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Phytosociology, Distribution and Ecology of a Willow Community with False Tamarisk from the Lotru Valley (Romanian Carpathians)

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Phytosociology, Distribution and Ecology of a Willow Community with False Tamarisk from the Lotru Valley (Romanian Carpathians) Available online: www.notulaebotanicae.ro Print ISSN 0255-965X; Electronic 1842-4309 Notulae Botanicae Horti AcademicPres Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 2019, 47(3):621-628. DOI:10.15835/nbha47311400 Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca Original Article Phytosociology, Distribution and Ecology of a Willow Community with False Tamarisk from the Lotru Valley (Romanian Carpathians) Ilie Silvestru NUȚĂ 1, Mariana NICULESCU 2* 1Dolj Forestry Division, 19 Iancu Jianu Street, Craiova, Romania; [email protected] 2University of Craiova, Faculty of Agronomy, 19 Libertatii Street, 200583, Craiova, Romania; [email protected] (*corresponding author) Abstract The overall objective of this research was to contribute to a better knowledge of the phytosociology, ecology and distribution of the plant community formed by Myricaria germanica (false tamarisk) and the willow species Salix purpurea. This plant community has an important role in reducing the speed and strength of the water flow during floods. The description was based on cover‐abundance data for the faithful, dominant, characteristic and companion species of this plant community. A predominance of Myricaria germanica was observed when analysing the phytocoenoses, as the species finds in this area favourable ecological conditions for an abundant development. Salix purpurea presents a small abundance-dominance or in some phytocoenoses may even lack. The field research also revealed the excessive development of the species Calamagrostis pseudophragmites in some areas, related mostly with the effect of human activities. The anthropogenic disorders have induced modifications in the floristic physiognomy and compositions of the phytocoenoses, favouring also the invasion of opportunistic species such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia , Impatiens glandulifera , Phytolacca amearicana , Amorpha fruticosa , Erigeron annuus , which continuously extend in the studied territory. As Myricaria germanica and Salix purpurea phytocoenoses suffer a great decline throughout Europe, the habitat built by these species was declared of interest and was included in the Habitats Directive. Keywords: biodiversity; habitat; human impact; phytocoenoses; vegetation not affected by the strongest current during floods (Chytrý, Introduction 2013). Myricaria germanica was identified in Romania in the A good knowledge of plant communities is essential for th the conservation of the natural heritage and for developing 19 century i n river valleys at low altitudes, such as in the sustainable landscape management strategies. The div ersity low meadow of Olt. The Lotru Valley still offers conditions of the relief, climate and soil types in Romania determine for installing pioneering vegetation with Myricaria germanica. also a high diversity of species, habitats, and landscapes. The identification of the plant communities from an The shrubbery of Myricaria germanica (false tamarisk), area and their description and analysis from ecological, usually growing with differe nt willow species, has an chorological, syntax onomical, and sindynamical outstanding ecological role in mitigating the speed of water perspectives has a great importance from the scientific and leakage during floods, and therefore has a great conservative practical point of view. The flora and vegetation of the study value. area is characteristic to the Carpathians Mountains, with Myricaria germanica and Salix purpurea phytocoenoses some particularities related to the local condit ions (relief, have drastically decreased in Europe. This plan t community altitude, climate, nature of rocks and soil). This paper is included in Natura 2000 habitat 3230 “Alpine rivers and describes an analysis of the physiognomy, floristic their ligneous vegetation together with Myricaria composition, distribution and ecology of the Salici germanica ”, as habitat of community interest included in purpureae -Myricarietum germanicae Moor 1958 plant the Habitats Directive. In addition , the habitats with community from the Lotru Valley. willows and false tamar isk have a great conservative value, The stands with false tamarisk are 1-2.5 m high. They are Emerald protected and are still well preserved in occur on gravelly river terraces, especially on those that are Romania. The habitat is included in the EUNIS level 2 list Received: 12 Oct 2018 . Rec ei ved in revised form: 20 Mar 2019. Accepted: 01 Apr 2019. Published online: 09 Apr 2019 . Nuță IS and Niculescu M / Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 2019, 47(3):621-628 622 and the Berne Convention (31.1) (Nicolin et al ., 2008). Myricaria germanica was evaluated according to the There are 18 Natura 2000 SCIs in Romania that also criteria of the IUCN Red List Cathegories as “Critically include this type of habitats. Endangered” (Marinov et al., 2017) Such studies present an Salici purpureae-Myricarietum important tool for implementing conservation strategies plant community installed on the river banks constitute a habitat that could insure the maintenance of this type of habitat in a characteristic for two species of birds, Actitis hypoleucos less modified state. A major emphasis has to be put on the (common sandpiper) and Charadrius dubius (little ringed preservation of the few remaining sites where Myricaria plover). Bot h species are included in the IUCN Red List of germanica is present an d the reestablishment of suitable Threatened Species 2018. Some populations of these two habitats (Schletterer and Scheiber, 2008). The aim of the bird species have experienced regression due to human present study was to analyse the chorology, floristic intervention in the nesting areas. composition and the phytosociology of false tamarisk and The destruction in the Lotru basin of some willow communities from the Basin of the Lotru River, phytocoenoses of this plant community at the limit of located in the Southen Carpathians (Romania). By a contact with spruce stands, due to massive deforestation in detailed analysis of floristic composition and dynamics of the last 10 years, and to effects of pollution, had and still has vegetation in the area, anthropogenic disorders can be negative effects on the populations of these two bird species. detected and conservation strategies can be further adopted. In its spreading area, the false t amarisk is also the only food source for certain phytophagous insects such as the weevil Materials and Methods Coniatus splendidus or the bug Tuponia prasina (Donita et al ., 2005). The species prefers wetlands, but it hardly The study area tolerates flooded lands, only (up to 1 month). The ex istence The study area is located in in the Basin of the Lotru of the habitat with Myricaria germanica is conditioned by River, Southern Carpathian Mountains in Romania. Lotru the irregular regime of the water drainage and the River has a significant water flow and a special strength and accumulation of new gravel and alluvial soil. If floods its springs are found at Calcescu Lake in Parangul Mare destroy the vegetation with Myricaria germanica , it Mountain, lake o f glacial origin. The phytocoenoses of the regenerates after the water has withdrawn. plant community analyzed are located on floodplains in Myricaria germanica is a typical species of the shrubby mountain meadows on alluvial soils in the area of Lotru pioneer vegetation ( Salici-Myricarietum and Salicetum Valley and its affluents (Macesului, Stan, Latoritei, Stefanul, elaeagni ) on gravel bars and is restricted to this habitat in Purul, Vidruta, Hanesu, Manaileasa, Pr avatu, Balindrul Europe, which has been decreasing rapidly in the last 50 Valleys), at an altitudinal range from 750 to 1480 m (Fig. 1). years due to th e loss of the natural river dynamics as a result Phytocoenoses of this plant community have been analyzed in the following locations: 45°23'3"-23°37'42"; of the construction of dams (Müller and Scharm, 2001). The study of the plant community of willow with false 45°23'41" -23°37'41"; 45°23'39"-23°37'38"; 45°23'04" - tamarisk, and especially the analysis of the effects of human 23°37'25"; 45°23'02"-23°37'22"; 45°23'01"-23°37'20"; activities on its extension and comp osition is of great 45°23'38,01"-23°37'35,01"; 45°21'55"-23°50'02"; 45°22'02" - interest because its ecological importance and scarcity at 23°48'23"; 45°22'09"-23°47'39"; 45°22'32"-23°52'55" present. (Northern latitude and Eastern longitude). Fig. 1. Location of the studied Myricaria germanica and Salix purpurea phytocoenoses Nuță IS and Niculescu M / Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 2019, 47(3):621-628 623 The climate of the area is temperate -continental, with The size of the sample areas was established according to the following mean temperature values: spring + 2.2 °C; the type of vegetation: 25-100 m² for underwoods. The summer + 11.7 °C, autumn + 5.0 °C; in winter -4.0 °C. The synthetic tables of the described plant community contain average temperature during the vegetation season is 11.5 °C. information referring to: number of relevés , altitude In the study area, the soils are developed on the deep alluvial (m.a.s.l), exposure, inclination (in grades), the completion of deposits with parent material derived from the Lotru Valley. the crowning (where it is the case), vegetation level of Methods covering (%) and the analyzed surface (m²). The vertical arrangement of the phytosociological tables Prior to the field work an extensive literature survey was was performed according to the coenotaxonomic criterion. performed, regarding the physical -geographical frame: the The quantitative participation of every species
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