o Wuxi lnlernotionol Fish Center . loint 0filshore Oil Explorolions o Newly Renoyoted Secfion ol Greot Woll
Australia: A $ 0.72 New Zealand: NZ S 0 81 UK.: 39 p U.S.A:$078 A high-yield oil and gas well in Beibu Gulf in the South China Sea--a joint Chinese-French undertaking. FOUNDER: SOONG CHING l-lNG (MME. SUN YAT-SEN) tl8e3-le8l). PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE CHINA WELFARE INSTITUTE IN ENGLISH, FRENCI-I, SPANISH, AMBIC, GERMAN, PORTUGUESE AND CHINESE
vsl. xxx h{CI. 11 NOVEMBER T981 Articles o the /trlonth
CONTENTS Wuxi Fish Center
Politics of her lishery reseorch ond troining ond Pocific regions co-sponsored by Firm in Conviction, Unceasing in Struggle: Deng Ying- chao Recalls the Anti-Japanese and Liberation Wars (lnlerview Part 3) 40 The Party and China's National Capitalists 28 Offshore Oi! Explorotion Taiwan Pilot Crosses Over 52 Economics Ropid pr ing 24 results in oil Offshore Oil Exploration: Joint Ventures Produce Results ' explorotio Agfriculture 31 Aviation Serves Poge 2d Team Leader on New Contract Systern 50 The Useful Yak b lmprovements in Living Standards Since the Founding of the People's Reoublic (charts) 56 Culture/Art 'l'li Never Reiire from Music' '15 the How I Took Up Writing 1B Becoming a Writer 19 Tibetans Tackle Romeo and Juliet 46 Archoeologicol discoveries Early Musical lnstruments Live Again 5B sthow Greot Woll moY once hove been ten times longer Science thon usuolly supposed. Beforms in the Academy of Sciences 44 Stone toblets, other relics Wuxi Fish Center Hosts Foreign Scientists 7 reveol detoils ol building Zhong Lin Breeder cf Fish 14 methods. Poge 34 'Heavenly Hemp'- 4 Friendship Tibetqns Tockle Sino-lndian Friendship-Long History, Bright Future 22 Shokespeore The Adventure of the American Pilot 54 Children ol former sbrfs Across the Lond gorner Cr,iticol ond populor A Tour Guide's Tale o1 occloim in Shokesoeore,s New Finds About the Great Wall 34 Romeo ond Juliet. Kaifeng: lnto the Ancient Painting 60 Poge 46 The Flower from Mexico tz Columns ond Speciols Our Postbag z Sketch book J Chinese Cookery: Sweet-and-Sour Carp with Deep- Koifeng: lnto the Ancient Pointing Fried Noodles 67 Children: Luo Conglin Saves a Train 21 A 1,000-yeor otd woy ol lite ond culturol hetitoge Language Corner: Lesson 1 l cqn still'be seen ii Koifeng, one of six oncient Beijihg Weather 70 copitols of Chino. Cover Pictures Front: A student from the Pacific lsland Trust Territories at the Wuxi Fish Center an international training facility co-sponsored- by China and the United Nations. Huo Jianying Back: Aerial sowing of trees will "fix" sand in place and help prevent sandstorms. (See story on p 31) Chen Changten
Editoriql Office: Woi Wen Buildingr, Beijing (37), Chtno, Coblc: "CHIRECON" Bcilins. Gemol DLtsibutor: GUOJI SHUDIAN, P.O. Bor 399, Boi,ing, Chino. establishing ot a great united front. Tarnilnadu, who hold first place in We were deeply touched by her reading journals among Indians, expect dedication" more news about our continent, espe- POSTtsAG We hope that you will carry out cially the East. Soong Ching Ling's behests and keep S. KALIMUTHU your magazine improving and develop- Tamilnailu, Inilia Loves China ing. We'll encourage each other and present advance together with you. At I live in Geneva and FUKUI HAJIME Irnprovements Appreciated study international relations. I'm Tokgo, Japan your Japanese, but greaUy love China. In America I used to read I happened to find your magazine magazine from cover to cover whenever Skeptical I had the chance. But for the past two and was very interested in it, especiatly years in "Zhenjiang-the Foremost Land- that I have bedn living and I take copies of Chino Reconstrucls working in China, I just haven't had scape under Heaven" and "A Chinese to my classroom for my twelve-year- Painter Who Works Abroad" (April the time or opportunity. Little did I old students to read. They are in- missing! I've f981). The latter reminds me of my know what I have been terested in the great variety of informa- just your issue. grandfather and my parents, who all finished January 1981 tion you present about China. tr think pleased and impressed by the lived in China many years ago. They I'm very they like the shorter articles and I you made con- love China, where they spent their improvements have in know they are fascinated with the hard childhood. They also think fondly of tent, format, and writing. Your pictures. work shouiMao Zedong, the Cul- rounding region. Overall, the article anniversary of the founding of the turol Reoolution onil 32 Yearc of Neu) was well researched, well organized, Chinese Communist Party. China" (October 7987), rohich iletails and well written. Although Chairman Mao is dead, in not onlg the ochieoements 'but the LARANDA MARR some ways he still lives for ex6mple, mistakes made since liberotion. - Ed,. Changchun, China in the recent speech rnade- by the pre- sent Party chairman, which was read China's Biggest Dam More about Social Life on Radio Peking July l, 1981, and which impressed me rrefy much. I am interested in the construction of I'm writing you this letter for more Since our popular revolution in China's biggest dam, the Gezhouba articles about social life in China. We Liberia took place on April 12, 1980, I project on the Changjiang (Yangtze) are interested in this topic because the have read about 38 copies of your River. The article in the February issue people of Mozambique, who have onlY magazine through which I learn the on this project was excellent. I hope recently achieved independence, are true meaning of revolution" to read in a future issue that the JuIy now advancing towards socialism. Our PETEN D. JEPLEH JR. flood did not damage it. country is backward and requires Buchonan, Liberio WILLIAM P. GAMBON development. 1 want to learn from San Diego, California, U.S.A. your experrence. AUGUSTO Hopes .tor Reunificat'ion Our October l98I issue inclucled a ALBERTO major couer story on Gezhoubq and the Mocuba, Mozambique glad I am very to read the article- hoppg neus that the flood caused no about Zhenjiang (April 1981), one of the ilamage, Ed. places I'm going to visit during my - Minority Peoples trip to China this year. Through it, I great interest Distinct Approach I always read with got to know something about the city articles like "The Tu PeoPIe of the and its surroundings. As a subscriber to several magazines Qinghai Plateau" (January 1981) which "What's This 'Taiwan Question'?" trom abroad, especially from the West provides information about the speeial (May 1981) is still better. I've been to the U.S., U.S.S.R., Federal Republic environment of minority peoples in Taiwan province, and heard about - and about their of Germany - I find a distinct approach China's outlying areas many disturbing happenings there. It in your magazine. The beautiful color lile and customs. quiet them, is difficult to keep about photographs of city and rural scenes HEIMZ-GUNTER FOERSTER but the people there have to remain are also encirarting. We people in Bielefeld, West GermanY silent, or their security is threatened. I hope China will be reunified. HILDEGARD NURNUS W eilbur g, W e st ^Gertnany TO OUR READERS Soong Ching ting's Legacy Please accept our deep condolences old oncl qew, will write us in detoii their impressions of the on the passing away of Soong Ching Ling. She fought all her life for the birth of a. new China, esPeciallY for the
OEINA RECONSTBUCTS SKETCHEOOK
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Readins for grandpl. Liu,,ltnart
Liu Yonqjie
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NOVEMBER T98T 'Heovenly Hemp' LIU LUSIIA
T T has a long slender stalk the tubers had grown feet and tions. Once, weakened by a severe I topped with a spike of yellow abseonded, and encircled the fields bout of dysentery, h6 nevertheless flowers and a fleshy tuber under- with stones to keep them from ground; continued his investigations, get- It is found chiefly in running away. ting about with the help of a cane. the mountainous regions of However man's wisdom has In several years, Xu wrote down Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hubei prov- finally penetrated "heaven's,, several dozen voluminous studies inces in central and southwest secrets. Tianma is 5row grown on and completed a preliminary China, and its tuber has long been large areas in the southern part summing-up of tianma's propaga- known to connoisseurs in Chinese of Shaanxi province, thanks to the tion pattern traditional medicine for its excel- efforts of a pharmacologist by the In 1964 tianma was formally lent effects in treating a nurhber of name of Xu Jintang. Local people made a subject of scientific re- disorders, among them dizziness, mention him with respect and search by the State Institute of headache, rheumatic back and gratitude when they talk of the Pharmacology, which assigned Xu knees and convulsions in infants. latest breakthroughs in tianma two helpers, Ran Yanzhu and cultivation, now providing the Chen Zhen. The work went faster state with a valuable crop and the after that. Xu had noticed a dark peasants with a lucrative source of threadlike growth near patches of income. tianma. Gatherers called the A graduate of the Shanxi Agri- growth "notice-giver", since it told cultural College in 1958, Xu Jin- them where to look for the tubers. tang was assigned to the Institute Why was that so, and what was of. Pharmacology of Chinese the relation between it and Academy of Medical Sciences, tianma? which sent him to investigate herb This problem engrossed Xu. cuitivating methods of the Fubao- Once, waking up in the middle of shan medicinal herbs farm in the night he noticed a bluish light Hubei province and the Huangshui emanating from under his bed farm in Sichuan province. where he had put some tianma" At Fubaoshan, Xu's interest was Breaking apart one the gleaming caught by the tianma growing tubers, he found it was starting to wild in the mountains there. He rot and was full of a white fungus knew that it was becoming scarcer and its hypha, as the dark thread- as people searched for and like growth turned out to be. unearthed the valuable plant, but The next morning Xu took the no one had succeeded yet in tubers to the institute where Ran domesticating it. Was it impossible Yanzhu was engaged in research Xu Jintang and Ran Yanzhu discuss artificial pollination of ,rrn to grow them artificially? His on fungi" She isolated from them \, ,rnu, sense of responsibility as a a fungus calld, armi.ll,ari.a mellea pharmacologist urged him to give Quei. Ran then went with Xu inbo Because of its near-miraculous it a try. the mountains to study the ecology properties; the elevated gastrodia, Obtaining some tlanmo tubers of the fungus in the wild state. called, tianmo or "heavenly hemp" Xu Jintang planted them just as They finally proved that tianma in Chinese, was once surrounded one would plant potatoes. But must coexist with q,rmillaria mel- with legend and mystery. It was they did not spr,.ut. Digging them lea @uel. Having no roots or claimed that tianma was planted up again he founi' l,hey had rotted. chlorophyll, tianma cannot manu- by the gods and that man could The next yeal used a different facture its own nutrients and never hope to grow it. And in method of plantir:g but again they depends on armillaria mellea Quel fact, Iocal people had made many failed to grow. He then asked for nourishment. unsuccessful attempts to cultivate some medicinal herb growers who This discovery threw new light it. They would bury the tubers in knew where to find ti,an"ma to take on the propagation process of spring, but when they tried to dig him up Fubaoshan Mountain, there ttanma. Xu Jintang and Ran them up in autumn none were left to make a survey of the plant's Yanzhu obtained some tree roots aII had rotted away. Some of growing habits and its relation to wilh armillaria raellea Quel graw- the- more superstitious thought the environment, ing on them, and planted them Every ten days, regardless of together with tianma.' Soon new LIU LUSIIA is a reporter for the the weather, he dug up some tubers appeared, some weighing as Guangming Daily. tianma and recorded his observa- much as 0.25 kilograms. Not long
4 CIIINA BECONSTNUCIS afterwards cultivation of tianma those so-called termite eggs were peasants and gets support from the with artificially bred armillaria actually rudimentary corm local government in Shaanxi prov- mellea Quel was successfully tried subterranean stems put out by- ince. In 1975 and 1976 the prov- out. t sprouting fionnr.a seeds.- Was it incial. authorities ran more than then the fallen tree leaves that 100 study courses to popularize the Scaling New Heights provided the seeds with the neces- technique. To help popularize the sary conditions for germination? technique Xu Jintang himself has 1972, Ji.ntang went to In Xu He sowed seeds on breeding been to 16 counties in and around county in Shaanxi prov- Ningqiang beds covered with tree leaves. the Hanzhong region in Shaanxi ince to make further researches Two thirds of the seed clusters province. into the cultivati.on of tianma. The planted sprouted. Thereafter he Today peasants in the Qinling village he stayed at had succeeded more than a hundred clusters of and Dabashan mountains in cultivating tiannla in 1970, but germination in seeds and the rate Shaanxi province plant ti,anma on output was only 0.2 kilograms per reached percent. One and a 98.9 hill slopes, around houses and in and the survival rate of half . years later each cluster clwter their courtyards, making the prov- the plants was low. yielded 1.35 kg. of tianma on the ince one China's major pro- Xu Jintang directed his energies average. of ducers medicinal herb. toward raising the per-unit output Tianma stock bred by sexual of this year, purchasing of tianma and to popularizing its propagation in beds covered with Last stations in cultivation over large areas. His Ieaves yielded more than double the Hanzhong region of Shaanxi province alone bought more than aim was to find a convenient and the amount of tubers produced by 240,000 kg. of fresh tianman. surefire method of cultivation for asexually propagated stock. The leaf-bed method raising the locai peasants. Instead of cen- More than 20 years have passed of tralized cultivation of the fungus, since the aspiring young pharma- tianma created by Xu Jintang, he thought, would it be possible cologist began his researches on Ran Yanzhu and their colleagues prize to breed it in scattered beds and tianma, and Xu is now in his last year won a second from then plant tianma directly in the fifties. He has been suffering from the Science and Technoiogy Com- breeding beds? Experiments with a heart condition since 1974 4nd mission. Recently they have the assistance of peasants showed doctors advise hirn to rest: But isolated from tree leaves the that this method raised both the Xu, with a first-aid kit, still goes symbiotic fungi needed for the rate of survival and the output of into the mountains as usual, his germination of tianma seeds, ef- tianma. The new method quickly mind and soul dedicated to the fecting a new breakthrough in cultivation of ti.anma. their continuing efforts to probe spread throughout the regign. 'secrets New problems, however, cropped Artificial cultivation of. tLanm"a the of the "heavenly up. Xu found that asexual prop- has found much favor with the hemp." tr agation of ti.anma led to degen- eration of the tubers after several Tianma harvested in Ningqiang county, Shaanxi province, Yoo Zongyi generations, resulting in reduced yields. The only way to rejuvenate and enlarge the stock was to practice sexual propagation. But this was more easily said than done. Tiawma seeds are as fine as powder the fruit of the plant, no bigger- than a hazelnut, contains 30,000 to 50,000 of them. Each seed consists only of an embryo and the outer skin. It has no receptacle for storing nourish- ment, which makes germination of the seed extremely difficult, + As Xu pondered over the prob lem, he remembered hearing a ;i ,herb grower remark once that tianma grew out of termite eggs, because he had seen many such leaves places i! eggs under fallen in bt:w Wt;" where he dug up tianma. Xu had a@'e:' .. )l:*:a 1"&*i laughed off this absurd statenlent l. I *,a at the tin1e,'but'now it rang a bell q--t ''- in his mind. He surmised that
NOVEMBEB 198I The Use$ul
WANG CHUNSHENG
N antiquity, according to zool- - -'' f "-t - -- r ogists, the yak was a fierce ",/& wild animal the teror of wolves, panthers- and even bears, yaks' yaks mild-mannered, "Shop on back" - loaded with goods are driven to the summer pastur€s We owe the by salesmen of a supply and marketing cooperative in Qinghai province. usefui anirnal of today to the Photos bg Wang Jingye domesticating efforts of the Qiang people (an ancient Chinese na- months they are still the major Products made yak leather tionality group). Yaks are a of distinctive feature traditional means of transport in Tibet. In are durable and of high quality, of mid-spring herdsmen all much prized Tibetan life, and 40 percent of all heap by consumers. GoId their belongings on yaks as they Cup brand sport shoes made of yak the yaks in China now live on the move the herds to summer ieather growing export. grasslands of the northeastern are a pastures. Sweaters made of yak wool are Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Qlnghai of provrnce. Besides being a beast warm and beautifully colored. Yak burden, yaks provide mi-lk and tail hair is strong, smooth and A type of oxen related to the meat for food, and hide'and hair resilient. has used American the yak and long been bison, has short for elothing, boots and tents. A for such varied products as fly smooth hair on its back, long female produces between 150 and whisks and false beards for tradi- wavy hair on its breast, sides and 300 kg. of milk a year. The staple tional performers. short legs, opera and a bushy tail. An Tibetan food is made by mixing adult maie 150 can weigh up to roast qingke barley flour, tea, and E)ECAUSE the yak has lower kilograms. It is well adapted to yak butter and milk. Every year LD lsplefluction rates than other Tibetan highland conditions Qinghai province's 4.8 million head domestic livestock, and the young able to withstand colShanghai hai branch. and Tianjin not entirely successful. The off- spring do not consistently inherit the most desirable traits from each breed, and the male offspring are sterile. In recent years scientists have had more success in crossing yaks with certain types of oxen. Some of the hybrid offspring have pro- duced double the milk and meat of the ordinary yak, and the time required to reach maturity is half again as short. A research insti- tute set up in 1979 by the livestock research departments of Qinghai, Gansu and other provinces is now conducting further experiments in crossbreeding. The yak of the future should have all the strengths of its ancestors with none A hybrid offsprind of yak and ox, of the defects. E
CHINA RECONSTRUCTS T AST June a new international -i--r lsslnir* center opened at Wuxi, Jiangsu province, 130 kilometers west of Shanghai on the shores of Lake Taihu one of China's five large freshwater- lakes. Wuxl Fish Gemter Hosts Spnnsored jointly by China's General Administraiion of Aquatic Products and the Uniied Nations Foreigm $ciemtists Development Program (UNDP) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the official name of the center Integrated. XIAO JUN and LI CHUANG is the Fishery Research and 'Iraining Center for Asia and the Pacific Regitxr in Wuxi. Understandably, almost everyone calls it the Wuxi Fish Center for short. Professor Lu Gui, director of the Ghina's Role in lnternational Fish Research center and f ormer head of the freshwater products department of Shanghai Aquatic Institute, p RESHW,{TER. fish hos been corried on the r tn Lhrno srnce of Chino's fish-roising describes the three main functions industry during.the ber of mojor scientifii center young breokthroughs, hos d led to the estoblish- of the as training ment of severol reseorch ond troining progroms co-sponored by United professionals from other countries, Notions orgonizotions. scientific research, and exchanging technical information with other fishery centers around the world. The research and exchange functions of the center are stiil in the developmental stage, but the training program is already in operation. Two courses of f our The success of the troining ed by Professor Zhong ond the report of the FAO investigoi the decision by severol UN months' duration will be held each bodies to co-sponsor o fishery ot Wuxi, Jiongsu province; year. this is the fourth such stotion to in Asio. "Wuxi Fiih Center Hosts Foreign Scientists" tells obout life ond work ot this new internotionol leorninE center.' XIAO JUN is wil,h the General Ad- ministration of Aquatic Products. LI CHUANG is a staff reporter for China Reconstructs.
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{q g, United Nations representatives and an official of China's Foo-Yan Chen (right), coordinator of the Network of Aqua- Aquatic Products Arlministration at the opening ceremony culture Centers in the Asia and Pacific Region, rneets rpith at Wuxi Fish Center. the trainees.
NOVEMBER 1981 CROPS The center's teaching staff Silkworms includes associate professors and ln lecturers from the Shanghai mulherry trees Aquatic Froducts Institute altd )R- researchers frorn the Changjiang ^ Aquatic Products trnstitute. Trainees spend half their time waste products in classroorns and the other fed to fish half doing tield work, either Vegerahles Soybeans at the center itself or on the fed to made into outskirts of Wurxi, where fish- ptgs ponds beancurd raising in is a highly devel- oped industry. Occasional study tours are made to the nearby cities of Shanghai, Suzhou and Zhen- Waste jiang. used 0rganically rich , One of the major reasons China pond mud used was chosen as the site of the new to iertilize crops center is China's experience in and mulbelrv trees developing fish management systems that are integrated with other agricultural activities. For example, a production team might combine fish-raising with raising :lAK.FlsH POND silkworms in rnulberry trees, pigs and pig fodder, soybeans and grain. The waste frorn the pigs and the silkworms are then used to feed the fish. The grain may be used to distill spirits, and the soybeans Sketch by Liao Zengbao and Deil Bisdor./ to make beancurd, with the waste from both again used as fish food. At the same time, fish-pond mud, enriched by fish droppings, makes excellent fertilizer for the grain, soybeans, vegetables and mulberry Inspecting Yixing's artificial ineubation ponds" trees (see diagram). Such systerns save money and energy by recycling waste products, provide jobs of many kinds, in- crease farrn income and help meet market needs. Their simplicity and efficiency make them particularly suitable for the developing coun- tries, and the center's current class of 20 trainees come frorl Korea, Bangladesh, Thailand, Burma, the Philippines, Nepal, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Fiji and the trust territories in the Facific. AIi are college graduates who have a background in biology and aquaculture as well as three years' experience in practi- cal work.
Life at the Center When asked about their impres- sions of China, most trainees speak
CTTINA RECONSTBUCTS Wuxi International Fish Center.
The center's trainees are from ten different countries and regions of Asia and the Pacific. _-' s. 1€:=1::' l- .
F Teaching is divided equally between classwork and practical demonstrations.
The class watches workers clear a commercial fish pond on the ourskirts of r*Iuxi.
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,, :,1 Guided by a Chinese teacher, a student removes the pituitary Learning to speed herring propagation by artificial means. gland of a fish. A film on artificial incubation. Providing dishes for an international clientele is a real challenge Trainees have discovered that music is a universal language. the cooks.
Taihu Lake lTuo JianvinP, , ?rqfY,* Phato: by
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""q x*,1 oI the beautiful landscapes, the ricir ancient culture and the friend- Iiness and u'armth of the Chinese people. The setting of the center itsel{ is quite beautiful, bordered on three sides by mottntains and on ihe fourth by the lake. The 12.5 hectare campus f eatures many tlowering plants arid trees. and in- cludes a 2.4 hectare e: NOVEMBER 1981 13 Proiessor Zbong finally mastered ail the internal and externai fac- $romg [Em Breeder 0f Fish tors affecting breeding. tle found - that when all the external factors, such as vrater temperature, were just right, a horrnone which T love fish." said the ancieni stimulates breeding lvas automa- .1 philosopher Mencius. Professor ticaily released in the fishes' Zhong Lin of the Zhujiang (Pearl boelies. River) Aquatic Products Research Institute also loves fish, not just process on the dinner table, but as a life- OULD the breeding be long object of scientific study. C speeded up by synthesizing Zhong Lin is known throughout the hormone and injecting it at Chine for his research in fish- times when external conditions breeding methods; international were not appropriate? An exhaus- tive through the scientific recognition of hjs work came search when the Food and Agricultural Iiterature and a long series of the Organization (FAO) of the United experiment-o brought part of Nations asked him to head a long- answer: the hormone could be made ex- term training program fresh- in the laboratory from tor gland of water breeders frorn Third tracts of the pituitary fish the urine of W CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS ' l'll Never Retire fton, ffiusfc' YANG SIIUYING n\rER a thousand music Iovers L,l gathered last May in Beijing for the tarewell performance of soprano Lang Yuxiu. As Lang began to sing in the soft, sweet voice that belies her 63 years, those over 30 were swePt by old memories, for many of the most- loved songs of their youth were first sung by Lang Yuxiu: Chinese songs, foreign songs, patriotic songs which gave people hope and courage. The gracetul woman in the iong black and gold gown did not disappoint them. She sang Chinese folk songs of many di{,- ferent moods and flavors, opera favorites in the Beijing, Suzhou and Guangdong styles, ar:d a num- ber of foreign songs JaPanese, English, French, German- and Russian. At the end of the performance; people rushed to the stage, their arms filled with flowers. "Won- derful, beautiful," was heard on all sides. "Please don't retire; Farewell performance in Beijing. The accompanist is her daugher Xiao Tong, Coaching the younger generation. you can sing for another ten years!" This scene had been re- peated again and again in ail the cities she had visited on her farewell tour Chengdu, Chong- qing, Kunming,- and Tlanjin.. Lang Yuxiu is known and loved by virtuaily everyone in China, and they show their affection in Iarge ways and small. Because she loves black tea, shop assistants in local tea shops ahvays put some aside for her when they are running low. Lang has earned this affection through her life-iong * concern for her art and for her audiences. A heavy schedule of over 100 performance a year has not been unusual for her; once she refused to cancel a performance even with a leg injury Fo serious YANG SHUYING is with the French section of lladio Peking. NOVEIIBER 1981 15 & eaB &vt-s{,. " J 1956; A concert tour of llaly. 1939: Lang Yuxiu (second lelt) and classmates at the Royal Music Conservator), of Belgium. Second from right is her favorite teacher Marguerite Thys" that she had to be carried on stage. Convinced of her gift for music, Joseph Jongen, head of the con- Long hours of teaching she is Lang Yuxiu's father enrolled her servatory and a renowned ccrm- professor and dean of the- vocal in the Shanghai Central Music poser, and soprano Marguerite music department of Chengdu's Conservatory when she rvas 15; a Thys. Today Lang recalls Thys Sichuan Conservatory of Music - year later she received her first with great fondness, as a rvarm have not diminished her constant award for a performance of and caring person who ne\Ier- practice sessions, nor her convic- Madame Butterfly. Some time theless demanded hard work and tion that there is always something later she recorded "Song of Famr- discipline from her students. Lang new to be learned. And beyond ly Happiness" by the noted com- spent four years at the conserrva- all of her prof essional commit- poser Huang Zi, about an orphan's tory, living in a dormitory with 40 ments, she has managed to raise longing for a new "f amily" French-speaking girls and spending nine children! A few days after society based on brotherhood -.6and vacations either at the houses of her farewell performance, I visited love. A series of other records, classmates or in the home of au this remarkable lvoman to find out "Trouble in My Old Home Town," old musician with the Paris Opera. more about her background. and "Wilted Blossoms," brought She graduated with excellent her great popurlarity. Affer the marks, returned to China, maruied Japanese invasion of China, Lang's and had two children" In 1946 a Early Training versions of patriotie songs lived in scholarship brought her another chance to study abroad, taking her Lang Yuxiu u,as born in Shang- people's minds and helped give them the courage to fight the in- to Cincinnati. Ohio, in the United hai, the daughter of noted States. After two years she re- photographer Lang Jingshan who vaders. Among the songs of this period were "Song of the Earth," turned to Chengdu, where she has rouseci her earliest interest in taught and lived for 33 years. music. When she was fi.ve, her and "Street Singers Under the parents' arranged htarriage broke Iron HeeI." up, and she stayed with her At about this time [,ang's father, Rediscovering Chinese Mu.sic f ather, while her mother and eonvinced that her voice needed y'ounger sister returned to their further training, borrowed money Lang had absorbed a greal deal home village" Her nrusic-loving from friends to send her to the of Western music and Western father spent much of his spare Royal Conservatory of Music in ideas in her years abroad. Todalr time listening to the gramophone, Brussels, Belgium. Her talent and she says, "For a long time I be- his remaining daughter by his her diiigence as a student at- lieved in the concept of 'art for side. Soon she was singing along tracted the attention of her art's sake.' I come from a tamily with the recorded music. teachers, among whom were of music-lovers, and music was lii EHINA RECONSTRUCTS my world. I couldn't see any con- But talent and technical skills, asked him about his part in her nection between music and politics Lang believes, are not everything career. He started with a.n ac- or any other r.r,orldly considera- in music. A truly good singer count of their first meeting, which tion. After liberation my life and needs to draw on rich emotions. was due to their common interest my thinking changed. When I and convey those feelings to the in music. Attending the gradua- began to sing for PLA units and audience. She finds it helpful. tion performance of her class at for people in the countryside, I when she sings. to hold in her the State Conservatory NOVEMBER I98I t7 frlsw Took Up Writing ilew Women Uriters I A number of exciting new CHEN ROI{G t'L writers have appeared on the literary scene since the end of the "cultural revolu- T N MY early years I never tion"" Not all of them are I thought of becoming a writer. young-indeed, a number I was a lively and life-Ioving are middle-aged -'but they young giri, and a member of the are at the beginning of their Youth League. In 1951, at age wri.ting careers. The cultural 15, I started work in a bookstore, autocracy of the gang of four and then was transferred to an had a devastating effect on all of Chinese literature, and editorial office. Because I was nipped many promising thought to have some potential, careers in the bud. On the my unit sent me to college; I was other hand, some who had one of the first worker-students. never thought of writing I became a music editor, and later turned to literature relativeiy a Russian translator. I married late in life to express their and had a son. was very happy, deep concern for the social I effects of the ten lost years and thought my life had just and their hopes for the begun. future. Then everything changed. I Chen Rong. Li Fen China Reconstructs has fainted one day at rny typer;r,riter, asked four of the most and was unconscious so long that popular proach. I was still young, but I new women writels I was taken to the hospital. Soon to tell us about their life and felt so bitter and lonely that I I began to faint more and more work. The short stories and thought these feeiings alone would problem novels of these writers have often. My was diagnosed kill me. 'attracted considerable atten- as periodic shortages in the blood tion because of their sharp supply to the brain, a condition J tried to fight my depression, to insight into problems and that could not be completely con- I lina sources of happiness and social phenomena that are trolled. When I could no longer hope. Rut life seemed so cruel. very much on the minds of do my work, I was asked to take What could I do give in to my the Chinese people. Their - permanent sick leave, I would not despair? No. not that. Go on as life stories are also entvrined tr was? No, never. with the history of their complain or ask fot mercy I Struggle against - my times, and as such have more simply walked away. For a tirne I fate? With my sick body, my than personal interest. Two became a teacher, but now I ignorance, my lack of experience self-profiles, that of Chen fainted in the classroom and they with life, what form could thls Rong anC Zbang Kangkang, couidn't keep me. I found myself struggle take? Others hurried to appear in this issue: two unemployable, though I had a work every morning and came others will appear at a later disability pension. No doctor could home to their varied interests. ,I date. guarantee my fainting spells would was left behind, shut up in a liltlP stop or issue the necessary heailh room with nothing but illness a4d certificate. melancholy to pass the hours until sunset. burden idleneii,' For over ten years I lived the Tie of the sense of time wearing away dreary life of an invalid. with nothing gained, was unbeara- An illness like this attacks .not ble. I longed for some spiritual only the body, but the spirit. It or intellectual occupation. was painful to feel that I was no CIIEN RONG is a woman writer in her use to society. At the time I felt mid-40s. Her works iuclude the short there was no warmth from other novels It Is Spring Forever antl Ap- proaching Middle Age the latter a peoptre, only indifference and re- major popular and critical- suceess, i8 CTIINA RECONSTN,O TS I began to collect stamps. For ferent types of peopie. I needed and provinciai Pariy secretaries. tr a time the pictures of lanciscapes, to go into society - what iVlaxim began to share their lives, their strange birds and anirnals. heroes Gorky had calleC his university. liuccesses ancl {ailures. l.heir hopes and hi.storical errents, drew me Some kind-hearted frienCs found and fears. I erien began 1,o share back into the world. But it could a small village at the foot of the in their q.ork. I couid feel nryself not occupy my time or fill the void Luliang Mountains in Shanxi prov- growing stronger and stronger" in my mind. I iried paiuting, an ince in northern China, u,here I And I began to write again, with olcl childhood love. But now it could seltle for a rvhile. I said rnuch Ceeper inspiration than was only escape from loneliness, goodbye to my husbancl and sou before. and not a successful one" and left the bustling city. I felt .A,s much as I could, I began !o free at last of the silent disdain of rnHIS was the iulning point o{ attend plays and operas. For a other peopie, Iree to start a new I my life, a iurrrilrg i\r,ay tr'.rn: few hours I was mo'"'ed by tire life. death and toward life. joys and sorrows on the stage, ttre I lived among peasants who Now, when I take up my pen, ali ficti.onal partings and reunions. started work at sunrise and came my ideas, ali the people and But when I left the theater, I re- home after sunset. They were events, the joys and sorrows I turned to my empty life. I at- sirnple and honest" They didn't have known seem to flow to the tended dances. But even amid the ask questions about my misfor- point of my pen. AlI of my soft lights, the gentle music, the past parts once tunes" In the city, I had never - including I happy crowd I feLt alone. And seemed to see the sun the ihought useiess have becorne the or mor;n. - when I walked out into the dark In the countryside, I began to raw materials for my writing. street. I would realize all over notice the beauty of the sunrise. Paintings I have seen help me again that nobody would really and how bright and pure the moon paint clear pictures in words. need me tomorrow. I cooked and is in the sky. Country paths are Remembered incidents from plays sewed and" washed clothes, and quiet and the air fresh. Everything and operas help me resolve one while the domestic chores kept me around me fiourishing, healthy and conflict after another. Even the occupied and gave rrle -some sense strong. I began to sense the simple act of cooking helps me of acconrplishment, I could not vastness of the universe and the concentrate on describing detaiis. pretend they were of any signi- vitaiity of life itself. Literature transforms what is ficance to society at large. The kindness of the peasants trivial into the very stuff of life, healed old mentai wounds. The what is decadent into strange and A ND I lead extensively -' Chi- eternal cycle of farm work eventful happenings. I'or a a - I nese and foleign, ciassical and spring sowing and autumn writer, reading is not the only modern works. As a child I had harvest gave source of inspiration, but every - me a sense of loved books, but only now in mJ/ purpose in all living things" The small act of liJe. idleness did I really begin to vitality all around me seemed to When i started writins, tr did not analyze them. lVluch of what I give me new courage and strength. know how rocky the rclad w,ould read laid the groundwork for my Compared with the infinity of be. Sometimes I sweat and bleed later writing, though I did not nature, rny troubles seemed as at every step. But t have nr-l nothing. regrets, not because I can eall know it at the time. I kept a diary I met all kinds of people, from rnyself "a writer," but because I and did some translations" I peasants to trrigade and commune deeply love writing. It gave me started a novel about college life, leaders, from foresters to county life: it is rny life. n but after two chapters threw it into the fire. But these few efforts sparked a ray of hope. I couldn't work eight hours a day, but why Becoffiiimg a Writer couldn't I write between bouts of illness ? ZHANG KANGK.f,NG Fine. But what could I write about? The thing knew I best- T was born in 1950 in Hang- ings its West Lake nestled at my illness was - - not worth re- 'f zhou, the capital of Zhejiang the foot of craggy! cave-filled cording. Shut away from human provrnce so I am aimost the beings, how couLd I write about same age- as our new China. ZHANG KANGKANG, auihor of them? feit did not understand Hangzhou is throughout several novels and a number of short I I famous stories, is at 30, one of China's most enough about life, or about dif- China for its beautiful surround- promising young woman rvriters. NOYEMAER 198I 19 mountains - and all my life I habit of observing closely the over my bed with a plastic sheet have carried with me a love of details of everything I saw an to keep my books and papers dry" - nature. I grew up with the important habit for a rvriter. I did m;, full share of PhYsical corintry, attending the new pri- I was f ond of reading short latlor durjng the day, but I also mary and middle schools estab- stories and fairy tales, even at an tried to use the day's experiences lished by our socialist China. age when I could not understand in ways that were useful to my My parents are intellectuals who everything in them. I would rvri.ting. A-ssigned to gr-rard ther joined the revolution in the late become so absorbed in a story experirnental wheat field f rom .iournalist. 1340s - my father a that a sad scene could move me prediitors. I iealned by irealt, lines my mother a teacher and amateur to tears. I also began to express of Tang poetry. One winter we writer of children's stories. in words my deepest thoughts were sent.deep into the mounlails Literature rvas a natural part of nnd feelings, and ahva.r;s put !'n,'/ to cut br,,rsh, ancl there I heard In,v chi.ldhoocl" I can remember, r,l'hoie heart. inlet .cchooi composi.* forestry workers "singing tc" s;tn.- when I was four, getling up on a tions. Unexpectedly, a fifth-grade chronize their' movements as fhey composition of mine was published loaded a truck. 0n my day off, I in Shanghai's Children's l,itera- hilched a ride on a truck bar'k ttt l,ure. Besides kindly encDurage- the mountains and stood two hours ment, the magazine's editors of- in the cold to record every rvord fered me advice on writing tech- ol thc lot"P.sterq' song nique, thus ber:oming my first During my eight year.s in the Iiterary teachers. counLryside, I worked a.s a farm iaborer and brickla;-er. grelv hURING the "cuitural revolu- ,,,egetabies and did scientif ir: IJ 11er','' schooi r,r,as suspended, research,. and acted as {arrt re- and I used this time to read Rus- pot'ter and librarian. Later I r'r,as sian and Soviet classics such as .sent to Iarm headquarters to w-orl< Tolstoy's Resurrection and Sholok- in the publicity and educatior: hov's And Quiet Flouss lh.e Don. depar-trrrent. I grel'r to knorv thrt These made me long 1q. go out into Zharrg Kangkang. Chen tle11i, peasants intimatel5,, and the iife the world, to experience all its oI the cor-tntlyside -, rich tnaLeria-ls joys and sorrows, to struggle for .someone who w,ishe-s to r,,,rlte stage to recite Fish,erman and against its hardships, as these about life. Golden. Fish, by the Russian poet great writers had. Pushkin" By degrees I began to In the early summer of 1969. I r N June oi 19?6 I was scnt t{' write poetry of my own. One volunteered to go to work at the I study at Herlongjiang .\r'1 s unforgettable effort went: "The Great Northern Wilderness Farm School, where I majored in play- sun has a smile on its face; OId in northeast China. I was 19. In my writing. This period of svstematjc buffalo eat grass; When the street shoulder bag I carried Fadeyev's study of liter'ary techniques wa.s lamp is bright, it is time for me novel ?he Young Gu.ard. At the very valuable to me rll"er eight and mother to go home." railway platform I found many years of working on my olvn, My family was not well oIf, but young people saying tearful After gradudtion, I rvas assigned some of our best times, such as farewells to *reir family. I felt to the provincial Writers' Union ir: our Sunday picnics on the soft exactly the opposite, happy to be Harbin, Heilongjiang province. i lawn of the Yuquan Botanical on my way and eager to meet was given an office to wol'k in. and Garden, cost us nothing. My whatever awaited me, shared .a.ith other writers the father told me about nature, and At the farm, I made notes of chancc I o visiL {acl ories. com- asked me questions to sharpen my what I read, kept a diary. and munes and other cities every Year observations. Once, on a summer's tried my hand at sorne short to keep in trruch rvith the lives oI evening walk, he asked me what storie-s. Sotnetinres I mailed st"-rries a broad range of people. In 1980 rvas flying over the lake. "Birds," or poems to a magazine. Mostly I was invited to ioin the Union of X said, after a quick glance, they were rejected. at night i read Chinese Wliters. "W'rong," said my f ather. Birds and wrote for hours, by canclielight What about my writing? Late never flew at that hour of the when the electricity failed. During in 1979 I finished The Right Ta evening; they were bats. Fronr the summer rains our dor-mitory Loue. a short story about a famiiY then on I began to cultivate the roof leaked, so I rigged a canopy of intellectuals who suffered 20 CHINA RDCONSTEUCTS greatly during the "cultural revo- was a turning point in my develoP- Writing is the most important lution" simply because of their ment as a writer. thing in my life. The pen is a love for music. The years after Altogether since L972, I have powerful weapon, and I want to the fall of the gang of four greatly published one long and two use it to describe the struggles of affected my intellectual develop- medium-length novels, about a the younger generation to seek ment, and this story u'as one of dozen short stories and three dozen truth and find the significance of years pieces 600,000 Chi- the results. During the of other - about human life, to praise the good and turmoil, people lost many nese characters in all. In 1981 I had criticize the bad aspects of society. things, including the right to won second prize in a national Soon I will return to my native engage in intellectual or cultural short story contest. I have tried in Hangzhou to write two novels set pursuits. Some very basic values these works io raise questions the had been called into question about human life from many in the area. One will be about - people love of life and-of people, devotion angles. Looking back, tr am not young during the "cultural. to one's professiou As a writer, really satisfied with my thernes or revolution". Writing is my waY I felt I had to help heal these my artistic style, but these are the of serviag my country'and its wounds, to help people regain fruits of ten years of work. I am people, and this is what I plan to their confidence in the future. Ttris sure I will do better in the future. do. tr Children Luo Conglin Soves o Troin nN the morning of June 24 this heavily loaded freight train ap- * \-/ year, Luo Conglin was as proaching at fuII speed. He rushed usual walking to school along the toward it, shouting for it to stop. Xiangyang-Chongqing railway. His hat blew away, he stumbl.ed Conglin is a fourth grader at the and fell. Getting to his feet, he Wangjia commune school in the raced forward again. The train's Daba Mountain region in Sichuan whistle shrieked. province. It was raining that Suddenly, Conglin had an idea. ,$ morning, ahd as he followed a As he ran, he snatched off his bend in the roadbed thiough the Young Pioneer's red scarf and mountains, he spotted something waved it in the air. The train was lying across the tracks. Hurrying only 50 meters away now, and to for'41ard, he saw it was a big coming up fast. Conglin had jump he con- boulder, apparently washed down off the track, but wave his by the rain. tinued to shout and scarf. The engine driver finally Some' 500 meters ahead was a caught sight of the red "signal". Luo Conglin is awarded for his courage long tunnel. Behind lay the bend. andresourcefulness. SunZhongiing Whichever direction a train came from, the driver would not see the boulder in time to prevent a He threw on the brakes, and when collision which might derail the the train ground to a halt it was train. Conglin tried to shift the only 10 meters' awaY from the boul{er out of the way, but no boulder. matter how hard he pushed it The driver and the chief con- refused to budge. He looked ductor jumped from the train and around for assistance, but no one hugged the breathless, rain- was out in the rain. He thought soaked boy. of getting help from his school, two Later, to commend Luo Conglin kilometers away. for his bravery and public-spirit- Just then a train's whistle ness the school held a grdnd sodnded in the distance. Running meeting, at whigh he was cited as around the bend Conglin saw a a "Model Young Pioneer". tr NOVEMBER T98I 2L Sino-!ndian Fniendship: I-ong Histo?y, Bright Future JI XIANLIN .flHE strengthening of Sino- ties which bind two of the world's I Indian relations as a resuli of most ancient civilizal,ions. the recent visit to India of Huang Trade and cultural exchange Hua, Chinese vice-premier and bet'reen our two countries undoubt- minister of foreign affairs, is only edly date-s from before the period the latest incident in a very long oI recorded history. Archaeological history of friendship between the excavations have unearthed pct- two countries. tery of typical Chinese design at Having visited India three times Inciian sites, and of Indian design in the past 30 years, each time at Chinese sites. A number of \1 traveling to many parts of the ancient myths and legends, among 1 ,,#, country and talking to people from them "rabbit in the moon" and l' all walks of life, I can testify to the story of Fu Xi and his .qister- -,€ the great warmth wife Nu Wa, are common to both s and friendship ihe people of India feel for the eultures. Finally, ancient astrone Chincse people. My trips to India mical records in both countries have been especially meaningful are so similar as to suggest an because as a scholar of oriental exchange of knowledge at a very languages and culture I am early date. strongly aware of the historicai The introduction of Br,rddhism ----: from India to China had a iasting influence on Chinese society, art, JI XIANLIN is a vice-president of Bei- politics philosophy. jing and For many University, director of its depart- rnajor ment of oriental languages, and head centuries, Buddhism was a of the Rcsearch Institrrte of South Asia. religion in China, and even today Professor Ji Xianlin greets a friend from [ndia. Xie Jun qt9 J ! r:;'x .ri ; Dr, Du'arkanath Kotnis of India (Znd risht) with Commander-in-Chief Zhu De and others al. the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei base &rea during the Anti- .Iapanese War. 22 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS it has its adherents. Buddhist ideas helped shape the Confucian school of idealist philosophy as it developed in the Song dynasty (A.D. 960-1279). Disputes between Buddhists and other religious adherents, and even between dif- # ferent schools of Buddhism, se- ,r\'l'- riously affected Tang (A.D. dynasty :1 618-907) politics. The Tang empress Wu Zetran, the only i1. \&'oman in Chinese history to reign in her own right, used Buddhist scriptures to bolster her own posi- tion. In form and. content, ancient Chinese art owes much to Indian sourees. Among China's most treasured monuments are the Buddhist murals and sculptures in the Yungang, Longmen, Dunhuang and Maijishan grottoes. In litera- Premier Zhou Enlai on a state visit to Inilia, June 1g54. ture, many old stories and tales, and the great epic PiLgrimage to_ the West, bear witness to Indian ment called in British troops to exchange and cooperation began. influence. suppress the Taiping Rebellion, the In 1954 the Five Principies of As early as the Tang dynasty, Iargest peasant uprising in China's Peaceful Coexistence were formu- Indian medical .science and history. A number of Indian lated under the sponsorship of astronomy were introduced into soldiers were forced to join the Premier Zhou Enlai of China and China. Chin4's great early inven- British mercenary troops sent to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru tions such as silk, paper, gun- China. But, as their diaries and of India. State visits by leaders of lxrwder, the compass and printing the records of their actiotrs teveal, both countries promoted.close con- reached India at different times. this experience only increased sultation and agreement on world During the centuries when Bud- their sympathy for the Chinese affairs. Cultural, educational and dhism flourished in China. Chinese people. scientiJic exchanges flourished. rnonks traveled to India to study, In the late 19th century a As everyone knows, a boundary and their records of the country number of progressive Indian in- question with complicated his- and people provide valuable its tellectuals visited China, including torical antecedents seriously insights into Indian culture of philosopher Vivekananda and damaged the relationship between that period. A period of increased writer Eabindranath Tagore. our iwo countries for a period of trade and political relations began Tagore's writing strongly in- years. historicai view, in the Song dynasty and lasted up In the fluenced Chinese writers and this, however, this must be considered until the 19th century, when in addition to his deep feelings for a temporary which Western imperialists occupied small and rift China, have made him one of the cannot perrnanently the Indian and reduced China to a affect serni-colonial state. best known Indians of the modern course of friendly.relations. period in China. Although our two countries have A LTHOUGH the interference of During the hard years of China's different soci,al systems, as Asian fL Western powers seriously struggle against Japanese aggres- powers, and as developing coun- diminished the contacts and sion, the people of India sent tries with huge populations, we cultural exchanges between China medical supplies and a medical have many common problems and and India, the experience of the team to China. Dr. Dwarkanath concerns. The strengthening of twrc countries under eolonialism Kotnis gave so much of his time Sino-Indian friendship is impor- forged common bonds and mutual and energy that - he fell ill of tant not only because it wiII understanding. The peoples of overwork. At the age of 32 he benefit both countries, but because both countries fought against their gave his life for the sake of the both couniries have a deep in- oppressors., In the mid-19th Chinese people, something which terest in preserving world peace. century large-scale revolts.in India will live forever in our memories. The people of China and of India against British rule fnrced the understand the importance of this British to divert troops originally J N the late 1940s, both China friendship, and are determined to intended for China to their India f and India won their independ- protect and develop it to the best colony. The corrupt Qing govern- ence, and a new era of mutual of their ability. tr NOVEMBER 1981 23 Offshone Oil Exploration : Joint Uentures FroduGe tesults WEN TIANSHEN and CHEN ZHONGYONG EOLOGISTS f\ have for many resources makes it almost impos- in progress, were signed with 48 1J years predicted the existencl sible at present for China to do all oil companies frorn 13 countries, of rich oil and gas deposits in the necessary exploration and ex- including the United States, Bri- China's offshore areas. The tap- traction on her own. However, tain, France, Italy and Japan. The prng of these resources would be a current laws on joint ventures results of this stage show great great boon to China's plans for with foreign investors make it promise for the future. A test modernization. A shortage possible of to utilize foreign technol- well drilled last May in the technical personnel and financial ogy while maintaining the basie northeast section of the Beibu principles of independence and porter for self-reliance. GuIf in the South China Sea, a ZIIONG. joint project Agreements covering the fifst of the Petroleum Ministry Company of China and Compagnie stage of exploration, which is now Francaise des P6troles, is already producing 640 tons of crude and Close cooperation antl Inutuel respect have marked joint 1,290,000 cubic meters of gas daily. foreign : - work otr the Chinese_ offshore oil projects. Chenrlhoa Xuesiy",a-. Experts say the well have two oil- bearing formations, both rich in oil and gas reserves. Another well in the Bohai Sea along the north coast, drilled in co The Exploratory Stage Chinese geological and Petroleum departments began to search for oil and natural gas in the Bohai Sea as early as the 1960s. BY the 1970s they had comPleted 130,000 kilometers of seismic survey lines and nearly 100 test wells, striking oil-bearing gas in 13 structures and faults. Today three offshors rigs produce oil from these sites. At the same time, of 17 test wells sunk in the Beibu GuIf, at Ying- gehai and on the estuarY of the Pearl River in the South China Sea, eight have produced oil of CIIINA RECONSTBUCTS Burning ofl excess oil to prevent water pollution. Chen Xuesi Chinese and French workers collect samp and gas deposits. -* w *i A Chinesc-Japanese crew check out sLrrne prospecting c-quipmr-nt. .\rut,q Chincse and.iapanese technicians test the qua- lity of the oil liom a ncw well. Son.g \ oLlttttr One ofthe fleet ofChinese helicopters which regularly ferries supplies and equipment to Bohai Sea oil rigs. Son,q ) t)lu1titl %r a,: industrial quality. The work done in these years provided basic data on China's offshore oil resources and laid the foundation for even- tual extraction. In the past year or so, under joint venture contracts, 14 survey ln the interests ol strengthening the tios ol friendship and understanding ships from foreign oil companies between the people of China and English-speaking friends, the Society for' have completed seismic surveyQ Anglo-Chinese Undcrstanding has been arganising visits to the People's over 410,000 square kilorheters of Republic of Ghlna since 1970. For !981/2 we can offer the lollowing: the South China Sea and the southern part of the Yellow Sea. . Chinese longuoge courses in Tibet ond Yunnon The cbllected data prove the Beiiing ond othdr cities . Generol tours feoturing centres Courses in ocupuncture in in Tibet, Xiniiong, lnner existence €xtensive areas of . of English Mongolio' ond Chongiiong sedimentary rocks and turned up r Speciol interesf tours for (Yongtse) River Cruises 170 pbomising structures with a botonists,birdwotchers, o Women's Tours total area of 12,000 sq. km. roilwoy enthusiosts, . Overlond lours irovelling on The first stage of exploration, ' troditionol medicine, potters, the Trons-Siberion Roilwoy the geophysical survey, has thus lowyers, populor ort o Speciol "ln Deplh" Friendship now been completed, The second o Trekking in the mounloins of Tours stage, that of large-sca1e drilling, Qinghoi, Sichuon, Xiniiong, r Bicycle tours is about to begin. Toward the end For further lnformolion, pleose confqcl: of this year or the beginning of fours Orgoniser: Society for Anglo'Chlnese Undersiondlng next, China will accept bids from 152 Comden l-ligh Street, London NWI ONE, Englond. Tel. (01) 267 9841 foreign companies interested in joint offshore oil prospecting. If oil of cbmmercial value is found, the benefits will be shared be- tween the partners according to designing of platform rigs and in One of the most"imPortant bene- the provisions of China's joint meteorologicatr research. fits of joint exPloration and ex- venture laws. The Chinese Peo- The Zhanjiang base now has an traction of offshore oil is the ple's Insurance Company is i2re- airfield for helicopters and special upgrading of China's Petroldum pared to insure both partners in wharves capable of berthing technology. ExPerts from foreign areas such as the life and safety of several oii tankers at a time. companies are cooperating closely workers, rnaterials and equipment, Buildings for scientific research, with their Chinese colleagues, and exPeriences t, and the fulfillment of contracts. design, communications, technical exchanging views techni- It will work closely with the training and other services are with them, and Passing on PreParations are Ministry of Petroleum Industry going up one after another. The cal know-how. send Chinese and with foreign companies so as js being augmented being made to technical force abroad for training to provide the maximum possible with top-notch engineers, geo- technicians and to set up a technical school in protection for offshore oil Iogists and accountants from other Zhanjiang where foreign experts investments. Chinese oil fields. The South will be invited to teach specialized Oil ComPanY branch of- China Sea subjects" fice here already has a comPosite Support Structures Cooperation between China and than 8,000 work force of more other countries in offshore oi-L ex- An operations center set qp in oil prospecting and extraction traction has just begun. But the L974 at Zhanjiang in southern workers. prospects are bright, both for dis- Guangdong province now directs Maoming, in the Zhanjiang area, covering new oil and gas fields all of the piospecting and extrac- is becoming a booming oil town. and for upgrading China's oil- tion underway in the Sciuth China Its oil refinery has been exPanded, extraction technologY. Said a toP Sea. A computer center estab- and last year was equiPPed with figure of the Ministry of Petro' lished here early in 1981 is an up-to-d ate hydrocracking instal- Ieum Industry:, "China hoPes to " equipped with highly sophisticated Iation imported from JaPan. The broaden her cooPeration with technology its main unit can refinery's 60 new petroleum Prod- friendly countries in Petroleum perform 1,000,000- calculations per ucts are now marketed in several research and technologY, in line second. In addition to processing provinces in south China; some with the principle of equalitY and seismic data, it can be used in the are exported. mutual benefit." . NOVEMBER I98T 27 Seekitry Truth from Facts: The Party and China's I'lational Capitalists SUN XIAOCUN Last May, as the representative of several demoeratic parties, I The orticle "Summing Up: Moo Zedong, the Culturol Revolution ond attended a forum at which the 32 Yeors of the New Chino" in the Octobei Chino Reconstructs indicoted Party Central Committee asked those who attended to give their opinions and comrnents on a draft of the document on the history of the Party, the "cultural revolution" and the role of Mao Zedong. I found the document very impressive, both in its draft form sociotion (whose membership includes mony former copitolists). and in the final published text, for its spirit of seeking truth from facts. I particularly appreciate its objectivity in evaluating the late Chairman Mao Zedong and the role played by Mao Zedong Thought as the Party's guiding ideology at different historical periods of the Chinese revolution. The document points out that Chairman Mao made a number of serious mistakes, particularY in his later years, but concludes that his contributions over many Years far outweigh his mistakes. This seems to me a very fair evalua- tion, in accordance with the facts as I know them from mY own experience. The Problem of Transition When the PeoPle's RePublic was Sun Xiaocun speaks at a meeting to consider a draft of the tlocument r€cenily born in 1949, it inherited from the passed by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Party Central Committee. a very and Zhang Jingile otd society Poor backward economy. The few mod- ern industries occupied onlY a f N the 1930s, as an intellectual volved in many of the important tiny portion of the entire national I searching for a way lo save questions that faced our new Chi- economy, but they provided a base my country and my people at a na during the years after libera- on which to build. The Party, led time of great crisis, I joined a pro- tion, and worked with Party by its chairman Mao Zedoag, gressive group called the League members at all levels. One thing faced the double problem of devel- of Social Scientists. For the next I have learned from my ex- oping a strong national economy five decades I worked either un- perience: without the Chinese and of trar:sforrning the capitalist der the influence or the direct Communist Party there would industries which existed into so- leadership of the Chinese Corn- be no new China, and only the cialist industries. The policies de- munist Party. I was personally in- Party can save China. veloped by the Party in those 28 CEINA RECONSTNUCTS early years involved step-by-step conference including representa- changes based on the reAlities of tives from all sectors of society. Chinese conditions. These policies One day a banker told me that he enabled us not only to build a no longer had any worries about strong economic base, but to en- the Communists coming to power. list the support and participation He had heard that Chen Shutong, of national capitalists in develop- the respected trustee of a Shang- ing socialist industries. hai publishing house, the biggest The formulation of these Pol- in China, had been elected a vice- icies was taking place even before chairman of the National People's liberation. I was in Shanghai be- Political Consultative Conference. tween 1946 and 1949, and saw for Government policy during the myself the condition of the na- 1950s was to utilize capitalist- tional capitalists that is, those owned industry as part of the @- progressive capitalists- who were growing economic base while Former capitalist Gong Shaoyun (risht) gradually restricting and trans- is noted for his management innova- not mere tools of foreign Powers tions as vice-chairman of the Worker- or of the Kuomintang. Their"verY forming its capitalist nature. Some Peasa.nt-Soldier Textile Store in Hefei, existence was threatene'd under of the transitional steps were the Anhui province, Xinhua Kuomintang rule, not onlY from processing of goods by private high inflation and corruPt Prac- enterprises on commission for the tices, but from foreign domina- state, state control of all purchas- Step by Step tion of many parts of the econ- ing and markgting, and joint omy. Some of them, giving uP state-private enterprises. Com- Let us look at some stages of hope of any reform under the plete state control, when it finally this transition in Shanghai. In Kuomintang, had begun to sup- came, was negotiated peacefully the early 1950s Chen Yun, then a' port the Communist cause. On the and on the basis of reimbursement vice-premier and chairman o{ the other hand, many vr/ere afraid for property taken over by the State Commission oI Finance and that if the Communists came to state. Capitalists came to accept Economics, invited Shanghai's power their property would be the transformation willingly, part- leading textile mill owners to dis- seized and they themselves ly because their property rights cuss a system of "processing on persecuted. were respected, and partly be- commission." The government At that time the Party was do- cause they were made to feel they would supply raw cotton .to the ing everything it could to reas- still had a useful contribution to mills to be processed into cotton sure Shanghai's industrial and make to the development of Chi- yarn. It would also undertake to commercial circles that its policy na's national economy. pay the workers' wages, admin- was not outright seizure of the na- tional capitalists' property. Rath- er, its immediate goals were to Rong Yiren (second left), once a leading Shanghai textile magaate and now vice-o production so as build chairman of the Chineso People's Political Consultative Conference, at a meeting develop to of the Association of Commerce antl Inclustry. Xinhua up the economy, to give considera- tion to both public and private in- terests, and thus to benefit both labor and the patriotic capitalists. The transition to state ownership would be grad0al, and capitalists would be reimbursed. Convinced of the Party's sincerity, many capitalists who had planned to transfer their assets abroad changed their minds. Some who had already made such a move even funds equipment M. had and ;, -{' brought back. In 1949, on the eve of the found- ing of the new China, representa- tives of industrial and commercial l:r.i capitalists attended both pre- paratory meetings and the first official meeting of the new Na- tional People's Political Consulta- tive Conference and a citywide NOVEMBER 1987 29 ed the payment period from seven "cultural revolution," a time when to ten years. In 1956, when the many old Party and state policies system was officially announced, were discarded. The former Shanghai capitalists held a big capitalists were attacked as public celebration complete with enemies of the people's state. drums and gongs. Their bank accounts were frozen. This peaceful transition from Most could not collect their full private ownership to essential salaries only snoall suuis as liv- control of enterprises was a con- ing expenses.- Some suffered from siderable achievement for the Red Guard seizures of their pri- seven-year-old People's' Republic vate property. But most former a development without pre- capitalists still retained a strong -cedent in the worldwide socialist sense of patriotism and confidence movement. While it was taking in the Party. They looked back place, production was actually ris- to the correct policies of the 1950s ing, prices were stable, and there and early 1960s, and trusted that Mebhanical engineer Ga6 Zhcnwen of was heither panic purchasing nor things would change. i the Airshan Iron and Steel..Company, large-seale ouco mistakenly labelerl' a ..Bightis(,,, export of capital by In recent years, of course, i9 now a rhennber of the phinese, Com- private owners. things have changed greatly. Ihe murlst Party. Xinhua This remarkable feat was due former capitalists have been re- to' a careful application of the habilitated, their back salaries re- principles of Mao Zd.ong Thought paid, their property returned or istrative expenses! and a set - Marxism-Leninism applied to replaced. The money frozen in amount of profit to the miil China's conclete conditions. In bank accounts was returned. owner. The businessmen readily scientifically analyzing China's When the government turned over agreed;for one thing, had 'beenldifficult it bourgeoisie, the Party made a this large sum to the former for private factories clear distinction between the capitalists, it matle three requests to obtain raw cotton patriotic national - and a capitalists and spoil your children; don't system went into.effect that was the comprador and bureaucrat disrupt-don't the state economy; and satisfactory to all parties. Thu.S capitalists who had been the tools don't let this interfere with your Shanghai's biggest branch of light of foreign powers or of the Kuo- personal ideological reform. What ,brought pld industry was one step mintang under the regime. the Shanghai capitalists did with closer to state ownership, while The national capitalists could be money reveals both their part national the the mill owners continued to use of a united front, patriotism and their faith in Party their skills and energy harnessed their skills and experience in run- and state leadership. They pooled to socialist reconstruction. Private ning the,plants. their funds and established the The next ,,joint ownership was gradually restrict- stage was cqlled Patriotic Construction CompanY state-private enterprise," ed in a way that not only did not under to build much-needed factories which the state assumed control of disrupt production, but also en- means production, Iisted the full cooperation of the and housing for the city. Those the of but the permit national capitalists owners. Finally, the political whose age and health still were paid a jobs fixed percentage of their capital ideas of the capitalists were re- them to work retain their old investment on an annual basis. formed through a process of sensi- or else act as consultants. In Shanghai and elsewhere. the tirze education that took into ac- The sixty-year history of the system went into effect only after count their real pairiotic desire to Chinese Communist Party dem- long negotiations between the build a strong national economy. onstrates elearly the imPortance government and the owners. The One mark of the success of this of the principles of seeking truth complieated problem of setting the process is that after the system of from facts and applying Marxism- value of each owner's capital in- joint state-private enterprise came Leninism to the realities of Chi- vestment was settled by public into effect in 1956, most of . the nese life. Chairman Mao and the discussion of each owner's assess- national capitalists took jobs as Party he led made mistakes when ment of his assets. At one point salaried employees some, f or they deviated from these princi- the owners' representatives pro- instance, staying on- as managers pies. But the spirit of these posed that the payment should be of the factories they once owned. principles is fully alive in the re- set at 3 to 4 percent annually over cent Party resolution, and in the a 7-year period. The government many Mistakes Occur changes that have taken finally decided that a fair figure place in the past few years. There was 5 percent more than the By September 1966 the ten-year is no doubt that Mab Zedong owners had expected.- Eventually, period during which payments Thought will continue to guide because the oltners were ex- were made to national capitalists . and inspire the Chinese people as periencing some financial dif- ended, as had been agreed. But they build a modern, socialist ficulties, the government extend- 1966 also saw the beginning of the. society. tr 30 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS Aw$a&Hmm &ffw&s gs.$€ fit rm &EJEIqF'ff A ERIAT sowing and spreading la. q1 chemicals have played an important part in the development of China's agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. In the thirty years since 1951 such work under the Civil Aviation Administration has heiped eliminate insect pegts over 33 million hectares anE afforested about 12 million ha", a third of which are already standing timber. Most outstanding is air corps No. 17. Since its formation twenty years ago it has flown 13,000 hours and planted 3.3 million ha. of trees in the vast areas the southwest provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan. In March of last year the corps was assigned to broadcast tree seeds in the Wangcang area of Aerial spraying for cotton pests" Sichuan province a mountainous landscape with variations- in height straight up the valley to a local government and peopie and a of as much as a thousand meters. from peak, making notes of wind direc- citation fnom the CAAC. The No. 17's air crew 8268 first tion and speed. When they sowed made a study of the area. At an they were thus able to broadcast altitude of only 50 meters, they Vs. Disaster and Fests 23 tons tree seeds evenly over wouid a of dive from the top of retracing mountain to its foot. then climb the 6,200 ha. without The dry, hot w!.nds of Henan their route or overlooking any province in the central plains of YU QUANFU works for the CAAC. area" This won the praises of the north China can bring disaster to the wheat, but it can be saved by applications of growth stirnulant" Air crew consults with farm techniclans before a flight. tast year 23 farm planes spraYed monopotassium phosphate and petroleum growth-stimulant over 130,000 ha., boosting the provinee's yield 8.2 percent, or 39,000 tons. Last April, 40 planes sprayed farm chemicals over 330,00C ha. for another bumper harvest. Since one plane ean spray 27 ha. per flight and finish 94 ha. a day, i it accomplishes the equivalent of 900 rnan-days by ground-appiica- tion methods. The cost per hectare is 10.5 to 12 yuan, but the irtcrease in income comes to nine times that" Using aircraft to eliminate inseet pests has long proved effective, but in the past aircraft generally sprayed a diluted solution or "dusted." Now they "qpray an extrernely snaall amount "of undiiuted chemical frorn a higher NOVEMBER T981 31 altitude. The new method is 90 tree and grass seeds broadcast by percent effective, especially against plane are also playing an important locusts and army worms. From role in preventing erosion, i956 to 1969 planes helped After two years of experiment- eliminate locusts from 6.7 million ing with seeding forage grass by ha. in Hebei, Henan, Anhui and plane, part of the sown area has Shandong provinces and Xinjiang, shoryn economic gain. Last year bringing the locust problem under survival rate of 42 percent was A Tour control. achieved on 270,000 ha. in Inner Eor the last two years planes Mongolia and Xinjiang, in Hunan have also been used to spray and other provinces. Now scien- plant hormone and foliage dress- tific research has made large-scale Guide's ing. Last year over 70 planes sowing of forage grass possible on sprayed wheat, rice, maize, kao- many types of terrain in north and liang and soybean crops in Henan south China. This will speed up and in Heilongjiang, Jilin and the regeneration of pastures and Tole Liaoning provinces in northeast help develop animal husbandry. China. China is a main rice-producing country, but most areas still sow XIA ZHIGAN seeds and transplant shoots by Afforestation and Grass hand; only a f ew areas use ma- Since the first seeds were broad- chines. In the past two years, cast in the four counties in Sichuan however, some state farms have province, a 100,000-ha. pine forest begun aerial sowing of paddy One ospect of the better life for the with 10 million cubic meters of field. The seeds are scattered Chinese people todoy is increosed trovel within Chino. Of course, those who hod timber has grown up. One plane evenly and because the seedlings can broadcast 2,000 ha. a day, are not tightly packed as in equivalent to the work of 2,000 to seedbeds, they get more sunlight 3,000 man-days. Cost per hectare when young and then yield better. is only 15 to 45 yuan, including Last year, for instance, in state seeds _- much lower than the cost reclamation farm No. 2 in Xiao- sowing by hand. Ever since the Zhejiang province, Youth Trovel Service under the ouspices of shan county, of the Shonghoi Committee of the Com- new forest was nursed and thinned over 330 ha. of aerial-sown paddy munist Youth Leogue. lts oim is to help in 1971, it has produced 30,000 yielded 4.5 tons per hectare young people brooden theilhorizons meters small timber double the usual crop yield in the- ond oppreciote the culture of their cubic of countr,' yearly for an income of 1.5 million Iocality. In Guangdong province it Ed. yuan. used to take 300 perEons a month - Both in places like the Dabie to sow Nanwanhu Farm's 1,670 Mountain area 1,600 meters above ha. of paddy by machine. Now two sea level border Anhui planes sowiqg on the of can finish the in f,rOn the past two Years I have and Henan provinces or in the 30 hours, greatly reducing the I' spent summer and winter sand dunes of northern Shaanxi, amount of seeds and expense. tr vacations frotn mY iob as a Shanghai middle school teacher of Afforestation flights take corps 17 fliers into the minority areas of the southwest. grdding the Photos'bg Chen Changten Chinese tourists for Shanghai Youth Travel Service. I am delighted to do so, for it gives me a chance to see Places about which I knew a great deal from teaching about them ali mY life, but had never seen. Now I can teach about them so much more vividly" Also, it was good to get out among the secluded mountains and waters after 4l Years of drinking city water stronglY flavored with chlorine, breathing city air and being bombarded bY its noise, with only the Potted roses and cypresses on mY balconY to refresh me. I have led three groups to beautiful Mt. Lushan in Jiangxi CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS ger and advised elderly people not Southern Song dynasty (1127 -121 S). to make the crossing. But I en- Their garments, executed in great courage my tourists to as long as detail, fall in natural folds evoking they are physically able. An old a strong sense of texture. The woman of 70 in my tour reached canopies above them, though made the summit with her daughter-in- of clay, have ribbons that seem to law and grandson. She was very flutter in the wind. proud of it afterward and grateful There we met a group of foreign for my help and encouragement. tourists. Sorne could hardly be- Last year I led five groups to lieve that such fine artistic wsrk Yaoling Paradise, a big karst cave was made of clay. But one of full grotesque of stalactites and them was allowed to climb up to stalagmites located g0 kilometers inspect, and then he believed it. from Hangzhou on the coast south Not ail such places of historic in- of Shanghai, and have visited terest, however, passed unscathed many other daves in nearby Zhe- years jiang province. Double-Dragon thr:ough the ten of turmoil of Cave, a well-known one in Jinhua the "cu-ltura1 revolution", I am .is county, Zhejiang province, is one gratified that the government cave inside another, with a spring now spending considerable sums to at the center. An old saying about restore them. 'd this place runs, "Lie in a boat to rrS, find the source of the spring," and T sometimes make paintings of indeed, to reach the sLcond, one I what I have seen to keep the Xia Zhiean, (he author. must go by cable-drawn b,oat memory fresh and for the enjoy- through passage a only 0.4 meters ment of neighbors who drop in to high and a dozen meters long I see them. I also spend my Sundays province whel'e always have to warn my tourists to the summer keep their hands away from the and other spare time exploring temperature among the waterfalls cable. nearby places to seek out more in- and green hills is around 20 teresting spots and find out from degrees people Centigrade and white ancestors left us a magnifi- the local more about their clouds float everywhere nUR place" - even \-/ cent heritage in culture and into your room. Sometimes, all of art. I always feel very proud when Every time I come home, my a sudden, Lushan is completely taking tourists to see examples of little granddaughter searches my obscured in the clouds and the it. Once I led 30 young Chinese bag for souvenirs or goodies I have mists that ribe from the valleys. workers to visit the Zijin (Purple brought her. Once she found some Then, in a few minutes, the clouds and GoId) Temple built in the Tang stones I had picked up and laughed fly away and the magnificent dynasty (618-907) on East Hill near at me that I should carry back so wooded peaks show themselves Suzhou. In it are 16 vividly-carved many useless rocks. They were not again. Even the most skilled clay Buddhist figures said to be useless to me. I planned to use photographers find the scene rnade by the famous sculptor Lei them to make potted landscapes re- changes too fast for them to catch Chao and his wife during the creating the scenes I had visited" E some of the views. I have led groups on Mt. Huang- shan in Anhui province famed for its "f,our uniques" strange- shaped rocks, pines pushing- out of them, a sea of clouds, and hot springs. To get to the top of Tian- du (Capital of Heaven), highest of the three peaks, all above 1,800 meters that top the mountain, one must cross' the "carp's back,, a big rock near the top five meters- long and only half a meter wide. One must concentrate all one,s at- tention and not look down into the chasm. For hundreds of years those who have reached the summit of xia zhigarl an amateur painier captured this scene of the Fuchun Biver during Tiandu have exaggerated its dan- a tour there. photos bg Zhu yunleng NOyEilBEB 19El 33 Hew Finds frhout tlle &reat Wall LUO.ZIIEWEN Research in recent years 1ed to new discoveries. Built by Many Dynasties Parts of the wall were alreadY being built ixr the seventh century BC. The states of Yan and Zhao north of the Huanghe (Yellow) River, and others began to build walls in their own domains to prevent invasions bY nomadic tribes from the north. After the Qin dynasty ernperor Qin Shi Huang rtuiris or a proto^wall, one of many built by separate states from the seventh cen- tury B.C. on. unified China in 221 B.C', he linked these sections and extended them to form the Great Wall. In the N CHINESE the Great WalI is f foliowing millenium, manY rePairs I known as the Ten-Thousand-Li additions were made. The (5,000-kilorneter) Wall. In faet, and rerma.ins of a lfa,n whose caPi- ten times that length, or than ilyoasty watclriower on Northern Qi dynastY, more A.D' 50,000 km. of such defense works, the 0lrl Silh Roait, tal was in Hebei Province; in were built in China's history. Dif- 555 conscripted 1.8 million laborers ferent sections of thena were con- for reconstruction and rePair of nected up to form what we know a S00-kilometer striP between today as the Great WaIl. This is today's Beijing and Datong in one of the new facts being dis- Shanxi province. The Ming covered in reeent wall studies dgnasty (1368-1644) saw large- using historical documents and scale reconstruction, ancient remains. Twenty states and dYnasties con- The 5 to 10 meter-high, 5 to 8 tributed to the waII, three of meter-wide structure - one of the the dynaslies constructing over seven wonders of the world - runs 5,000 km.: Qin (221-206 B.C.) from Shanhaiguan (Between the 5,000 km.; Han (206 B.C'-A.D. 220) Mountains and the Sea) Pass on 10,000 kilometers and Ming, 6,350 the coast of Bohai Gulf westward kilometers. to Gansu province, passing through three other provinces (Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hebei) and the Inner a majestic dragon, it is a typical Finds at Shalingkou the stone MongoLian Autonomous Region. section of wall. Climbing steps at Badaling onto this ancient Jinshanling (also known IocaiIY The iatter contains about as Shalingkou) is 130 km. north of 15,000 km. of it, according to the defense system, one sees ramparts on the inner side and battlements Beijing in Luanping countY east of recent count, and Hebei 5,000 facing outward. At measured dis- the highway from the caPital to kilometers. former imPerial summer re- part people is tances or strategic points are the The most visit In June and JuIY Badaling, about 70 km. north of fortress-like watchtowers where sort at Chengde. 1980, team investigating the Beijing. Coiling across north the soldiers and guards lived. of a placed Great Wall found a forgotten sec- China's green mountain ranges like There are also strategically beacon towers used to give the tion of several dozen kilometers at alarm if enemies approached. this site. Ttre terrain is strate- frUO TZHEWEN is arr archaeology The Great Wall is the heritage gically situated with access dif- s-pecialist in the State Ailministrative and and pro- The defense works are Bureau of Museums and Archeologieal of all mankind, study ficult. Data. tection of it is an important task. still solid and the section has been 34 CIITNA RECONSTRUCTS Countless tourists have seen the Great WaIl Badaling north of Beijing" ll'ong Hln1\un 3:1,,: ' :a<'.in,l?J.+ .r !$;,!., i:.t; ;:ifli:-l:,rr:,a:r' lvlitrg s(:(tion rr.:eeiltlj nrt'i:tr r;i'!lc.i s. . .ir. l juyorgguan d-Jour.[ ferracr:, once nscd {or X{ing sacrificial ritcs. ,it Fantasfic l4th-centory earving decorates the ( ilass irn the wa1' to Badaling. ll ttti flort.lttlt Y.t*;* This v;atchtower also hoilsed guards. Ll (tt1:4 ll0ttg'ti)t First Pass Llnder }Ieaven, the gate at Shanhaiguan near the sea. /.hou Yowttu Out where the wall ends: Westernmost Jiayuguan pass in Gansu province. Q-i.lianttci preserved intact. Though with its Shaanxi prbvi.nce, indicating the describlrig how an earthquake on own special features, this section close aftEntioq paid to defense as June 18, 1219 had collapsed the is similar to the one at Badaling well as to econornic development wall and how it had been rebuilt and could becorne another ideal in far areas. Arrowheads and by 20,000 soldiers and peasants. spot for visiting the Great Wall. weapons of the Warring States This was new e'ridence in the After moving their capital from Period (475-221 B.C.) and the Qin history of earthquakes. Nanjing to Beijing in 1421, the and Han dynasties were also Ming ernperors still feared attack discovered. from remnant Mongol nobles from In ancient times; military in- Frogress in Research the north. Though the Yanshan formation, political and economie Field work on the wall supple- Mountains protected Beijing on documents were transmitted along ments the study of documents and the northwest, east of them a 600- the wall. Many valuable inscribed other ancient data. Such studies kilometer section wa-s needed fiom bamboo and wooden slips from also help research in other Badaling to Shanhaiguan. It was the Han dynasty have been ex- branches of learning. For example, built with great care and was ex- cavated in and near the watch- new information on the wall is ceptionally strong. Gates were towers. At Juyan near the Ejin assisting Prof" Shi Nianhai, vice- piaced at several hundred strategic Banner in Inner Mongolia, more president of Shaanxi Teachers' passes, the best known of which than 21,000 such slips were found. College, in his studi.es of erosion used to be Juyongguani Gubeikou, At Yumenguan and Jiayuguan in along the Huanghe River the and Shanhaiguan. Jinshanling Gansu province many slips of wall serves him as a marker- frorr! was one of them. doeuments and imperial edicts which to determine how far the The view from the top of were uncovered. These are highly edge of pastures and farmlands Jinshanling is majestic. The wall,' important for studying ancient have moved in north China. Few with its many blockhouses and military, political and economic sections were built in the desert watchtowers, winds along moun- conditions. or far from the Huanghe River. tain ridges. In the distance is the Recently stone tablets on the A-fter many centuries, however, blue Miyun reservoir and Mount construction of the Great Wall some parts are now buried in sand, Wuling, the highest of the Yanshan were unearthed. These describe or lie far from the river due to mountains. its building methods. Some ydars changes in the latter's course. This Ming was the last dynasty to ago a stone slab with the inscrip- allowS Prof. Shi to estimate the use the wall as a defense. The tion, "The 19th year of the Jiajing rate of shifting sand and locate Qing dynasty which came after did reign" (1540) was dug out of the the changed river courses. not rely on fortifications to keep tamped earttr of the wall north of Part of the Great Wall lies over nomadic peoples out but, follow- Jiayuguan. ' On one side was the a seismic fault. Edrthquakes here ing a conciliatory policy, included date of the construction and on left displacement evidence impor- them in its rule. Emperor Kang the other the name of its super' tant in earthquake studies. Xi (r. 1662-L122) deeided that no visgr. The job was done section Ground and air surveys'of the more construction or repair could by section under a contract system. Great WalI are now going on. In be done on the wa1l. Though In Guyuan in the Ningxia Hui three to five years scientists should construction stopped, Jinshanling Autonomous Region brick €x- be able to deterrnine construction remained an important gateway cavated records the repair of the dates of its variotrs parts, its total through which the ernperors went wall in 1451 by a workforce of length in 'each dynasty and its to their summer resort every year. 15,000 men in half a year. The location and state of preservation brick also recorded the discovery in every province an{ autonomous New Archeological Finds of another older inscribed brick reglon. D Many ancient relics have been uncovered. For example, in Wei- chang county in Hebei, archaeolo- gists found a section of the wall l-'^ '-i lnner Mongolia A built in the Qin dynasty. Here, a -') number of quq:n (the sliding Jiayilguan q-\. weights of a steelyard) dating from ../'\'.r.i,%tC that time were found. Made of i^.r'^\ r \. t-r / , t iron in 221 B.C., the heaviest weighs several dozen kilograms and carries emperor Shi O chEogde Qin linslantlne Huang's edict giving the reason I and necessity for standardizing weights and measures. The site is 1,200 kilometers from Xianyang, the Qin capital near Xian in NOVEMBER 1987 Firm in Gonyiction, Unceasing in $truggle DenE Yingchoo Recolls the Anti-Joponese ond Liberotion Wsrs (lnterview Port 3) THE arrival of the Central Red ordering them to "anaihilate were the first to accept the Com- I Army in the northwest China the Red Army in a combined munist Party's proposals for unity revolutionary base at the success- action" with troops led by the local presented to them in a secret ful conclusion of the Long March Kuomintang general Yang Hu- meeting- with Comrade Zt,ou marked a favorable change inter- cheng. In this senseless campaign Enlai." nally for all China. But externally they were quickly defeated, with On December L2, 1936, Chiang the country was the victirn of many of their officers and men Kai-shek came to spur them into spreading Japanese aggression. taken prisoner by the Red Army. renewed civil war. But these two Atter the seizure of the northeast- "I did work among these prison- generals, spurred instead by the ern provinces in 193L had come the ers," recalled Sister Deng.. "We people dpmonstrating in the capitulatory truce signed in 1935 Shaanxi. provincial capital of Xian, by Chiang Kai-shek's pro-Japanese took Chiang prisoner in that city, war minister, He Yingqin, which They demanded an end to civil compromised and endangered war and cooperation with the China's sovereignty in much of her CommuniSt Party against Japan. north, including Beiping (as Beijing "We in Yanan ran out of our was then known) and Tianjin. On loess caves to sing and dance when December gth, 1935, a great pa- we heard that Chiang was cap- triotic movement of Beipilg's tured," said Sister Deng. That students broke out in protest scoundrel had killed millions against appeasement and surrend- Communists, patriots, progressives- er. It spread rapidly to Shanghai, and commanders and soldiers of Nanjing, Wuhan and other cities, Red Army. Now, we thought, in all of which the people demand- we'll have his head. But something ed an end to civil war and united far different happened. Within resistance to Japan. three days Zhou Enlai was sent to In their new location, the Com- Xian, to talk peace to Chiang, not munist Party and the Red Army 1950: Deng Yingchao at a Party meeting. get him killed. But then many were able to strengthen and guide comrades both in the army and the countrywide movement. "Com- Party did not quite understand its rade Mao Zedong," said Sister told them Chinese must not tight significance. Deng, "thought the Party should Chinese but must fight together Later we knew that the far- adapt to the new situation, and against. the national enemy. We sighted decision was Mao Zedong's. fight for the national resistance adhered strictly to Red Army's Zhou Enlai was sent because he for which the masses were rising in constant policy toward those cap- had known Chiang well in the unit- struggle. At an enlarged meeting tured: not to kill, beat or curse ed front of. 1924-27. By this act ih Wayaobao, Shaanxi province, in them; to give all who wanted to go our Communist Party proved again December 1935, the Party's Central home traveling expenses to get that it was concerned not just for Committee decided to form a unit- there; give treatment to the sick itself but for the country and the ed front with the Kuomintang and and wounded; and welcome into people. Without a peaceful solution all patriots within and outside it." our own ranks those who wanted to to the Xian Incident the pro- join the Red Army. Thus the Com- Japanese He Yingqin would have The Famous Xian Incident munist Party's call for a national launched an even bigger civil war. united front reached the hearts of Kai-shek, part, Only Japan would have benefited. Chiang on his not only students in the Kuomin- That's was still stubbornly pushing civil why we suppressed our tang areas, but of the left wing of hatred for Chiang, negotiated with war. He transferred troops headed the Kuomintang headed by Soong him, and released hirn when he ex- by the "Young Marshal" Zhang Ching Ling and He Xiangning, of pressed agreement on the main Xueliang whose homes were in the patriotic and democratic person- points. He was treacherous: We Japanese-seized northeastern pr.ov- ages such as Shen Junru and Zou knew Yet, was then that inces, to the far-off northwest, that. it Taofen and of the Kuomintang's the second united front with the troops. What soon followed was a KMT was set up. The lirst two ports of this interyiew op. peored in the August ond September dramatic split in that Party's True, the Party had been out- issues of Chino Reconstructs. forces. Generals Z}larrg and Yang rnaneuvered and suffered heavily 40 CITINA RECONSTRUCTS in the first united fronl (1924-21). Edgar Snow, who toured the north- ping. To find ways for herself and "But", Sister Deng said, "bY 1936 western revolutionary base just other comrades out of the now we had more experience, clearer before the Xian events. "I{e was enemy-occupied city she revealed principles, better methods. The the first foreign reporter from the her presence to Snow. "He had ihree treasures of China's modern outside to come to our area. last seen me in an army-like uni- revolution are the Communist Through him the people of the form. Now I turned up wearing a Party, the army it leads, and the wor1d, and our own Chinese peo- close-fitting Chinese dress and united front. (This has always been ple who lived under Kuomintang dark glasses, and introduced my- true, and still is, in relation to rule, came to know what our Com- self as Mrs. Li. 'See who I am?' I Taiwan.) munist Party and Red Army were, laughed, removing the glasses. "I1t fact, at the time of the Xian and what we were fighting for. Snow accompanied us on the train Incident, the JaPariese invaders Edgar Snow loved China. He was to Tianjin." wanted us to kill Chiang. And He one of our best friends. We shall Sister Deng observed that it was Yingqin prepared to bomb Xian, remember him always." there that she got to know Israel and kill both Chiang and us Com- Sister Deng's TB, she recalled, at Epstein. On Snow's introduction, munists. But some KMT PeoPle about this time took a turn for the she and Zhang Xiaomei, a comrade were more enlightened." !!'orse. Since medical conditions in formerly working in Beiping, left A united front must, have a eom- primitive, the northwest base were Japanese-held Tianjin with Epstein mon aim, Sister Deng went on' Ha- the American doctor George on a coastwise British From first one with Sun Yat-sen's ship. "Our tem (Ma Haide) who had come with Yantai in Shandong province, Kuomintang was against the im- Snow, advised just to rest in her where her group disembarked, they perialists and warlords. The the sun for a few hours each day made their way back to Xian" second was formed to combine all after a month of which her forces against the common enemy -temperature fell to normal. and for - the Japanese invaders - Following the incident at Xian, In the Anti-Japanese War democracy for the Chinese PeoPle. the Party wanted her to seek In the first united front, our treatment in Beiping, and then, In 1940, the war's third year, mistake was to give uP the armY when that proved impracticable, in Sister Deng was transferred to and relinquish leadership through the Western Hills outside Beiping. work in the office of the Com- successive concessions. We thought When she got there, the doctors munist-led Eighth Route Arm5, (the wrongly that since the revolution marveled. Her lungs had practi- former Chinese Red Army) in the was a bourgeois-democratic one, caliy healed. "What medicines Kuomintang government's war- the bourgeoisie should lead. Now cured you?" they asked. "Optim- time center, Chongqing. The office Communist we knew that onlY the ism and nature," she answered. was headed by Zhou Enlai, Dong Party and its policies could lead When Japan launched all-out Biwu and Ye Jianying. So our China's revolution. PoIicY war against China there on July 7, "Though there was a united wiThin the unit- was independence 1937, Sister Deng was still in Bei- front, the Kuomintang never gave ed front: If our partner was Pro- gressing r,r'e would cooPerate, if there was backsliding we would Zhou Enlai welcometl back to Yanan by Mao Zetlong anrl others a.fter the historic resisl it. We learned to combine negotiations in Xian which established a new KMT-Communist unitetl front. unity with struggle, and to wage struggles that would be beneficial to the common cause, be seen bY the people as justifi.ed, and be within the limits required bY the cause." s' it the j L This was done throughout ,*, o'& anti-Japanese war. In i941, when the Kuomintang attacked and tried , i.: to wipe out the Communist-Ied New Fourth Army, said Sister 4 Deng, their attempt was resisted and frustrated but even then the Party stuck to- the united front against Japan. Edgat Snow and Beiping Interlude In disctrssing this period, Sister Deng mentioned with particular warmth the American journalist 41 NOVEMBER 198I up its idea of destroying our Party he insisted on going, and after dis- on all its rnembers to be prepared and army," said Sister Deng" "It cussion the Central Committee de- against possible emergencies. proved active in civil war; passive cided to send him with Comrades In November 1946 Chiang's againsi Japan, In 1941 Chiang's Zhou Eniai, Wang Ruofei and others clique violated all its own agree- troops attacked our New Fourth on the sarne plane, provided by the ments and called a bogr.es "Na- Army, and we in Chongqing were U.S. ambassador Hurley who flew tional Assembly" of its own mak- prepared for arrest. We were with them. The Chongqing talks ing. Zhou Enlai, reppesenting the watched and could. rnove very little Iasted from August 28 to October Communist Party in Nanjing, outside our building. Then in 1943 10, 1945, when an agreement was declared to a press conference of the Communist International dis- signed. And Chairman Mao return- Chinese and foreign journalists solved itself, which was a positive ed safely to our great relief." that the Communists would boy- move suited to the new needs of The Communist Party's key de- cott this body as divisive, dicta- torial, and a vioiation of signed revolutionary struggle in many mands in the negotiations were: 1. people's countries. The Kuomintang hoped, The Party would keep its armed agreements and the will. thus, that we would dissolve our forces; 2. Peace and national re- Party too. Zhou Enlai made use construction; 3. On the basis of Fighting and United Front of their illusions to say we needed peace, democracy, solidarity and to go back for a Central Commit- unity, to build a coalition govern- "With the Kuomintang's waging tee unrestrained civil war," Sister -meeting, and we returned to ment; 4. To abolish the old Na- Yanan in Augtrst"" Deng said, slogan becarne, tional Assembly called by the "our 'Overthrow Chiang Kai-shek and 'Vltrar's Kuomintang, and reelect one with End aud Chongqing Talks representatives of all political Iiberate all China.'z But even three years later, when we were close to groups; 5. Our Shaanxi-Gansu- Sister Deng was victory on the entire mainland, still in Yanan Ningxia border region must retain when Japan surrendered uncondi- Chiang tried to save his position by its democratic government. Chiang tionally in August 1945. pretending to retire as President "The did not agree to all this; he wanted (in favor of Li Zongren) and to ne- eight-fdar war with Japan was our armies and liberated 'Before areas to gotiate We agreed talk over. that there had been be handed Auomin- again. to over to the about a peaceful, cooperative solu- the ten-year civil warn and before tang. that, constant strife between war- tion. Zhang Zhizhong, Shao Lizi, On December 20, 1945, General lord armies. You can imagine how Huang Shaoxiong and Liu Fei (pro- George C. Marshall came to China the Chinese people craved peaee! minent generals and officials as special representative Presi- They welcomed the victory over of Ed.) came as the KMT's delegates- dent Truman of the Japan with joy, fireworks, gongs United States, to liberated Beiping. But the KMT ostensibly mediate and celebrations in a1I areas, both to and help never acceded to the peace agree- make peace. And the Kuomintang's and ours." Chiang Kai-shek, ment worked out with its own But Chiang Kai-shek was pre- in his own post of keeping to the emissaries. That is why our army paring new campaigns against the October 10 Agreement, had to had to force the Changjiang (Yang- liberated. areas. The Communist carry out one of its stipulations, the tze) River and take the KMT's Party had issued. statements, on holding of a People's Consultative capital, Nanjing. At the same time August 16 and 25, expressing its Con-ference. The _s,ession on Janu- we persuaded those delegates to support of the people's desire for ary 10, 1946 was attended by the stay and cooperate with us, which peace and making six proposals to Communist Party's delegation they did. So, while fighting when end civil war. Chiang countered by headed by Zhou Enlai and includ- we had to, we were still building a inviting Chairman Mao to Chong- ing Wa-ng Ruofei, Ye Jianying, Wu united front. qing for talks. This was a mere Yuzhang, Qin Bangxian, Lu Ding- "Our united front work did not maneuver on his part. If the talks yi and Deng Yingchao (Sister Deng stop lvhen Chiang fled to Taiwan. took place, Chiang thought, he herself). On that same day the Whatever scope of unity is needed could gain time to rearrange his Kuomintang had to sign an agree- at a particular stage of the rev- forces for a new attack, and if ment for a truce between the olution, we try to achieve with Comrade Mao didn't come, the armed forces of the two parties. Its anyone, external or internal,- with Communist Party could be blamed observance was to be supervised by whomever there is common ground. for refusing to negotiate. "He a "Committee of Three" (the KMT So when the Kuomintang on Tai- thought Comrade Mao wouldn't government, Communist Party and wan says our united front is just dare come," said Sister Deng. "How the USA). But Chiang, signing the a trick to undermine them on their could Chiang be expected to truce with one hand, waged civil island, they're talking nonsense. understand us Communists or war with the other. And the IJ.S., History proves that we Communists realize that, when the people while "mediat-ing," helped trans- don't play with the fate of the craved peace, we too would port his troops to attack liberated nation. We are sincere. The pa- struggle for it at whatever risk? areas in nort-heast, north and cen- triotic united front we strive for "'We in Yanan also worried tral-south China. But the Pariy today is broader even than the one about Comrade Mao's safety. But knew all about the plot and called against Japan." 42 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS The Party's actions, not just its words, Sister Deng stressed, deter- mine whether people will cooperate with it or not" She recalled some of the united front work done in Kuo. mintang areas in 1938. "When our representatives arrived in Wuhan, people were ignorant of what we stood for because of Chiang's news blockade- atrd false propa- ganda. Sorne believed we Com- munists were green-faced, red- eyed, long-toothed monsters who owned everything, even wives, in common, and killed and burned. But when they actualiy met us they saw ihat we weren't arrogant or corrupt, that we spoke to the point, sought common ground and didn't mouth empty words. We made use of all opportunities to do united -recalledfront work." Sister Deng how joint work for the welfare of war orphans was under- taken not only with Kuomintang 1936: Edgar Snow (risht) at the North Shaanxi liberated base area, democrats but with Soong Mei-ling (Chiang's wife), and how one such effort was set up after a meeting the enemy. Experience has shown, he made errors earlier, we cannot held for the famous U.S. journalist howeVer, that there was nb basis in blame him alone, for our leader- Anna Louise Strong in a Younpl China for this kind of action. And ship was collective at the time, and Women's Christian Association the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing'coun- we others on the Central Commit- hall. ter-revolutionary cliques were tee share the responsibility. De- "How you behave is what really enabled to misuse the 'cultural rev- spite the errors, we revolutionaries counts," Sister Deng reiterated. olution' and turn it into an incal- of the older generation will not culable catastrophe for the country tolerate hostility to Chairman Mao, we nor will China's workers and The Party in Power and people. That is why now put the words, 'cultural revolution' peasants." Then Sister Deng shitted to the between quotes. Now, after the overthrow of the present. "We are drawing the lessons of gang of four, said Sister Deng, the "Now weive been in nationwide that tragedy, so that it wiII not Party is giving substance to many Thought. power for 32 years," she said. recur. During those years, Israel features of Mao Zedong principles o''W'e've gone through several Epstein was one of the foreign The correct he laid down phases, positive and negative. friends who was percecuted. Now for democratic centralism in the gang of During the 17 years our Party has summed up the Party, distorted under the first of our In People's Republic what we did experience of those years so as to four, are being restord. economic development the same is was mainly correct; there were not repeat such errors." priority of errors but they didn't go on for Of Chairman Mao Zedong, Sister true concerning the and long. For example, the over-exten- Deng said, "We old revolutionaries agriculture, light industry industry, in that order. In sion anti-Rightist move- who followed him over the decades, heavy of the diversification. In ment, ahd exaggerations who knew him well and were agriculture, for in the socialist morality, for learning Big Leap Forward both the nurtured by his ideas, have a deep in from Lei Feng..And, in relation to late 1950's were - feeling for him. And all Chinese corrected by the personnel, struggling Party itself.- people over the age of fifty, I Ieading for against special privilege. All these revolution' was think, recall what they owe to him "The 'cultural efforts are being made in the light the worst and mistake with love and gratitude. Comrade costliest and of reality. the most protracted; it lasted for Deng Xiaoping said to the Italian current years. was initiated Journalist Oriana Fallaci in an ap- ten It by Com- The Party Alone Can Lead rade Mao Zedong, who had become praisal with which we all agree, tonfused on the various social con- that Comrade Mao Zedong's merits "The history of hundred years tradictions within the country, and were primary and mistakes of since the Taiping peasant revolu- the line between contradictions which the 'cultural revolution'- was tion in the mid-l9th centurY has among people and the grossest were secondary. If proved that only the Communist the those with - NOVEMBEB 1981 43 Party could lead the people to overthrow the 'three great moun- tains' weighing on them (imperial- Reform$ in isrn, feudalism and bureaucrat- capitalism)," said Sister Deng. OnIy the Communist Party was able to the Academy 0f $ciences establish a new-democratic state and lead the people in building LI XUN socialism. Without the Communist Party there u'ould be no new China. And the person who found mHE PRESIDENT and five vice- Taiwan, he formerly headed the I presidents Chinese Academy's Institute of Re- how to apply Marxisrn-T,.sninism to of the Fujian Academy of Sciences were elected search on the Structure of Matter. the Chinese revolution was Mao last May for the first time in the The term of office for the pre- Zedong. After his immortal contri- institution's history. Another re- sident and vice-presidents is two butions to the building of the form is that the Science Council, years, after which they may be people's forces the armd and which had previousiy functioned re-elected for another two. revolutionary bases and the found- only in an advisory capacity The Science Council is divided ing of the People's Republic of really as an honorary group - into five sub-councils to exercise China, he made others to the will now be the Academy's highest- leadership over the different building of socialism. decision-making body. The Coun- fields. Each council elected its Laier, as a result mainly of the cil now consists of 400 members own standing cornmittee and "cultural revolution", said Sister augmented 283 nominated- chairmen. The ]atter Qian prestige by are: Deng. the Party's suffered, from the Academy's- various in- Sanqiang, Physics and Mathema- "But we beliefs, are firm in our stitutes and other scientific in- tics Council; Yan Dongsheng, and strong in organization. Among stitutions and universities. It Chemistry; Feng Depei, Biology; Party members 600 there are still elects a 29-member presidium, and Yu Guangzhi, Earth Sciences; and from 1924-25 24,000 the days, from it is this presidium u'hich elected I myself am chairman of the the second revolutionary war civil the new president and vice-pre- Council for the Technical Sciences. of. 1927-37, more than 68,000 from sidents. Chosen as president was This year's session of the Science the anti-Japanese war of 1937-45, Lu Jiaxi, an oqtstanding physical Council was its fourth since it and 2.3 million from the war of chemist born into a family from was set up in 1955. Twenty-one liberation that culminated in the years had passed since the third founding of our People's Republic LI XUN, a famous physical metallurgist, session was held. Scientific work, in 1949. They are tempered in the now vice-president of the Chinese like all other, suffered great losses struggle in which, under the direct Academy of Sciences, was formerly president as a result of the ultra-Left po- circumstances, people of the Shenyang Branch of the came to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, litical errors. The Science Council choose our Party above all others. Also we have some 15 million members who joined between 1949 and 1965, prior to the 'cultural revolution'. All this is a vast fund of experience. "Now the task is the f our modernizations. It is to implement Marxism-Leninism and Mao Ze- dong Thought, the application of Marxism-Leninism to China, in the proper way. It is also to build in stability and unity. It is to develop agriculture and industry on sound Iines. "As long as we have life in us, we must go on fighting for the people." With these words, Sister Deng, this calm, smiling woman revolutionary who has fought rvithin the Party throughout its 60- year history and who today is deepiy engaged in restoring and extending its best traditions, Some of China's leading women sclentists, now members of the Science Council (Ieft to right): Ye Shuhua, Li Lin" Shen Tianhui, IIao Iichun, Ile Zehui, Chi ended our more than five-hour Jishang, Xie Xide, Wang Chengshu, HuanE Liang, Jiang' Lijin, Gao Xtaoxia, Li interview. tr Minhua, Lin Lanying: and Chen Buyu. 44 CEINA NECONSTBUCTS topics. .Its tasks are also to strength€n'.unity and cooperation among the different branches of learning and increase international exchange. The presidium is the decision-making body when the Science Council is not in session. The ehange, intended to bring the scientists themselves into leadership over science, re.fJects a change in their status and is de- signed to give their enthusiasm full play. It is an effort to end the situation in which scientists' views were not respected in economic 'elected construction, and Lu Jiaxi, newly president of state affairs the Chinese Acailemy of Sciences. even in scientific tesearch itself, Li Xun-(Second right), author of this and to overcome a style of work article, with the Science Council mem- whe-re things were con- bers Zhang Wei (first right), specialist 'some in eng:ineering rnechanics, a,nd Wang was forced to stop work. But now sequen{ly handled without a Shoujue (third right), microelectronics more and more people are coming scientific attitude or regard to specialist, visit a'laser instruments ex- realize objective laws. hibition sponsored by the Chinese to that in order to build Academy of Sciences. China into a modern socialist The orientation for Chjna's country science and technology science today is: Stress the basic, must play their full role. In 1979 stress raisihg the level and serve we began to work for restoration the national economy and defence. and reorganization of the Science Experience over the past thirty Couneil. Thus it was enlarged so some years shows that in a coun- that its membership more than try backward in science eind doubled. Among the youngest of technology such as China's, for the the new members is Yang Le, 42, country's baSic construction it is a fellow at the Mathematics Re- important to engage in basic re- search Institute. Previously the search, and thrgugh basic research only woman member was Lin and rrork in tlre course of it, to Qiaozhi, the famous gynaeeologist. train a body of scientists of a com- Now there are 14 women, or four paratively high theoretical level percent of the total. and build a solid theoretical base in all branches of science. This orientation is necessary both to Chat rluring a council session break: A NEW constitution for the help China solve problems in Jin Shanbao (first right), member of /-I 5sisr.. Council stipulates the Science Council antt president of that science and to reach out into new Agricultural Institute, Wu Xianwen it is the highest decision- fields. Of course the Academy (seconal left), presirlent of the Aca- making demy's Wuhan antl Zheng body for the Academy. It must also engage in Some urgent- Bcanch, is envisaged as a permanent Warfun (third leti), presiclent of its body ly-needed applied research and Forestry Research Institute, which will give appraisals, sugges- development projects. Photos bg Yang Wumin tions and guidance from the point The crux of the work of the of view of, science about China's Chinese Aeademy of Sciences, numerous projects for construc- therefore, lies in the way the five picture on blank paper, as Chair- tion and scientific research, and councils exercise leadership over man Mao had said. Our work has serve to collect the views of the institutes under them, and made a contribution to the devei- scientists and channel them to the whether the work of the institutes opment of . China's metallurgical proper places. Internally, it will can proceed and advance normally, industry. coordinate scientific research and With the changes in the Acade, the distribution of manpower, fD ECENTLY I went back to the my, the principles and tasks have finances and material resources of l\ Shenyang branch of the In- been defined". Naturally a good the Academy's 117 research set- stitute of Metallurgieal Research. many contradictions and probiems ups. Its funetion outside the aca- I helped to set it up in the 1950s. have arisen in the course of the demy is to study results and prob At that time, full of enthusiasm to readjustment, so the reform will lems in China and also analyze bui-ld a socialist country, we did have to be effected gradually. But and study new achievements and our best to make it into something it has already produced results and directions in science abroad so as whieh, with regard to China's is certain to have a far-reaching to come up with fresh ideas and science, would draw a beautiful effect. n NOVEMBER 1981 45 ,dents and their teachers alike" The process began back in September 1976, when Xu Qiping, an experienced teacher at the Shanghai Theatrical Institute, traveled to Tibet to choose 30 young people as the third group of Tibetans to enter the school. The 30 finally accepted from the Lhasa, Xigaze, Shannan- and Nyingchi ar€oS at first sight rnight not have- looked like promising theatrical material. Years of physical labor from their early youth had left many with heavy, deliberate movements and pronounced stoops. Their educa- tional level was low, and many understood neither Han Chinese nor the standard Tibetan dialect. Former inlner Ileyang as Duobuji, who eventually played Duobuji as Juliet. Romeo. ' Romeo, uras a serni-Iiterate miner not yet 20. The future Juliet, :t.. .: Deyang, was then a l4-year IIEN asked today for the secret of their success, the students say that they owe it all to Xu Qiping and their other teachers. Tibetons Tockle Xu Qiping, who has trained many stage actors in his 25-year teaching career, claims that the students' Romeo ond achievements are due solely to Juliet their own hard work. Clearly, the teachers were conscientious and LU ZHENGJIA caring, and the students eager to learn. When the 30 young Tibetans moonlit garden, ,now, I a nightingale, speare. But about to graduate entered the institute in April 1977, fL 15g passionate vows of young from the Shanghai Theatrical they found a special curriculum lovers it is the familiar balcony Institute's special Tibetan branch, prepared for them. For the first scene -from Shakespeare's Romeo they had chosen as their senior year, primary emphasis was and JulLet. The first unusual thing play a work that is a real challenge placed on learning the Han lan- about this performance the is that for any student group. The debut guage, using materials specially Iines are spoken Tibetan in the triumphantly justified the students' prepared by the staff, and perfect- language. The second amazing choice, drawing not only popular thing ing their pronunciation of standard is the background of the applause, but also the enthusiastic Tibetan. By the end of the first performers. Only five years ago, acclaim of seasoned Shanghai year, students had learned 1,500 to these young people from the professionals and English-speaking 2,000 characters, and could basi- Tibetan countryside knew nothing observers. cally speak, read and write the of drama, much less of Shake- The transformation of thirty Han language. For the next three young people, mostly the children years, students took specialized of serfs, into polished theatrical courses posture LU ZHENGJIA is a staff member of in and stage move- the Nationalities' Cultural Department performers was a hard but ments, g5rmnastics, fencing, sing- of the Ministry of Culture. exhilarating process for the stu- ing, dance, recitation, and dialogue. 46 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS iuliet ctrtide: in hei ;iurilr Rorneo and Juliet mee t for the first time at the Capulets' party. Torn between hope and fear for the future The balcony scene. Plti,ro' llt Zhtttg Sltnithenq Romeo declares his love. Friar Laurence rnarries the lovers. To 'oroaden their knowledge and increase their ability to analyze and use theatrical techniques, the students saw a largq number of plays and films. Teachers gave the students individual music Iessons, even using their sPare time and holidays for this purpose. The students' primary task, of course, was learning to perform on stage. The teachers helped students acquire control over the pace and rhythm of their movements, to create particular gestures that would bring out the essential nature of whatever character theY were playing. Students were asked to observe human and animal behavior, to write essays on what they had learned, and to Perform exercises in which they conveyed Nima as Ju- Zhaxi trlunzhu inner feelings or states of mind liet's nurse. through outward actions. One of the most important tasks in training the students, Xu QiPing has said, is "to open the windows of their souls." Teachers tried hard to help students really understand what they were being taught, instead of blindly imitating their of the roles is for that "Each PlaYed teachers. Encouraged to think better than tue have ever done themselves, the students gradually them." imaginative expanded their his colleagues who saw sound, AIl of powers and deveioped a production congratulated Xu artistic judgment. the independent his exsellent cho.ce of In their four years at the insti- Qiping for students for being able to see a tute, the Tibetan students Per- potential -Romeo in a clumsY Young least a dozen full-length formed at miner, or an outstanding Nurse in Chinese and foreign PIaYS, includ- a farm worker. But the teacher The Unmarrieil CouPLe ing ' would not accePt the credit, Point- the five months of re- And then, ing instead to the fine qualities of Romeo and Juliet, arrd hearsal for the students their intelligence, the successful debut. their hard work,- their abilitY to learn quickly. He would talk about LfUaNC ZUOLIN, the famous Duobuji (Romeo), who, conscious -fI g6irr"r" stage director, found of his own PhYsical and vocal the performance "full of youthful handicaps, worked tirelesslY to vitality." "Excellent!" said an of- overcome them. Assigned PhYsical ficial of the British Royal Shake- exercises, he did them again and speare Company; he urged the again in his spare time. He was young troupe to bting the play $o out of bed each morning earlier London, where it'was sure to be than any of his classmates to warmly received. Other foreign practice the standard Lhasa literary critics were equally pronunciation instead of his own enthusiastic. Perhaps the most Xigaze dialect, And on ;q QiPihg talking about his impressive compliments came would Bo, Wu Qiping directs a rehearsal of the members the Shanghai students while they talked about from of - death scene. People's Art Theater, who agreed him. tr Photos bg Zhang Skuicheng NOVEMBEB 1981 49 Report from Anhui Team leader on ilew Contraot $ystem DENG SHULIN policies and rules to team members, and reporting their sug- gestions and demands to higher levels of government, A large part of his responsibili- \ ties invol.ve the collective welfare r'=d ''- of the team. Besides helPing to determine rational allocations of waier and buffalo, Chen leads team members in learnirrg and applying scientific farming tech- niques. He works out team as'- signments for coltrective undertak- ings such as farmland caPital construction, water conservation projects and sideline industries; according to the The Chen family is eating more meat rnat eggis these days. the tasks vary farming season. He takes a lead- ing role in educating families hygiene and birth control. E,-TORTY - SEVEN - YEAR - OLD the fields and do the work was a about -L' Chen Qixing heads a house- big headache. Every night I would When f amilies have difficulties hold of nine and is also leader of have to figure out what had to be completing their farm work be- the Shangzhuang production team, done next day and which team cause of illness or other causes, he Iluayuan production brigade, member would do what; otherwise finds ways of helping them. Langa commune, Chuxian county. workdays were a mess. Each Finally, he is frequently called Although our conversation covered morning we used to sound a bell upon to mediate famiiy and a vr,'ide range of topics, Chen to catl members to the field. neighborhood disputes. :'eturned again and again to the Sometimes nobody would show up Asked to describe what disputes new system" arose among team members, Chen "responsibility - even after the bell was rung under which individual house- twice.,, gave two examples. A member holds contract to produce cer- "You don't have to use the bell recently came with a complaint quotas tain on assigned sections any more, do you?l' I asked. that another member wanted to land, keep paddy of with the right to "No. Now each household works divert water through hls everything over the quota. (See out its own tasks and hours of field, which would have washed Responsibility the "Greater on work, and I don't have to keep away the fertilizer he'd just ap- Farm" in the October l98l China after them. But in some ways I plied. Another time, a member Reconstructs.) Local people are am busier than ever, and can con- asked permission to cut dor,l,n the obviously the delighted with centrate leadership production team's trees on the results. more on real tasks." ridges surrounding the paddy fields contracted to him because The Team Leadet's Job Chen went on to tell me some of the things he'does. At the begin- they got in the way of his work. "You asked me what a produc- ning of the year, he is responsible In each case, Chen had to find a tion team leader does under the for working out the terms for each solution that was fair to each new system," Chen said. "First household contract. He has to member and the production team 1et me tell you how it was before. keep track of overall team produc- as a who]e. Just assigning daily chores and tion oI grains, cotton, oils, pigs, The production team pays the getting team members to go out to eggs and poultry, and when neces- team ieader 100 to 150 yuan a year sary encourage households to ful- in salary for his services. The pENG SIIULIN is a staff reporter for fiII their contracted quota. Part of money comes out of the sums each China Reconstructs. his job is explaining government household turns in to the collec- 50 CEINA RECONSTRUCTS tive each summer and autumn them now actuaily_ exeeeds that of They can now afford clothes of harvest season aceording to the many urban workers. dacron and polyester, more durable amount of land they have con- and easier to care for than cotton. tracted for. A Better Life Also, Chen told me, last year he With the increase in income, the (Continued on p. 55) New Prosperity Chen family's life has improved in many A number of households have, ways. Chen's ancestors came from Henan province; his grand- Owned by the production tearn, this through their own hard work buffalo is shared amoag the Chen father left there during the under the new systerh, raised chao- family and three others. tic war years, and after wandering their income considerably. "#.\e+ Chen for soms time settled in the place Qixing's own famiiy is one of where the Chens now live. In his these. labor With a force of five, grandfather's and father's day, not the Chen family has in four years a single one of the thirty village raised its gross income as follows: households had houses of brick. 1978--1,331 Two houses thatched with moun- l97g-r,877 tain grass u,ere considered the best 1980-2,871 in the village because most people 1981-6.222 (projected) lived in more vulnerable straw- thatched houses. Now brick houses Chen outlined for me the cur- are being erected all over the rent sources of family income. village. They are contracted to work 3.4 The nine-member Chen family hectares of land. Last winter they now has two houses, one thatch- grew one hectare of wheat and roofed, the other adobe (which is almost two hectares of rape, cheaper but less enduring than selling 1,233 kilograms of rapeseed brick), but still need more room. and 1,750 kg. of wheat to the state, Let Chen himseif tell you about for an income of 2,048 yuan. They their building plans: "We've put Chen Qixin and his nephew joined have 2.8 hectares planted to rice aside forces to buy a walking tractor (which 2,000 yuan from our total can be hooked to a cart for transport). this sumn-rer. Because local water income to buil(i a three-room brick conservation projects built in the house with a porch and tiled roof. last 30 years insure stable yields ti This is something my grandfather L. .i:,: despite any drought or excessive and father dreamed of alt their rain, the Chens confident of 'B- are lives but never real.ized. The raising 9,000 kilos of rice to sell foundation is already laid, but the to the state after reserving seeds busy farming season intermpted for planting and family consump- construction. the tion. Other crops and domestic Right after autumn harvest, we'll tinish the i$.; sidelines will bring the total yearly job." income to the projected sum of ..6 One day was admiring the '".Ji: over 6,000 yuan, an increase of 117 I percent over last year. Chen's flock of geese, and com- Annual per capita income for mented that they were sure to the family of nine should reach bring a lot of money on the market. Chen proudly told me that the - 700 yuan, as against 319 yuan in ^ -i, rf't 1980. This is considered relatively geese would not be for sale, but for high for a Chinese working family, the family dinner table. In the past, peasants A rising living standard makes lf pos- and particularly for a peasant raised chickens, sible for the Chens to raise geess for family. The average monttrly in- ducks and geese mainly for eggs their own use instead of ior market. cor:oe of a state empioyee is now which they could exchange for Photos bg Xie Jun approximately 62 yuan. If a couple salt and matches at the store. They both work, family income would rar'ely ate nleat or eggs. With be double that, or 1,488 yuan per more cash, they no longer have to year. IJ they have one child, barter, and they also have more family per capita income would meat and eggs in their diet. be 496 yuan less than in Chen's When the Chen family and other family. Since- it costs more to live peasants go to work, they in- in the city, and peasant families variably wear old, patched clothes. grow much of their own food, the But I noticed that their clothes standard of living of the Chen for after u.ork and for holidays are family and ,other families like much newer and more fashionable. NOVEMBER T981 't,:i'Ir -,{i ing a long-heid desire to come to the mainiand. On the two-and-a-half day nonstop express train trip from Fuzhou in Fujian he had been de- Iighted to be seeing things he had read about as a child in school in Taiwan where he was born and grew up: the scenery of moun- tains and rivers, the famous bridge over the Qiantang estuary at Hangzhou, where his father had once attended an air force of- ficers' academy at Jianqiao- air- i field. As his train crossed the Changjiang (Yangtze) and Huang- he (Yellow) rivers, thrilled at see- Premier 7,lao ziyang and people's ing these two rivers which had National congress Standing- committee vice- chairman Liao chengzhi meet rruang zhicheng on .{u8xrst 26. xrnhua nurtured China's civilization he recalled the words of a folk song "Heirs of the Dragon" he had learned in Taiwan: "In ancient China there's a river called the Taiwan Filot Grosses 0ver Changjiang, a river called the Huanghe. ." ZENG SHUZHI and WEI XIUTANG "I passed through seven prov- inces and municipalities on my way to Beiping," he said later, us- UANG ZHICHENG, 29, former lights blazing and cameras whir- ing the name by which Beijing is major in the Kuomintang air ring. The applauding crowd in- still known in Taiwan, "and force who on August 8 flew his cluded representatives of the PLA everywhere saw simple, honest F-5f fighter plane over from air force and several other former people busy at their work. This Taiwan and landed at a Peo- Kuomintang pilots ple's who had "cross- has been an eye-opener for me Liberation Army air base ed over" to the mainland, among in province, and made me realize how great Fujian was ac- them Huang Youshou, Xu Tingze, corded a rousing welcome my motherland is." on Tang Shiyue, Yan Lei and Zhu August 17 when he reached He stood beneath the great gate the Jingrong, all now commanders in Beijing railway station, with klieg of Tian An Men, of whieh he had the PLA air force. "I have a lot always heard. He also visited the to learn from you," Huang said as ZENG SHUZHI and WEI XIUTANG Great Wall. The night before, are staff reporters for China Re- he shook hands with them. He said quite excited, he hummed to constructs. he was deeply moved to be realiz- himself the melody of a song Huang Zhicheng with former members of the Kuomintang air Meeting rnembers of the Chinese Women's Volleyball force Yan Lei (first risht), Zhu Jingrong (seconal right), and feam. Li Dan Huang Youshou (third right) at the Great Wall. Li Dan Y ?, ;,, -J... popular in the 1930s after the He was surrounded again when .trapnr:esr: invadeci China's nrirth- he visited the Ming Tornbs outside easrern provinces: "Gr:c-.at WalI, Berjing. A group of other visitors {-;}: {lieat Waii ! In my native recogrtized him ;rnd got out of tr:itae*: be3'c.nd you the sorghum theil rninibus to shake hands witir thrilres ard fragrant are the soy- him. beans. ." He said. "When I neacl His travels had made him atrout the Great Wail in school. I realize for the first time the great drearned of chmbinq it one day. , . difference between the two social l'cday ] realize the significance of systen:s. he told a rally in Beijing rhe saying: To be a good Chi- on Augusl 19 at which his ap- nese one must visit the wall. I pointment as deputy commandant hope the people on Taiwan will tle of an air academy was announced, ;ri:iu i.c r:;::te iifl.c sLrr:yt rllrlr." "and i fc'el thtr" ihe path I have He al"-qo clirnbeYang Chengwu wtro invited him for dinner and took hirn to a ball game. NOVEilBDR, 1987 ro:!et::',,ovE. *-The Adventurg of thg Amgrircan Pilot > zHol.{G zI seemed only a matter of moments I to meet Lin Zhan, a woman who before he'd be captured. had been an interpreter with the * But a sudden gust of wind blew East River Guerrilla unit. him over a small hill north of the airport, into Hongkong's New Ter- rnHE Japanese search f or the ritories area near Kowloon. He I downed pilot had seri<.rusiy ran desperately to seek a hiding hampered the activities r:f the place; this was still enemy guerrillas in the }longkong- territory, and he might be noticed Kowloon area. Search parties at any rnoment. Just then a young swarmed over nearby villages and boy appeared and gestured him to patrol boats effectively blocked the follow. The boy belonged to a sea route. The guerrillas determin- guerrilla band, but all Kerr knew ed to inflict some damage on the at the time, with Japanese soldiers enemy and rescue Kerr at the same Crrl,o0n by Lt, Kerr shows him para- closing in, was that he offered some time. The night of the attack, Liu chuting from his crippled plane over chance of escape. The boy knew and five other guerriilas disguised Japanese-held Hongkong. every hill path, and Ied the Ameri- as fishermen maneuvered two can by circuitous ways to a hiding fishing boats close to enemy patrol place in a valley. boats, attacked them with f first heard the story of the Having brought me to a place handgrenades and put them out of I American pilot over 30 years of relative safety, the boy slipped commlsslon. ago. on a star-filled summer night away to contact the partisans. Kerr Then they sailed cn to Hongkong, toward the end of the War of could hear enemy soldiers where they discarded their fisher- Resistance Against Japan. I was searching for him. Whenever they men's clothes and donned their stationed in the Lo Fu mountains, got near, he held his bri'ath. At second costume of the night Guangdong province, the head- dusk the boy returned with a captured Japanese uniforms. Liu- quariers of the East River Guer- woman partisan. The;,, brought and four of his companions slipped rilla base area. My friend Old He him food and a quilt, and into Kai Tak airport. They waited and I sat in front of the old transferred him to a safer piace. until the changing of the airporr" abandoned temple which then He stayed in the nei,t" hiding guard, when the enemy was least housed the base's newspaper the place over two weeks as enemy alert. Jumping the guards, theY Forward, for which he was a soldiers searched each nearby bound and gagged them and h:d correspondent. I{e had just return- village and field. Every day the them out of sight. With the helP ed from the front, and was fu]l of boy and the woman braved enemy of Chinese airport workers secretly the story of the American pilot, checkpoints to bring Kerr food and sympathetic to the guerrillas, they Lt. Donald W. Kerr. rebandage his wounds. One day poured gasoline over enemy planes Lt. Kerr was with the 14th U.S. the boy, though he had oniy fifty all over the airport, lit long- Air Force group in Guilin, cents to his name, used part of the running fuses, and got out fast. northwest of Hongkong, wher-e he money to buy candy for the Ameri- From the hilt opposite the acted as commander and instructor can. Kerr offered him fifty dollars, airport, the guerrillas and airport of the Sino-U.S. Joint Air Corps, but despite the boy's poverty he workers rn,atched gleefully as plane On February ll, 1944, he had led refused to take it. Kerr was so afrer plane exploded and burst into a fighter-plane bomber escort on a touched that he determined not to flame. As the flames lit up the raid over Japanese-occupied Hong- eat the candy, but to carry it with sky, the onlooker-s heard a sound kong. They encountered heavy him in hopes of one day showing like thunder. Right on schedule, resistance, and in an aerial dog this tangible evidence of unselfish the explosives planted by another fight over Kai Tak airport, Kerr's fribndship to his American guerrilla band had brought down plane was hit. With the fuel tank colleagues. the great iron bridge at Kowloon. on fire and burns on his face and One pitch-dark night a group of The guerrillas and patriotic feet, he bailed out. As his partisans led by "Black Liu" (his workers took advaniage of the parachute drifted down, he could guerrilla nickname) came to move Japanese panic and contusion to see enemy soldiers everywhere. It Kerr to a safer place. Kerr himself slip into the area near eneny never knew the whole story of that headquarters, where they destroyed ZHONG Zl teaches journalism at rescue; I myself learned it only equipment, inflicted a number of Guangzhorfs Jinan University. many years later, when I chanced casualties, and as a final gesture 54 CTIINA RDEOTIfItf EUETS pasted up anti-Japarnese Eebruary from the hands of the CONTRACI SYSIEM ofl deliance a posters. enemy, and eventually returned to (CantintLerl. from p. 51) As the guerrillas had hoPed. one my t>rvn base. I rnet some of you spent a total of 1,200 yuan for his result oI their nighr at"tack was personally to express rny ti:anks. son Chen Yifa's wedding. that the Japanese troops around But i knorv there were rnany peo- Then Chen l'arnily now has one Kou'loon were puiied back trr ple I did not meet who helped me bike, one watch and one radio, headquarters, Ieaving the waY free at the lisk of their lives. I can Chen plans to buy another bike. a Ior the guerrillas tc rescue L1 only write this letter to ail of you, watch and a transi-stor radio ft;r Kelr-. Liu and his cr.rmpar:ions tuok old :rnd young, tr: thank you for his wif e. All Lhe purchases. Kem by boat to the East River saving my Life and helping tne to however, art: ncrt of c(lnsumer Guetrilla Headquartcrs. ;rnd front carr5, on our eomrno[ struggle. goods alone. The fatnily is thinking there he rvas finall-v taken to his "China's heroie resistance is more and more about mechaniza- home base at Guilin. But beltirt acknor,t,ledged by the whole world. tion r>I farm work. l,ast year" he lelt the guerrriila irl'ea, he learu- We Americans take prlde in Chen and a nepher.,,' pooied their' ed a grcat deal about the Parlisans' lighting side by sicie with you" May moae\/ to buy a hand tractor life and the diificu'lties they faced' rve s1;rnd u,i1h you forever. in peac:c He \1ras intervierved bY the r.tr tL'ar " A f)ay's Boutine Forusard and honorcd at a dl'nnel' Almost a year" later. the East I visited Chuxian couniy during unexpectedlY given by the commander-in-chief, River Headquarters the busiest farming seasoni May 20 Genet'al Zeng Seng. Lin Z.han. received a heavy parcel from the to June 20. In this short tinre rice u'ho was his interpreter. recalis other sicle of the Facific. In it were seedlings have to be transpianted that the Lieulenant wils deePlY copies o[ an American magazinc to fields where wheal has jusi been impressed by errstYlhjng he saur. with an article by Lt. Kerr about reaped. Every morning before 11g. promised to trY t(] get them the guerrilla forces. He talked 5:00 Chen Ied his sons and claugh- badly needed medicine a,nd equiP about thelr bravery and resource- ters to the field to transPiant ment, and to teil their strrry to his fulness, their patriotism, and the seedlings. Chen's sister and oldest air foree colleagues ancl the f iendship they had shown him. He daughter came from their owll Arrrerican people urgerl Arnericans ever'yrwhere to homes to trelp. At 7:30 theY send the guerrillas medlcine'and sl.opped t'or a slmple trrearkfast of f N the June ll. i94'1 rssur ol' llrt' supplies, and American forces to rice porridge, fried ricr: and pickled l- F orrr:ord appcured a cal'tix)n cooperate with them. But even vegetables. The three schooi-age and a letti:r' sent bY Lt' Kcrr after befr-ire the magazine arrived. the children also had chores tr.r dcr his return to his orvn base" 14th U.S. Ail Force group was before they left for classes: the "'I'm Lt. Kerr. an Ameliclrn pilo1. using Kerr's repolts to irain young oldest fed the pig, the younger: I was lesctted bY Your [orees las1: piJ.<.its tr-r seek help from the ones chickens. ducks and geese. guerrillas if their planes crashed. The adults rested for a i;hort The story of Lt, Dnnald W" Kerr's res- time after breakfast, then worked cue, with c&rtoons he drew', pttblished ECENTLY I visited Be'ijing, and in tl're fields r-tntil iunchtime. This in the June 11, l94l F oru'ard, tht' f) gucrrilla basc nt'wspaper. ft n"a occasion 1o meet Zeng meal rvhich NIrs. Chen left the Seng, nciw retired from his post as fields- to prepare is the main Minister of Communications, and meal and more substantial- than the ,'L r a: iir i"q"" Chen Daming, once political com- other two. After an hour's rest, & 'r;l"liFryi:r.t :; i;: i 4 ts missar at East Rirrei'. When I they returned again to the fields, brought up the story of the where they stayed until the 7:00 American pilot, they remernbered or 8:00 p.m. dinner hour. Mrs. him clearly. They also hatched a Chen left the fields ahead of the fine notion: horv wondertul it others to water the familY vege- rvould be if Donald Kerr could table garden. return to China to meet the no- Despite their ten-hour workdaY, longer-young guerrillas he had the whole family sat around the once known, and the others whom supper table, ehatting and laugh- he had not met but who had played ing. But the new day would sLart a part ir: his rescue, I think it is very early, and cveryone was in a good idea too, and can only hope bed by 10:00. Chen told me, "It that Mr. Kerr reads or hears about won't be so hectic once this busY this article. Your story, Mr. Kerr, season is over. There'II also be a is part of the Iong history of slack season of several months friendship and cooperation be- af ter the autumn harvest, and. tween the Chinese and American we'il visit the commune headquar- people. You have many good ters or county town, browse in the friends in China who would be stores, see films and drop in on overjoyed to'"velcome you. tr relatives.' ' ! Consumption per lmprovements ln Living Standards capita in 1980: Since the Founding 224 yvon of the People's Republic (figure adlusted for inflation) 99f inxease over 1952 Food Grain per capita in 1980: 21 3.8 ke 8'2% increase over 1952 Pork per capita in 1980: Consumer Goods ll.l5ks Total number of iewing machines in 1980: 46.06 million 88.6% increase over 1952 1 out of every Edible vegetable oii per capita in 1g80: 2.3 ks Total number of bicyc'los in 1980: 9.8% increase over 1952 96..l 7'million 1.2 lor every household in cities out of every 3 households in countryside Sugar per capita in 1980: fotal number of television sets in 1980: 3.85 ks 9.02 million 320% increase over 1952 1 out of every 6.8 households in cities W** 1 out of every 53 households in countryside Culture ond Educqfion Film projection unrts Newly-published books per 10,000 people in lg80: per capita in 1980: 1 .27 4.67 increase 750% over 1957 244% increase over lgb2 tt+.r. r' of school-age children school students of college students personnel per lll,0ll0 in schoo! in 1980: per 10,000 population per 10,000 population workers in 1980: in 1980: e3% 578 s5o% 499l in 1952 increase ouer 1952 tlospita! lreds per '1,000 lnfant tnortality rate population in 1980: 2.O2 20 per 1 ,000 620% increase over 1952 139 per 1,000 in 1 Heqlth Cqre Doctors per 1,000 Average irfe sp:an in I population in 19811: (hased on partiai sratistics) 1.17 68 yeo rs "E-=]t k 5\o/o increase over 1952 57 years in 1957, L, F_) I {q' Sketches by Zhong Jian Eo rly Musrcsl lnst ruments {-rve Again YT SHUI .'fJ,,io,*S,1*".: the bel chimes had a seven-tone W ffi [*H " :T: scale system sirnilar to Western the furnishings of daiiy life in the systems, but unlike most Chinese tombs of monarchs and nobles, traditional music. Indeed, since their intention was to provide a the trells were lound to be Perfeet luxurious afterlife fc.rr thess very in tone and pitch after the long irnportant people. They could not centuries of disuse, theY have been know that the tornbs would be- used to play music of ali kinds - come ti.me capsules illuminating ancient and modetn, Chinese and the life and work oI the past for f oreign" people of today. Since 1949 a great number of archaeological excava- rn HE qing is a kiud oI percus- tions have revealed surprising I sion instrument made of things about China's past. Some stone. Pictures dating back to the oI the most interesting discoveries sione age have been founci showing concern ancient music, which r.ve people dressed as wild animals now know reached a high level of dancing to the beat of a hanging sophistication at a very early date. instrument which must be a qing. During the Warring States The earliest qirig discovered to period (475-227 B.C.). one of the d,ate, estimated to be from about most important musical instru- 2?00 B.C-, lvas found at Dongxia- A rich-decorated bronze drurn from county, Shanxi pro"'- (16[h-llth feng, Xiaxian the late Shang dynasty cen- cen- turies B.C"). ince in the late 19?0s. SixtY timeters long and of chiPPed stone, it has a hole in the toP bY which An er,'en more impressive 65-bell it was hung. When struck, it gives set was discovered in 1978 in the off a clear and melodious sound- Hubei province tomb of the Mar- A larger qing was recovered quis of Zeng. who died in 433 B.C. during the excavation of a tomb Sections of soprano! alto and at the ruirs of the Shaug dYnastY bass bells hung in three layers (I6th-11th centuries B.C.) capital were designed tor multi-part har- of Yin, at Anyang, Henan Prov- monies, and five musicians at once ince. An uneven triangle carved were required to play it. Frorn with the design of a tiger, the the instrument itself and the qing is made of white jade with inscriptions on it, experts have green markings. The same Yin One of the earliest musical instruments Iearned much about the develop- ruins yielded a jade qing of even discovereil so far a stone chime elaborate design, with (qing), tlating from about- 2?00 B.C. ment of music in that Period" more One interesting discovery u'as lhat dragons on both sides of the instru- ments was composed of sets of bronze chime belis suspended on '*'ooden frames. Each bell was designed to give a different note, and musical sequences were pro- duceci by striking them in turn with srnali mallets or sticks. More than 20 years ago a set of 13 chime bells was recovered from a large Han dynasly Henan provi-nce. The rnusicians carved tomb in in wood were bells and their lacquered wooden fountl in the tomb frame were in such perfect shape ot the Marquis of Yi's wife. Two that the national radio network are yu ployers, used them for its broadcast mark- three play the se, ing the new year. a z5-string harp. 5B CIIINA EECONSTBUCTS menl, and a wooden drum with airway, for example. between the Eastern Zhou dynasty (770-256 skin drumheads which had unfor- mouthpiece and the pipes). B.C.) was an expert player of the tunately disintegrated too far to Found in the same tornb, tiao, a kind of vertical flute" His be reconstructed. In f9?9. however. was a set of 12 real gru playi.ng attracted rare birds however. a late Shang dynasty pitch pipes and a group of lifelike first the peacock, then the white- bronze drum was found at a site wooden figures of musicians which crane! and finaily the phoenix, in Chongyang county, Hubei prov- included two Au players. The which was so impressed that it ince. The oval drum. measuring pitch pipe.s, each labeled w-ith the swept Xiao Shi and his wife off to 75.5 centinreters high and weigtring name of its pibch. have provided the palace of the heavenly 42.5 kilograms. lested on a four- valuabie evidence about the early irnmortals. legged base and was decorated Chinese tonal system. A variation of the rioo consisted with bands of raised studs and a of a number of such flutes tied design of clouds. rnHE sheng is a reed instru- together like panpipes, and called The Chinese saying "to pass f ment a bit smaller than the paixiao. The earliest examples of one's self off as a gtu player" re- yu, but with a bigger bowl. One this instrument uncovered by ters to an incompetent person who of the earliest sheng reeovered was archaeological investigation were pretends to competence. Accord- found in 1978 in the tomb of that found in the tomb of the music- ing to iegend, King Xuan of the same Marquis of Zeng who was loving Marquis of Zeng. Consist- Qi state (in the period of the the proud owner of the 65 chime ing of 13 bamboo pipes of varying Warring States) liked the sound bells. Made of 18 bamboo pipes of the yr.c, a wind instrument made with bamboo reeds attached to a of reecis. He especially liked to gourd, the whole instrument is listen to an orchestra of severai 20.5 centirneters high and is hundred Au players. A certain painted in black lacquer with a Nanguo, who couldn't play a single red and yellow design. note, maneuvered,his way into the Some sheng cast in the shape of orchestra because a musician's a gourd, bul made of bronze, have pay seemed attractive. He held been found in ancient tombs of the inst,rument in the proper way, people of China's present-day and lustily lVent through the minotity nationalities. They are motions of playing it. characteristically decorated with This bold deception lasted until animal shapes, one oI the most King Xuan died. His successor, eye-catching featuring a lifelike King Min, liked yu playing too, bronze ox with outstretched horns. but he preferred solos, and asked Like Orpheus of Greek legend, a each musician to play for hirn in Iegendary Chinese musician is said turn. Mr. Nanguo was forced to to have played so beautifully that flee, his ytr tucked under his arm, even the birds and the beasts were before his turn came up. Made of charrned. Xiao Shi. who was sup- Paixiao (panpipes) made of bronze from reeds with a gourd base, no actual posed to have lived during the the early Warring States period (4?5- samples of the 3ru of this period 221 B.C.). For centuries paixiao were a regular feature of military bands and have survived, but records indicate indoor musical ensembles. that it was widely u.sed from 500 A bronze sheng B-C. on, and actually originated unearlhed in Iun* much earlier. nan province re- tains the shape o{ length bound together with bam- A Au dating from the Han a gourd, from boo strips, the two pairiao were dynasty (2068.C.-220 A.D.) was which these in- in such good condition that one rtruments were unearthed at Mawangdui near originally made. ' could still be played. The tvt'o sets Changsha, in the tomb of the wife of pipes were adjusted to slightly of the Marquis of Yi. The bowl different scales, with a tonal range of this gru is made of wood an surpassing the traditional Chinese advance over the gourd construc-- five-tone scale. tion in which is fixed a tvooden Up to the end of the Han mouthpiece- with a horn rim. Pro- dynasty (8.C. 206-220 A.D.), the jecting from the bowl are 22 pairiao was one of the most im- bamboo pipes of different sizes portant wind instruments. Its with finger holes by which the simplicity and flexibi-lity made it rnusician pl.ayed different notes. indispensable both for indoor This Eu turned out to be a replica musical ensembles and for mili- made especi.aliy for the burial, an tary bands on campaign. It is exact copy of a real gru except that pictured often in Han dynasty it could not be piayed (there is no art. ! NOVEMBER 1987 59 KAIFENG: lnto the Anefiertt FatsetEsn TAN MANNT other consumer goods In €x- Zhao l{uangyin. r,vi.lo l.:.rcrrme M ?X"" J,Xil, fJ:r:il? ;iT, :i i: ploring the sites of the ancient Song Tai Zr.r. {irst (rnrf}rl'i}t' r;.[ '!.}.e try that makes Kaifeng different" painting. I found that on the loca- Song d.,wnasty, establishec.l strong from the other five ancient tion cf the "rainbow bridge" in centr"alized rule and put an cncj to capitals of China.* The feeling the painting, the tower of a tho fr'agmented lule ol locai gov- was vividly captured for all time chemical fertilizer plant ntlw ernors and wai'lords in central and in the famous 12th century scroll stands. Fi:om there a seven- southern China. This stabilized painting "Qing Ming Festival at kiiometer highrvay lined with society and promoted the economy. the Riverside" that has made the apartments f or rvorking people He made Kaifeng his capiial. city a place of attraction to leacis to the city proper. Bel-rind During the tirne the nine Northern historians and tourists. these housing projects are fac- Song emperors ruled there, hrrndi- For 160 years Kaifeng was tories one after another. craft industry capital of Northern and commerce the Song Half of the city's population are flourished. Brisker trade brought dynasty (960-1127). Described government as employees and work- handicraft production out cf the "matchlessly prosperous and ers. New housing for them totals closed workshop and into shops ' beautif ul," it was one of the 340,000 square meters. Many of opening on the street. It also world's most flourishing cities, the old-style houses built around a prompted the introduction of paper with a population of one million. preserved courtyard have been currency and bills of exchange Today Kaifeng still retains a and renovated. The lanes which known surprising amount as "convenient money'' , of the atmos- used to turn to mud on rainy days the lvorld's - phere of- the ancient earliest. There were capital. The have been paved to permit auto demonstrations original layout of the medieval oi rockets pru- access. pelled by gunpow.der town can still be traced. There a explosion. are the wooden-shuttered Nr-rtable achievements were ma 60 CHINA RECONSTEUCTS A landrnark in'Kaifeng, the 'Iron' pagoda dates from 1049 and takes its narne liom the color of its tiles- Tiles of this pagoda fearure musicians and Buddhas. Pota Pagoda. Kaifeng's oldest, built in 977 Every brick has a Buddhisr image. Fairs are still held on the spot shown in the DragonPavilion,usedtopayhomagetoQingdynastyemperorinBeijing,built painting, on ruins of Song and Jin palaces. Detail tiom 'Qingming Festival at the R.iverside' scroll, reproduced in embroidery, shows bustling life when Kaifeng was capital. J. e:" ,::l lRtricate carving even the temple bell Though this archaic iron rhinoceros at the The design of this early Yuan dynasty a specialty of Kaifeng Qing dynasty-is river was to guard against flood, the city was Yanqing Taoist Temple shows Mongol architecture. ruined by inundation several times. influence. 'a -. rl Fagoda and Pota Pagoda were visible. ..; Elistoric Ruins The 13-story octagonal Iron Pagoda, built in 1049, gets its name frorn the color of its glazed bricks. It is a landmark of Kai- i; &tr-. feng. It is a replica of a wooden pagoda previously on the site, un- der which were buried relics of the Buddha brought from India. i'l It had been desLroyed by lightning. T.'he Iron Pagoda survived the Ming dynasty flood, several strong earthquakes. and shelling bY JaP- anese troops in this centurY. In 1957 the Local people's government allocated funds for its renovation. Ll It was restored to its original ap- Front gate of the Xiangguo Temple. pearance, though its base remains buried in silt. The oidest extant structure in' feels the ancient painting has sion. Of the many tales that have Kaifeng is the Pota Pagoda, built come to life. grown up around them and been present rebuilt adapted for the stage, a favorite is in 97? on a terrace once belonging The temple was to the Po family in the souttr of in the 18th century. One famous Women Generals of the Yang the city. Only three of the orig- point is the thousand-armed FamLIy. inal nine stories remain; atop statue of Gttanyin, Goddess of piece Emb,roidery them now stands a tiny seven-story Mercy, carved from a single Paintings and Bian wood ginkgo tree. pagoda. About this there is a of the of the The Song dynasty is one of the on the site story" In the 14th century during The first temple most brilliant periods of Chinese the rule of the first Ming ruler was built in 555. A Buddhist painting. Famous artists from all Emperor Hong Wu there was a shrine known far and wide and over the country gathered in figh.t in the royal family about even abroad during Tang and Kaifeng after an Imperial who should succeed him. When Song times, it contained many Academy of Painting was set up the son of the emperor's eldest fine murals and magnificent hails there. The eighth Song emperor, son, who ha'd died, became heir and pavilions as well as rows of Hui Zong, gave painters high posi- apparent, objections came from meditation roorns for the monks. tions. Although his extravagance the other piinces, including prinee So famous was it that episodes in aroused the opposition of the im- Zhou of Kaifeng '*,ho also put in the famous novels of later times poverished people, he was himself a claim. Since many men had Pi,lgrimage to the West and Out- an accomplished pai.nter. His bird- ascended the throne in Kaifeng, laus of the Marsh are set in it. and-floweru't'orks and his cal- the superstitious Hong Wu felt Emperors often eame there to Iigraphy are considered national that there was some "imperial air" pray. Unfortunately it did not treasures. It was he who demand- in Kaifeng that enabled them to survive the Ming dynasty flood. ed that artists give attention to become emperors and he did not Some of Kaifeng's streets still minute detail. want Prince Zhou. So to curb the keep their ancient names, memo- In its use of detail, "Qing Ming Kaifeng "air" he ordered the top rializing figures in history known Festivai at the Riverside," a long six stories of Pota Pagoda, its to every Chinese. Bao Mansion horizontal scroll with many highest structure, pulled down. Street once was the site of the scenes, is' typical of the period. The small pagoda on top was add- home and office of the Song The artist, Zharg Zeduan, was ed in the following Qing dynasty dynasty Magistrate Bao Zheng, so a member of the Irnperial Acade- (1644-1911). Every one of the famed as an honest and upright my. This masterpiece, lost and outer layer of bricks of the orig- judge that he became a character recovered .several times, is now inal pagoda bears a Buddhist in many later operas. Yang kept in the Palace Museum in Bei- image. Though some of the Family Lake, one of the two in jing. A reconstruction of a Song figures are as small as a pumpkin front of the Dragon Pavilion, city built in Hongkong drew on its seed, they are still done in such memorializes the resistance of the scenes. detail that even the hair and eye- Yangs, a famous family of war- In keeping with Kaifeng's cul- brows are discernible. Here one riors who resisted the Jin inva- tural tradition, calligraphy, w-hich uoVnnieiiii r08r 65 from Kaifeng. Shigu (Nuns') Embroidery Lane near Xiangguo Temple was also very famous. Here nuns frorn the temple made t: and sold their work. But by the time of liberation the art of Bian embroidery so named for the Bian River which- once existed iq Kaifeng had been lost. In 1955 the people's- government called l,ogether seven women who knew the traditional skills and set them io studying and rediscovering the techniques and artistry of the ancient Bian pieces. Thus the ol S pecial Offer to S u bscri be rs Colored M"p o$ China To celebrate the 30th anniversary of China Reconstructs, we printing a colored map of the People's ftepublic of China with nds in Chinese phonetic spelling (100 G. offset paper, ?0 cm X 19 S*1. On the reverse side of the map is a list of place names in chinese phonetic spelling and in English, as well ai a map of the domestic air routes of CAAC, China's airline service. This rnap will be presented free of charge to atl subscribers in good standing as of January 7982. If You Are Not a Subscriber Become One Today To subscribe or renew, see form on insert page CIIINA EECONSTNUCTS Viewed through the mist across the two lakes fronting it, the Chinese Cookery yellow glazed tile roofs rise like a fairy palace. It rests on a 13- meter-high terrace covering the sites of the Song palace and $weet-and-Sour Garp with lleep-Fried iloodles residence of Ming Prince Zhou. A wooden pavilion u,as built there (Tangcu Liyu Bei Mian) in the Qing dynasty for officials to pay homage to the emperor in rFHIS famous traditional dish Cornstarch solution (1 cup water Beijing, hence the name Dragon I from Kaifeng originated in the mixed with 3 tablespoons Pavilion. The present structure imperial kitchen when that city cornstarch) was rebuilt in 1734. was capital of the Northern Song Scale and clean fish, keeping From the top of this pavilion dynasty one thousand years ago. head and taii on. Slash sides one can see the city's ancient out- It was often served at banquets, diagonally to the bone at intervals lines, including the Song imperial especially when f oreign envoys of 3 centimeters so that fish cooks were entertained the emperors. thoroughfare Ieading from the by through. Huanghe (Yetlow) River carp Dragon Pavilion which cuts Kai- Heat oil in skillet until it smokes was said to be the most tender of (about 120 degrees Centigrade). feng into two parts and extends aII fish, and the hair-thin noodles Add fish and deep fry two rninutes out into the suburb-s until it meets symbolized its whiskers. An ex- over medium fire. Remove skillet today's television transmission pert chef could roll and make a from fire and let fish fry in heat tower and the chimneys cf the kilogram of flour into thin noodles of the oil for one mirrute. Return powerhouse and chemical fertiliz- a thousand meters long. For skillet to fire. Continue this pro- easier preparation, in the follow- er plant. The lakes in front of the cess until the meat of the f ish ing recipe bean vermicelli have pavilion are used by the people changes color and is soft. Pour off been substituted for noodlei. The and reserve oil. Add scallicin, of Kaifeng for swimming and and then the fish is eaten first sugar, vinegar, soy sauce, sait, boating. noodles are dipped in the gravy. wine and stock to fish. Bring to a The area around the Xiangguo There is a saying, the dragon "Eat boil over a hot fire. Boil 3 min- Temple in the heart of the city has first and then hjs whjskers."- In Kaifeng this dish is made quite utes. Add cornstarch solution, one been a traditional gathering place a Move fish gently to sweet. The amount of sugar may third at time. for merchants and travellers since gravy be cut to taste. keep it from sticking until not to break the Song dynasty, and so it still is 2-lb. or 31,--kg. carp (grass carp, thickens, being careful today. It is the part of the city silver carp or other tender it. Remove fish to a platter. Pour which has retained the most freshwater fish) gravy over fish. Northern Song character" To the 25 grams bean vermicelli Heat oil in skillet until it buL into 20 cm temple fairs came storytellers, 1 cup sugar (or less) bles. Cut vermicelli lengths. Add vermicelli and deeP- acrobats,. puppeteers with their 5 tablespoons vinegar rice wine (or sheruy) fry till noodles puff up. Remove marionettes and huge shadow 2 tablespoons 1 tablespoon soy sauce vermicelli and heap on fish. Serve figures, fortune-tellers and doctors 1 teaspoon salt immediately. of herbal medicine. Ten thousand 1 tablespoon minced scaliion While the fish is being eaten, people could congregate in the yard OiI for deep frying the vermicelli is removed to of the temple. 1 cup stock another di;sh. Serves four. tr Today the lane west of it is the busiest market in Kaifeng, with vendors at one end selling cloth- ing, hardware and other goods for daily use, and food stalls, res- taurants and a cinema at the 1r northern end. There I also noticed h4"ei some elderly people listening ,] to two blind people performing lgcal folk ballads. In front of the temple were peasants hawking vegetables and fruits from their carts. tr NOVEMBER 1981 67 Subscription Campaign for 1982 (Yalid from Nov. 1, lgBI to Feb. 29, 1982) Subscriptions .for 1982 to the following periodicals are accepted Now TitIe Periodicity One year subscription rate Beijing Review (English, French, German, US$ s FF DM Japanese, Spanish) Weekly 13.50 6.80 57.00 24.00 China Pictorial* Monthly 10.00 5.00 43.00 18:00 China Reconstructs (Chinese, English, Monthly 7.80 3.90 33 60 14.40 French, German, Portuguese, Arabic & Spanish) Jinmin Chugoku (Japanese) Monthly 7.80 3.90 33.60 14.40 El Popola einio (Esperanto) Monthly 6.00 300 26,4A 10.80 Chinese Literature (English) Monthly 7.80 3.90 33.60 74.40 Litterature Chinoise (French) Quarterly 2.60 1.30 11.00 4.80 Chinese Medical Journal (English) Monthly, 39.00 19.20 168.00 72.00 China's Foreign Trade (Chinese, English, Bimonthly 9.80 4.80 4L.40 18.00 French & Spanish) Women of China (English) Monthly 7.80 3.90 33.60 14.40 China Sports (English) Monthly 7.80 3.90 33.60 74.40 Social Sciences in China (English) Quarterly 26,00 12.80 112.00 48.00 China's Screen (Chinese, English, Spanish) Quarterly 4.00 1.90 16.80 7.20 , China Philately (English)*" Quarterly 4.00 1.90 16.80 7.20 Notes: This price list is suitable only for E[rope, North America, ocednia. Eor other areas there are lower subscription rates. **New periodical starting publication in 1982. *Available in Chinese, Arabic, English, Frenrch, German, Hindi, Italian. Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Rumanian, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Urdu. A1l these periodicals are exported to all parts of the world by GUoJI SHUDIAN. Souvenir for subscribers: A fine Chinese painting calendar of 1982 for evbry subscription. Special rates for subscriptions entered during the Campaign & for 2-year or 3-year subscriptions. Gifts for subscription-introducers: Book-tokens (wi.th which to get Chinese publications free) or other articles. How to subscribe: Readers abroad are requested to enter their subscriptions at local agents or write directly to GUOJI SHUDIAN, P.O.Box 399, Beijing, China. Readers in China (including foreign or- ganizations, embassies, experts and students) are requested to enter their subscriptions at post itfi.es all-over China. 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It takes us from Suzhou to luxury liners, you can truly see China first- Yangzhou through Jiangsu Province and its hand. F-rom Shanghai to Chongqing you visit sorgeous cities, \\Iuxi Yixing, Changzhou and manv sights along the shores of China's lon- Zhenjiang. Life on the canal is exciting, ever gest waterway, The Yangtse River, the high- changing and a perfect way to get a look at life Iights of which are the Yangtse River gorges. as it rs lived in China today. Either rvay, please contact Lindblad Travel at any of these locations. LINDBLAD TRAVEL, !NC, 2010 Swire House I Connaught Road Central Hong Kong B C C Telephone.(5)263-356 Telex.66]51 LINDBI-AD TRAVEL, INC. LINDBLAD TRAVEL, INC. LINDBLAD TRAVEL, INC. VIVBE INTERNATIONAL 8 Wright Street, PO Box 912 92 Montague Mansions PO Box 5067. FDR Station ARAI Building Westport, CT 06881 USA London W1H1LF, England New York, NY 10022 USA 7-7 Honshio-Cho Telephone. (203) Telephone. Telephone: (212) 751-2300 Shinjuku-Ku 226-4189 01-935-4208 .160, Telex: 643443(WU) Telex: 912 881 Telex 234980 Tokyo, Japan Telephone 03-357-0241 Telex: 24840 HUANG WENYAN Lesson 11 Beijing Weather E*, tfr &A F 4+;*A +#? ir A, &x- t1 &xH- nL T WAng ZhEn: NI zEnne chuiin de zhlme ildnb6? M6i I6ng, ddngtiSn de ylfu tu6 bu Wang Zhen: You why wear such thin(clothes)? Not cold; winter's clothes take not # t f+ #J &xf,r Tt, + ahl, *s*, lk ,l* ddrilat hdu yidiln-,*. de ytfu? xiir IAi, dEng nuinhuo qll6i, hEn kuii bring thicker a bit clothes? off, wait warm up, vtry soon EB 4F, &4, a * tE v,(if, 4 ,-rt i.* T" ,kX- & Lini: M6iydu. Wd lAl Zh6nggu6 ylqiAn, y6u iin r0 le. Qi[tEn chAng -&,yixi6, Lina: Not have. I come China before, have then hot. Autumn longer somewhat, /.* +ifr;/\" +B &X- -1 4*" f ,t. fr- fir n rdn giosu wd Zhdnggu6 ddngtidn b6 qihdu ylr6n. Chiin Si[ tEn person tell me China('s) winter not^ weather pleasant. Spring (and) autumn days i( ;+, E X, *-, j( l.&, tr *.&. a4< :tL T y,{. tii lEng, xiitEn yE bt tii r0. chuiin jiAyl, m6oyt iii' kEyi. too cold, summer also not^ too hot. (are) wear lined jacket, sweater all right. as, lt, f tr *.qrr>,utr ,t"t" EF {flIs, *x. tr t+z ;ii xf,r WAng ZhEn: Dul. Zhdnggu6 dirbifen diqE chtzii Lini: Ddngtiin chuin shdnme ytfu? Wang Zhen: Yes. China('s) most part areas locate at Lt-na: Winter (one) wear what clothes ? iLiE F, trk frf ofrrl a*, 4x. fr a*-tfiR FT b6iwEndli, dinshi y6uyri llngti Wdng ZhEn: D6ngtiin zui lEng shi Shlshi llngxii north temperate zone, but due to territory Wang Zhen: Winter most cold is Centigrade zero below jli;E, *w, t"m E+ lk f _L E_ t-8, fi* r li{okud, g} di qthdu chiyi hEn shl w[ dt zu6ydu, xiiyAo chujin vasto each place('s) climate difference very 15 degree about. Need wear t" ibfr k t, )V.fr, r+ % *& ri.* *fr &. dn. BEiitng shi zii blifdng, hdu nl diryl hudzh6 miAnyl. great. Beijing is at north, thickwoolenovercoat or cotton-paddedjacket. *X lrY' hn -* ,+ tR fr, tN.& k zn*, ddngtiiin bi ndnfiing yAo l6ng -&,ylxiE, NI kln, xiAnzAi shi chiiddng, winter compare south willbecoldersomewhat, You see, now is early winter. YY. #. rb x- 4+ b! &fr" 9 " *. r kfr *fr &, bi d6ngb6i ydu nulnhuo de du6. v6 chuEn de shl b6o miAnyl, compare northeast warner much. (what) I wear is thin cotton-paddedjacket. EF#F, d" E-i^ fr* tl A &xEr sa{..q.Ftr linl: W6 ylngeEl zhlnb&i sh6nme ytfu? zil l6ne Mi yAo chuin hdu -&yixlE Lina: I ought prcpare what clothes? Furthercold still will wear thicker somewhat at, lb,t w + zn 4'l fr|, 4. -F F L4E il* WAng ZhEn: BEijlng si jl f6nmftrg, sinyu} dilo de, Mi ylo chuin mdokir hudzhE Wang Zhen: Beijing('s) four seasons distinct,^an, March to (clothes), also will wear woolen pants or nn fr, +x-, * I"fr.t E-x. *t,*" wtryu& shl chiintiiin, shljishAng chiintiiin miAnkt. May is spring, in reality spriru cotton-padded pants. ly< +fl, arf anh i6. lg< tF 4{F El f . +A /L {r *F €'*,4r hdn du[n, y6u shl sdnyudfdn h6l hEn Lini:, ' Wdiitn, sh&rtAor yE dOu xiiyAo ma? very short, sometimes March still very Lina: (Are) sca4 gloves also all needed? 70 CEINA RECONSTNUCTS overcoat or cotton-padded jacket. Look, now E*, ts ffi*,rg Er^l fr w-i-, itis earlywinterand I am wearing athinly-padded WAng ZhEn: Ddu xiiyio, bigud shinli y6u nulnqi, jacket. When it becomes colder" I will wear Wang Zhen: Both need. But room inside have warmair, something thicker and wool knit underpants or cotton-Padded Pants. lknflfi", T. * hi, hn Lina: Will I need a scarf and gloves too? hdn nu[nhuo, bt xiing ndnfdng, nAnIEng Wang Zhen: Yes, both are necessary. But it is warm inside very warrn? not like south, south as we have heating, unlike the south where fllffi. i\-#" there is gencrally no heating. yibdn-dt,tfr- m6iydu qinuAn sh0bOi. Lina: How hot is it in the summer? 35' C' generally have no heating equipment. Wang Zhen: Thehighestternperture is usually around Of course one wears thin clothing. It is cooler EF*nl{, H-X fr ? l.{ t in the momings and evenings. The hottest Lind: Xr'drtiin ydu dud ri? period does not last long. Lina: Summer have how hot? Lina: It looks like I need to prepare more clothes for e*, fr6 ?Ets iAF f-z+"LB- winter. lVAng Zh6nl Zul gfla wEndir t6ngchdng shl sEin shl wi dir Wang Zhen: Highesttemperature usually is 35 degrees t-8, I f* fr_ F +-&. Notes zu6 ydu, diingrdn shi chuin dinyt. l. Showing comparison. about, ofcourse (are) wearunlinedjacket. a. Comparisons using bi rb. +F fic aft,L !b+r. ,f,R, Ddngti[n Bdijing bi n4nfdng l6ng. * X- lt, fi Zloch6n h6 winshang bijiio li4ngshulng, vY,#ti i+. Moming and evening comparatively cool, (In winter Beijing is colder than the south.) f"l.l! frqr Ft 16l + fr &. Ddngtiin Biijing bi ildngbdi nulnhuo. + X- it fr zui r0 de shljifin bing bU ch[ng. bL#,ilU,&fe" (In winter Beijing is warmer most hot time really not long. than northeast China.) b. Comparisons using yixiE and yididn nE{nF' ft *, 4X- fr41 &xF- +i" 4. -& Lini: KAn I[i, ddngtiiin de ylfu w6 h{i - ''5*' Lina: Looks (like) winter clothes I sti Il .d small difference is shown with yixiE -& '* S ?E# (somewhat) or yidiin .*,€. (a bit) after the yiro ziri zhinbCi -&.yixiE. adjective" Examples: need further prepare some. dnildi hiru yidiin de Yifu. ffi*.tr:,At &XR (bring warrner clothes), Translation qifitidn ch6ng yixiE dllnf.-4 (autumn is a longer.) Wang Zhen: Why are you wearing such thin clothing? little qualifier Haven't you brought any thicker clothing along? These words can also be used as Lina: No. Someone told me before I came that in with the bi tV form. China ir is not very cold in winter nor very Ddngtidn Bdijing bi n6nfdng trEng ,vixi6" +X- hot in summer. (In winter, Beijing is Wang Zhen: It's true that rflost of China is located in the north lbf,lt #1V)+-{-" t temperate zone. But because of her vast terri- somewhat colder than the south). tory, the climate differs greatly in different W6 bi td g5o yidi[n. ,\rb,ft E-,*." places. Beijing is in the north, so it is colder (I am a bit taller than he.) than the sor.lth in winter, but much warmer than With de dud after the adjective shows northeast China. ,+ f big difference. Lina: What kind of clothes should I prepare? Wang Zhen: The seasons are well defined in Beijing. Spring Ddngtidn BEijing bi ddngbEi nu[nhuo rle du6. time is from March to May, but actual spring is YY.i, )u&lc4+ ? +nibfr " very short. Sometimes it is still very cold in (In winter, Beijing is much waflner than the March and one cannot take ofl one,s winter northeast.) clothes. When theweathergetswarmer, it becomes - hot very quickly. Autumn is somewhat longer 2. Approximate numbers with zudyoir :!f . and the weather is pleasant. It is all right to Placed after a number it gives the meaning of wear jacket only a iined or a sweater in spring 'about that number.' and autumn. drshi tidn zudydu (about 20 days) Lina: What do I wear in winter? =l XLB Wang Zhen: In winter the lowest temperature is about 15. C shiw[ dir zudydu -ffr-E-LE (about 15 or bblow zero. You have to wear a heavy woolen r" degrees Centigrade) NOVEMBEB I98I 7'L MA XUN rf\HE dahlia, a popuiar flower in the flower was introduced into Although China and Mexico are I China, comes originally from this country only in the present geographically far apart. the the high plateaus of Mexico and century. climate in China's southern regions Central America. Somewhere in Dahlias are adaptable and easy is simi-lar to that in many places the early 16th century, Mexican to raise they can be reproduced in Mexico. This facilitates ex- flower-Iovers moved the wild plant by seeds,- cuttings or root separa- changes of plant life, which have into their gardens. In the 18th tion, and blossom in all seasons of become more and more frequent century it migrated to Europe, and the year if planted at regular in- in recent years. Mexican wheat, then to Asia. Horticulturists have tervals. Today they are seen in sisal hemp and safflower have today developed about 7,000 varie- Chinese parks and private gardens, settled down in China, le ties of this handsome flower. and in pots or vases in people's Chinese medicinal herbs such as China has more than 500, although homes. And Chinese dahlia growers licorice and Baikal skullcap and have given them such descriptive indigenous flowers such as the names as Tea Flower, Red Velvet, camellia and rhododendron have MA XUN is a staff member of the Bei- taken root in Mexico. D jins Botanical Institute under the Yellow Grated Radish and Ancient Chinese Academy of Sciences. Golden Palace. Ph.otos bg Jiang Non Everyday Expressions (2) What are the four seasons ? Complete the following sentences: l. dEnbd thin, single-layer (of clothing), 2. +,4 (l) 6taF s- thin' and weak 4bXt+r*F*!trI.* (2) +x.6i xn64.n- F 44 4& chudn de ddnb6 wearing thin clothes 3. Change the following statements into questions: hl{+fl shEnti dinb6 thin (in body) (l) * iii. + E i* 4\LE 2. rl t}l lifokud vast t #*f " (2) 'f,j!f L* :1['4 }t. lidokuir de t[di vast land ,+. Lt *J\.+i. ftf 4. Read the following paragraphs: tud take off E nX. $ Ai.&ng- tud yifn take off clothes f tr *.+Fr\,UtrAEJb,Efi, 4x.[*.)+, + ni,+L tu6 xi6 take off shoes ER&r*.1,{, P ftfrf 4fi -Lr1Lq, *N.-1"4*. A+ 4 trkk" I 4. trr\ yir6n pleasant, delightful ffi. i"4€trr! qihdu yir6n the weather is pleasant )L,1 *-E)V.i, &RrU rhi it- E, ru- #. JL r- tt # lhE k jingwir yir6n the scenery is delightful w-t"44 ? lufrE- +hts[, z fl ,'l.L n k*_x, )L : " a- ,,fr, 5. wEndir temperature n 1{ Il .&- rii *. rI R ,. € ,iL ,i-)LT v>\ l E- t - . #- 4' * ,( " wEndir geo temperature is high E tr iBA*r,ljfi. LEL-E, 1 ifrE-A ExF *&, #6 Ra+ )t, iflE-4f* wEndi di temperature is low CE f,"l'{ 6t rt l;1 * l< " +nfi.6{. *T'f L E- i- t, **+ tr,lc*.t\,^ ,i.*fir(, ,6 -L g' * F L4 )t Exercises ii.*fttE + " *. L Answer the following questions in Chinese: ,bfr e'h6 \\E-i!-*, ffi u\ 4' x- E t s fif< tr- f (l) Give a sentence describing the weather. fioo H 72 G} CIIINA NECONSTRUCTS