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THE CONTRIBUTIONS of MARINE and COASTAL AREA-BASED MANAGEMENT APPROACHES to SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS and TARGETS Supplementary Annex

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THE CONTRIBUTIONS of MARINE and COASTAL AREA-BASED MANAGEMENT APPROACHES to SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS and TARGETS Supplementary Annex THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF MARINE AND COASTAL AREA-BASED MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS Supplementary Annex UN ENVIRONMENT REGIONAL SEAS REPORTS AND STUDIES NO. 205 Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Case Study 1. Area of Particular Environmental Interest: Clarion-Clipperton Zone Areas of Particular Environmental Interest, Mid Pacific .............................................................................................................. 6 Case Study 2. Fisheries Closure and Conservation Area: Lyme Bay Reserve, United Kingdom ............... 16 Case Study 3. Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning in Belize ... 24 Case Study 4. Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Patagonian Coastal Zone Management Plan, Argentina ...................................................................................................................................................... 33 Case Study 5. Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Mediterranean Integrated Coastal Zone Management Protocol ................................................................................................................................. 43 Case Study 6. Large Marine Ecosystem: Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project (BOBLME)..... 54 Case Study 7. Locally Managed Marine Area: Madagascar Locally Managed Marine Area Network (MIHARI) ....................................................................................................................................................... 67 Case Study 8. Marine Protected Area: Black Sea MPA Network, Black Sea (Romania and Bulgaria) ...... 78 Case Study 9. Marine Protected Area: Caribbean Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife Protocol ........ 87 Case Study 10. Marine Protected Area: Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, U.S.A (Florida) .......... 96 Case Study 11. Marine Protected Area: Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area ..................................... 108 Case Study 12. Marine Protected Area System: Coral Triangle Marine Protected Area System ............ 115 Case Study 13. Marine Protected Area Network: Raja Ampat Marine Protected Area Network, Indonesia .................................................................................................................................................................... 131 Case Study 14. Marine Protected Area Network: Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Regional Marine Protected Area Network.............................................................................................................................................. 140 Case Study 15. Marine Spatial Planning: Marine Bioregional Planning, Australia .................................. 150 Case Study 16. Marine Spatial Planning: Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA) .................................................................................................................................................................... 160 Case Study 17. Marine Spatial Planning: Marine Spatial Planning in Portugal ...................................... 178 Case Study 18. MARPOL Emission Control Area: MARPOL North American Emission Control Area, North Atlantic ....................................................................................................................................................... 187 Case Study 19. MARPOL Special Area – Sewage: Baltic Sea Special Areas for Sewage ....................... 193 Case Study 20. Particularly Sensitive Sea Area: Galapagos Archipelago Particularly Sensitive Sea Area, Ecuador ...................................................................................................................................................... 199 Case Study 21. Particularly Sensitive Sea Area: Wadden Sea Particularly Sensitive Sea Area, Netherlands ................................................................................................................................................ 205 Case Study 22. Ridge to Reef: Kubulau District Ridge to Reef, Fiji .......................................................... 212 Case Study 23. Ridge to Reef: Grenada Ridge to Reef Programme......................................................... 225 Case Study 24. Ridge to Reef through community based management: Nansei Shoto Ecoregion Ridge to Reef, Japan ............................................................................................................................................ 237 Case Study 25. Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem: Mid Atlantic Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem, North-East Atlantic ....................................................................................................................................................... 247 Introduction What are area-based management approaches? An area-based management approach enables the application of management measures to a specific area to achieve a desired policy outcome. A wide variety of area-based management approaches exist, each with their own purpose, mandate and authority. Some tools are focused on managing individual activities in a specific area, such as fisheries closure areas, pollution management zones, and seabed mining exclusion areas. Other approaches, such as marine spatial planning and integrated coastal zone management, seek to coordinate several types of activity in the same area. Regulation of activities may be required to support blue growth and sustainable development, conservation of critical habitats such as coral reefs or marine features such as seamounts, and to align with provisions or requirements set out in national or regional policies and legislation. Area-based management approaches have been recognised as a useful mechanism for working towards the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources. As such, the use of specific area-based management approaches in marine and coastal zones has been defined by a number of global and regional agreements, and the commitment to use them has been reiterated in many international processes, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The 2030 Agenda stimulates national and regional action towards sustainable development through the creation of 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 associated Targets. Area-based management tools can provide an integrated approach to sustainable development as they can address economic, social and environmental matters through the considerate and balanced management of marine and coastal activities. Aim The aim of this work is to review how area-based management approaches can be implemented effectively in order to contribute towards the delivery of Sustainable Development Goals and associated Targets. The review is based on a detailed examination of different types of area-based management approaches, represented in this study by twenty-five examples from around the world (Table 1). Within the review, enabling conditions and barriers that support or inhibit the contribution of area-based management approaches to Sustainable Development Goals are identified. In addition, the influence of other factors such as scale, sectoral focus and policy drivers on contributions is explored. Methodology This documents provides information for each of the twenty-five case studies, including both factual information on the approach design and implementation, and analytical information identifying the extent to which various approach attributes have influenced approach implementation. *Please note that Area- Based Management Tools (ABMT) is the terminology used in the case studies. However, in the accompanying Technical Report, the word “tool” has been replaced with “approach” to encompass cross- sectoral and broader scale approaches. To collect information, a literature review was undertaken for each of the twenty-five case studies. Information was collected using a variety of sources, including peer-reviewed literature, grey literature, annual reports, published action plans, policy documents and online articles. Case studies were then sent to relevant experts and practitioners for external review and have been updated in accordance with reviewer feedback. Case studies for which external review has not been possible are indicated in Table 1. As noted above, this document contains information for twenty-five case studies and the structure of this document is such that each case study is numbered and comprises four sections: . Factual information: this section provides a factual description of various components of the case study. For example, components such as, inter alia, the type of approach, region, institutional framework and data collection. Information in this section provides a factual basis for case study analysis in the following section. Case Study Assessment: case studies have been assessed against a series of key questions to generate reflective and analytical answers that provide insight into how various approach attributes and external circumstances influence the application and implementation of the area-based management approach. SDG policy Analysis: this section sets out 45 ocean-related Targets across 10 different ocean- related Sustainable Development Goals. For each case study, evidence of tool contributions to a particular target is provided. In cases where an approach is still in its infancy, tangible contributions to Sustainable Development Goals may not have occurred
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