Nación En Narrativa, Cine Y Espacios De Difusión Cultural Latinoamericanos Del Siglo

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Nación En Narrativa, Cine Y Espacios De Difusión Cultural Latinoamericanos Del Siglo Identidades en tránsito: la (supra)nación en narrativa, cine y espacios de difusión cultural latinoamericanos del siglo XXI By © 2017 Luis Alberto Rodríguez Cortés M.A., Marquette University, 2011 B.A., Universidad Veracruzana, 2005 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Spanish and Portuguese and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Co-Chair: Dr. Stuart Day Co-Chair: Dr. Jill Kuhnheim Dr. Verónica Garibotto Dr. Rafael Acosta Dr. Tamara Falicov Date Defended: 6 June 2017 ii The dissertation committee for Luis Alberto Rodríguez Cortés certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Identidades en tránsito: la (supra)nación en narrativa, cine y espacios de difusión cultural latinoamericanos del siglo XXI Co-Chair: Dr. Stuart Day Co-Chair: Dr. Jill Kuhnheim Date Approved: 6 June 2017 iii Abstract This dissertation focuses on Latin American novels, films, and anthologies of short narratives of the twenty-first century that reflect on the construct and questioning of national and regional identities. The texts I study rely on motifs related to movement that establish an allegorical relationship between mobility and nation building. While nation building in Latin America has been occurring for more than two centuries, the works I examine reveal that it is still an important topic to address in the present, because when faced with the effects of globalization, the same idea of nation is either challenged or shored up. As a result, it is necessary to examine how transnational and postnational discourses influence the different constructs of the nation, and vice versa. In the first chapter I analyze the motif of the return in the novels La novela de mi vida (2002), by Cuban Leonardo Padura, and El testigo (2004), by Mexican Juan Villoro. In both works, the main characters return to their land of origin after a long exile to research events and figures from the past. While doing so, they revisit the constructions of their own identity, and the official discourses of their nations. Chapter two focuses on a figurative mobility represented in formation films from the same countries. In the Cuban section, I argue that children protagonists of Viva Cuba (Juan Carlos Cremata, 2005), Habanastation (Ian Padrón, 2011) and Conducta (Ernesto Daranas, 2014), embody new ways of perceiving the concept of the “Hombre Nuevo” by Ernesto Che Guevara, and their coming-of-age represents the transition that the island is experiencing during the first years of the new millennium. On the Mexican side, the films explored are Temporada de Patos (Fernando Eimbcke, 2004), Después de Lucía (Michel Franco, 2012) and Güeros (Alonso Ruiz Palacios, 2015), whose adolescent protagonists are facing a critical moment in their process of maturation, representative of the nation’s political and social iv stage. Finally, after dealing with motifs of return and internal travelling (transformation), the third and last chapter is pinned to the trope of migration, specifically the Latin American intellectual diaspora in the United States. The anthologies Se habla español: Voces latinas en USA (2000), edited by Alberto Fuguet and Edmundo Paz Soldán, and Sam no es mi tío. Veinticuatro crónicas migrantes y un sueño americano (2012), edited by Aileen El-Kadi and Diego Fonseca, participate in the construction of a supranational identity supported by the academia and the market. They also serve as an example of spaces of cultural dissemination that are trying to portray the Latin American experience in the United States. Therefore, this project contributes to critical research on mobility, historiography, postcolonial theory, film and cultural studies of Latin America. It follows a deductive and growing pattern, from the nation to the supranation, to show the common factors that produce national identities, and how they are being manifested during the first years of the twenty-first century. v Acknowledgements El presente trabajo no habría sido posible sin la ayuda de varias personas, sin embargo todas las fallas que en él se encuentren son mi responsabilidad. En primer lugar, quiero agradecer profundamente a mis profesores en el Departamento de Español y Portugués de la Universidad de Kansas, por compartir su conocimiento, experiencia y consejos. Especialmente, agradezco a la profesora Jill Kuhnheim por tener confianza en mi proyecto y ofrecer valiosos comentarios que enriquecieron mi investigación. Sus lecturas atentas y sus cuestionamientos siempre me llevaron a encontrar nuevos modos de avanzar en mi trabajo, pero también las charlas amenas me guiaron para no sentirme estancado en este arduo camino. Asimismo, agradezco al profesor Stuart Day por su apoyo incondicional, porque desde el primero hasta el último día del doctorado me ofreció buen consejo y me animó a creer en mí y en las posibilidades de crecimiento en mi carrera. Además, la profesora Verónica Garibotto me enseñó nuevos modos de acercarme a la teoría literaria y cultural, herramientas fundamentales para mi preparación como académico, pero también gracias por la candidez y el aliento para seguir adelante. A la profesora Tamara Falicov le agradezco lo aprendido en sus clases de cine, pero también por hacerme pensar que los estudios sobre cine no son un añadido a mis intereses sino parte fundamental. Adicionalmente, al profesor Rafael Acosta le debo el mantenerme atento a nuevos modos de acercarme a las producciones contemporáneas y a los consejos para seguir en el trayecto de la academia en Estados Unidos como extranjero. Por último, aunque no por ello menos importante, este trabajo también lleva mucho de mis conocimientos aprendidos de la profesora Vicky Unruh, quien me desafió a mejorar mis métodos de lectura y escritura, y me hizo convencerme de que mi vocación pertenecía a las aulas. Gracias a todos ellos y al resto de profesores de KU, por enseñarme tantas cosas y extenderme la mano cuando lo necesité. vi Asimismo, quiero agradecer a mis compañeros del posgrado sin quienes habría sido imposible salir adelante, sobre todo por sus conversaciones tanto dentro como fuera de la universidad. Mención especial merecen mis compas Javier Barroso y Adolfo Bejar por los buenos ratos que pasamos juntos, y por los consejos que siempre me brindaron. Asimismo, gracias a Erinn Barroso, Megan Sheldon, Juan Pablo Román y familia, y tantos más compañeros y compañeras que me brindaron su amistad y compañía. A mi familia le dedico este logro, porque sin su cariño y cuidado tampoco lo habría conseguido, sobre todo a mi madre Silvia Cortés Hernández, por todo el amor que me ha dado y por no dejar de creer en mí, y a mi padre Alberto Rodríguez Cruz, por su apoyo y guía para ver las cosas con claridad. A mis hermanos, abuelas… en fin, a mi enorme familia —tanto en número como en significado— también les doy las gracias por mantenerme siendo quien soy. Y por último, a Zaida Godoy Navarro por recordarme que disfrutara el proceso de escritura e investigación sin importar lo difícil que pueda ser: muchas gracias por la paciencia, el ánimo, la comprensión y la agradable compañía. vii Índice Introducción .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Capítulo 1: Retornos e introspecciones: la nación en entredicho en dos novelas latinoamericanas del nuevo milenio.............................................................................................................................................. 23 1. La novela de mi vida: repensar la nación desde la ficción .................................................................. 29 2. En busca de la patria perdida: política, religión y cultura en El testigo .............................................. 41 2.1 De la revolución a la devolución ................................................................................................... 45 2.2 “O crees o te lleva el diablo”, religión y fanatismo ...................................................................... 50 2.3 De ídolos y letrados....................................................................................................................... 53 Conclusiones ........................................................................................................................................... 59 Capítulo 2: Alegorías de transición: reajustes nacionales en filmes cubanos y mexicanos del nuevo milenio ........................................................................................................................................................ 62 La función del cine en los discursos nacionales...................................................................................... 65 1. Del Hombre Nuevo al pionerito milenario: imágenes emergentes de la identidad cubana ................ 68 1.1 Unidos en el camino: conflictos y renovaciones en Viva Cuba .................................................... 71 1.2 Habanastation: los desafíos de la sociedad armónica ................................................................... 78 1.3 Los márgenes adentro, en Conducta ............................................................................................. 83 2. Buscando al axolotl: Alegorías de la nación en filmes de aprendizaje mexicanos ............................. 89 2.1 Adulthood is a moving target: sujetos incomprendidos en Temporada de Patos ......................... 92 2.2
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