In the Music, Lyrics and Iconography of the Libertines
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DIPLOMARBEIT / DIPLOMA THESIS Titel der Diplomarbeit / Title of the Diploma Thesis “Anthems for Doomed Youth” – the notion of ‘Englishness’ in the music, lyrics and iconography of The Libertines verfasst von / submitted by Anna Lena Guggenberger angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2017 / Vienna, 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 190 299 344 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Lehramt UF Psychologie und Philosophie degree programme as it appears on und UF Englisch the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Eva Zettelmann Acknowledgements Coming from a family of musicians, my interest in music was fostered from a very young age. While, as a child, I was actively engaging in various forms of music, from playing the piano to singing in school choirs, my adolescence was characterised by a passive exploration of music as an art form. I remember recording my favourite songs on cassette tapes in order to be able to repeatedly listen to them and dissect their lyrics. I have always been a fan of song lyrics. Not only can they evoke strong feelings in the listener, but also help to construct and shape an individual’s identity and acknowledge them as members of a particular social group. Over the years, my infatuation with music and song lyrics has only become stronger, which is why it was out of doubt for me to write about anything else than what I am so passionate about. I would like to thank my supervisor Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Eva Zettelmann for giving me the opportunity to immerse myself in this fascinating topic and for providing me with helpful feedback along the way. Furthermore, I would like to thank Ms. Gabrielle Smith- Dluha and Ms. Gillian Schwarz-Peaker for encouraging me to become a better writer and showing me that University can be fun too. My biggest thank you goes to my friends and family, who have supported me throughout my studies. Thank you Toni, Marie, Petra and Helga, I am forever grateful for your friendship and support. In particular, I would like to thank my mum, Gabi, for being the strong and independent woman she is, showing me that I can achieve anything, if I work hard enough. Last but not least I would like to thank my boyfriend, Brandon, for putting up with me and my endless rants and ramblings and being my emotional support. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 2 Down in Albion – An introduction to the ‘Englishness’ question ......................... 6 2.1 Nation and Identity ............................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Nation as class dominance ..................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Nation as ‘imagined community’ ............................................................................ 9 2.1.3 Nation as culture, state and discourse ................................................................. 10 2.2 British, I mean English - A United Kingdom? ........................................................ 11 2.2.1 Being British .......................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 The future of the Union ........................................................................................ 14 2.3 What it means to be English ................................................................................ 17 2.3.1 Orwell’s England ................................................................................................... 17 2.3.2 Female England .................................................................................................... 18 2.3.3 Post-war England .................................................................................................. 19 3 Music as an important signifier in the construction of national identity ........... 21 3.1 Encoding/decoding pop performances ................................................................ 21 3.2 Music as representation ...................................................................................... 23 3.3 Music as social action .......................................................................................... 24 3.4 Music as communication ..................................................................................... 24 3.5 Music and identity .............................................................................................. 25 3.6 Analysing popular music ..................................................................................... 26 3.6.1 Album iconography ............................................................................................... 28 3.6.2 Analysing sound .................................................................................................... 30 3.6.3 Analysing lyrics ..................................................................................................... 31 4 Discourses of ‘Englishness’ in popular music over the years ............................. 32 4.1 Forms of national discourse in popular music ...................................................... 32 4.1.1 The 2012 Olympics in London ............................................................................... 32 4.1.2 Pop’s ‘Englishness’ ................................................................................................ 34 4.2 The British Invasion (1960s) ................................................................................ 35 4.3 No future? (1970s) .............................................................................................. 38 4.4 The Britpop era (1990s) ....................................................................................... 41 4.4.1 Cool Britannia ....................................................................................................... 41 4.4.2 Rekindling the 1960s spirit ................................................................................... 44 4.5 Hooray for the 21st century – the legacy of Britpop ............................................. 47 5 The Libertines – The boys in the band .............................................................. 49 6 Aspects of ‘Englishness’ in the music, lyrics and iconography of The Libertines 51 6.1 The Arcadian dream ............................................................................................ 56 6.2 War era ............................................................................................................... 59 6.3 Did you see the stylish kids in the riot? ............................................................... 62 6.4 We’ll die in the class we were born ..................................................................... 64 6.5 Yanks, go home! ................................................................................................. 68 6.6 What became of the likely lads? .......................................................................... 71 7 The problematics of pop-‘Englishness’ ............................................................. 77 7.1 Exclusion in terms of gender ............................................................................... 77 7.2 Exclusion in terms of genre ................................................................................. 80 7.3 Exclusion in terms of ethnicity ............................................................................ 82 8 The future of British music ............................................................................... 83 9 List of references ............................................................................................. 85 9.1 Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 85 9.2 Electronic Resources ........................................................................................... 90 9.3 Films ................................................................................................................... 94 9.4 Albums ............................................................................................................... 94 10 Appendix ..................................................................................................... 95 10.1 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 95 10.2 Zusammenfassung .............................................................................................. 96 10.3 Poems ................................................................................................................. 97 10.4 Music and Lyrics .................................................................................................. 99 List of Tables Table 1: National identity and EU membership (Henderson et al. 10) ...................... 15 Table 2: Frames used in newspaper articles that discuss Winehouse and Doherty (Berkers and Eecklader 8) ....................................................................................... 79 List of Figures Figure 1: Up the Bracket front and back cover .......................................................... 72 Figure 2: The Libertines front and back cover ..........................................................