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Zooarchaeology and Historical Archaeology Of ZOOARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF HISTORIC SHASTA COUNTY HOSPITAL 1855-1900: A CASE STUDY ____________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology ____________ by © Rhea Maricar Sanchez 2009 Spring 2009 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF HISTORIC SHASTA COUNTY HOSPITAL 1855-1900: A CASE STUDY A Thesis by Rhea Maricar Sanchez Spring 2009 APPROVED BY THE DEAN OF THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE, INTERNATIONAL, AND INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES: _________________________________ Susan E. Place, Ph.D. APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: _________________________________ Frank Bayham, Ph.D., Chair _________________________________ Georgia Fox, Ph.D. _________________________________ Eric Ritter, Ph.D. PUBLICATION RIGHTS No portion of this thesis may be reprinted or reproduced in any manner unacceptable to the usual copyright restrictions without the written permission of the author. iii DEDICATION My thesis is dedicated to three people. For you, Daddy (Pete Sanchez), for supporting my choice of Anthropology as a major from my undergrad through to grad school. While our friends and relatives found it questionable, you encouraged me to do what I really wanted. For you, Mommy (Editha Sanchez), for the memories that have accompanied me through every moment and milestone. We all miss you. Finally, this is also for my elementary school librarian, the kindly old lady who showed me how exciting and adventurous books can be. I made a secret promise that if I ever wrote a book, I’d dedicate it to Alice Wing. I think this counts. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, a tremendous thanks to Dr. Frank Bayham, my committee chairman for being the kind of mentor who allowed me to run into walls before stepping in to redirect me towards my goals, big and small. In retrospect, I can see that during all those weeks in which I walked out of your office wishing you would just tell me what to do, you were allowing me to solve my problems myself. I am so grateful to Dr. Georgia Fox for helping me with the historical archaeology component of my study, providing me an editing job that turned my thesis into this final polished product, and for selflessly coming out of your sabbatical in order to me to finish and graduate this year. I thank Eric Ritter, Ph.D., for making me feel welcome in his classes. My thesis defense went as well as I could have hoped for because of all the practice I had over the last three years, presenting my progress to your classes at Shasta Community College. Thank you also for treating me to lunch when I visited your office at the Bureau of Land Management headquarters when I conducted my archival research in Redding. I am honored to have been granted financial endorsement from the Ellen Deering Foundation for the costs associated with my archival research, from travel expenses to copy fees to resource books. Thank you for choosing me as a recipient of funds from your endowment. Bill Jones and Deb Besnard in the CSUC Meriam Library Special Collections galvanized me to face what seemed like daunting archival work at times, and I am indebted to them for their suggestions and guidance. v The staff at the Shasta Historical Society headquarters provided help, encouragement, and a family atmosphere that made my days there highly enjoyable. These people include Renee, Francis, Lola, Wilma, and Sara. I thank the museum curator, Linda Cooper, of Shasta State Historic Park generously sent me all their information relating to the historic Shasta County Hospital. I am particularly grateful to two individuals without whom I would have been lost. The research of Dr. David R. Huelsbeck, of Pacific Lutheran University in Washington authored the work that was the very foundation of my study. You took every phone call and e-mail with good humor and patience. I truly hope to meet you in person someday, so I can meet and thank my honorary fourth committee member face to face. Vicki Philben, M.D., thank you for your generosity in providing me with your research and photographs for the hospital site, and for providing housing when for my extended stays in Redding for research. You and your husband, Scott, are excellent hosts and cooks, and I felt like one of your own children in your home. My fellow students, both graduate and undergraduate, made my years in the Chico Anthropology department more colorful, and I am thankful for the friendship and mutual experiences shared with Jennifer Justison, Greg Collins, Jennifer Muñoz, Kevin Dalton, Devin Hamlin, Melanie Beasley, Christa Kerley, Joanne Melon, and Denise Wills. Omar Kaci, I began graduate school as your girlfriend, submitted my thesis proposal as your fiancée, and defended and submitted this as your wife. Thank you for your unwavering belief in my ability to see this endeavor through to completion. My vi family has been incredibly patient and accommodating during this whole process, from my studying for the Graduate Record Examination to typing the very last word of this thesis. Thank you, Shell, for being the best sister ever, for rejoicing with every completed page and sympathizing with every setback. Thank you, Robert, for being an entertaining brother, and for insisting that I bring you to the Jelly Belly store ever so often. In doing so you made sure I took breaks away from the computer and into the rest of the living world. With utmost love and in a way I just cannot properly put to words, I thank my father, Pete Sanchez. Daddy, you showed me that if a fisherman’s son who grew up in a Philippine straw hut can grow up to be the Mayor of a Bay Area city, then I can absolutely accomplish this feat. You have always taught by your easy-going, God-loving example. You are literally the wind beneath my wings. I’m so proud to be your daughter, and this is just a continuation of how I always want to make you proud as well. I love you so very much. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Publication Rights ...................................................................................................... iii Dedication................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... v List of Tables.............................................................................................................. xi List of Figures............................................................................................................. xii Abstract....................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I. Studying Status and Economic Conditions through Faunal Remains ...... 1 Introduction .................................................................................. 1 Shasta County Hospital ................................................................ 3 The Archaeological Site ............................................................... 5 II. Historical Context of Shasta County Hospital.......................................... 7 Beginnings.................................................................................... 8 Beef’s Place in American Meat History....................................... 13 From Hoof to Railroad: The Industrialization of Food ................ 14 American Hospitals and Health Care in the Late 1850s to Early 1900s ....................................................................... 19 Shasta Pioneers in Health Care..................................................... 23 Summary....................................................................................... 26 III. Zooarchaeology: Theory and Interpretation of Historic Sites.................. 28 Zooarchaeology and Historical Archaeology............................... 28 Application of Zooarchaeological Studies to Historic Sites......... 33 Explanation of Meat Cuts............................................................. 37 viii CHAPTER PAGE Application of Beef Cuts as Indicators of Status and Economics............................................................................. 42 Historical Zooarchaeology Studies............................................... 42 Value Ranking.............................................................................. 43 Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Differences ................................... 44 Appropriate Units of Analysis...................................................... 45 Problems with Units of Analysis.................................................. 52 Summary....................................................................................... 54 IV. Sampling Methodology and Faunal Identification................................... 55 Introduction .................................................................................. 55 Excavation and Sampling Procedure............................................ 56 Faunal Identification Procedures.................................................. 64 Species-specific Identifications: Problems and Procedures ......... 70 Collecting Faunal Data................................................................. 72 Summary....................................................................................... 77 V. Assembling the Data: Faunal Bone Counts and Expenditures for Shasta County Hospital ...........................................................................
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