, J. R. & Conner, W. E. (2006). Tiger moth responses to a simulated bat attack: timing and duty cycle. J. Exp. Biol., 209, 2637-2650. Bateman, P. W. & Fleming, P. A. (2006). Sex, intimidation and severed limbs: the effect of simulated predator attack and limb autotomy on calling and emergence behaviour in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 59, 674-681. Bateman, P. W., Verburgt, L. & Ferguson, J. W. H. (2005). Exposure to male song increases rate of egg development in the cricket Gryllodes sigillatus. Afr. Zool., 40, 323-326. Bates, D. L. & Fenton, M. B. (1990). Aposematism or startle? Predators learn their reponses to the defences of prey. Can. J. Zool., 68, 49-52. Berg, A. & Greenfield, M. D. (2005). Sexual selection in insect choruses: Influences of call power and relative timing. J. Insect Behav., 18, 59-75. Bernal, X. E., Rand, A. S. & Ryan, M. J. (2006). Acoustic preferences and localization performance of blood-sucking flies (Corethrella Coquillett) to tungara frog calls. Behav. Ecol., 17, 709-715. Bertram, S. M. & Bowen, M. -
Phasmida (Stick and Leaf Insects)
● Phasmida (Stick and leaf insects) Class Insecta Order Phasmida Number of families 8 Photo: A leaf insect (Phyllium bioculatum) in Japan. (Photo by ©Ron Austing/Photo Researchers, Inc. Reproduced by permission.) Evolution and systematics Anareolatae. The Timematodea has only one family, the The oldest fossil specimens of Phasmida date to the Tri- Timematidae (1 genus, 21 species). These small stick insects assic period—as long ago as 225 million years. Relatively few are not typical phasmids, having the ability to jump, unlike fossil species have been found, and they include doubtful almost all other species in the order. It is questionable whether records. Occasionally a puzzle to entomologists, the Phasmida they are indeed phasmids, and phylogenetic research is not (whose name derives from a Greek word meaning “appari- conclusive. Studies relating to phylogeny are scarce and lim- tion”) comprise stick and leaf insects, generally accepted as ited in scope. The eggs of each phasmid are distinctive and orthopteroid insects. Other alternatives have been proposed, are important in classification of these insects. however. There are about 3,000 species of phasmids, although in this understudied order this number probably includes about 30% as yet unidentified synonyms (repeated descrip- Physical characteristics tions). Numerous species still await formal description. Stick insects range in length from Timema cristinae at 0.46 in (11.6 mm) to Phobaeticus kirbyi at 12.9 in (328 mm), or 21.5 Extant species usually are divided into eight families, in (546 mm) with legs outstretched. Numerous phasmid “gi- though some researchers cite just two, based on a reluctance ants” easily rank as the world’s longest insects. -
The Mcguire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity
Supplemental Information All specimens used within this study are housed in: the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity (MGCL) at the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, USA (FLMNH); the University of Maryland, College Park, USA (UMD); the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris, France (MNHN); and the Australian National Insect Collection in Canberra, Australia (ANIC). Methods DNA extraction protocol of dried museum specimens (detailed instructions) Prior to tissue sampling, dried (pinned or papered) specimens were assigned MGCL barcodes, photographed, and their labels digitized. Abdomens were then removed using sterile forceps, cleaned with 100% ethanol between each sample, and the remaining specimens were returned to their respective trays within the MGCL collections. Abdomens were placed in 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes with the apex of the abdomen in the conical end of the tube. For larger abdomens, 5 mL microcentrifuge tubes or larger were utilized. A solution of proteinase K (Qiagen Cat #19133) and genomic lysis buffer (OmniPrep Genomic DNA Extraction Kit) in a 1:50 ratio was added to each abdomen containing tube, sufficient to cover the abdomen (typically either 300 µL or 500 µL) - similar to the concept used in Hundsdoerfer & Kitching (1). Ratios of 1:10 and 1:25 were utilized for low quality or rare specimens. Low quality specimens were defined as having little visible tissue inside of the abdomen, mold/fungi growth, or smell of bacterial decay. Samples were incubated overnight (12-18 hours) in a dry air oven at 56°C. Importantly, we also adjusted the ratio depending on the tissue type, i.e., increasing the ratio for particularly large or egg-containing abdomens. -
1 General Introduction
1 General Introduction If the karate-ka (student) shall walk the true path, first he will cast aside all preference. Tatsuo Shimabuku, Grand Master of Isshin-ryu Karate 1.1 The Importance of Insects ~30% of the plants we grow for food and materials. Because of their great numbers and diversity, insects Insects transmit some of these pathogens. While have a considerable impact on human life and indus- weeds can often reduce pest attack, they can also try, particularly away from cities and in the tropics. harbour the pest’s enemies or provide alternative On the positive side they form a large and irreplace- resources for the pest itself. Then in storage, insects, able part of the ecosystem, especially as pollinators mites, rodents and fungi cause a further 30% loss. of fruit and vegetable crops and, of course, many Apart from such biotic damage, severe physical con- wild plants (Section 8.2.1). They also have a place ditions such as drought, storms and flooding cause in soil formation (Section 8.2.4) and are being used additional losses. For example, under ideal field increasingly in ‘greener’ methods of pest control. conditions new wheat varieties (e.g. Agnote and Biological control using insects as predators and Humber) would give yields of ~16 tonnes/ha, but parasites of pest insects has been developed in the produce typically about half this under good hus- West for over a century, and much longer in China. bandry. Pre-harvest destruction due only to insects More recently integrated pest management (IPM) is 10–13% (Pimentel et al., 1984; Thacker, 2002). -
Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
J Insect Behav (2012) 25:569–577 DOI 10.1007/s10905-012-9321-0 Role of Volatile Semiochemicals in the Host and Mate Location Behavior of Mallodon dasystomus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Matthew A. Paschen & Nathan M. Schiff & Matthew D. Ginzel Revised: 18 January 2012 /Accepted: 1 March 2012 / Published online: 16 March 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 Abstract Little is known of the role semiochemicals play in the mating systems of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the primitive subfamily Prioninae. Mallodon dasystomus (Say), the hardwood stump borer, is a widely distributed prionine native to the southern US. Preferred hosts of M. dasystomus include oak, sweetgum, sugarberry and hackberry; although they also colonize a variety of other hardwoods. Here, we study the mate location behavior of M. dasystomus by testing the hypotheses that the sexes are mutually attracted to volatiles emanating from the larval host and that females release a volatile pheromone that is attractive to males alone. In a Y-tube olfactometer, male and female M. dasystomus responded to volatiles from host material (i.e., sweetgum and sugarberry). However, only males responded to females in the olfactometer, suggesting that females release a volatile sex pheromone. In choice experiments conducted in a greenhouse, we determined that both males and females prefer host over non-host material. In further bioassays in the greenhouse, males chose host material containing a live female over that containing a live male or host material alone. These findings are further evidence of the critical role host volatiles and pheromones play in mating systems of longhorned beetles. -
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000). -
List of Moth Species April Lightsheet
Moth species recorded during April 2019 lightsheet Abantiades aphenges Glyphidoptera polymita Pernattia pusilla Abantiades hyalinatus Halone sejuncta Plesanemma fucata Abantiades labyrinthicus Halone sejuncta Poecilasthena pulchraria Achyra affinitalis Hednota sp. Pollanisus sp. Agriophara sp. Hellula hydralis Proteuxoa sp. Alapadna pauropis Hypobapta tachyhalotaria Proteuxoa tortisigna Anthela varia Idea costaria Pseudanapaea transvestita Arrade leucocosmalis Labdia chryselectra Psilosticha sp. Asura lydia Lecithocera imprudens Pterolocera leucocera Capusa sp. Lepidoscia characota Rhuma sp. Catoryctis subparallela Lepidoscia sp. Scioglyptis chionomera Chenuala heliapsis Lichenaula tholodes Scoliacma nana Chiriphe dichotoma Limnaecia camptosema Scoparia exhibitalis Chloroclystis metallospora Limnaecia sp. Softa concavata Chlorocoma dichloraria Lychnographa agaura Stathmopoda sp. Chlorocoma sp. Macrobathra chrysotoxa Stibaroma sp. Chlorocoma stereota Macrobathra desmotoma Syneora euboliaria Circopetes obtusata Metasia capnochroa Termessa gratiosa Cosmodes elegans Microdes squamulata Thalaina clara Crocanthes micradelpha Mimaglossa nauplialis Thalaina selenaea Crypsiphona ocultaria Mnesampela lenae Thallarcha phalarota Cryptoptila australana Monoctenia smerintharia Threnosia heminephes Culladia cuneiferellus Monoctenia sp. Thrincophora lignigerana Detounda leptoplasta Monopis crocicapitella Tigrioides alterna Discophlebia sp. Munychryia senicula Tortricinae sp. Dissomorphia australiaria Musotima nitidalis Trichiocercus sparshalli Epidesmia