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Kubeet al.: Thenorthern and western Black - theWadden Sea of theMediterranean Flyway

The northern and western region- the Wadden Sea of the Mediterranean Flyway for wader populations J. Kube,A.I. Korzyukov,D.N. Nankinov, OA G Miinster & P. Weber

Kube,J., Korzyukov, A.I., Nankinov,D.N., OAG M'tinster& Weber,P. 1998. The northernand western BlackSea region - the WaddenSea of the Mediterraneanflyway for wader populations.International Wader Studies 10: 379-393.

Thisreview summarises some of the availableinformation, up to 1993,about wader populationsusing the Mediterraneanflyway with specialreferences to the northernand westernBlack Sea region, which havenot been included in previousreviews. The paperpresents data on the numberand distribution of coastalbreeding waders in south-eastEurope and the pattern of theirmigration and winter distribution.For numerous migrant species their population size and migrationhabits are discussed. Furtherdata on the numericalstatus of othermigrants at the northernand westernBlack Sea coast wereadded to demonstratethe importantrole of thisregion as the main stagingarea of the Mediterraneanflyway. Ringingresults demonstrate the complicatedoverlaps between various flyway systemsaround the BlackSea. Datafor othermigrants, although rather incomplete, are included. The ecologicaldifferences of theMediterranean flyway compared with otherflyways of thewestern Palaearcticare discussed.The dramaticrate of wetlandlosses in the Mediterraneanregion has greatly reducedthe numberof stop-oversites and winteringareas available for wadersand wildfowl. Thereis a clearneed for reviewsof the currentstate of knowledge,because only followingthis can focused researchand conservationprogrammes be planned.

J.Kube, Heimgartenstr. 26, 0-1170Berlin, . A.I. Korzyukov,Zoological Department, Odessa State University, Shampansky per. 2, Odessa270058, Ukraine. D.N. Nankinov,Bulgarian Academy of Science, Inst. of Zoology, Boul. Ruski 1, 1000Sofia, Bulgaria. OAGMiinster, Coermiihle 181, W-4400 Miinster, Germany. P. Weber,Strada Cogalniceanu, Medias, Romania.

Introduction and ,including all stop-oversites in between (Smit & Piersma 1989;Summers et al. 1987). Waders The MediterraneanFlyway, part of the wader usingthe MediterraneanFlyway breed in the flyway for the westernPalaearctic, comprises the and subarcticregion of northernEurope and annualmigration route of wader and wildfowl ,in the temperateregion and alsoalong the populationsbetween their breeding quarters and Black and Mediterranean . the winteringgrounds in the MediterraneanBasin

379 International Wader Studies 10: 379-393

A dramatic rate of loss in the winteringgrounds, and to identifythe main gaps in Mediterraneanregion has greatly reduced the our presentknowledge. numberof stop-oversites and wintering areas available for waders and wildfowl. Van Vessem et al. (1992)showed an overalldecline of 54%during The presentlevel of knowledge the last20 yearsfor the mostimportant waterfowl, Thepresent level of knowledgeabout population calculated for the Mediterranean as a whole. The sizesand migrationpatterns of the Mediterranean MediterraneanFlyway alsohas the highest Flywayis far lesscomplete than that of theEast percentageof endangeredspecies of all the AtlanticFlyway. The reviewby Smit(1986) was the Palaearcticmigration systems, indicating that firstattempt to estimatethe size of winteringwader flywayconservation plans should be prepared populationsin theMediterranean. Further data on immediately.There is a clearneed for reviewsof thewinter wader distributions were given by Van the currentstate of knowledge,because only Dijk et al. (1986)and Summerset al. (1987). Details followingthis we canstart to plan researchand of the sizeof breedingpopulations have been conservationprogrammes (Davidson et al. 1998). summarisedby Tucker& Heath (1992)and Hagemeijer& Blair (1997). The r61eand the In recentyears, political changes in EasternEurope importanceof stop-oversites has never been reviewed. havelead to betteropportunities for internationally co-ordinatedfield work and an exchangeof data and literaturebetween East and WestEurope. SinceSinit's review (1986) a lot of researchprojects Hopefully,this co-operation will alsoencourage haveyielded new information: conservation initiatives for in south-east ß dataon thenumber of mediterraneanbreeding . Therefore,our reviewwill concentrateon waders(e.g. Tinarelli & Baccetti1989; Nankinov theBlack Sea region and its role in the 1989;Korzyukov et al. 1991;Siochin et al. 1988); ß results of winter censuses in the Mediterranean MediterraneanFlyway system. For migrating waders we will define their numerical status at VanDijk et al. 1986;Dijksen & Blomert1989; Baccetti importantresting sites of thenorthern and western et al. 1992); BlackSea region and discusstheir directionsof ß studieson the springmigration system migration. For the bestknown migrants we also (Meininger1990; Van der Have et al. 1988); give detailsof their winter distributionand for ß studieson springand autumnmigration in the Mediterraneancoastal breeders we presentdata on northernand western Black Sea region (e.g. Uhlig 1984,1989, 1991;Brehme et al. 1992); theirbreeding population size. In thisway we hope to showhow thepieces of theMediterranean ß analysisof ringingresults (e.g. Viksne & Mihelson 1985;Gromadzka 1989;Mullie et al. 1989). Flywaypuzzle fit togetherbetween breeding and

Sivash

Danube

Black Sea

C) " '....StudyArea: MediterraneanSea

Figure1. Geographiccoverage of thosecoastal breeding wader populations in southernEurope which use the Mediter-ranean flyway. Areas with detailed information from to the mid 1980s and which are included in this review are shaded.

38O Kubeet al.: The northernand westernBlack Sea region- theWadden Sea of the MediterraneanFlyway

The amountof availabledata differsconsiderably smallpart of theH. o.longipes population using the betweenspecies. The best-known waders are the MediterraneanFlyway: most of thembreed inland. Mediterraneancoastal breeding species, Redshank The few existingringing recoveries suggest a Tringatotanus and Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa breedingrange from the upper Volga River onwards astemperate breeders, which use the northernand (V'flcsne& Mihelson1985). The populationsize can westernBlack Sea region for their postnuptial be estimatedat between6,000 - 7,000birds (Table 1, moult. Dunlin Calidrisalpina and Ruff Philornachus Figure2). Thereis closecorrespondence between pugnaxare the most numerous migrants, breeding in the estimateof the winteringpopulation in the arctic and subarctic Siberia. Mediterraneanand the number of birdson spring passageon the BlackSea coast (Tables 2 and 5, The northern and western Black Sea Figures3 and 4). regionas a habitat for migrating Oystercatchersleave their wintering grounds in waders Tunisiain late March. Whenthey arrive at the Thenorthern and westernBlack Sea region is oneof the mostimportant staging areas along the MediterraneanFlyway. More than onemillion wadersstopover during spring and autumneach year. Of these,more than half usethe huge systemsof theCrimean Peninsula. The othersare to be found at various sites on the western Black Sea coast.

The salinityof the BlackSea varies between 15-25 partsper thousand. Because of its smallsize tides do not occur in the Black Sea. Since there are no tidal ,stop-over habitats for wader migrantsare coastal lakes, salines, brackish and .The extentof shallowwaters changes Figure2. Breedingdistribution of Oystercatchers periodically.These changes are effected mostly by Haematopusostralegus in south-eastEurope (total number changesin wind direction,but alsoby rainfalland of pairs300-450). evaporation.Coastal shallow water areas of this typeare called wind-tidal flats. Figure3 (right).Autumn migrationand winter Thesewind-tidal flats mainly harbourtypical distribution of marineinvertebrates. Their numberand species OystercatchersHaematopus compositiondepend on the salinity,as does the ostralegusIongipes between meanbody size of the polychaetes,molluscs and eastern Mediterranean crustaceans(Remane & Schlieper1958). (Tunisia:5,000, Egypt: 500- 1,000)and the PersianGulf A censusat the mostimportant resting sites along (10,000-15,000). the BlackSea coast represents nearly the total current stock of waders. The birds can be counted throughoutthe wholeday ratherthan at only short periodsof suitabletidal statein largeintertidal areas.The accuracyof countswill, however,be > 5000 affectedby flockmovements in betweenlarge lagoonsystems, induced by changesin wind 100 - 500 directionor speed. ß < 100 Populationsize, winter distribution and timing of moult and migration of Mediterranean coastalbreeding waders

OystercatcherHaematopus ostralegus Figure4. Distributionof OystercatchersHaematopus Oystercatchersbreeding in south-eastEurope ostralegusIongipes during spring migration in lateMarchJ belongto thesubspecies H. o. longipes.Italian earlyApril in south-eastEurope. breedersare possibly part of thenominate race H. o.ostralegus (Glutz von Blotzheim1976; Danubemouth, they seem to stopfor only a few P.Meininger pers. comm.). Both subspecies of days. The shorelineof the Danubemouth is Oystercatchersbreed inland in Belorussia(Nikiforov probablythe most important stop-over site for East 1998). The numberof coastalbreeding EuropeanOystercatchers between their breeding Oystercatchersin the Ukraine representsonly a andwintering quarters. Large concentrations of

381 International Wader Studies 10: 379-393

several hundred birds have also been observed on Figure 6 (opposite).Moult the islandsof the BlackSea reserve in earlyApril migrationand moulting (Rudenko1998; Ardamatskaya pers. comm.). sites of Avocets Thereare no observationsof visiblemigration along Recurvirostra avosetta in the coastlineof the BlackSea. Thus,a directpassage south-eastEurope (small acrossthe BalkanPeninsula seems to be likely (e.g. dots:> 1,000,large dot: > Nankinov 1989). 10,000).

Up to 500Oystercatchers occur at the Danube Mouth in mid-August(Brehme et al. 1992). However,nearly the totalflyway populationwas observedthere in earlyspring 1991. Thisvariation betweenyears is probablya resultof differencesin the availablefood supply between the seasons.In autumnOystercatchers, together with thousandsof MediterraneanLarus melanocephalus and Black- headedGulls Larus ridibundus, were seenusing a flushof largegammarids. On springpassage they had fed on largeamounts of deadbivalves (Mytilus galloprovincialis,Mya arenaria)on the beach(Kube unpublished).Important sublittoral bivalve beds of both thesespecies occur only in the flat north- westernpart of the BlackSea (see Caspers 1951 for Figure 7. Winter distributionof AvocetsRecurvirostra details of benthos distribution and main current avosettain the easternMediterranean (total number35,000- directionsin the BlackSea). 45,000). Laterin the seasonthe birdsmigrate southward Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta alongthe coastlineto concentratein Octoberin very Avocets breed on the coast of the Mediterranean and largenumbers at LakeAtanasov, where up to 47,500 the BlackSea as well asinland in Romania,Bulgaria, were seenin the mid 1970s(Siochin et al. 1988; Austriaand Hungary. After a big increasein the Nankinov1989). Avocets from Turkey seem to mid 1970sthe populationhas decreased slightly in moult inland (Grimmett & Jones1989). recentyears. The numberof breedingpairs is about 6,700-10,000pairs (Table 1, Figure5). Another1,000- Most of the 35,000-45,000 birds winter on coastal 2,000pairs may breedin Turkey(Cramp & Simmons wetlandsand inland salt lakes in Tunisiaand Egypt. 1983,Grimmett & Jones1989). Takinginto account Their winternumbers can vary markedlybetween that theremust also be non-breedingbirds, this years. Ringingrecoveries indicate that the Italian figurecorresponds rather well with that from the and Tunisianwinter quartersfunction as meeting winteringgrounds in the Mediterranean(Table 2, pointswith the WestEuropean population (Glutz Figure7). von Blotzheim 1977;Viksne & Mihelson 1985; Siochinet al. 1988). The autumnmigration of south-eastEuropean Avocetsstarts in lateJuly. Threeimportant moulting MostAvocets probably migrate directly to their sitesharbour nearly the whole Pannonian breedingcolonies in spring,where they arrive in population(Table 5, Figure6). More than 2,000birds late March/earlyApril. A lot of stop-oversites are alsomoult in Italy,in two Adriaticwetlands knownin south-eastEurope, each holding 1,000- (Comacchio-Cerviaarea and Margheritadi Savoia 2,000birds and largerconcentrations are unusual. saltplans,R. Tinarellipers. comm.). Theenormous numbers at LakeAtanasov in April in someyears might be a resultof migrationdelay.

Black-wingedStilt Himantopushimantopus The south-eastEuropean population of Black- wingedStilts consists of 3,500-4,700pairs, breeding mainly at coastalwetlands with a few inland (Table 1, Figure8). Theirnumber has been decreasing over the lastdecade. The increasingdestruction of < 100 naturalhabitats and disturbanceat the breeding sites are considered to be the main causes of their disappearance.The increasingcolonization of anthropogenichabitats (salines, rice fields, ponds) mightcompensate locally for habitatloss (Uhlig 1990;Kube & Grube 1992). Figure5. Breedingdistribution of AvocetsRecurvirostra A minimumof another2,000 pairs breed in Turkey avosettain south-eastEurope (total number of pairs6,700- and the southernMediterrranean (Cramp & 10,000). Simmons1983).

382 Kubeet al.: Thenorthern and western Black Sea region - theWadden Sea of theMediterranean Flyway

The studiesof Tinarelli(1990) suggest that the Black- winteringcounts were presentedby Perennou wingedStilts breeding in Italy belongto the West (1991),OAG M'tinster(1991) and Tinarelli (1998), Europeanpopulation. Their population dynamics but no recoverieshave been published that would aresimilar to thosefrom France (showing a strong provethis theory. Tinarelli (1990) presented a few decrease in 1984 and then a rather stable situation in winterrecoveries for theEast Atlantic Flyway the followingyears). Tinarelli also demonstrated population:these birds were found at the rivers Senegaland Niger and alsoin Tunisia.

During autumnmigration, flocks of 100-500birds areto be foundat a lot of stop-oversites in Greece, Turkeyand on theBlack Sea coast. In comparison, thespring migration in April/Mayis muchmore inconspicuous(Grimmett & Jones1989; Meininger 1990;Van der Have 1988).

Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus The numberof breedingKentish Plovers in south- eastEurope can be estimatedas between 5,500 - 7,500pairs. Half of them breedin the Ukraine (Table1, Figure11). Little is knownof the populationsize in Turkeyand northAfrica, which Figure8. Breedingdistribution of Black-wingedStilts is ratherlarge (e.g.Cramp & Simmons1983). This Himantopushimantopus in south-eastEurope (total number mightexplain the discrepancybetween the size of of pairs3,500-4,700). thesouth-east European population and the estimateof 60,000- 80,000birds present during winterin theMediterranean Basin (Table 2, Figure Figure 9. Possible 13). The frequencydistribution of wing lengthsof scheme of autumn KentishPlovers captured in Tunisia,which is migrationand winter double-peaked,suggests that two different distribution of south-east populationswinter there(Van Dijk et al. 1986). EuropeanBlack-winged StiltsHimantopus Takinginto accountthe foreignrecoveries of himantopus. KentishPlovers captured during the breeding season on the Crimean Peninsula, the scheme of winterdistribution becomes rather complicated (Figure12). Theserecoveries describe a wintering rangefor south-eastEuropean birds from the Niger irmudationzone southwards(Siochin et al. 1988). The smallnumbers that havebeen found in Nigeria and Chadperhaps belonging to thispopulation (Cramp& Simmons1983; Summers et al. 1987).

Figure10. Winterdistribution of Black-wingedStilts Himantopushimantopus in the easternMediterranean (total i• 100-500 number 1,000-2,000). 500-2000 movementsof breedingbirds between the Adriatic coastof Italy and theAtlantic coast of France. Knowledgeof the migrationof the Black-winged Stiltis still quitepoor. As for the EastAtlantic •1 >2000 Flyway,the estimatesof the numberof wintering Figure 11. Breedingdistribution of KentishPlovers birdsin theeastern Mediterranean yield highly Charadriusalexandrinus in south-east Europe (total number unreliablefigures regarding population size. The of pairs5,500-7,500). total number found is about 2,000birds (Table2, Kentish Plovers from the northern and western Figure10). Largeconcentrations winter at Lake Chad,the riversNiger and Nile and in EastAfrica BlackSea region start their autumn migration in late (Smit & Piersma1989; Summers et al. 1987;Nikolaus July/earlyAugust, forming moulting flocks of 1987):these are possibly part of the Mediterranean severalhundred individuals at themain breeding Flyway population(Figure 9). New data of grounds(Brehme et al. 1992;Siochin et al. 1988).

383 International Wader Studies 10: 379-393

Figure 12. Ringing recoveries of Kentish Plovers Charadrius alexandrinusringed on the Crimean Peninsula duringthe breeding season(from SIOCHIN et al. 1988).

I 100- 500

> 500

Figure14. Breedingdistribution of CollaredPratincoles Glareolapratincola in south-eastEurope (total number of pairs 1,650-2,700). CollaredPratincoles. In September,when they arriveat thewintering grounds, they are known to occurin mixedflocks with two othersubspecies (G. p. limbata,G. p.fudleborni), from which they cannot ISudan0 be distinguishedin the field (Nikolaus1987). Anotherpart of thispopulation may migratevia the Figure13. Winterdistribution of KentishPlovers Charadriusalexandrinus in the easternMediterranean (total Maghrebregion, wintering at LakeChad or in Mali number 60,000-80,000). and Nigeria(Glutz von Blotzheim1977).

Moultingflocks of similarsize are also found in Thespring passage starts in lateMarch with Italy (R. Tinarellipers. comm.), and they leave these maximumnumbers in the secondhalf of April in the areasin September/October(Roberts 1980). Mediterranean(Van der Have 1988;Meininger 1990) and in earlyMay in the BlackSea. Collared Theconcentrations of migrantsare even smaller Pratincoles, like other Mediterranean coastal duringspring passage. waders,mainly migrate directly to theirbreeding grounds(Siochin et al. 1988). Collared PratincoleGlareola pratincola The Collared Pratincole is one of the most endangeredbreeding species in south-eastEurope. Population size and migration pattern Recentestimates are of 1,650-2,700pairs breeding in of other waders the areacovered by thispaper (with an additional Dunlin Calidris alpina alpina severalhundred pairs possibly breeding in Turkey In contrastto the EastAtlantic Flyway there is only (Table1, Figure14, Cramp & Simmons1983; onesubspecies of Dunlin usingthe Mediterranean Grimmett& Jones1989; Hagemeijer & Blair1997). Flyway:Calidris a. alpina.However, the pictureof Largecolonies occur in the Ukraineand in Greece. migratorypatterns is still far from dear,as more In othercountries now onlya few breedingsites are than onenorthern Dunlin populationexists regularlyoccupied. The number of breedingpairs (Meltofte1991). Recent publications and intensified hasdecreased dramatically during this centur• with ringingactivities in theBaltic, Mediterranean and the lossof steppeareas and saltmarshes being the BlackSea have yielded much new informationon main reasonsfor thispopulation dedine (Uhlig thisproblem (e.g. Stiefel & Scheufler1989). 1989;Nadler 1990). It is not our main intention to describe differences in South-eastEuropean Pratincoles leave the breeding thebreeding ranges of variousmigratory groundsafter moult in lateJuly and August. Small populations,but we hopeto provokea more flocksof up to 100-200individuals occur at various detailedanalysis of ringingresults by suggesting coastalwetlands at the BlackSea coast, although differentmigratory populations wintering in the mostbirds migrate non-stop along the western easternMediterranean (see Figures 15 and 16). coastlineto theresting sites around the (e.g.Nankinov 1989;Siochin et al. 1988). Two areas a) EastAtlantic Flyway migrationsystem harbour more than a thousand birds: the Axios- About 1.1-1.3million C. a. alpinause the East Aliakmonas Delta in north-east Greece and the AtlanticFlyway (Smit& Piersma1989), while Amik-Goelue/Hataiin westTurkey (Glutz von migratingvia northernand southern to Blotzheim1977; Kube unpublished). They stay there the WaddenSea and the Wash,where they moult until late September. (e.g.Brenning 1989; R/Ssner 1990). After moult,the birdsmove to winteringgrounds in westernEurope. Becauseof its smallpopulation size, little is known Most of them winter in the British Isles and France. aboutthe winter distributionof easternEuropean A few alsooccur in thewestern part of the

384 Kubeet al.: The northernand westernBlack Sea region - the WaddenSea of the MediterraneanFlyway

Table 1. Numberof breedingwaders in south-eastEurope.

Haematopusostralegus - 20-25 6 (50-100) 60-90 + 150-200 Recurvirostraavosetta 50-80 200 1,200-1,300 25-40 300-500 760-2,200 100-200 4,000-5,000 Himantopushimantopus + 25-30 933-1,091 50 700-1,000 100-200 100-200 1,500-2,000 Charadriusalexandrinus 10 60-80 1,520-2,000 44-71 (>>100) 200-400 200-300 3,000-4,000 Hoplopterusspinosus - - 10-30 - - Tringatotanus 85-100 400-500 390-720 67-82 (>>100) 50-150 50-100 1,000-2,000 Glareolapratincola - 30-50 30-90 0-150 900-1,100 50-100 100-200 500-1,000 Glareolanordmanni - (+) - - (+) (+) 50-100

1 Pierstoa(1986) 2 Pierstoa(1986); Grimmett & Jones(1989); $zekely (1991) 3 Tinarelli & Baccetti(1989) 4 Bartovskyet al. (1987) 5 Glutzvon Blotzheim (1975,1977); Cramp & Simmons(1983); Scott (1980); Grimmett & Jones(1989); Meininger (1990); WIWO (1990) 6 Nankinov(1989); Uhlig (1989,1990); Kube & Grube(1992) 7 Glutz von Blotzheim(1975,1977); Weber & Szabo(1985); Brehrne et al. (1992);Uhlig (1989,1990a) 8 Siochineta/. (1988);Korzyukov et al. (1991);Chernichko et al. (1991)

Table2. Numberof winteringwaders in theEastern Mediterranean and theRed Sea. For Romania and theUkraine no numbers available.

Haematopus + 5,000 10 120 - 30-40 - - - 500-1,000 10-100 ostralegus Recurvirostra 1,800 10,000-15,000 2,000 3,800 400-800 1,300 30 370 10 10,000-20,000 avosetta (65162) Himantopus 50-3008 900-1,300 10-608 610 - 20-100 ? himantopus Charadrius 1,600 21,300 2•00 250 10 1,000-1,500 40 20 300 26,000- 3,000- alexandrinus 43,000 8,000 Calidrisalpina 2,900 150,000 16,000 8,000-10,000 100-500 1,000-3,000 40 60 100 30,000- 8,000- -200,000 (41•862) 100,000 16,000 Tringatotanus 180 40,000 3,400 Z600 100-1,000 1,000-2,000 20 610 300 8,000-1Z000 2,000- 3,000 Limosalimosa 580 3,500 2,600 + 300 160 - 200 15,000- 15,000- 30,000 30,000 1 Van Dijk et al. (1986) 2 Baccettiet al. (1992)for Adriaticwetlands only 3 Nankinov (1989) 4 Roberts(1980) 5 Dijksen& Blomert(1989) 6 Summerset al. (1987) 7 Nikolaus (1987) 8 Tinarelli(1987) for theMaghreb region

Mediterranean. areaseems to functionin a similarecological mannerto the WaddenSea for westEuropean b) MediterraneanFlyway migrationsystem Dunlins. Tunisiaand Egyptare the mainwintering The totalnumber of northernDunlins migrating groundsfor thispopulation (I. Chernichko& J. from west Siberia on an inland route to the Gromadzkapers. comm., Table 3). Mediterranean via the Black Sea is a minimum of 0.2 millionbirds (data combined from Van Dijk etal. c) Loop migration system 1986and Table5). Theirmost important stopover A part of the northernDunlin populationseems to site in both seasons is the Gulf of Sivash on the performa loopmigration. Similar migratory Crimean Peninsula(Chernichko et al. 1991). This strategieshave been described for othersandpipers

385 Internatwnal Wader Studies 10: 379-393

also,e.g. Curlew SandpiperCalidrisferruginea alongthe EastAtlantic or the Mediterranean (Wilsonet al. 1980). Suchbirds migrate in autumn flywaysand reportedin later yearsin autumnon via the southern Baltic and inland to southern the othermay be eitheroverlap between the two Franceand Italy. Theywinter in the eastern flywaysor an exchangeof birdsbetween the two flywaysas a consequenceof mixingon theirwinter Figure 15. Wintering quartersin the mid-Mediterranean(Viksne & groundsof Dunlin Mihelson 1985;Gromadzka 1989). Calidrisa. alpina: A - EastAtlantic flyway Ruff Philotnachuspugnax (1.1-1.3m.) Ruffsare the mostabundant wader migrants in B - Mediterraneanflyway south-eastEurope. More than0.5 million birdsrest C- loopmigration (B+C duringthe peakof springpassage in mid-April, 0.2-0.3 m.) spreadover the whole region. Whilst mostbirds restand feed on floodedmeadows and agricultural fields inland, small numbers can also be seen feedingon deadmussels on thebeach (e.g.Meininger 1990; Kube unpublished). The steppeareas in Hungar• southernUkraine and in theDobrodgea (Romania) harbour the largest concentrations(Table 3, Figure18). ^ maximumof only 20,000-30,000Ruffs are seen at any onetime on springmigration in Italy (Serra& Baccetti1992). Insightsinto the originsof thehuge number of birds in this regionin springcome from an O^G M'Cmster dye-markingproject carried out duringthree winter periodsin Senegal.Dye-marked Ruff were resightedin springon average4,366 km away from Figure16. Winter distributionof Dunlin Calidrisalpina in the ringingsite. The distributionof sightingsand the easternMediterranean (total number 250,000-300,000). negativerecords at othersites indicate that Ruff winteringin Senegalfly non-stopto westand Mediterraneanand passback to theirbreeding centralEurope (O^G M'•inster1989). groundsvia theBlack Sea. Severallines of evidence suggestthe existenceof thisloop migration scheme: If a 4,000km GreatCircle model for thefirst stop- overis usefulas a generalrule for birdsfrom other ß thereare morereports of Dunlinsringed or importantwintering sites in Africain Mali, Nigeria, recoveredduring autumnin the southernBaltic and Chadand Sudan, a wide rangeof overlapsbetween western(excluding north-western) Europe that have thesecircles can be foundin south-eastEurope and beenalso ringed or recapturedduring springin the shouldresult in the occurencethere of large BlackSea, than thereare reportsof ringedDunlins numbersof passageRuff (Figure17). But the idea of occurringin the BlackSea in bothspring and longdistance spring migration by Ruff doesnot fit autumn(Gromadzka 1989 and pers.comm.). well for birdsusing East African wintering sites, sincethese birds have low springdeparture weights ß thereare increasingnumbers of Dunlin during (Pearson1981). the winter seasonat Mediterraneanresting sites (e.g. Van Dijk et al. 1986). O^G M'•inster tried to demonstrate their model for the MediterraneanFlyway by colour-marking ß largerconcentrations of Dunlin occurin the winteringRuffs at LakeChad and then undertaking northernand westernBlack Sea region in spring a springcensus at thewestern Black Sea coast. Out thanin autumn(see examples in Table5). of 250,000-350,000wintering Ruff in thenorthern Cameroon,105 birds were dye-marked, but none d) East EuropeanFlyway migrationsystem were resightedelsewhere that spring(O^G M'Cmster An increasingnumber of directrecoveries between 1•1). the Balticand the BlackSea or Egyptin the same autumnsuggests also an eastwardmigration of Sothe springmigration system of Ruff alongthe northernDunlin (J.Gromadzka & P.Meininger pers. MediterraneanFlyway is stillsomewhat obscure. comm.).This suggests that a separatepopulation Nothingis knownabout turnover rates in Tunisia existswhich migrates directly to the south-eastsuch and in south-eastEurope. ,actual figures of the asfor Scandinavianwader populations (see below). numberof Ruff winteringin North Africa,which are Alternativelya smallnumber of Dunlin could knownto havestrongly decreased in the last annuallymigrate together with waderspecies using decades,are not available(although there are a few an EastEuropean Flyway (Dittberner & Dittberner new data from Perennou(1991) and Tinarelli (1998)). 1982). The extent of movements between the main winter e) Exchangebetween fiyways quartersis alsoobscure (e.g. Schenfler & Stiefe11985; Recoveriesof Dunlinringed in their firstautumn Nikolaus 1987).

386 Kubeet al.: Thenorthern and western Black Sea region - the WaddenSea of the MediterraneanFlyway

Figure 17. The 4,000km Seacoast before migrating further south to the circleas the rangeof first winterquarters between Tunisia and the Persian stopover for Ruffs Gulf (Table5, Figure20). Thereare alsoimportant Philomachuspugnax moultingsites on theAdriatic coast of Italy,but no duringspring migration estimatesare available(Tinarelli pers. comm.). fromvarious important winteringgrounds, See Sincethe estimateof winteringRedshanks in the the overlapin south-east eastern Mediterranean is similar to the maximum Europe(changed from estimatefor justthe moultingbirds in south-east OAG M'tinster 1989). Europein lateJuly and August, a morerealistic winteringestimate must be higher.The recent estimate does not, however, include the Redshanks winteringon the ArabianPeninsula and doesnot allow for any turnoverat moultingsites.

> 50000 Thespring migration system of Redshanksshows furtheroverlaps in the migrationroutes of different > 10000 Europeanpopulations. More than 100,000birds had been observed in Tunisian intertidal areas at this ß < 1000 time of the year (Van der Have pers.comm.). These Redshanksare perhaps north and centralEuropean breederswintering in WestAfrica, which are migratingback on a trans-Saharanroute via the mid-Mediterranean(Wymenga et al. 1990;Smit & Piersma 1989). Figure18. Distributionof RuffsPhilomachus pugnax during springmigration in April in south-eastEurope (the dot for the Crimean Peninsula means 250,000-500,000birds at two In thenorthern and westernBlack Sea region the sites,the Black SeaNature Reserveand the Sivash). concentrationsof Redshankare smallerin spring Table3. Numberof Ruffsduring spring and autumnmigration at someimportant resting sites in south-eastEurope.

Hortobagyi-Puszta 50,000-200,000 1,000-10,000 OAG M'tinster(1989), Van Impe (1989) Gulf of Sivash 150,000-250,000 20,000-30,000 Chernichko et al. (1991) Danubemouth and Dobrodgea 20,000- 30,000 10,000-20,000 Van Impe (1977),Brehrne et al. (1992)

thanin autumn. Largestnumbers were found South-eastEurope is alsoan importantmoulting duringa censusin spring1991 at the Romanian areain late summer,but the numberspresent during Danube Delta (Brehmeet al. 1992). A maximum of thisperiod are even smaller. 10,000birds was countedalong the coastline, feeding,like Oystercatcherand Ruff, on dead RedshankTringa totanus mussels. The totalof 2,500-4,000pairs of Redshankbreeding Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa in the areacovered by thispaper in south-east It is not known how many Black-tailedGodwits use Europerepresents only a quarterof the estimatefor the eastEuropean population of 60,000- 70,000 birds(Table 2, Figures1 and 21). The mainpart of thepopulation breeds in mostlytemperate inland habitats.The western border of its breedingrange is located in the southern Baltic, where westward migrantsalso breed (Stiefel & Scheufler1983). Redshanksbreeding further north tend to usethe EastAtlantic Flyway, but a few birdsfrom Scandinaviamigrate in a southeastdirection to the 100

Arabian Peninsula(Hale 1973;Viksne & Mihelson O0 - 1000 1985).

> 1000 Redshanksalso breed in Turkeyand Tunisiabut populationsizes are unknown (Cramp & Simmons 1983;Grimmett & Jones1989). Figure19. Breedingdistribution of RedshankTringa After thebreeding season nearly all eastEuropean totanusin south-eastEurope (total number of pairs2,500- Redshanks moult on the northern and western Black 4,000).

387 International Wader Studies 10: 379-393

Figure 20. Moult Theflyway concept can be adequatelyused to migrationand moulting describethe movements of specificpopulations of a siteof eastEuropean singlespecies or to describean amalgamationof RedshanksTringa totanus migratoryroutes of a groupof species.Thus the usingthe Mediterranean overallEast Atlantic and the East African Flyway flyway (thedistribution consistof a combinationof theseparate flyways of rangeis illustratedby the all waderpopulations that use routes along the thick line, small dots: shoresand involve coastal species resting in tidal 1,000-5,000,large dots: areas(Pierstoa et al. 1987;Summers et al. 1987). 10,000-30,000). Wadersmigrating and wintering in freshwater habitats were often excluded from such reviews and integrationsbecause of thelarge gaps in knowledge of theirmigration patterns (Smit & Piersma1989).

In contrast,on theMediterranean Flyway, which lies betweenthese two coastalroutes, birds use mainly non-tidal and freshwater wetlands. There is no species,however, which could be designatedas eithera typicalcoastal or a typicalinland wader: mostare to be foundin bothhabitat types.

Figure22. Moult and autumnmigration of Sudanß Black-tailed Godwits Figure21. Winterdistribution of RedshanksTringa totanus Limosalimosa using the in the easternMediterranean (total number 60,000-70,000). Mediterraneanflyway (shadeddots: main the MediterraneanFlyway. Thisspecies breeds moultingsites, black dots: northwardsfrom Hungaryand southernUkraine. mainwintering grounds Estimatesfor thenumber of breedingpairs in East (changedafter Glutz von Europeare not availablenor are winter totals. A Blotzheim 1977; Beintema varyingnumber of only 5,000-10,000birds, & Drost 1986). dependingon weatherconditions, winter in the easternMediterranean (Table 2). Themajority of eastEuropean Godwits winter in WestAfrican

inlandsites in theNiger innundationzone (more > 10000 than 100,000in the 1940s)and aroundLake Chad (Glutz von Blotzheim 1977;Beintema & Drost 1986; Figure22). No representativecounts have been > 5000 undertakenthere recently, but somedata are given by Perermou(1991), OAG M'finster(1991) and < 1000 Tinarelli(1998). Alternatively it maybe possible that EastEuropean Godwits are also to be found amongthe 15,000-30,000birds wintering in Sudan (Summerset al. 1987;Nikolaus 1987). The maximum simultaneous count of Black-tailed Godwitson springpassage in south-eastEurope, givesa minimumpopulation size of about50,000 Figure23. Distributionof Black-tailedGodwits Limosa birds. Thisfigure does not includeabout 5,000 birds limosaduring spring migration in lateMarch/early April in whichrest in Italianwetlands on spring passage south-eastEurope. (Serra& Baccetti1992). Black-tailed Godwit prefer Therefore,we do not like to neglectany group of to usethe same resting sites as Ruff (Table4, Figure wadersin our review.Numbers of eachmigrant 23). Perhapsthey also migrate non-stop to these specieson springand autumnpassage in the most sitesbecause there are no importantstopovers importantresting sites of the threecountries known in the southern Mediterranean. involved in the northern and western Black Sea regionare givenin Table5. Thenorthern and western Black Sea region is an importantmoulting site for Black-tailedGodwit in Thereare some large differences in species Julyand August. In contrastto thespring passage, compositionbetween sites, probably as a resultof the birds in autumn also rest in small flocks on inner differencesin habitatcomposition. Whereas Calidris mudflatsin theDanube Delta, including around speciesprefer to usehuge lagoon systems on the Lake Razelm-Sinoe(Brehme et al. 1992). CrimeanPeninsula, most Tringa species rest in the Which speciesuse a Mediterranean inner Danube Delta. Differencesare also a consequenceof thewide flyway rangeof overlapbetween the threewestern

388 Kubeet al.: The northernand westernBlack Sea region - theWadden Sea of the MediterraneanFlyway

Palaearcticflyway systems (Figure 24). The ideaof in theWadden Sea (e.g. Prokosch 1988). On spring an intermediateflyway between the East Atlantic passagethey stop there for premigratoryfattening andthe East African Flyway is a usefulconcept for beforeflying to theirbreeding grounds whilst a lot mostof thetemperate and Mediterranean breeding of spedesspend the period of moultingin this speciesdiscussed in thischapter and for Slender- regionduring autumn migration (Piersma et al. Table4. Numberof Black-tailedGodwits during spring and autum migration at themost important resting sites in south-eastEurope.

...... v...... • ...... •v •x,,o• • ,• x•.•, • ...... •.,•::...... ,,.....•:•,,:,..:,:....::,...... :... .•: ...... :...... ;,...: ...... •..?

Hortobagyi-Puszta 10,000-30,000 6,000-10,000 Grimmett& Jones(1989), Van Impe (1989) Gulf of Sivash (100-120) 1,800-2,000 Chernichkoet al. (1991) DanubeDelta and Dobrodgea 10,000-15,000 10,000-15,000 VanImpe (1977), Brehme et al. (1992) BurgasBay 1,000-2,000 500-1,000 Nankinov(1989), Roberts (1980) billed Curlew Numenius tenuirostris which could be 1987).The Wadden Sea is alsothe mostimportant definedas the symbolof thisflyway (Nankinov breedingarea for temperatecoastal waders along 1991;Gretton 1991). Butit is difficultto apply to the EastAtlantic Flyway (Piersma1986). subarcticand arcticbreeding waterfowl and waders becausean intermediatethird flyway oftencannot All these features can be found also in the northern be definedon the basisof presentdata (Creutz and westernBlack Sea region for wadersusing the 1976). MediterraneanFlyway. The only important differenceis the kind of feedinghabitat. Whereasin Somewader spedes, however, challenge the flyway intertidal areas of the Wadden Sea, with its well conceptby migratingalmost perpendicular to the definedtidal changesof water level,the available migrationdirection of mostother spedes. Such an foodsupply will be limitedmainly by cold eastwardmigration is well knownfor various temperaturesduring winter (Pienkowski1983; freshwaterwaders migrating inland and for Esselink& Zwarts1989), the availabilityof prey in ScandinavianBroad-billed Sandpipers Limicola the lagoonsof the BlackSea depends mainly on falcinellusand Red-necked Phalaropes Phalaropus irregularwater level ch•nges caused by wind. lobatus.Both winter around the (e.g. Thus,tidal mudflats allow muchhigher densities of Schiemann1989). Analysisof the numbersof feedingwaders per areathan do windflats. This migrantsat themost important resting sites along circumstancemight be an importantfactor to thenorthern and western Black Sea coast, compared explainthe smaller size of waderpopulations using with numbersof winteringwaders in the theMediterranean Flyway in contrastto thoseusing Mediterraneanand the PersianGulf (VanDijk et al. bothflyways (Smit & Piersma1989; Summers et al. 1986;Behrouzi-Rad 1991; Zwarts [Figure 22, 23]. 1987;Zwarts et al. 1991). 1991;Summers et al. 1987)and ringingresults, indicatea similarmigration scheme for othercoastal Gaps in knowledge speciesmigrating via theBlack Sea, such as: We haveindicated some important gaps in present TumstoneArenaria interpres, Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola,Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica and knowledge.These gaps are sometimes larger than thoseof the EastAtlantic Flyway (Smit& Piersma WhimbrelNumenius phaeopus (Uhlig 1990d). 1989). If we wish to have a more detailedview of For tenof the 24 waderspecies discussed, Viksne & thewader migration system in theEastern Mihelson(1985) present ringing recoveries along a Mediterraneanregion, which is necessaryfor more south-easternmigration route. Theorig'in of the successfulconservation of thepopulations using it, EastEuropean Flyway (Figure 24) is still obscure. we haveto encourageresearch on the following Perhapsit wasinitiated by climaticand geological topics: processesduring previous glacial periods. It seems ß breedingrange and population size of Siberian to bepossible that Scandinavia and Taimyr were recolonizedafter this period by populationsfrom arcticwaders using the MediterraneanFlyway; ß populationsize of coastalbreeding waders in variousrefuge areas with differentmigration routes Turkeyand in the EasternMediterranean; (Ploeger1968; McClure 1974). Such speculation can ß populationsize of breedingwaders in East onlybe proved, however, by moleculargenetic studies. Europe; ß numbersof waderswintering in Libyaand inland Africa; The northern and western Black Sea ß movementsof wadersbetween their wintering region- the Wadden Sea of the groundsin the EasternMediterranean and inland Mediterranean Flyway ? Africa; • phenology,turnover and moult of wadersin the The Wadden Sea is the hub of the East Atlantic northernand western Black Sea region; Flyway. Almostall waderswith Nearctic, ß autumnand springmigration pattern of waders Palaearcticor temperatebreeding origins that use usingthe Mediterraneanflyway in comparisonto thismigration route, stage one or two timesper year

389 International Wader Studies 10: 379-393

Table5. Numberof restingwaders at threeof themost important wetlands in thenorthern and western Black Sea region. Medianand maximum numbers (in brackets) for Burgas-Bay,for both other areas most of thedata represent minimum numbers.Main sourcesfor eacharea are given below, but a few of thesedata are unpublished).

Haematopusostralegus 5-20 20-30(35) 6,000 500 ? ? Recurvirostraavosetta 2,000-4,000(22,600) 10,000-20,000(47,500) 1,000-2,000 1,000-3,000 ? ?

Himantopushimantopus 100(135) 100-200(400) ? ? ? ? Pluvialissquatarola 50-100 50-100(421) 50-100 200-500 4,131-5,500 750-1,000 Pluvialisapricaria 50-100 ? ? 50-100 1-15 2-10 Eudromiasmorinellus 5-10 (25) 5-10 (25) 10-20 ? 5-10 ? Charadriusdubius ? (33) ? (94) ? 100-200 ? ? Charadriusalexandrinus 150-250 500-700(1,000) 500 500 ? ? Charadriushiaticula 10-20 20-30 (60) 50 100-300 370-500 45-60 Arenariainterpres 20-30 100-250 ? 50-100 2,900-3,900 650-800 Philomachuspugnax 3,000-5,000(9,940) 400-600 ? 10,000-20,000 153,000-250,000 19,700-29,600

Calidris canutus rare rare rare rare 150-200 100-120 Calidrisferruginea 2,500-5,500 1,000(2,300) ? 10,000-15,000 47,400-63,200 80,000-140,000 Calidrisalpina ? (6,900) 1,000-3,000(4,300) 10,000-20,000 1,000-2,000 170,000-254,000 100,000-160,000

Calidrisminuta ? (5,176) 500-1,500(3,080) 9,000 5,000 16,000-21,000 40,000-50,000 Calidristemminckii 10-20 100-200(635) 50 50 1-5 5-10 Calidrisalba ? (170) ? 400 50-100 1,300-1,700 ? Limicolafalcinellus 5-10 50-100(415) 10-20 400-600 4,000 800-1,000

Gallinagogallinago 200-300 200-300 1,000 ? 2-5 5-7 Gallinagomedia rare rare rare rare rare rare Lymnocryptesminimus 5-10 rare rare rare rare rare Numeniusarquata ? (2,000) 100-250 200-300 500 1,060-1,400 2,500-3,700 Numeniusphaeopus rare rare(5) 600 ? 700-1,000 450-500 Numenius tenuirostris rare rare rare rare rare rare Limosalimosa 500-1,000(6,000) 500-1,000 10,000-15,000 5,000-15,000 100-120 1,800-2,000

Limosalapponica rare rare rare rare 1,000-1,200 100-130 Tringaerythropus 100-300 100-300 1,275 ? 200-240 ?

Tringanebularia ? (910) ? 212 >1,000 10-30 70-90 Tringastagnatilis 50-150 100-200(500) 500-700 200-500 45-60 300-400 Tringatotanus ? (1,000) 1,000-2,000(5,000) 10,000 15,000-25,000 4,100-6,000 28,000-32,000 Tringaochropus 5-10 5-10 >>100 >>500 10-50 5-10 Tringaglareola 200 500-700(1,000) 700 2,000-3,000 300-400 2,800-3,500

Actitishypoleucos 10-20 10-20 ? >>500 5-10 20-50 Xenus cinereus rare rare rare rare rare rare Glareolapratincola ? 100-200 50 100-200(500) ? ? Glareola nordmanni rare rare rare rare ? ? Phalaropuslobatus 10-20(21) 10-20 ? 100-200 5,400-8,000 900-1,200 Burhinusoedicnemus ? (20) ? (20) ? >50 ? ?

1 Nankinov(1989,1991); Roberts (1980); Uhlig (1984,1990b,1991a,b,c,d,e) 2 Brehmeet al. (1992);Grimmett & Jones(1989); Harengerd et al. (1991);Kiss (1971,1973); Nankinov (1991); Schiemann (1989); Van Impe (1970,1977);Weber & Szabo(1985); Zl•nud (in litt.) 3 Chernichko et al. (1991)

390 Kubeet al.: The northernand westernBlack Sea region - the WaddenSea of the MediterraneanFlyway

WaderStudy Group Bull. 63: 37-38. Cramp,S. & Simmons,K.E.L.(ed.) 1983. The birds of the WesternPalaearctic, Vol. 3. OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford. Creutz,G. 1976. Geheimnissedes Vogelzuges. A.- Ziemsen-Verlag,Lutherstadt-. Davidson, IN.C, Rothwell, P.I. & Pienkowski, M.W. 1998. Towardsa flyway conservationstrategy for waders. International Wader Studies 10: this volume. Dijksen,L. & Blomert,A.M. 1989. Mid winter waterfowl censusin Turke)•January 1989. WIWO-report31. Zeist. Dittberner, H. & Dittberner, W. 1982. Ein Indiz fuer gemeinsamenZug von Alpen- und EastAtlantic Zwergstrandlaeufer(Calidris alpina, C. minuta).Ber. •' ' '; Mediterranean/ VogelwarteHiddensee 2: 83-84. .' ...', BlackSea Esselink, P. & Zwarts, L. 1989. Seasonal trend in burrow depthand tidal variationin feedingactivity of . . WestEastAfrica / Nereisdiversicolor. Mar. Ecol.Prog. Ser. 56: 243-254. Glutz von Blotzheim,U.IN. (ed.). 1975. Handbuchder Vi•gel Mitteleuropas,Band 6. Akademische Figure24. Flywaysfor wadersin the WesternPalaearctic Verlagsgesellschaft,Wiesbaden. thoseusing the EastAtlantic flyway; Glutz von Blotzheim,U.IN. (ed.). 1977. Handbuchder Vi•gel ß feedingecology of wadersin non-tidalcoastal Mitteleuropas,Band 7. Akademische wetlands; and Verlagsgesellschaft,Wiesbaden. ß connectionsand overlap between this flyway Gretton,A. 1991.The ecologyand conservationof the systemand the East Atlantic and the EastAfrican Slender-billedCurlew (Numeniustenuirostris). flyway systems. ICBPMonograph No. 6, Cambridge. Grimmett,R.EA. & Jones,T.A. 1989. Importantbird areas in Europe. ICBPTechn. Publ. 9. Cambridge. Acknowledgements Gromadzka,J. 1989. Breedingand winteringareas of We thankall thepeople who areinvolved in wader Dunlin migratingthrough southern Baltic. Ornis studiesalong the MediterraneanFlyway, making Scand. 20: 132-144. thisreview possible by theirintensive field work. Hagemeijer,E.J.M. & Blair,M.J. (eds.) 1997. TheEBCC Furthermore,we wish to thankT.B. Ardamadskaya, Atlasof European breeding birds: their distribution and S. Brehrne, G.C. Boere,I. Chernichko, J. Gromadzka, abundance.T. & A.D. Poyser,London. 903 pp. E Meininger,G. Nikolaus,C. Smit,R. Uhlig, T. van Hale, W.G. 1973. The distributionthe RedshankTringa der Have and M.E. Zhmud for further information totanusin the winter range. Zool.J. Linn. Soc. 53: or their advice and comments on an earlier draft of 177-236. the manuscript. Harengerd,M., Melter,J. & Reinke,E. 1991.Ornithological observationsin Romaniaduring April 1990. Wader References StudyGroup Bull. 62: 37-38. Baccetti,IN., Serra, L., Tinarelli, L., Utmar, P., Cherubini, G., Kiss,J.B. 1971. Date preliminareasupra Kravos,K. & Casini,L. 1992. INuoviconteggi di OrnitofauneiInsuleiSahalin si rolul ei in migratieI. limicoli costieri svernanti nelle zone umide Peuce 1: 479-494. adriatiche. Riv. ital. Orn. 62: 2-12. Kiss,J.B. 1973. Date preliminareasupra Bartovsky,V., Kletecki, E., Radovic, D., Stipcevic,M. & OrnitofauneiInsuleiSahalin si rolul ei in migratieII. Susic,G. 1987.Breeding waders in Yugoslavia. Peuce 3: 539-567. WaderStudy Group Bull. 51: 33-37. Korzyukov,A.I., Koshelev,A.I. & Chernichko,I.I. (eds.). Behrouzi-Rad,B. 1991.Waders in [ran. WaderSudy Group 1991.Rare birds of the Black Sea coastal area. Kiev; Bull. 63: 33-36. Odessa:Lybid. 270pp. Beintema,A.J. & Drost,IN. 1986. Migrationof the Black- Kube,J. & Grube,B. 1992. Breedingwaders around Burgas tailedGodwit. Getfault77: 37-62. Bay(Bulgaria) in 1990. WaderStudy Group Bull. 65: Brehme, S., M'tiller, T. & Redlich, J. 1992. Bird observations 55-57. in theDanube Delta and in theDobrodgea McClure,H.E. 1974.Migration and survival of the birds of (Romania).WIWO-report 42. Zeist. Asia. Bangkok. Brennmg,U. 1989.Der Zug desAlpenstrandlaeufers Meininger,P. (ed.). 1990. Birdsof thewetlands in (Calidrisalpina) auf der Grundlagevon northeastGreece, spring 1987. WIWO-report20. Beringungen,Wiederfunden und Kontrollenin der Zeist. DDR. Ber.Vogelwarte Hiddensee 9: 16-38. Meltofte,H. 1991. The northernDunlm puzzle. Wader Caspers,H. 1951.Quantitative Untersuchungen ueber die StudyGroup Bull. 62: 15-17. Bodentierwelt des Schwarzen Meeres im Mullie, W.C.,Khounganian, E.E. & Amer,M.H. 1989. A bulgarischenKuestenbereich. Arch. hydrobiol. 45: 1- preliminarylist of Egyptian bird ringing recoveries 192. 1908-1988.Foundation for OrnithologicalResearch Chernichko, I.I., Grinchenko, A.B. & Siochin, V.D. 1991. in Egypt. Middelburg. Waders of the Sivash Gulf, Azov - Black Sea, USSR.

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