1 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative

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Bijagòs Banc d’Arguin Banc d’Arguin Southern Africa Western Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Western Western Western Western Western Western

North North West Africa Africa Africa West West West West Africa West America America SouthSouth America America

linking the Wadden Sea World Heritage Site with with Site Heritage World Sea Wadden the linking tundra Arctic the and wetlands tropical Wadden Sea FlywayWadden Initiative: © 2019 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative

Text Kees Koffijberg & Marc van Roomen (Joint Breeding Bird Monitoring Group, Joint Migratory Bird Monitoring Group, Sovon Vogelonderzoek Nederland) Lay-out Blue Robin dtp, Noordwijk Infographic Viesrood, Zwolle Print Veldhuis Media, Raalte

Photographs cover Peter de Boer (Whimbrel), Arie Ouwerkerk / Agami (Bar-tailed Godwit) & Arnold Meijer (Eurasian Spoonbill) Contents

1 Introduction 3

2 Wetlands in a changing world 5

3 Monitoring along the East Atlantic Flyway 9

4 Summary of key findings of the East Atlantic Flyway 11 Assessment 2017 in comparison to the Wadden Sea

5 From monitoring to conservation 17

photo: Peter de Boer

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5 5 5 Wadden Sea Wadden ArcticArctic Arctic Bijagòs Banc d’Arguin Banc d’Arguin Southern Africa Western Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Western Western Western Western Western Western North North West Africa Africa Africa West West West West Africa West America America SouthSouth America America > 100.000 birds > 100.000 birds >1.000.000 birds >1.000.000 birds >1.000.000 birds >1.000.000 birds Breeding Breeding and wintering and wintering Staging Staging

2 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative 3 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative - - - - ing and Assessment Programme (TMAP). (TMAP). ing and Assessment Programme of the exchange facilitate These experiences where knowledge and skills with countries as yet less well developed. such activities are input for capacity-build valuable provide They a and finally will provide ing programmes of sites sound basis for prioritising protection East in the entire Sea birds used by Wadden Atlantic Flyway. ment (AEWA), the Conservation of Arctic Flora Flora of Arctic the Conservation ment (AEWA), as well as Ramsar, (CAFF) and and Fauna of the Part and local partners. many regional interna initiative deals with a coordinated all along the tional monitoring programme focusing especially abundance on bird flyway, Another part pressures. and environmental in African involves capacity-building of WSFI to link local communities wetlands in order with wetland conservation. decades have Sea countries The Wadden wetland management, with of experience out through carried monitoring and research, Monitor such as the Trilateral frameworks with state parties along the flyway, in order to to in order the flyway, with state parties along the global importance of the Wadden ensure for the a sustainable future Sea and achieve as a whole. East Atlantic Flyway Sea Flyway the Wadden this reason For Within established. was Initiative (WSFI) The partners the trilateral this framework, Germany and Denmark work Netherlands, BirdLife together like with global partners the International, Wetlands International, Agree Waterbird Migratory Eurasian African - - - - tion to seek and strengthen the collaboration the collaboration tion to seek and strengthen ing experience and admired by many people. by many people. admired and ing experience one of the most important represent They Sea and make of the Wadden intrinsic values a hotspot for global biodiversity. the area of migratory the global journeys However, Sea is that the Wadden also implicate birds important stepping stone within an extremely Wad With the designation of the the flyway. Heritage Site in World den Sea as a UNESCO therefore Heritage committee the World 2009, Sea Coopera Wadden the Trilateral requested Introduction the visit millions of waterbirds Every year, in Denmark Sea between Esbjerg Wadden The vast Netherlands. and Den Helder in The originat birds migratory majority of them are between Northern tundra the Arctic ing from Siberia in the Central Canada in the west and Sea use the Wadden Many of these birds east. their to replenish during spring and autumn They to winter. stay others body reserves, more in breeding by birds accompanied are but also by the Baltic, like regions temperate that gather to breed birds breeding coastal constitute they Together Sea. in the Wadden which connects the East Atlantic Flyway, wetlands all with coastal areas the breeding down Europe from along the Atlantic coast The wetlands in 1). (Figure to southern Africa wetland of African also support Africa a range of migrants which gain the company birds, during the northern winter. in the birds The huge flocks of migratory Sea and their phenomenal travel Wadden a fascinat are and wide far schedules to areas 1 Africa. along the Atlantic coast of along the Atlantic coast the Arctic tundra to wetlands tundra the Arctic a distance of 10,000 km, from from of 10,000 km, a distance East Atlantic Flyway, covering covering East Atlantic Flyway, Overview of the Overview 1.  Figure 4 photo: Tim Dodman photo: Tim Dodman

Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative photo: Programma Rijke Waddenzee photo: Harvey van Diek 5 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative - - tion issues were among the most frequently among the most frequently tion issues were fishing Africa whilst in West reported, collection and fisheries), activities (shellfish pollution and urbanisation characterise wetland areas. many coastal winter period. During the last survey in 2017 in 2017 During the last survey winter period. among the most and fishing were farming of human activity reported sources common identified Key in all surveyed wetlands. to affect the likely pressures environmental included state of wetlands and wetland birds and agricultural industrial urbanisation, These do 3). pollution and fisheries (Figure e.g. within wetland habitat, not only operate but also lagoons, in river deltas and coastal (protected) bordering directly appear in areas the site itself e.g. influencing wetland sites, much Especially in Europe, by nutrient input. by intensively wetland habitat is surrounded often at the edge of managed farmland, and pollu agricultural Here, areas. protected regions, their travel schedules, which have which have schedules, their travel regions, evolved as a fine-tuned system over time, 2). (see Figure under pressure currently are enable the may en route conditions Local but if not, to such changes, to respond birds may be affected and the fitness of the birds as a result. populations start to decrease affect may pressures environmental Local along the in many wetlands abundance bird season the breeding either during flyway, details on such Today, or during migration. collected during total bird are pressures during the mid and Africa in Europe counts - dination among the responsible authorities authorities dination among the responsible becan improved. on specific wetland rely waterbirds Migratory must cope with various They habitats. acting at local pressures environmental Especially long distance and global scale. to deal with global warming have migrants and subsequent in environmental changes during important conditions parts of their As climate change is annual life cycle. breeding in the Arctic most pronounced Wetlands in a changing world changing a in Wetlands species bird which occur in Most migratory dependent on intact Sea are the Wadden of their annual wetlands at all stages many wetlands within the However, cycle. resource a shared are East Atlantic Flyway and breeding not only used by migratory Several but also by people. waterbirds by growing characterised are regions coastal industries various urban agglomerations, activities. and fishing farming and numerous regions provide flyway the coastal As such, to human important services ecosystem flooding food like provision, societies, and sports energies renewable prevention, In many wetland opportunities. and leisure subject are services such ecosystem areas, issued by national to specificregulations, agencies and site protection park authorities, in bodies, administrative national or regional a sustainable co-existence to achieve order in a However, between people and wildlife. key also many are flyway perspective there sites which still lack (implementation of) coor or where measures active conservation 2 direct disturbance. disturbance. direct habitat quality or by causing habitat quality or by causing the birds, either by affecting the birds, environmental pressures to pressures environmental human activities may cause cause human activities may people. Various sources of sources Various people. resource used by birds and used by birds resource Atlantic Flyway are a shared a shared are Atlantic Flyway  Many wetlands in the East Long distance migrants like Red Knot and Bar-tailed Godwit have a tight-fitting travel schedule between their West African wintering scheduleWest African between their Godwit a tight-fitting travel have and Bar-tailed Red Knot like migrants distance Long 2.  Figure after a nearly four days 1 May, Sea around Godwits Siberian-breeding arrive in the Wadden Bar-tailed grounds. breeding sites and their Arctic jump to their breeding the next to make in order Wadden Sea, refuel their needreserves in the They body to Africa. West non-stop flight from to earlier snowmelt and earlier food as a response Sea has shortened over time, in the Wadden their stay However, in Russia. on Taimyr areas time this puts the refuelling Hence, Sea earlier. the Wadden and leave earlier to start breeding the birds This has forced on the tundra. availability probabilities, which in turn affects their survival reserves, less time to build up sufficient have as the birds Sea under pressure, in the Wadden by using long-term datasets covering only be scheme could unravelled but now dynamic travel This tight especially when food low. stocks are Communications). Nature 2018, and others Rakhimberdiev (source: of observations decades

6 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative 7 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative 0 8 0 7 0 6 unknown 0 5 no 0 4 little 0 3 number of main sites 0 much 2 0 1 0 Fishery Farming Wind farms Urbanisation Litter & garbage Industrial e uents Introduced species Hunting & trapping Recreation & tourism Agricultural e uents Collection of shellsh Oil, gas or mineral drilling Domestic and urban waste water Overview of environmental pressures recorded at the most important wetland sites during the East Atlantic Flyway at the most important wetland sites during the East Atlantic Flyway recorded pressures of environmental Overview 3.  Figure when even for birds, hint potential may problems recorded in pressures developments When repeated in time, in 2017. survey bird Assessment 2017). East Atlantic Flyway fully understood yet (source: is not always impact of the pressures the precise photo: Peter de Boer

8 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative

photo: Hans Schekkerman 9 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative

photo: Tim Dodman

order to improve survey coverage. For many many For coverage. survey to improve order the (changes in) total population size years, species using the East waterbird of several poorlywas Atlantic Flyway known as only a Expansion covered. was part of their range other wetlands and in African of surveys knowledge the has now improved areas of these specieson the status of many possibleand has also made it for the first time to determine long-term changes in those with and compare their numbers, Sea in the Wadden changes in abundance Furthermore, (see chapter 4 for examples). going on in activities are research several which in-depth knowledge demographic of between and birds and interactions drivers collected (see in example are food resources 2). Figure - works and long-term datasets. Monitoring Monitoring and long-term datasets. works projects activities and capacity-building added have the flyway out so far carried Sea monitoring perspective to Wadden and support in local monitoring incentives Monitoring along East the FlywayAtlantic are birds intrinsic value, Besides their strong for the good indicators considered ecological a top have as they status of wetland areas, position in food webs and their abundance Monitoring easy to monitor. is relatively thus essential to activities are and research wetlands and follow assess the quality of populations the East using of bird the fate describe They their status Atlantic Flyway. of and backgrounds the causes and explore population changes and assess the potential As a pressures. impact of environmental and can revealed issues are pressing result, measures. help to prioritise conservation Monitoring of numbers and distribution of going back has a long tradition, waterbirds to the establishment of the International by Wetlands Census (IWC) Waterbird In the Wadden International in the 1960s. Sea the TMAP has been for nearly operating are long-term datasets Such now. 30 years for the a sound context essential to provide the In addition, data collected at present. Biodiversity programme and Important Bird the International has promoted of BirdLife pressures. monitoring of environmental builds uponThe WSFI frame these existing 3 The Wadden Sea Flyway Sea Flyway The Wadden monitoring. wetland conservation and bird and bird wetland conservation of local parties to enhance parties to enhance of local of knowledge and training of knowledge and training estimate total numbers. Initiative also involves transfer habitat is the only way to habitat is the only way  to total available foraging foraging to total available and extrapolation according according and extrapolation densities during low water densities during low water challenge. There sampling of sampling of There challenge. Guinea-Bissau pose a real Guinea-Bissau pose a real Bijagós Archipelago in Bijagós Archipelago mangrove sites like the sites like mangrove open wetland habitat, open wetland habitat, this is relatively easy in this is relatively during low tide. Whilst during low tide. on the intertidal mudflats on the intertidal mudflats than the dispersed flocks and are more easily counted easily counted more and are concentrate on large roosts roosts large on concentrate high tide, when they they when high tide, standardised way around around way standardised are usually counted in a usually counted are Waterbirds in wetlands in  Waterbirds Abdoulaye Ndiaye Szabolcs Nagy ■ ■ Tim Dodman ■ Marc van Roomen Marc van Roomen Ruud Foppen roy Citegetse Geo Status of coastal of coastal Status populations waterbird East Atlantic in the 2014 Flyway ■ ■ ■ East Atlantic Flyway assessment 2017 assessment Flyway Atlantic East waterbird coastal of The status sites their and populations

Status of coastal waterbird populations in the East Atlantic Flyway 2014 Since 2012, the WSFI is also engaged in is also engaged in the WSFI 2012, Since conservation for enhancing capacity-building wetlands, management of and sustainable and community-based awareness participatory in 12 levels at local and regional site activities countries. African sample sites sample count total sites sample sites sample sample sites sample count total sites sample

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Survey schedule for the East Atlantic Flyway monitoring since 2013. Data delivered by WSFI by WSFI Data delivered 2013. monitoring since schedule Atlantic Flyway for the East Survey 4.  Figure Reports Status but also serve the Quality assessments, input for the tri-annual flyway not only provide the International like Sea Cooperation and other international frameworks Wadden of the Trilateral and AEWA from Review Status the Conservation International, Wetlands from Census (IWC) Waterbird Directive. for the EU Bird the national reports The intensified monitoring along the East The intensified the East along monitoring started2013 and consists in Atlantic Flyway a number of at least of count of an annual complemented in each country, sample sites key of all total count by a comprehensive total to assess years three every sites once 4). population (Figure size and distribution

Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative 10 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative 11

photo: Peter de Boer

Species a number of similar in decline share use intertidal flats for they characteristics: depend on benthic food feeding, and breed in the Siberian breeding Waders in the Arctic. trends, show the least favourable Arctic to also highly susceptible are whilst they with interplaying climate change, issues like (see example strategies their tight migration 2). in Figure showing positive long-term trends have also also have showing positive trends long-term and over the past 10 years, tended to increase many species with a long-term decreasing years. further went down in recent trend l and regional organisers organisers l and regional coordinated more than 1500 observers. When When than 1500 observers. more coordinated from numbers retrieved in looking at trends the majority of waterbird data, all available either trend, populations show a favourable Moderate 6). or stable (Figure increasing for 23% of all populations. declines account over the past 10 years, short-term trends For as short- uncertain, the situation is more reliable and confound a term fluctuations species However, estimate. trend significant Summary of key findings of the the of findings key of Summary Assessment Flyway East Atlantic the to comparison in 2017 Sea Wadden in the East Atlantic Flyway of The total count - out in 33 countries carried January 2017 was A large 5). (Figure and 22 in Africa 11 in Europe network of nationa 4 preparation. roost counts need a careful need counts a careful roost Coordinated high tide  Coordinated photo: Arnold Meijer

12 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative 13 Coverage of Coverage Figure 5. 5. Figure Coverage of Coverage 5. Figure count in January 2017. in January count count in January 2017. in January count Of all taxonomic bird bird Of all taxonomic  fl amingos and geese on fl showed upward average groups within the East groups waders Atlantic Flyway, show the least favourable being the only group trends, decline. with an average pelicans, On the other hand, Of all taxonomic bird bird  Of all taxonomic within the East groups waders Atlantic Flyway, show the least favourable being the only group trends, decline. with an average pelicans, On the other hand, amingos and geese on fl showed upward average trends. the East Atlantic Flyway Flyway Atlantic the East the East Atlantic Flyway Flyway Atlantic the East uncertain decline moderate decline strong  Pied Avocet shows one of the differences most pronounced numbers in betweentrends in and trends level at flyway Sea, numbers in the Wadden both and migratory for breeding TMAP-data that show birds. sites at many birds breeding the lack of breeding suffer from success. - - - e e s e n i s ea l e r c ea n ec i r n l d i strong increase moderate increase stable c n e e ec n i t t i

d a a a

g t g n e Summary of the fate of bird populations of bird fate of the Summary 6. Figure with trends compared Flyway, in the East Atlantic the in birds breeding and birds for migratory the long-term shown for are Trends Sea. Wadden the monitoring series) the start of since i.e. (long, is the Shown last 10 years). and short-term (short, of speciesproportion (source: in each category Assessment 2017 and East Atlantic Flyway Report 2017). Sea Quality Status Wadden er er l er n o d d b r c o t o o a r n s t t m m s u s short breeding Wadden Sea long een the flyway and the Wadden Sea, Wadden Sea, the and een the flyway of decline over the last 10 years. Migratory Migratory of decline over the last 10 years. but still include 19 declining better, fare birds 6). populations (42%) (Figure of trends comparison the overall From betw breeding birds in the Wadden Sea clearly Sea clearly in the Wadden birds breeding with many downward stand out as a group the flyway single species, several For trends. devel assessment points at contrasting cating less favourable breeding conditions in in conditions breeding less favourable cating Sea. the Wadden At the same time also a number of species Sea during in the Wadden is doing worse or wintering than at the flyway migration Oys Eurasian Wigeon, such as Eurasian level, Northern In contrast, and Dunlin. tercatcher opments. For instance, negative trends in in negative trends instance, For opments. Pied breeding Avocet and Common Ringed with Plover (hiaticula subpopulation) disagree impli level, at flyway positive trends overall - short Wadden Sea long migratory/winter short Flyway long 0% The results of the overall flyway assessment assessment flyway of the overall The results in num put a global perspective to the trends as retrieved Sea, in the Wadden bers recorded the latest birds, breeding For by the TMAP. Report showed Quality Status that out of 29 17 bespecies could assessed, for which trends 1991 since in numbers gone down (59%) have rate with an accelerating some even 6), (Figure 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 100% photo: Sylvan Puijman

Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative 14 Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative 15

photo: Glenn Bartley / Agami - improved in the Wadden Sea, with fewer spe with fewer Sea, in the Wadden improved trends downward cies showing pronounced population The islandica of Red Knot recently. Sea in the decline in the Wadden in fast was The 1990s but now shows signs of recovery. population is occurring of Red Knot canutus but Sea, in stable numbers in the Wadden level. declining at the flyway population the canutus Plover, Grey Pintail, population of the taymyrensis of Red Knot, show Curlew Godwit Eurasian and Bar-tailed Sea than in the Wadden positive trends more level. at the flyway trends to earlier assessments, Compared among benthic seem feeders to have at more northern latitudes. at more stimulating the birds to stay to stay stimulating the birds the overall warmer winters, winters, warmer the overall may have been by have may triggered the flyway level. This trend This trend level. the flyway compared to numbers at compared Sea show a distinct increase Sea show a distinct increase numbers in the Wadden numbers in the Wadden of the species for which  Northern Pintail is one than in the Wadden Sea. than in the Wadden as well, but at a lower rate rate but at a lower as well, declined at the flyway level level declined at the flyway decades. The species has decades. Sea have declinedSea have in past numbers in the Wadden numbers in the Wadden both and wintering breeding among the species for which birds in the Wadden Sea. It is It Sea. in the Wadden birds one of the most abundant Eurasian Oystercatcher is Oystercatcher  Eurasian photo: Meijer Arnold photo: Peter de Boer

Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative 16 5 From monitoring to conservation

 Together with the Banc d’Arguin in Mauritania, Evidence-based conservation benefits from conservation of the East Atlantic Flyway and the Bijagós Archipelago the input from well-developed long-term connecting migratory waterbirds to people. in Guinea-Bissau is one of monitoring schemes and outcomes of This is addressed in numerous projects the key sites for wintering dedicated research projects. Therefore, these focusing on awareness-raising for wetland migratory waterbirds in West instruments are considered an important conservation and capacity-building for local Africa. The area has been basis in achieving WSFI goals and evaluating management and monitoring activities. proposed for designation as the targets of the Wadden Sea Cooperation. a World Heritage Site and But in addition, the WSFI has also embarked The East Atlantic Flyway Assessments in receives support from a range on the call from the World Heritage com- 2014 and 2017 revealed that among all of partners, including the mittee to seek a more general approach migratory waterbirds, waders feeding on MAVA Foundation AMBI and in wetland bird conservation, by mutually intertidal mudflats and relying on benthic the WSFI, to work towards supporting sustainable and long-term food resources showed the least favourable 17 achieving this status. Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative

VISION OF THE WADDEN SEA FLYWAY INITIATIVE: Migratory birds find lasting refuge along the East Atlantic Flyway from northern breeding areas to their key Wadden Sea stopover and to the African coastline, and inspire and connect people for future generations. Menno Hornman Menno photo:  Sharing and transferring knowledge is one of the key activities of the WSFI to strengthen local monitoring and conservation work. trends in numbers. Those species that specific habitats for coastal breeding birds. undertake long distance flights between their However, many of these birds suffer from African wintering sites and Arctic breeding poor breeding success. Common causes for areas in Siberia, and stopover in the Wadden breeding failures are high predation risk, Sea seem to be under extra pressure from losses due to flooding by summer storms and the rapid changes in the Arctic due to climate issues with food provisioning. Beach-breeding change. These species benefit from high birds locally suffer from leisure activities. quality and undisturbed feeding habitats and Most of the coastal breeding birds are used to suitable high tide roosts, enabling them to periodic losses as a result of the dynamic con- buffer the climate change effects. However, ditions in which they usually settle to breed. there may be direct conflicts with human However, species like Eurasian Oystercatcher, use of their feeding areas and disturbance Pied Avocet and Arctic Tern have experienced on high tide roost by e.g. leisure and sport poor reproduction rates over a long series of activities. years and, as a consequence, have continued to decrease. Another group of birds for which the flyway assessment points to an unfavourable status This has prompted a number of activities is those species breeding in the Wadden within the trilateral cooperation. Besides Sea. The salt marshes, coastal wetlands, active management carried out for 18 dune areas and beaches in the area provide beach-breeding species, e.g. on the Wadden Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative

 When occurring at the photo: Harvey van Diek photo: wrong spot and at the wrong time, sports activities like kite surfing may disturb large flocks of roosting birds at their high tide roosts.  For the trilateral ‘Breeding birds in trouble’ project various measures are undertaken or planned to improve breeding habitat for coastal breeding birds, as shown here for a breeding site directly behind the seawall in Groningen, The Netherlands. photo: Kees Koffijbergphoto:

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Sea Islands, predation issues have been these projects have only started recently, and addressed in the framework of the ‘Breeding the ongoing monitoring activities will reveal birds in trouble’ project and the activities in how bird populations will respond. the Dutch Wadden Sea by the Programme Towards a Rich Wadden Sea. These initia- In African wetlands, international conven- tives intend to improve habitat quality for tions like AEWA and Ramsar are important breeding birds, or provide new breeding frameworks to improve wetland and wetland opportunities, thereby making habitats bird conservation. The WSFI therefore works less attractive, or less accessible for ground closely together with these organisations in predators. Regarding predation risk, it should order to yield as much synergies as possible. be noted that the Wadden Sea Islands are an In this context, transfer of knowledge and important refuge for breeding birds, as they skills is an important way forward to achieve are naturally free of most of the ground pred- sustainable wetland management. Only by ators. Measures to improve habitat quality improving wetland conservation at flyway for coastal waders are also undertaken in a level, birds using the Wadden Sea will number of EU LIFE projects, e.g. LIFE Limosa benefit as they can rely on the entire chain of and Wiesenvogel LIFE in Germany. Many of wetlands during their annual cycle. Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds Migratory of African-Eurasian Conservation on the Agreement Initiative Birds Migratory Arctic and Fauna Flora of Arctic Conservation on Wetlands Convention Ramsar Assessment Programme Monitoring and Trilateral Initiative Sea Flyway Wadden The total flyway count of 2017 was coordinated by Sovon Vogelonderzoek Nederland, Vogelonderzoek by Sovon Nederland, coordinated was count of 2017 The total flyway by Programme commissioned International, International and BirdLife Wetlands Sea Flyway This monitoring is part of The Wadden Sea (PRW). a Rich Wadden towards and Nature made possible and Initiative (WSFI) by the Dutch Ministry for Agriculture, Wide Fund The World Vogelbescherming Nederland, Life IP Flyway, Food Quality, (CWSS), Sea Secretariat Common Wadden UK), (WeBS, Survey Bird Wetland (WWF), Schleswig and Niedersachsen (Denmark), Vadehavet Nationalparks foundation, MAVA Holstein (Germany). and Nuclear Conservation Nature Ministry for the Environment, The German Federal with almost 25 local and building part of the WSFI (BMU) supportedSafety the capacity- countries. in 10 African projects regional Further reading Initiative Sea Flyway Wadden www.waddensea-secretariat.org/flyway Assessment 2017 East Atlantic Flyway www.waddensea-worldheritage.org/resources/east-atlantic-flyway-assessment-2017 Report 2017 Sea Quality Status Wadden https://qsr.waddensea-worldheritage.org/ Glossary: AEWA: AMBI: CAFF: Ramsar: TMAP: WSFI: i

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