Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis
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Bad Is Stronger Than Good
Review of General Psychology Copyright 2001 by the Educational Publishing Foundation 2001. Vol. 5. No. 4. 323-370 1089-2680/O1/S5.O0 DOI: 10.1037//1089-2680.5.4.323 Bad Is Stronger Than Good Roy F. Baumeister and Ellen Bratslavsky Catrin Finkenauer Case Western Reserve University Free University of Amsterdam Kathleen D. Vohs Case Western Reserve University The greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major life events (e.g., trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interper- sonal interactions, and learning processes. Bad emotions, bad parents, and bad feedback have more impact than good ones, and bad information is processed more thoroughly than good. The self is more motivated to avoid bad self-definitions than to pursue good ones. Bad impressions and bad stereotypes are quicker to form and more resistant to disconfirmation than good ones. Various explanations such as diagnosticity and sa- lience help explain some findings, but the greater power of bad events is still found when such variables are controlled. Hardly any exceptions (indicating greater power of good) can be found. Taken together, these findings suggest that bad is stronger than good, as a general principle across a broad range of psychological phenomena. Centuries of literary efforts and religious pothesis that bad is stronger than good (see also thought have depicted human life in terms of a Rozin & Royzman, in press). That is, events struggle between good and bad forces. At the that are negatively valenced (e.g., losing metaphysical level, evil gods or devils are the money, being abandoned by friends, and receiv- opponents of the divine forces of creation and ing criticism) will have a greater impact on the harmony. -
INDICE 1. Introduzione 3 2. Rassegna Della Letteratura 7 3. Metodo 15 4
INDICE 1. Introduzione 3 2. Rassegna della letteratura 7 2.1. Introduzione 7 2.2. Studi linguistici sulla sitcom The Big Bang Theory 7 2.3. Conclusioni 13 3. Metodo 15 3.1. Introduzione 15 3.2. Quesiti della ricerca 15 3.3. Quadro teorico di riferimento 15 3.3.1. Il Principio Cooperativo di Grice 16 3.3.2. La Teoria della Pertinenza di Sperber e Wilson 22 3.3.3. La cortesia 25 3.3.3.1. Il modello di Leech 26 3.3.3.2. Il modello di Brown e Levinson 32 3.3.3.3. Conclusioni 36 3.4. Raccolta, preparazione e analisi dei dati 37 3.4.1. Raccolta dei dati 37 3.4.2. Preparazione dei dati 38 3.4.3. Analisi qualitativa 40 3.4.4 Analisi quantitativa 53 3.5. Conclusioni 53 4. Risultati 55 4.1. Introduzione 55 4.2. Risultati analitici quantitativi e qualitativi della ricerca 55 4.2.1. Risultati della prima stagione 56 4.2.2. Risultati della seconda stagione 62 4.2.3. Risultati della terza stagione 69 4.2.4. Risultati della quarta stagione 75 4.2.5. Risultati della quinta stagione 82 4.2.6. Risultati della sesta stagione 88 4.2.7. Risultati della settima stagione 94 4.2.8. Risultati della ottava stagione 101 4.2.9. Risultati della nona stagione 107 1 4.2.10. Risultati della decima stagione 114 4.3. Risultati quantitativi e qualitativi sintetici della ricerca 120 4.3.1. (In)efficienza comunicativa 120 4.3.1.2. Il Principio Cooperativo di Grice 120 4.3.1.3. -
30 Rock: Complexity, Metareferentiality and the Contemporary Quality Sitcom
30 Rock: Complexity, Metareferentiality and the Contemporary Quality Sitcom Katrin Horn When the sitcom 30 Rock first aired in 2006 on NBC, the odds were against a renewal for a second season. Not only was it pitched against another new show with the same “behind the scenes”-idea, namely the drama series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip. 30 Rock’s often absurd storylines, obscure references, quick- witted dialogues, and fast-paced punch lines furthermore did not make for easy consumption, and thus the show failed to attract a sizeable amount of viewers. While Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip did not become an instant success either, it still did comparatively well in the Nielson ratings and had the additional advantage of being a drama series produced by a household name, Aaron Sorkin1 of The West Wing (NBC, 1999-2006) fame, at a time when high-quality prime-time drama shows were dominating fan and critical debates about TV. Still, in a rather surprising programming decision NBC cancelled the drama series, renewed the comedy instead and later incorporated 30 Rock into its Thursday night line-up2 called “Comedy Night Done Right.”3 Here the show has been aired between other single-camera-comedy shows which, like 30 Rock, 1 | Aaron Sorkin has aEntwurf short cameo in “Plan B” (S5E18), in which he meets Liz Lemon as they both apply for the same writing job: Liz: Do I know you? Aaron: You know my work. Walk with me. I’m Aaron Sorkin. The West Wing, A Few Good Men, The Social Network. -
Act One Fade In: Int. Studio Backstage
30 ROCK 113: "The Head and The Hair" 1. Shooting Draft Third Revised (Yellow) 12/13/06 ACT ONE FADE IN: 1 INT. STUDIO BACKSTAGE - NIGHT 1 The show is in full swing. We hear a laugh from inside the studio, then applause and the band kicking in. The double doors burst open and JENNA, dressed as a fat old lady, LIZ, and a QUICK-CHANGE DRESSER enter the backstage chaos from the studio. In the background we see the STAGE MANAGER. STAGE MANAGER We’re back in two minutes! The dresser starts going to work on Jenna; tearing off a wig, casting aside props and jewelry. PETE is there. JENNA (to Liz) So are you gonna ask out the Head? Liz rolls her eyes. PETE The “Head”? LIZ There are these two MSNBC guys we keep seeing around. They just moved offices from New Jersey. We don’t know their names so we call them the Head and the Hair. PETE How come? FLASH BACK TO: 2 INT. ELEVATOR/ELEVATOR BANK - EARLIER THAT DAY 2 Liz and Jenna are on the elevator coming in to work. Two guys get on. One guy is super handsome and has great hair. This is THE HAIR, GRAY. The other guy is cranial and nerdy looking. This is THE HEAD. Liz smiles politely. Jenna gives the Hair a huge grin. GRAY Hey! You guys again. Jenna laughs too hard at this non-joke. 30 ROCK 113: "The Head and The Hair" 2. Shooting Draft Third Revised (Yellow) 12/13/06 JENNA How are things going? Are you settling in okay? GRAY We’re finding our way around. -