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Remote Sensing Large-Scale Surface Structures in the Wadden Sea

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Remote Sensing Large-Scale Surface Structures in the Wadden Sea Remote sensing large-scale surface structures in the Wadden Sea. Application of satellite SAR data (TerraSAR-X) to record spatial distribution and dynamics of habitats and geomorphic structures for monitoring and long-term ecological research Thesis for obtaining the academic degree Doctor of Science – Dr. rer. nat. – submitted to the Department of Mathematics/Computer Science at the University of Osnabrück by Inga Winny Adolph June 2020 Supervisors: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Manfred Ehlers (em.) University of Osnabrück Hon.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Reinartz German Aerospace Center (DLR) Prof. Dr. Jochen Schiewe Hafencity University Hamburg Abstract The Wadden Sea off the coast of the southern North Sea is the largest coherent area of tidal flats worldwide. As a highly productive ecosystem it is of global importance, e.g. as nursery for fish and as a feeding and resting area for 10 – 12 million migratory birds following the East Atlantic Flyway. The outstanding ecological significance of this region corresponds to a high level of protection by EU directives and national law and by inscription as UNESCO World Heritage Site, all of which requires regular monitoring and assessment. Apart from the ecological aspects, the Wadden Sea is also of great importance for coastal protection. To survey the extensive, often inaccessible tidal area, remote sensing is essential and while mainly airborne techniques have been carried out for decades, now high- resolution satellite-borne sensors open up new possibilities relevant for monitoring and long-term ecological research. Especially satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors offer a high availability of acquisitions as they operate largely independently of daylight and weather. The aim of the studies presented here was to explore the use of data from the TerraSAR-X satellite to record geomorphological structures and habitats for Wadden Sea Monitoring. More than 100 TerraSAR-X acquisitions from 2009 to 2016 were analyzed to distinguish various and variable surface types continuously influenced by tidal dynamics in the main study area, the tidal flats near the island of Norderney. Visual image interpretation supported by extensive in-situ verification proved to be a suitable and unsophisticated approach which is unspecific enough to identify mussel beds, fields of shell-detritus, gully structures, mud fields, and intertidal bedforms in the upper flats of the East Frisian Islands. The method proved to be robust against changes in geometry of acquisition and environmental influences, which permitted a large database. Several time series of TerraSAR-X data enabled to follow inter- annual and seasonal dynamics as well as event effects (Adolph et al. 2018). The high-frequency TerraSAR-X data revealed novel evidence of an intertidal bedform shift in an easterly direction during the study period. To this aim, an unsupervised ISODATA classification of textural parameters was developed to vectorize and compare the bedforms positions in a GIS (Adolph et al. 2017a). The same intertidal bedform area was chosen as test-site for comparison of different remote sensing methods, namely airborne lidar, satellite-based radar (TerraSAR-X) and electro-optical sensors (RapidEye) (Adolph et al. 2017b). High-resolution SAR data offer a relevant component for Wadden Sea Monitoring and Research, as they provide reliable, regular data with a high repetition rate. In particular, habitats with noticeable surface roughness, specific structures and textures are well reflected. Geomorphic Structures and their dynamics can be observed indirectly via detection of residual water trapped within. A comprehensive concept for Wadden Sea Monitoring however, requires automatized classifications and an integrative, multi-sensor approach (SAR, LIDAR, multi-spectral data, drones) in which different and complementary information, coverage and resolutions (spatial and temporal) contribute to an overall picture. The studies were carried out as part of the joint research project “Scientific monitoring concepts for the German Bight” (WIMO), jointly funded by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Protection (NMU) and the Ministry of Science and Culture (NMWK) of the Federal State of Lower Saxony. The findings have been published in Geo-Marine Letters 37/2 (2017) and in Remote Sensing 10/7 (2018). I Zusammenfassung Das trilaterale Wattenmeer entlang der südlichen Nordseeküste ist das weltweit größte zusammenhängende Wattengebiet. Als hochproduktives Ökosystem ist es von globaler Bedeutung, z.B. als Kinderstube für Fische und als Nahrungs- und Rastplatz für 10 – 12 Millionen Zugvögel auf dem Ostatlantischen Zugweg. Dem wird durch einen sehr hohen Schutzstatus Rechnung getragen: Nationalparke, EU-Richtlinien und die Anerkennung als UNESCO Weltnaturerbe verpflichten u.a. zu regelmäßigem Monitoring und Bewertung des ökologischen Zustandes. Um das ausgedehnte, oft schwer zugängliche Gezeitengebiet zu überwachen, sind Methoden der Fernerkundung unerlässlich. Bislang werden dafür flugzeug-getragene Sensoren verwendet, nun eröffnen hochauflösende satellitengestützte Sensoren neue Möglichkeiten für Wattenmeer-Monitoring und -Forschung. Insbesondere Radar mit synthetischer Apertur (SAR), das weitgehend unbeeinflusst von Tageslicht und Wetter operiert, bietet eine hohe Verfügbarkeit von Aufnahmen während der Niedrigwasserzeit. Übergeordnetes Ziel der hier vorgestellten Studien war, die Verwendung von Daten des Satelliten TerraSAR-X zur Erfassung geomorphologischer Strukturen und Lebensräume im Hauptuntersuchungsgebiet zwischen der Insel Norderney und dem Festland für das Wattenmeer- Monitoring zu untersuchen. Mehr als 100 TerraSAR-X Szenen von 2009 bis 2016 wurden analysiert, um verschiedene und äußerst variable Oberflächentypen zu unterscheiden, die kontinuierlich unter dem Einfluss der Gezeitendynamik stehen. Visuelle Bildinterpretation kombiniert mit extensiver in-situ Verifikation der Interpretations- ergebnisse erwies sich als geeigneter und unspezifischer Ansatz zur zeitnahen Detektion von Muschelbänken, Schlick- und Schillfeldern, Prielstrukturen und geomorphen Strukturen der Sedimentoberfläche, sogenannten „bedforms“. Die Methode erwies sich als robust gegenüber Umwelteinflüssen und Änderungen der Aufnahmegeometrie, was die Nutzung einer großen Datenbasis ermöglicht. In mehreren Zeitreihen von TerraSAR-X Aufnahmen wurden inter-annuelle und saisonale Veränderungen sowie Ereigniseffekte beobachtet (Adolph et al. 2018). Aufgrund der hohen Aufnahmefrequenz der TerraSAR-X Daten konnte erstmals eine ostwärts gerichtete Verlagerung der bedforms während des Untersuchungszeitraumes aufgezeigt werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine unbeaufsichtigte ISODATA-Klassifizierung von Texturparametern entwickelt, um die Positionen der „bedforms“ zu vektorisieren und in einem GIS zu vergleichen (Adolph et al. 2017a). Dasselbe Areal wurde als Testgebiet gewählt, in dem die Aufnahmeeigenschaften von flugzeug-getragenem Lidar und satelliten-gestütztem SAR (TerraSAR-X) sowie elektro-optischen Sensoren (RapidEye) verglichen wurden (Adolph et al. 2017b). Hochauflösende SAR-Daten stellen eine relevante Komponente für das Monitoring und die Forschung im Wattenmeer dar, da sie zuverlässig und regelmäßig Daten mit einer hohen Wiederholungsrate liefern. Geomorphe Strukturen und ihre Dynamik können indirekt durch die Erkennung von darin eingeschlossenem Restwasser erfasst werden. Ein umfassendes Konzept für das Wattenmeer Monitoring wird jedoch automatisierte Klassifizierungen erfordern sowie einen multi-sensor Ansatz (SAR, LIDAR, multispektrale Daten, Drohnen), bei dem unterschiedliche und komplementäre Informationen, Abdeckungen und Auflösungen (räumlich und zeitlich) zu einem Gesamtbild beitragen. Die Untersuchungen waren Teil des gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekts „Wissenschaftliche Überwachungskonzepte für die Deutsche Bucht“ (WIMO), das vom Nds. Ministerium für Umwelt, Energie und Klimaschutz (NMU) und dem Nds. Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur (NMWK) finanziert wurde. Die Ergebnisse wurden in Geo-Marine Letters 37/2 (2017) und in Remote Sensing 10/7 (2018) veröffentlicht. II Contents ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... I ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ...................................................................................................................................... II 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ‒ BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION .................................................................. 1 1.1 PROTECTION, MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF THE WADDEN SEA........................................................................ 1 1.2 RELEVANCE OF REMOTE SENSING FOR WADDEN SEA MONITORING AND RESEARCH ..................................................... 1 2 OBJECTIVE – OVERARCHING GOALS AND ISSUES ........................................................................................ 2 3 THEMATIC INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 THE WADDEN SEA .......................................................................................................................................... 3 3.1.1 Physical Setting – Geology, Hydrology, Morphology ....................................................................... 3 3.1.2 Ecology and Habitats ......................................................................................................................
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