On the Continuity of the Palaeolithic and Periods Author(s): Allen Brown Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 22 (1893), pp. 65-98 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2842113 . Accessed: 14/06/2014 14:42

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From the PUBLISHER.-Marriageand Disease. By S. A. K. Strahan,M.D. 8vo. (Kegan Paul, Trench,Triibner, and Co.) London,1892. pp. viii,326. English-Italianand Italian-EnglishDictionary. By B. Melzi. 8vo. (Hirsehfeld.) London,1892. pp. 608. From thjeGOVERNMENT OF .-Statistics of the Colony ofNew Zealand for the year 1890. Fol Wellington,1891. pp. 391. From GEORGE W. BLOXAM, Esq.-The OjebwvayLangaage. By the Rev. Edward F. Wilson. Sq. Tt. Toronto,n.d. pp. 412. From the ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES DE CRACOVIE.--Rocznik Zar- zadu. 1889. Pamietnik Wydzialu matematyczno-przyrod- niczego. T. 18. Rozprawy Wydzialu matematyozno- przyrodniczego. Ser. ii. Tom. 1, 3. From the BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENTOF SCIENCE. -Report, 1891. From the GEOLOGISTS' ASSOCIATION.-Proceedings. Vol. xii. No. 6. From the EDITOR.-The American Antiquarian. Vol. xiv. No. 1. - Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana. Tom. vi. N. ll e 12. Nature. Nos. 1165, 1166. - Revue Scientifique. Tom. xlix. Nos. 9, 10. - Science. Nos. 469, 470. From the AUSTRALIANMUSEUM.-Records. Vol. i. No. 10. Froni the ANTHROPOLOGICALSOCIETY OF BOAIBAY.-Journal. Vol. ii. No. 6. From the ANTHEOPOLOGISCHIE GESELLSCHIAFT IN WIEN.-Mfittheiluu- gen. Band xxi. Heft 4 bis 6. Froni thie DEUTSCHE GESELLSCHAFT FUR ANTHEROPOLOGIE,ETHNOLOGIE, UND URGESCIIICHTE.-Archiv fairAnthropologie. Band xix. Heft 4. From the ROYAL GEOGRAPHICALSOCIETY.-Proceedings. Vol. xiv. No. 3. From the ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGR.APBICAL SoCIETY.-The Scottish Geographical Mlagazine. Vol. viii. No. 3. From the ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.-Journalof the Proceedings. Vol. i. No. 8. From the SOC1MTE D'ARCi?OLOGIE DE BRUXELLES. -Annuaire. 1892. From the SOCIETY OFANTIQUAr,IEs.-Proceedings. Vol. xiii. No. 4. From the SOCIETY OF ARTS.-Journal. Nos. 2049, 20D0. From the SOCTETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY.-Proceedings. Vol. xiv. No. 4.

Mr. J. ALLEN BROWN read a paper on "'The continuityof the Palheolithicand NeolithicPeriods." VOL. XXII F

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Prof.RUPERT JONES,Dr. H. WOODVWARD,and Dr. EDWARD B. TYLORjoined in the discussion,and the Authorreplied. A paper by the PIev. JAMIESMACDONALD on " East Central AfricanCustoms " was read.

On theCONTINUITY of thePALMOLITHIC and NEOLITHIC PERIODS. By JNO. ALLEN BROWN,F.G.S., &c.

19ntroductory. IT has been generallyassumed that a break occurredbetween the periodsduring which this country and, in fact,the continent of Europe was inhabitedby PalkeolithicMan and his Neolithic successor,and that the race or races -ofPaleolithic folkwlho hunted the elephant, rhinoceros, bear, hippopotamus, reindeer,urus, bison, &c., were completelyseparated as by a chasm fromthe agriculturalpeople, the herdsmenwith their oxen and sheep, and the tillers of the soil of the so-called Neolithic epoch,implying that man in Britain had changed suddenlyfrom a low savage huunterto a half-civilisedfarmer and drover. No physical causes,no adequate reasons have in fact ever been assignedfor such a hiatus in human existence,certainly the geologist can offerno evidencein support of it. Some writers?have stuggestedthat the man of the drift period was entirely exterminatedby the better-armedinvading Neo- lithicrace; others suppose him to have become extinct like the tichorinerhinoceros and inammoth,but why he should have fared worse than the reindeerand other creatureswho survived,it would be hard to imagine. The originaldivisioll of thestone age into twodistincet periods may howeverbe accounted for; in the firstplace, up to the time whenM. de Perthes and Dr. Rigolletmade the discovery of the earlier relics of man, the was only represented by polishedcelts and the markedhighly-finished chipped specimenis;these formeda strikingcontrast with the rudely- fashionledpoilnted and oval implementswhich at firstwere found,and fora long timewere the only driftforms believed to be of hunian origin. Gradually,however, other tools and implementshaving their analoguesin the Neolithic,or surfaceperiod, were met within

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the driftgravels and brick earths,and as the contentsof and rock shelterswere exanmined,it became evident that they wereaccumulated at differentperiods, and with minor excep- tionslong afterthe depositionof the oldest valley driftof the Tharnesor the Somme. Anotherreason nmaybe foundin our want of knowledge, untilcomparatively recently, of later Quaternarygeology- .e. of the origin,formation and sequence of the deposits which followedthe deposition of thehigh level implementiferousdrifts, suchas the brickearths, head and rubble,and otheraccumula- tions which bring down geological evidence to the historical period. The inivestigationsof ProfessorPrestwich and others have thrownmuch lighton tlle depositsof later date than the riverdrift, and withthem, as will be seen,the relics of man are associated,tooether with evidence of the gradual extinctionof someanimals and the retreatof others. Withthese changes came alterationsin the typesand formsof stoneimnplements, and if thelatest are comparedwith the earliest formsthe differenceis very striking;but wlhena large series fromdifferent levels ofvalley drift and eaves,and fromthe surface is studiedthe evolutionof the illorerecent from the olderforms is apparent,and a continuityis evidentbetween thema all. The supposed break in the continuityof the stone age in this countryis bridged by the discoveryof inmplementsof later Paleolithic type and of others wbicihfrom their formmay be regardedas of tranisitionor intermediateage, in som-lecombes and dry valleys associated with deposits of chalk anid flint rubblein parts of Sussex, as well as with other accumulations and formationsto which I shall referas being of mnorerecent datethan the high level river drifts. The gradual change in mammalian life which appears to have accompanied these higherstages of the stonieage will also be considered. The French aind Belgian geologists,whose countrieshave affordedthem much bettermaterial for studyingthis question than we have in England,are divided in opinion as to the continiuityor otherwiseof thePalaeolithic anld Neolithic periods. M. G. de Mortilletand M. Cartaillbaeamome others lhave asserted that a great break exists betweenithemii, when the subjectis consideredfrom the three points of view of etlhnology, pahleontology,and workmanshipwhile MMtI.d'Archiac, Quatre- fages,Dupont, Joly,Lazalis de Fondouce,and manvyothers, have statedthat there is evidence of continuitybetweeni these so- called epochs both as to the fauna and also as to the gradual advance in skill and knowledg,eof the fabricatorsof stone weaponsand tools. M. Jolv assertsthere is a direct filiation between the ruder worknmanshipof the St. Aclheuland other F 2

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high level drifts and the more skilled handiwork of the Neolithicperiod. AlthoughI shall have occasionto menitionother localities in which implementsof Paleolithic type have been discovered,I wish to drawspecial attentionto the valleys and combesat and in the vicinityof East Dean, near Eastbourne, Sussex, as a districtin which during the last few years flintimplements have been found(associated with othersof later date) whicb,if they had been met with in river driftand thus acquired the usual gravel-stainedsurface, would have been undistinguishable frommany of the riverdrift specimens.

The districtof East Dean is in a deep chalk valley with a gradual slope from the village of that name to the coast at Birling Gap. The valley widens in severalplaces between the sea and the village,and severalnarrow transverse valleys lead into it, the generaldip of whichis also towardsthe sea. The high chalk hills forman importantwatershed to these lines of drainage. At Birling Gap thereis a low cliffabout 25 to 30 feet hiigh, throughwhich a cutting leads to the beach. The section at this spot has the appearanceat firstsight of an old riverchaninel extendingabout 350 or 400 feet in the cliff. This effectis however not due to ordinaryriver action, but, as will be seen later, to the agencyto a large extent of undergrounidwater wllich, penetratingthe adjacent hills, finds its way mostly beneath the surface to the East Dean and the othervalleys connectedwith it, and obtains an outlet in the rubble deposits alid chalk at BirlingGap. The sectionat the Gap shows the followingdetails:-At the top or the surface,of the land are brokeniflints anld beach stones with occasional pebbles of old rocks intermixedwith aril- laceous and chalkymatter forminathe soil. Benieaththis is a veryirregular deposit of flints,some of which are broken,but the greaterpart is comiposedof a compactnlass of sharp and unalteredflint nodules intercalatedwith lightbrown calcareous rubble,the componentparts of whichare sliglhtlyrounded by the action of water passing,througlh it; in soine places it lhas a lenticularstructure and the deposit has all appearance of bedding,but it is in appearance only. The aogregatedflint depositdescends into a bed of yellowishbrown slightly roulnded chalk rubble in irregulartongue-like and contortednmasses endingin scatteredflint nodules intermixed with the calcareous debris. Underlying,the curiouslymassed depositof flintsand chalk

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rubble,the latter extendiDgto many feetbeneath, is the solid chalk,in whichthe whole formation rests as in a troughextending up the lowerslopes of the hills on each side. It is evidentthat the massedflint nlodules once formedpart of the layersof flints now seen in the high cliffto the east. It is throughthe calcareous rubble and flintdeposits as well as the solid chalk beneath,that the waterfinds its way to the sea and the drainageof a considerableextent of the adjacent country is effected. In the upperpart of the irregularmass of flintsas well as oil the surfaceof the land in this alid the neighbouringvalleys have been found implementsof Palaeolithic type to which attentionis n1owdrawn. The nodular bed varyinoin thickness,extenids up the valley to the village of East Dean, and is also foundin the valleys which are connectedwith the main outlet. It has a depth of morethan fivefeet at East Dean Church,but is thickerin other places. Coveringthe aggregatedflint and chalk rubblebed as already mentioned,there is generallyan argillaceousdeposit which in some places is a meretrace, but oftenattains a thicknessof 3 or 4 feet or more. This is the result of the long continued denudationof the hills,or matter broughtdown by rain and snow water. Intermixedwvith this are the remainsof an old driftcontaining flint shinglewith many flattenedpebbles, of rocks,foreign to the locality,such as diorite,old sandstone,&c., whichprobably were deposited at the same time as the boulders and pebblesof old rockswhich are metwith at Selsea alndmany otherplaces on the southcoast, ProfessorPrestwich has sugg,estedthat these erraticswere transportedby ice passing fromthe North Sea throughthe Straitsof Dover at thelatter part of the glacial period,and not by coast ice driftingfrom the coast of Brittany,which some geologistsbelieve to have been connectedin later Quaternary tiirmeswith that of this country. He includesin the "rubble drift" series: "lst, the mass of angular detrituisand rubble forming,the head overlyingthe raised beaches; 2nd, the beds of angular gravel anidloam on hill-slopesor projectedinto the plainsat theirbase and notreferrable either to marine,fluviatile, or glacial action; 3rd, the trails of gravel not referrableto riveraction in subsidiaryvalleys, ending at theirjunctionl with themain valleyin a fan-shapedspread of graveland brickearth; 4th,the basementgravels of mostvalleys and the stanniferous gravel of Cornwall; 5th, trails in some valleys of blocks of foreignorigin; 6th, slight irregular scatterings of angular debris,clay, and loanmor brick earth olnthe sides and at the

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.205 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:42:22 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 70 J. ALLENBROWN.-On the Continuity of the base of hills; 7th, the ossiferousbreccias in fissures of the limestonesof Devonshire and South Wales," and he regards them as having probablybeen formedafter the depositof the raised beaches of the South Coast, &c., whichbe considersare " contemporarywith the lowest and thereforewith the newest of the fluviatiledrifts of the valley, anid consequentlythat highlevel gravelsare olderthan thebeaches.!" ProfessorPrestwich believes the rubbledrift series, as above 'divided,to have been formedafter a periodof submergenceof shortduration, "the submergedland was again raised-niot by one continuousmovement but by a successionof upliftsmore or less rapid,with intervals of rest or slow movement." This, he says," would produce on the slopes on all sides of the hills of the submergedarea divergentcurrents which swept down the loose de'briswith varying rapidity and forvarying distances." He does not overlookthe effectsof denudationand ice action but this precededby a lonlgperiod of time the introductionof the rubble drift," whichwas the resultof agenciesindependent ofand subsequentto any visibleexhibition of ice action." " That the disturbanceindicated by the rubble drift was accompaniedby a changeof clinmateis shownby the circumstancethat whereas during the timneof the raised beaches stub-glacialconditions obtained and northernfaulla survived, the depositsimmediately followingthe rubbledrift exhibit no glacial charactersand both fauna and floraare of species living at the presentday." The rubbledrifts have a wideinland range and to this series is in part to be referredthe " head " of De la Beche,the sub-aerial detritusof Godwin Austen, the angular flint gravel of Murchison, as well as tlle "trail" of J. 0. Fisher and the "warp" of Trinimer,&c. I am unable to agree with ProfessorPrestwich in regarding the depositsof chalk rubbleand head as the effectof subrmer- gence with more or less rapid episodes of upheaval,and, like Godwin Austen and other geologists,think sub-aerialaction will accountfor many of the rubbledeposits and detrituswhen accelerated by the cold of the later part of the glacial period and the atmosphericcondition of great humidity which probably succeededit. Mr. ClementReid believes " that the erosionof the valleysin the South Downs and the depositionof the eroded inateriai in the formof widespreadsheets of angularchalky detritus resulted fromthe fall of summerrain on a shatteredsurface of chalk rendered impervious by freezing during a winter of Arctic severity."2 ' Q.J-GG.S.,vol. xlviii,part 2. 2 "cPleistocene depositsof the Sussex Coast," Q.J.G-.S.,vol. xlviii,p. 2.

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The valleysat and in the vicinity of East Dean owe their origin,in my opinion,to a large extent to the action of under- groundwaters which fallinig upon the surfaceas rain and snow sink intothe porouschalk; and only to a verymoderate extent findsits wvayexternally on to the lowerground. In alludingto such valleysas that at East Dean, withegress to the sea, Prof. Prestwichhas said lines ofpernmanent water level are produced at the base of the hills, variablQwater levels above, and tem- porarywater levels near the higherparts of the ground,and whichare the cause at timesof the formationof bournes. "Under these conditionsof the proximityof the permeable strata to the sea, as the inland undergroundwaters are always maintainedby the rainfallin the body of the hills at a level higherthan the sea level,the hydrostatic pressture" "tends constantlyto forcethe freshwater outward and to staythe influx of the sea water,thus causinga permanentflow of the inland water seaward where it escapes as springsbetween the tide levels."' As he pointsout, these lines of undergrounlddrainage are lnotlevel overthe samne area, but vary according, to the unequal densityof the chalk itself. Thisprobably accounts for the unequal depositionof flintand calcareous rubble, as well as for the differelntphysiographical featlires of the same locality. The second agentwhich jointly with the flowof subterranean waterto the sea has caused the erosion of the valleys and the accurnulationof the harder material is carbonicacid, which is con- tainedin rain and snow water.2 It is generatedalso in crenic and humusacids. The effectof this solvent is to carry offin solution the carbonateof lime in the chalk, leaving a small residuumof earthymatter; a certainamount of fine calcareous matteris also no doubt conveyedin suspensionor mechanically. As a result of these agencies,the chalk is removedand the flintsremain, the permeableand soluble chalk is withdrawnand carriedto the sea,and thestrata of flintsare let downand massed togetheras the work of erosion is continiued. This effectis verynoticeable at Birling Gap, where in the high cliffto the East the horizontallines of flint nodules are seen in their originalposition, while beneath the concretemass of flintsin the valley may be observedthe subangulardiscoloured chalk rubbleappearing like an old river bed in the cliffs. I have enteredas fullyas the limitsof this paper will allow into the relativeage of these depositsas in it is involvedthe age of some of the specimensI have to describe. Althoughgeologists may differas to the cause of the rubble 1 Prestwich's" Geology,"vol. i, p. 164. 2 At ordinarytemperatures water will absorbits own volume of carbonic acid, but at 320Fahr. nearlv twiceits own volume.

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.205 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:42:22 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 72 J. ALLENBROWN.-On the Continuity of the and otherdeposits before miientioned, they all aoree in regarding themas of post-Glacialage, and as formedafter the deposition of the high level riverdrift of the valleyof the Thames,&c. We mightvery well therefore,with ou t thediscovery of the implements of the old formsat East Dean and in the otherdry valleys and combes,regard such deposits as likely to contain flintiimple- mentsof a periodintervening between that of the old riverdrift anidthe age of polishedstone. It is of imriportanceto note that the pointedand otlherimple- mentsof older driftform have been discoveredin the comiipact mass of flintand chalk rubbleat East Dean, as well as on the surfaceof the ploughedfields, and withthem have beenifound instrumentswhich seem to be of intermediateforimis between the old and new stoneepochs, associated with others which certainly belongto a laterperiod. The formationof a cornbeor valley by these agencies must necessarilybe a veryslow process,even thoughit mayhave beeil accelerated by semi-glacial conditionsof climate and other causes; the time -necessaryto remove the chalk above anld betweenthe originallines of flintsand aggregatethem into the unstratifiedmiasses in the upperpart of which the implements of Paleolithic type have beell discovered,must have beei great, and may be to a certain extent comparablewvith the erosionof a valley by ordinaryfluviatile action and its infilling withdrift. Mr. Stephen Blackmore,who is employedon a farmnear BirlingGap, has foryears devotedhis spare time to the collec- tion of flintimplements from the district; he is a manpossessing considerableknowledge on the subjectas well as great natural intelligence,and has assuredme that he not onilylias obtained specimensof Paleolithic type fromthe upperpart of the bed of flintsin the East Dean Valley, but that he has also foundthem in the CuckmereValley, and elsewherein the vicinity,under similarconditions.1 That there was in late Quaternarytimes a period during whichmuch of the South Coast was depressedbelow sea level is known; it is demonstratedby the raised beaches at Brighton and elsewhere,and that it was followedby an uprise and the formnationof rubble deposit,in which remains of the extinct Quaternarymammalia have been found,is gellerally admitted.

I It appears hardly necessaryto say that these implementswhich tit is suggestedmay be oflate Paleeolithicage mustnot be confoundedwith the far more ancient implementsfound by Mr. Hilton of East Dean on the ridge 350 ft. O.D. at Friston,which if not of the Plateau age, cannot be of a later epoch than that of the river drift gravels west of Southamptonand the IForeland,Isle of Wight, describedby Mr. Coddrington,&c.

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Durinothis period of slow upheaval,and for a time afterwards the present seaward valleys extenidedmuch furtherinto the Channelthaii theydo now. The subterraneanerosion of these valleyshas continuedin action ever since the last uipriseof the land,and would have beenin partsynchronous with the formation of the chalk rubbleor " Elephant bed" at Brighton. It is probable that the Palaeolithicimplements discovered just beneathand on the surfaceat East Dean, and in otherdry vTalleysand combes,have been preserved by the superficial deposits of argillaceous chalky matter,resulting from the denudationof the adjoining hills,which, though it may have been in part carried away by streams in verywet seasons,has yet been sufficientto coverthem up in manyplaces in the same way thatthe compactbroken flint and nodular bed lhas itself been preserved. There are severaldry valleys in Kent as well as Sussex, ill which Palaeolithicimplements have been discovered, amonlgr whichmay be mentionedthe valleys in the chalkat West Wick- ham,described by Mr. GeorgeClinch: theywere fouindon the surface" associatedwith a stiffochreous clay," and manyof them werepartly, or wholly, stained with that deposit. These imple- mentsare ovoidand pointed,or tongTue-shaped,and thereare also " some intermediateforms."' " Neolithic" flintrelics lhavealso been foundin the sanmelocalities. The chalk in these valleys is brokenup into a ruibbleand mixed withpebbles, and ochreous clay; the valleysat West Wickham have probablybeen partly formedby the action of undergroundwater as at East Dean, and the implementsof old iormswere preservedby the same kind of depositsas in the latterlocality. The valleysat East Dean, and in other parts of the chalk countryof Sussex and Kent, musthave been occupied by maii fora verylong period. The out-cropof flintsfurnished hiin with the materialfor his work,and he settledin such places, and fabricatedhis tools and weapons of flint,which were probably distributedby way ofbarter with distanttribes. That this was the case is shownby the elnormousnumber of workedflints which have been foulndin the valleys and on the slopes of the hills. The fieldsare literallystrewn with flakes and brokenpieces mingledwith naturallyfractured flints, and they are constantlybeing turned up by the plough. Amongthem are specimens,which, if formis to governtheir classification,may be properlydescribed as interinediatebetween the later Paloeolithicand the period of polished stone. The numberof ground celts foundbears no proportionto thechipped I G. Clinch," Arch.Cantimna," vol.xiv. " Proc. Soc. Antiq.,"II, Sectionxi, 161 et seq.

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.205 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:42:22 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 74 J. ALLENBROWN.-On the Conttinutity of the specimels,of which very large collections have been made,' thoughthe well-definedPaleolithic implementsare also rare as compared with those whiich appear to be of transitionand later date. The extremelyrude mannerin which manyof the implementsfrom the South Downs, near Eastbourne,have been chippedhas been noticedby Sir J. Evans. Among the specimens of Palaeolithictype found at East Dean and its vicinityare the poinitedforms, some of whichare chippedall over,and a fewhave been met with in which the smootlhpart of a nodulehas been retained for use in the hand; bothare comparablewith the same formsfrom the river drift; others are oval, chipped all round the periphery; they were probablymounted with a withe,as double-edgedaxes, and with them are thick heavy ovoid implements,another driftform, as well as othersof Palkeolithictype. One specimenshould be speciallymentioned as showingthe probable continuotusoccupation of thesevalleys fromthe late Palkeolithicinto the Neolithic period. This is an earlydrift implenmentwith thick ochreous surface,refashioned in later Palaeolithictimes. It is a large,probably a brokeniimiplement whichhas been reworked,but so as to retainthe cumbrous butt; the point,although rechipped,is characteristicof the earlier period. The newerchipping has a whitepatina, like mostof the otherspecimens from East Deaniwith which it was found. The work in mainyof the specinmensis neater than the generalrun of driftimplements, though among,the latter are frequentlyfound implements of pointedtype which are beautiful examplesof flintchipping. Many of the implemeiltsof most ancienttype appear to have an older surfacethani those which are undoubtedlyof later date. As I have alreadymentioned, there are filt weapons and tools which appear to be of transitiolior "Mesolithic" forms, betweenthe above alndothers which are of distinctlyNeolithic age. Amongthe formerare the or celts; these are neatly chippedall over,alnd were evidentlyused like theirPalaeolithic prototypesfrom the drift,for fixing in clubs; these more advanced axes have been founldin the lower ground (mid terracegravel) at Acton,at the level of 50 ft. O.D., at Poitou () at the same relativelevel. I have siinilar specimiiens dredgedfrorn the Thames,and Mr. Lawrence has axes of the like formnin his collection. Other examples may be found in the EthnographicalMuseum (Pitt Rivers' Collection)at Oxford, fromShrub Hill, Norfolk;many other recorded specimens could 1 Mr. R. Hilton of East Dean has made a large collection,and I have to thank him as well as Mr. S. Blackmore forfurnishing me with specimens, some of whichare here represented.

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be cited. Rough hewn axes chipped over the entire surface, pointedat the apex and workedto aniedge at the otherend, are so muchlike some of the axes fromnthe drift, it is doubtfulwhether theyshould be classedamong the driftforms or those of inter- mediatetype-several of theseare figuredin Sir J. Evans's "An- cientStone Implements." Thereare also amongthe East Dean specimensdouble-edged axes whichappear to be of transitionage and are similarin formto a large specimen now exhibited,dis- coveredinthe brick earth,threeor four feetfrom thesurfaceatIver, Middlesex,and chipped fiat oval implenmentsapparently more advancedthan those fromthe drift,also large convex and con- cave scraperswith coarselyworked edg,es. Several heads formedfrom flakes, with a workeddepression on each side ofthe buttsfor the purposeof securingthem to the shaftshave been metwith; theyare all made alike and certainlyshow a slight advance upon the spear heads discoveredby me at the old workshopfloor, or workingsite, of the later Palaeolithicage in highlevel gravelat Acton,where a large numberwere found- thereare other spear or lance heads fromEast Dean, which correspondclosely with some of the latter,i.e., flakes trimmed at the pointor sides only. The axes with a stop-ridgeor hump which have been met withat East Dean are,perhaps, more truly of latertype, though thisform is representedin my collection by coarsely worked specimensof the like shape fromthe driftof Suffolk,showing, the continuityof the same design. In order to show that the same formsas those from the valleysof Sussex occurin the riverdrift of the Thames valley, I have placed upon the table in juixtapositionwith them a series fromthe latter; most of them would be undistinguishable, exceptthat the surfacesare mostlywhite in the one case, and stainedby contactwith gravelin the other. A numberof implements of the moreadvanced form of double- bladed foundat East Dean, &c.,show a furtherdevelopment ofthis ancientweapon, which had its originin the driftperiod, or earlier. In these later types there is a wide depression workedbetween the two cuttingedges, evidently for the recep- tion of the bent branchby which theycould be hafted. It is remarkablethat the haftingof a stone with a bent or split bough,to formain axe or hatchet,or held in the double coil of a withefor the like purpose(in the same way that a blacksmithl uses a hazel branchto hold his punch at the anvil) shouldhave been originatedin the earliestperiod of man's history,and have been continueddowil to our own days among existingsavages (such as theAustralians, some tribes of NorthAmerican Indians, &c.), and lilce certain formiisof life, which in distant epochs

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weredistributed all over the world,are now found only as sur- vivals in isolatedplaces. That this miiodeof ,was con- tinuedfrom the Palholithic into the Neolithicage is shown by the factthat a groundcelt was discoverednear Oxfordwitlh the decayedbent branch coiled round it-it is nowin the kslbmolean Mtuseum. The same kind of axe is figuredon some of the scuilpturedDolmens in Brittany. There is no doubt that the club with the lnaturallybrokeni stone,or later, the cllipped stone, and still later, the rounDd ,shows the like evidenceof ancientorigin, and of contilnuity into the presentday of anotherform of axe or hatchet. Two seriesof specimensare now exhibited,showincr the evolution anidcontinuity of the two formsof axes fromthe Plateau period, throughthe Drift and intermediateor Mesolithicepochs into the age of metal. GeneralPitt Rivers was the firstto draw atteiltionto the originand evolutionof manyweapons and tools in a series of valuable papers elaboratelyillustrated published in 1867,' in one of which he showvsthe gradual evolution of the modern ironaxe fromits prototypein the earliestStone age. Flint punches or knapping tools and hammer stones,mucth batteredfrom use, are oftenfound at East Dean, &c., and the latter,as pointedout to me by Mr. Cunnington,are not simply sphericalpebbles, but such rolled stonesare selectedas have ani axis in a definitedirection; they have a regularlyrounded surfaceat one end whichis comparablewith the rounded end of the flakinghammer of a Brandongun flintmaker, while the other,if nlot alreadyadapted for uise in the lhand,is slightly trimllmedfor that purpose; larger cylindricalstones have also been mietwith which have been worked at one extremnityinto a flator plane, which Mr. Cunningtonhas suagested may lhave beeinused as small anvils. I have found stones in the drift whichhave a flatsurface, showing sundry " bruises" whichmay be accountedfor in the same wvay;the of the driftare generally,however, of quartzite. Small and largerhorse- or thumb flintsare of frequent occurrencebut theyare notgenerally so smalland neatlyforme(d as mostof the specimensfound on the surface. Most of the few groundimplements which have been found have been chipped after they have been polished; whether this arose from an indispositionon the part of the makersto devote the time and labour whichwere necessaryto regrindthem, or withthat con- servativeclinging to old ways and customs,which is common to all savages,they reverted to their old method,it wvouldbe 1 " PrimitiveWarfare," by Colonel A. H. Lane Fox, now GeneralA. H. F. Pitt Rivers," Journ.Royal Unit-edService Inst.," 1867-8-9.

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hardto say; in the lattercase it would be indicativeof the art of grindinghaving been but recentlyintroduced. A largenumber of coarselychipped rudelyspherical imple- meiltshave been found,about two and a half to threeinches in diameter,which exhibit no abrasionwhatever and the like forms hiavebeen discoveredat Cissbury. They appear to be too large forsling stones, which there was, in fact,no need to make, as the stonieson the beach would have betterserved the purpose. Oval weathered beach-stones,probably intended for this purpose,have been foundat Cissbury,where the samiiekind of globularchipped implenments have also been mietwith. It is difficultto assian a use forthem; it is probablethey may have beeniemployed when coveredwith skin with a thong attached as a kind of bolus,or securedin some way to a shortstaff like the " morningstar " of mediaevaltimes, or even as maces when firmlyfixed to the end of a short club; in either case a very effectiveweapon could be easily constructed. The great differencein the patina of the implementsaild flakesfrom East Dean is a noticeablefact. Some of them are porcelainisedto a much greaterdepth than others,and thougl theyare generallybleached there are specimenisin which the surfaces have sufferedlittle or no alteration. The greater antiquityof some of the specimensseems to be indicated not onilyby the greaterthickniess of the patina but in the pittingys or sligrlhterosion of the surface seen in some of the older speciinens,an effectprobably due to such solventsas humusor crenicacids actingduring a loing,period. Almost all the relics of humanhandicriaft appear to have becornmeentirely bleached beforethey have beeniscratched by the plouah or other agyri- culturalinmplenment, but some specimenshave a peculiarrubbed or scratchedappearanice, as if theyhad been used forplanishing or smoothing. Mr. E. H. Willet discovered a pointed flinltimplement of Palaeolithictype weathered white, and with a slight patina in the combe rock pit near Portslade,near Brighton,associated withthe teethof the elephantand a tooth of rhinocerosticho- rinus. It was foundat thedepth of 15 feetfrom the surface,and is describedas being,very like some of the implementsfrom the Somme.' Of the deposit in which it was found Professor Rupert Jones says:-" Two uneven jagged lines are seen to traversethe chalk rubble mass. These may be produced by wateraction, but the fainiterline above may be referableto infiltrationof surfacewaters." Anotherwas found near East Witlherincgwith bones and freshwater shells; the age of the depositis, however,doubtful. ' Dixon and Jones' "Geology of Sussex."

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As the fauna of the rubblebeds, liead, &c.,is an inidicationof the age ofthe flintimiplements which have been foundassociated withthem it is of importancethat these,the last accuinulatioris sincethe period of the highlevel riverdrift, should be considered. Fossil bones have been foundin the flintand rubbledeposits in the valley of East Dean and also at Cuckmere,but they have not been recordedin any publication. At severalplaces at and in the vicinityof Eastbournethe remainisof Quaternary mamnmalshave been also discoveredin calcareous rubble and flintdeposits. Dr. Maintelllias describedthe bones of hippo- potamus,mnammoth. and deer fromthat locality. In digging the foundationsof the Town Hall at Eastbourne similar dis- coverieswere made; the CaldecottMuseum there contains many speciimienls. Murchisonrefers to the discoveryof Elephas at Wiggenholt. Whether,as ProfessorPrestwich suggests, rubble driftsare in part Jlueto semi-glacialaction or not' it is evident,as he says, thatthey have been formedafter the depositionof the raised beache,s,and theirdeposition must have proceededsynchronously withthe later stag,esof the erosion of the valleys. A well-knlown instance of the formationof detritus,composed of calcareous rubbleand flints,is the thickdeposit above the elevatedshingle at Brighton. Accordingto Dr. Mantell it attains a thickness of from50 to 60 feet,and in it have beenidiscovered the bones and teeth of Elephas primigeniusaind Rhinoceros tichorhinus low down in the deposit,and at various depths,Equus fossilis, E. plicidens,Bos, Cervus,Asinus fossilis (Owen), &c. Dr. Mantell mentionsthe discoveryof a similar assemblag,eof fossils at Patcham in the same kind of rubblebed. Murchisonrefers to the teethof the mammothas being foundin the lower ground of the cliffrange (80 to 110 feet)at Folkestone,in a detritus of broken chalk and flint,and alludes to the exhumationof portionsof the tusks of the same animal frombeneath 15 feet of the like deposit in the lower part of the cliff towards Shakespeare'sCliff, near Dover. In the valley at the back of Dover castle and at the depth of three or four feet fromthe surfaceI have foundflint flakes intermlixed with chalk rubble. To show the continuitybetween the Quaternaryand the exist- ing,fauna found in such calcareousdeposits, I iiiaymention that theremains of red deerhave beenfound under the like conditions near the barracksat Brightonand also at Copperas Gap, near Hove. Many other instances show the varied characterof the mammals which have been discoveredin beds of chalk rubble and flints. It is unnecessaryto refer to deposits of rubbleand head out of the chalk district,in which the remains 1 " Q.J.G-.S.,"vol. xlviii,p. 2.

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of Quaternaryfauna, &c., have been discovered. The contemn- poraneousnessof Man with the formationof the mud deposits (of Dixon) at Thorney,Selsea, Bracklesham Bay, Bognor,Little- hamptoln,Worthing, &c., in which remains of mammothhave been found,is generallyadmitted. It is indisputablethat manyof the now extinct Quaternary animalslived on into the periodwhen the rigoursof a glacial climatewere succeeded by moretemperate conditions; that some ofthem existe(d even into historictimes will be seen later. The flintimplements discovered at BirlinlgGap and otherplaces, carry the sequenceof the Stone age fromthe driftperiod into that ofpolished stone. The flintinstruments found on the surface and in the old irining,shafts at Cissburyare in many cases similar in type to thosefound at East Dean, and, as GeneralPitt Rivers and others pointedouit many years ago, a large numberof implementsof the same formas thosefound in the drifthave been discovered in these ancient excavations. Others which I have obtained fromCissbury appear to be of intermediatetype; no polished specimenishave been foundin the shafts,though a ground axe has been mnetwith on the surface,which is probably of later date. The remainsof urus are said to have been found in one of the pits with wild boar. It is probablethat theseflint mines are much olderthan the fauna discoveredin themwould appear to indicate. Comparativelyfew of the shaftswere re-excavated. The bones buriedin themwere notnumerous and manyof them wereno doubtentombed at dates farmore recent than when the earliestshafts were sunk by the flintworkers. In the old minilngworkings and manufactoryat Spiennes in described by MM. Briart, Cornet,and Houzeau de Lehaie and also by Rev. Magens M ello,we havea similarassen- blage of implements. Althoughsome of the specimensare care- fullychipped into shape none of theinpresent, as the lattersays, "the wonderfullyelaborated fornmsand the delicacy of the Neolithicweapons, &c., from the Danish tumuliand theyprobably belongedto an earlierstage of the Prehistoricperiod." Polished implementsare rarelymet withthere, and such as are foundare oftenrechipped showing primd facie evidenceof a retrogression, "whilst thereare a fewwhich bear a resemblanceto the river driftforms, broad at one end and pointedat the other;" others are like rudelychipped axes of the Danish kitcheblmiddens. The formerappear to me to be of transitionor Mesolithic type and takenin conjunctionwith otheraccumulations of the Stone age, thereseems to be a direct filiationor derivation,as M. Dupont suggested,between the implementsfound at Spiennes, and the like forms,with the remotelyconnected drift specimens

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foundin the gravels,which the later people penietratedto reach the chalk in theirsearch forflints. TTheworkinig sites at Pressignyle Grand,Charroux in Poitou, aild maniyothers, furnish the same kind of evidence.

Evidenceafforded by Cavesand Roc7kshelters. The contentsof caves and rocksheltershave furnishedremark- able evidcenceof the continuityof the existenceof man in North West Europe,if theyare studiedcollectively; buit when they are consideredinldividually that evidence is notso apparent,although, as in some instancesto be noticedlater, tnere are caverns the contenltsof which appear to show theyhave been occupiedcon- tiiiuouslyby Pakeolithic people as well as by their so-called Neolithic successors. Caves have been inhabited by man tlhroughouta vast period,and it is veryunlikely that the same cave or rocksheltershould have been continuouslyoccupied into the later stoneperiod. Man of the latest or polishedStone Age had ceased to be a troglodyte,he built houses of wattle, earthl,and large stoneswhere he could get thena,anid he fortified the hill tops withramparts and fosseswithin which the tribes withdrewwith their cattle wlbeii in danger,and he raised chamberedtombs covered witlh earth over the dead; the most we can expect to findin caves and rocksheltersis evidence of man's existencebetween the later stages of the driftperiod and of that whichimmediately succeeded it, anidthis is exactlywhat we generallyget in such old sites. Beforethis subjectis considered,however, it would be well to markthe progresswhich had been made in the driftperiod itself. The oldestimplements in the highlevel rivergravels are eitherformed from nodules, naturally broken stones,or coarse flakesstruck offwithout any method; very often they have sufferedmuch abrasion,and oftenhave a thickochreous patina; these are alwaysfound near the bottom of thedeposit. Whereas in the uppermostpart of the beds of the high level drift,the weaponsand tools are often formedfrom neatly made flakes skilfullystruck off a p}reparednodule. Long spear-headflakes afterwardscarefully trimmed-effective borers, scrapers, both concaveand convex, worked in double curves or with a slant at the point like maniypen-knives of to-day,axes and otherimiiplements, are thus produced;the tools and weaponsare differentiated,and contrast with the simple combinedtools and weaponsof the earlyPalaeolithic folk. Human progressis particularlymarked by the discoveryof an improvedmethod of workingthe material. A vast period elapsed beforeman discoveredthe way to strike offlong thin

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.205 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:42:22 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Pctlceolitiicgand Neolithic Periods. 81 flakes;to prodtucethem, the nodulelhad to be firstprepared and shapedas the gun-flintworkman prepares hiis blocks of flint,and in detaching,tlle lonlgflakes the same skill as hle shows had to be employed;any one who has tried to make long flakes will knowhow difficult it is to do so withoutadoptinlg, the sanme method of strikingand using the roundedhammers, &c., with which he works,instead of whichsuitable stolnes mnust have been selected in the Stone age forthe same purpose. The flakestlLus struck off,were thiinnedat the butts,and couldbe trimmedand securedto shaftsas ; this thinning out at the butt could only be producedby well-directedblows immiiediatelybehind the point of impact of the last flake. Knives and other implemiientscould be formedin a similar way. Uindersix feetof deposit at the higherpart of Acton I dis- coveredon a " Workshopfloor " an assemblageof such spear heads and othertools and weaponsall formedfrom flakes, and I have foundthe same in many places in the Thames Valley two or tlhreefeet beneath the brickearth, whiclh appear to correspond ill age withthose fromthe old working,site at Acton.' Such trimmedspear-head flakes often six inches in lenigth, pointed by secondarywork, are exactly like the stoinespear heads of the nativesof the AdmiraltyIslands, Australians,&c., and theyshow a greatadvance in effectiveniessand skillbeyond the coarselyworked nlodule or rude flakeof themen of the early driftperiod. In some of thosefound at CreffieldRoad, Actoni, an approachto a steniwas observablein manyspecimenis. Mr. Pengelly in his investigationsat Kent's Cavern,has alluded to the advanlceshowin in the implemenitsformed from flakes and those mnadeby workingon the nodule, and it is importantthat this advance in the method of workina flint should be alluded to beforecolnsiderino the contentsof caves and rockshelters,as it is invariablyobservable in cave deposits of laterPalaeolithic age. Caves and rockshelters,&c., have beeniclassified, for the most part,according to the relativeantiquity of the osseous remains foundin them. Many of thx less ancient of these dwelling- places would niotlhave lhad so higlhanl antiquity assigned to them but forthe occurrencein themof the bones of the mammoth, bisonreindeer, &c., the absenceof whichis are supposedto mark the close of the Quaternaryage. If the flintweapons and tools containiedin some of the caves in the Dordogne had been met withat or iiearthe surface of theground in Englalnd,or had been dredgedfrom the Thames,they would in thiscountry have been includedwithin the linmitsof the Neolithic period. It may be I See " Pa1ea:lithc Man in N.W. Middlesex,"&c. J. Allen Brown. VOL. XXII. G

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useful to quote M. Lartet'sdivision of the life periods of the laterQuaternary mammalia into fourdivisions based upon the extinctionor disappearanceof certain species which has been generallyaccepted, with the exceptionthat according,to some Englishgeologists, the rhinocerostichorhinus should be placed in the oldestlist.

I 3 4

Ursusspelaus I lephasprimigenius1 Megaceros 7iberni- Bisonl pmiscus. Iya,enaspelcea Rkhinoceros tfieto- cus. Bos primiqenius Felis spelea thinus Cervus taracndus. (Urus). With these outgoinggroups should also be consideredthe graduallyincreasing numbers of the existing fauna, the wolf, fox,hare, badger, brown bear, &c., but it is moreparticularly in the survivalof the last two divisionsalnd the manmmotlhinto a later periodthan what is generallyunderstood as thePalaeolithic Age, thatthe continuityof man's existencecanl be shown. Kent's cavern contains hunmanrelics associated with the remains of mammnalsextending over an enormousperiod. The stages of humanprogress, as indicatedby flintimplements, are markedoff by calcareousdeposits which leave littledoubt as to theirrelative age or of the sequence of the animalswith which theyare associated. In thelowest or breccia deposit and crystal- line stalagmite,were found flintimplenments of the old drift type,and like the earliestdrift specimens, they are formedfrom nodules rudely chipped into the requiredforms. These are associated with the remainisof machairodus,the , (Uirsutsspelmits) and traces of Felis spelaa. Those of later date discoveredin the cave earth above the breccia deposit were formedfrom flakes and were very numerous,and of a highertype; withthese were reniains of the cave hyaena,wolf, fox, glutton,badger, cave, grizzly,and brownbears, rhinoceros, horse, urUs,bison, Irish elk, red deer,reindeer, mammoth hare, &c., the cave hyaenabeing, as maybe expected,the domiinanitform. For the figuresof theseimrrplements formed from flakes, see " A. S. Implements,"Figs. 390, 391,392 (the latter figure,as Sir John Evans says,is not uinlikeimplements of the surfaceperiod), 393, 394, 395,396. Of 397 he says,"there is littleor lothinr to distinguishit from the analogousimplements of the Neolithic period,"and theylhave been foundin the Frenchcaves of much later age than that of . Mr. Pengellyhas written ofthese implements fabricated from flakes, that theywere made by " a race fartheradvanced in civilisation" than thosefound in the brecciadeposit. Some are in formand characterNeolithic, others are exactly like tllose transitionor Mesolithictypes of whichI have obtaineda large collectionfrom Birling Gap and

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its viciniity.The black band (the heartlhof the cave nmen) below the granular stalagnmite,and to a small extentinter- calated with the cave earth,yielded 366 flintinmplements, flakes,and chips, besides bonle implements,associated wvith remainsof ox, deer,horse, badger, bear, fox, hytena,and rhino- ceros. The mixed characterof the fauna is noticeablein this, as in the cave earthdeposit. Above this was founda miscel- laneouscollection bringing the sequence intothe polishedstone and bronzeperiods and thenceinto the historicperiod, as seen by the objects discovered,i.e., polished celt (McEnery),bronze socketedcelt, spindle whorls,bone chisels, PRomanand pre- Roomanrenmains, &c. The aninmalremains founad in association withthem were brownbear, fox, badger, red deer,short fronted ox, sheep,&c. Brixham cave has furnishedbut fewiinplements and they are generallyassociated with the same fauna as Kent's cavern exceptthe machairodus,of which a singletooth was foundin the latter. Here also we have an imnplemenitof drifttype discoveredin the oldest portion of the cave and in otherparts implements formedfrom flakes, one ofwhich Fig. 410 (" A. S. Imnplements") appearsto be of mnuchlater date than the specimenfor use in the hand ("A. S. Implements,"Fig. 409), othlerslike ("A. S. Implements"),Fig. 412,is a snmallhorse-shoe or "grattoir," a formwhich has been uet within someof the caves in France, and is of a type comiimonlyfound on the surfacein England. In the eaves of CreswellCrags exploredby ProfessorBoyd I)awkins and the Rev. J. Magens Mello, we finidremains of a groupof animals associatedwith stone imiiplemiients of different dates. Taking the Pin Hole, Robin Hood, and ChurclhHole eaves together,we have the spotted hyeenaas tlle dominant anim-al,and itsvictimiis the grizzlvbear, wolf, commion fox, bison, reindeer,Irish elk, horse, woolly rhinoceros,and miiammlloth. The imiddlecave earth of Robiin Hood Cave conatainedan enormousquantity of the bones and teethof aniimals introduced by the hy.nenaswith inmplements of flintand quartzite,a few of which are undouibtedlyof early Paleolithic type (as Figs. 4a, 44, 45. " Early Man in Britain"), but in the uppercave eartlh theyare oflater Palkeolithicdate; theyare milorehlighllly finiished articles of flint(the material broughtfrom a distance) such as lalnceheads, trimmed flakes, and a flint borer,with simple and doublescrapers. In a simlilardeposit (the upper cave eartlh) at ChurchHole, werediscovered bone imnplementets cuidfragmllenits of a ribbone with an incisedfi ure ofa horse. Ilt is remarkable thatin the Robin Hood cave a toothof mnachlairloduswas fouLind in the upper cave earthaloing with the morecommon animilals, G 2

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andwith flintimplements, which if formand workmanshipare togovern their classification must be regardedas of late Paloeo- lithicif theyare not of transitionage. ProfessorBoyd Dawkins has come to the conclusion,as the resultof his explorationof these caves, " thatin the twolower stagesthe huntersare identicalwith those of the river drift, while the more highlyfinished articles, which imply a higher and probablya differentsocial position, appear in the upper series." In concludingthis cursoryview of the evidence affordedby English caves, I should mentionthat Sir J. Evans says," Al- thoughin some instances the river drift and cave deposits belongapparently to the same period,yet in othersit seems probablethat we have in the caves,relics derivedfrom a period alike unrepresentedin the old alluvia and in the superficial soil; and which probablybelong to an inlternmediateage, and assist to bridgeover the gap which would otherwiseintervene betweenthe riverdrift and the surfaceperiod, although he did not considerthat such good evidenceof a sequence in the order of depositionof theircontents can be observedas in the caves of the South of France and Belgium." It is nloteworthythat Dr. Stevens,who was the firstto discoverflint implements in the high level drift at Reading, says that they have been deposited at such widely differentperiods and under such a variety of circumstancesthat we cannot be surprisedif they approachthe Neolitlhicforms. In the caves and rock sheltersof France and Belgiumwe lhavethe strongestevidence of gradualadvance not only in the art of chippingflint, but also of increased specialisationin the formsinto which the materialwas worked; the dominanttype of the old drift,the pointed iinplements formed from pebbles or flint nodules,intended for use in the hand," claw-like,&c.," anidthe few rude hatchet-likeand othersimple instrumentsare passinia away-in factthe " coutpdc poing," the implementfor all uses, can hardly be said to be representedin the caves of the Doidogne,and it is replaced by implemelntsmade fromflakes. The instrumentsfrom the most ancientof the groupsof cayes to whichM. de Mortillethas givenlthe name of Le Moustier are representedin the latest stagesof the high level river drift (Actonworkinig site, &c.), and theyare also fabricatedfrom flakes struLckoff the nodule and ilot (perhapswitlh a fewexceptions of flattenedpear shape) by workingon the nodule itself. M. de Mortilletlhas divided the Paheolithic periodinto four stages: Ist, theEpoqueo Clellienne or Achouledenne,which applies to the remnainsfound in the higherlevel river drift; 2nd, the Epoque Moustierienno;which includes the contentsof the cave

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of Le Moustier and some other caverns both ii France and Belgium,and laterriver deposits; it is markedby the occurrence of larg,ebroad implementsformed from flakes-long and broad flakes worked by secondary chipping into spear heads alud other forms."" or side scrapersand other instruments,all characterisedas being formedfrom flakes similarchoppers have been found at High Lodge,Mildenhall, and elsewhere. M. de Mortillet'sclassification is largely based onithe im- provementsobservable in the weaponsand tools of man,and the faunawith which they are associated; but the divisionsare not sharplydefined, and doubtshave been reasonablyexpressed whetherthe niextclass should not be placed at the end of the series. With the flake-formedimplements of Le Moustierwere foundremnains of the mammothaild hyTenamore abundalntly thanin the succeedingdivisioils, but they were associatedwith the bones of otheranimals, includino the reindeer. The third group classifiedas the Epoque Solutreenne,which includesthe stationof Solutreand the cave of Laugerie Haute, one of the cavernsin the Gorg,ed'Enfer, Grotte de L'Eglise, all in the Dordoone,&c., is remnarkablefor a greatadvance in the formand workmanshipof the specimens,especially those made fromlong flakes; among them are delicately chipped lance heads,well made lozenge and leaf shaped arrowor small spear headswhich are quite equal, as faras workmanshipis concerned, to those of similar formswhich are classed as Neolithic or surface implementsin England. One of the types which characterisesthis epoch is the " pointeSolutreenne," i.e., long slenderflakes worked to a willow-leafform with a lateral notcl at the butt,thus forminga tang or stemat the sidefor insertioni into the shaftor handle, beautifully made piercers, " grattoirs" or scrapersroulnded at one or both ends as distinguishedfrom "racloirs" or side scrapers,and also axes and otherimplements whichreseimble in a marked maniier malnyof the imiplements found in the valleys of Sussex, Kent, and elsewhere. The knives and spear-headstanged at the side have been dredged fromthe Thames. The fauna in this division varied,and the abundance of the remailnsof the horse in the open air station at Solutre is a remarkablefact; the numberof horsesthere has been reckoned at miorethan 10,000 (Joly), and the bones forma wall round the principal enclosure. It seems difficultto believe that such a vast accumulationcan have resulted fromithe animals being killed for food; with themii,however, were found remains of reindeer and the mammoth. In other caves and stationsof this epoch, the remaiinsof the formerpredomninated, aind in

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.205 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:42:22 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 86 J. ALLENBROWN.-On the Continutity of the company with these relics were the bones of many other animals,includiiig besides the teethof the mammoth,bones and teethof Felis spekea and the Irish elk. The fourthdivision, L'Epoque Macrdalenienne,comprisingo, the caves of La Madelaine, Les Eyzies, LaugerieBasse, and others in the Dordogne,as well as similar caverns and sheltersat Bruniquel,Massat, La Vache, &c., in France, and others in Belgium,is a groupwhich has furnishedabundant and interest- ing evidenceof humanprogress in the numberof worksof art, such as incisedand sculpturedbones, ivory, and reindeerhorns; this divisionis characterisedby long,inany of themvery slender flintflakes, which have been convertedby neat secondarywork intoknives, saws, piercers,gravers, and other instruments,but theydo not show so much skill in workmanshipas those of the age of Solutr'. The " racloirs,"or side scrapersdisappear and are replacedby " grattoirs,"or flakeschipped at the wide end, a type which is often found near the surfacein Sussex and e4sewhere,'and which appear to be akin to the horse-shoe scrapers or "thumb flints." The lanceolate formsqare all chippedon one face only,and not on the flatpart of the flakes, but they differfrom the leaf-shapedlance heads fromLaugerie Haute, &c., in not being,nearly so beautifullymade. The remainsof reindeerwere most abundant in this group of caves, &c.; thoseof mammothvery scarce; but the horse,wolf, fox,and hare, wild boar, bison, &c., are stronglyrepresented. The mixed characterof the fauna is seen also in the occurrence of the remainsof the reindeerwith the roe, in the cave of La Madelaine. Some bones of the cave tigerwere met with at Les Eyzies, but thoseof the cave hymenawere absent. The age of Cro-Magnon,which includes the well-knowncave of ,Grotto des Fees,and numerousothers, appears to be intermediatebetween the last two groups;part of an elephant's tusk was foundat Cro-Magnon,and remains of rhinocerosat Aurig,nac,but in all the horse was more predominantthan reindeer. M. Laitet based his opinion of the antiquityof the cave of Aurignacupon the occurrenceof the bones of the cave bear and cave hylenal; theremains of the bison,wolf, and theroe and stagwere also discovered,but thefox was themost abundant animal whosebones were found. Associated with these were flint lance heads not so skilfullymade as those of Solutre, hammer stones with central depressions,perforated and engravedreindeer horns, &c. MM. Hamy and Quatrefageshave referredthe human relics of the last two epochs or divisionisto the same race of people, 1 "SuLr la coexistencede I'hommeaind des grandmammiferes fossiles," "Ann. SciencesNat.," -Vol.xv.

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i.e.,to whatthey have designatedthe Cro-Mag,nonrace, of whom the lattersays, " They musthave knownboth thelatest times of the reindeerag,e and the earliestof the presentepoch."' Amongthe figuresenigraved oln a portionof antlerdiscovered at LaugerieBasse (Magdalenienperiod) is a nakedman stalking a bisonaccording to M. Massenat,but the victim is considered to be the Urus by Prof.Boyd Dawkins, on accountof the double curvatureas well as thelength of the horns;this suggestion may be indicativeof the abundanceof that animal at that time. The caves and rocksheltersof La Madelaine,Les Eyzies and LaugerieBasse, and othersforming the Macdalenien group bring thelong, Quaternary period to an end according,to manyFrench geologists,though nearly all the animals now living were thenexisting or are slightly modifieddescendants of Qua- ternaryspecies. The Machairodus,Ursus spekoeus, Hyaena spelaea, and Felis spelea, Pthinocerostichorhinus, Elephas primigenius, and Megaceroshibernicus have become in successionextinct; the reindeer,miusk sheep, and glutton,&c., have migrated towardsthe north; the saicgaantelope has reachedthe east, and thehippopotamus, hycena, &c., have gone south. Someof them,as will be seen later,seem to have disappearedin historictimes, but whetherthis be so or not,we may be very sure that certain specieslived on into the Neolithicage, if notinto that of bronze. Most of themhave beell destroyed,like the Americalnbison of to-day,by the hands of iinprovidentman; he increasedin num- bersas a moregenial climatethan that of the earlyQuaternary periodprevailed, and many of the later survivinganimals fled beforehim or werekilled off It is remarkablethat some of the Frenchcaves have furnishedevidence of these alteringcon- ditions; the researchesof Dr. MI.J. Parrot show that some of the caves and rocksheltersof theValley of the VTezere,Dordogne, cannotbe classed withany of the divisionsof M. de Mortillet.2 In these a series commencingwith similar flintimplements to thoseof Le Moustier,a stage appearsto be reachedlater than that of the reindeerperiod, which is characterisedby mruchmore highlyfinished lance aild , and saws, with weapons and tools of bone. We can hardly expect to find many instances in which cavernsand rocksheltershave beencontinuously occupied by man fromthe earlyPalaeolithic period with its changingfauna, and the earlyNeolithic epoch which preceded the timewhen polished stonesbegan to be used, the faunlaof which is necessarilybut little known,as such relics are not generallypreserved at or near the surface. There are, however,some caves in the " Precis de PaleontologieHumaine." 2 " Revue d'Anthropologie,"t. iii.

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Pyrenees which lhave beeni inhabited by successive peoples, and whichappear to show a continuitybetween the two stone periods. Among these is the cave of Gourdan, , describedby M. Piette. The rockshelterof Duruthy, near Sorde,Bas Pyrenees,explored by MM. Lartet and Chapelain- Duparc,lwho give evidenceof the formerexistenice of a human race associatedin Perigordwith the mammoth,the cave-tiger, and the reindeer,first in the age of triangularbone -heads (Cro-Magnonage), then in that characterisedby barbed bone arrow-headsand representationsof animals (age of La Mlade- laine,&c.), which,as M. Joly says, " aftermanifesting itself in the fullyartistic phase at the bottomof the cave at Sorde, is foundagain towardsthe upperpart of the same cave, withflint weapons,which from their finished form and ruidimlentarypolish mightalmost be classed in the age of polished stone and rude ." Human bones were discoveredin both the distinct strata,though in anotherbed theywere intermiixed,thus show- ing a continuoushuman history into a stage inore recent than the Magdalenienepoch. The cave of Mas d'Azil (Ariege) affordsthe like evidence, and in that of La Vache in the same valley,the age of polished stoneand thereindeer period are equally represented.Nowhere, says M. d'Archiac,are the elenmentsof a human chronologyto be foundin so completea formiias in thisvalley.2 The Cave des Fees (Yonne), exploredby M. de Vilbraye,is also an example of a cavernwherein is foulndevidence of successive periods reachingdown to a late date. In the lowest deposit were discoveredthe remainsof the olderfauna (cave bear and hyena, &c.). In the middle layer those of the reindeerand otheranimals, and in the upper deposit(loess), bonesof animals still living in the district(fox, badger,&c.). In the Trou de Sureau (Belgium) were found deposits,showinig it had been occupiedby man and othermamrnals at successivetimiies up to a late period. Overlyingthe olderremains were discoveredthe bones of reindeer,wild boar,goat, badger, fox, hare, &c., which have been assignedto the latestpart of the reindeerperiod and with themflint implements formed from flakes, &c. Analogous facts have been noticed at the Cave of Pontil (Heroult), explored by M. Gervais; at Salleles-Carbardesby M. Filhol; in PoitonLby MM. Brouilletand Meilles, &c. The Grotte dai Placard (Charente),examined by M. de Maret,points in thesame direction.3

I L. Lartet et C. Dupare, " Une sepulturedes anciens troglodytes,"Paris, 1874. 2 " D'Archiac Faune Quaternaire." 3 "Le Musee Prehistornque,"'G. de Mortillet.

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The cave at Mentonewherein the human skeleton:was dis- covered,is said to have containedflint and bone implementsof three differentdates; that of Le Moustier,La Madelaine,and ofthe polished stone age withbones of the cave bear,hyTna, &c. (Joly). Sufficienthas been said to show that the stonieimplements of mnanevincing greater specialization in form aild involvingv greaterskill as timehas passed,have accompaniedthe gradual extinctionin succession of the great cave bear, rhinoceros, nainmoth,urus, bison, &c., and in the probablyslow migratioin of the hippopotamus,hyvena, reindeer, &c. At the samiietime, it shouldbe bornein mind that the chronologicalsequence based oil the remains of animalsfound in caves and rocksheltersis not entirelysatisfactory, for as ProfessorBoyd Dawkins says, " The huntersin each districtwould live on whateveranirnals theycould catch,and the abundanceof reindeerin one cave as .comparedwith that of horsesor cave bears in anotherimplies merelya local variationin the fauna,"and bothhe and M. de Mortilletbelieve that no classificationbased only on the main- malia is possible. As the formersays an Esquimaux camping groundis in one spot coveredby the bones of walrus or seal, and in anotherwith the remainsof musk sheep and reindeer. If the remainsof the changingfaunla which acconmpanied the recent geolog,icalchanges involvinogminor alteratioinsin the surfaceof the laiLdin the chalk and otherdistricts, cotuld have beenias well preservedas the conitentsof caves and rockshelters, we shouildhave had furthlerevidence of the gradualextinction in Englandof such of the QuaternaryMamnialia as have passed away,and parallel with these changesthe slow developmentof the stoneweapons anld tools of man initovarious formsmore adaptedto his increasilngwants, than thefew simpletypes which indicate the state of human art in the earliest stagreof the Paheolithicperiod. Accorclingto Steenstrup,remains of reindeer have beeii found in the kitchen of Denmark associated with cervuselephas, the wild goat,and wild boar,brown bear,wolf, fox, lynx, beaver, marten,otter, walrus, seal, the great aukl (latelyextinact), &c., and thedogy which is believedby Steenstrup, to have beell then domesticated. The loiig oval implements fromthe "middens," the formof wvhichappears to have been evolvedfrom a late drifttype, corresponld closely with sonic of the specimensdiscovered at East Dean, Cissbury,&c.; the axes, whichare flat oii one face,and convexand sometimespartly groundon the other,are of a peculiarcharacter, and are farless advalncedthan the polished celts foulndlin this alndiother cotunitries.According toWarsa6, these refuse heaps represent the

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beginningof the age of chipped stone in Denmark: other archoologists assign them to the period of the earliest . The reindeer has been driven further north within the historicperiod; there is great probabilitythat it had not entirelvdisappeared in Great Britainin thepolished stone age; though rare and perhaps doubtfulin Engiand, its remains, accordingto Dr. J. A. Smith,'have been foundmore abundantly in Scotland. Prof. Boyd Dawkiins says they have been dis- covered in peat near the Thames,at Erith,with the beaver, Celtic shorthorln,goat and horse at the bottomof the deposit and also under similar conditionsin the excavatioinsfor the VictoriaDocks2 and along withthe moose or true elk, Celtic shorthorn,&c., at Waltharmstow.3Amonig other places in Scot- land, the reindeeris said to have been met with in the refuse heaps of Caithness. Prof.Boyd Dawkins states that it is com- parativelyabundant in thepeat bogsand marlsof Ireland. MM. Pioujou and Julien found in peat deposits near Paris, which are believedto date fromthe reindeerage, flintimplemlents and other objectswhich they considerto be of later date than the periodof the mammothbut moreancient than that of polished stone.4 Cfesaris said to have huntedthe reindeerin Belgic Gaul. The mammothis believedby inanywriters to have survivedin Europe to a latter date than is usually assigned to it. Prof. JamesGeikie ("Prehistoric Europe") has suggestedthepossibility of its having migratedwith the reindeerand afterwardsre- appeared in Great Britain,and of its having existed to a still later date in Siberia where its complete carcases have been foundin frozenground. The greatpachyderm appears to have surviveddown to the periodof the formationof peat and the later alterationsof the coast line in this country,as two perfect heads of the animal were found in a peat bed, near Holyhead, aiid a peat stained molar wvasdiscovered in the submerged forestat Torbay(later forestbed deposit). As we have mentioneedits remains have been mnetwith in rubblebeds in Sussex, &c., associated wvitliflint implements of probably muchlater date than the old river drift. Neither Lyell, Dr. Falconer, nor Mr. Pengelly seem to have doubted that the mammothsurvived down to the period when the late extenisionsof the coast line of thiscountry existecl. M. Dupont also thoughtthat it lived in Europe to a later period than is generallybelieved.

IC" Proc. Soc. Antiq.Scot." 2 " Earlv Man in Britain." :" Geol. Magazinie,"vi, 339. 4J. Geikie,"'Prehistoric Europe."

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Remainsof the great Irish elk have been discoveredat the base ofthe peat bogs in Ireland,and theyhave also been found thoughmore rarely in Englandand Scotland; themoose or true elk has also been met with in peat beds. The urus (Bosprimigenius)may verywell have survivedinto the polishedstone or Neolithicage and probablyto the earliest metalperiod. Its remains have been found in imanyplaces whichindicate such a survival; among,them may be cited a pile dwellingin BartonMere, near Bury St. Edmunds,'in con- nectionwith which its bones have been found. Mr. E. Willet is reportedto have discoveredthem in one of the shafts at Cissbury.2 Althoughmuch largerthan our domesticoxen, it is believedto have been specificallyundistinguishable from the ox of to-day(Bos taurus). Lartetaind Christy, and others,state that the uruswas huntedby the Emperor Charles the Great in the centralforest of ,while some writershave asserted thatit lived there until the sixteenthcentury. Darwin con- sideredthe Chillinghamcattle as its half tamed descendants, othershave suggestedthat the large Caledonianox is derived fromit. The later ox (Bos longifrons)survives in our domestic breeds. The aurochor bison appearsto lhavelived into historictimes in Europe,and a few survivorsare believed to have recently existedif theydo not still live in the Caucasus. It is known thatherds of bison are preservedin the forestsof Lithuania by the orderof the Czar. Thereare no indicationlsthat the fauna which accompanied man passed throughsuch a vast period as is comprisedin the Quaternarywithout undergoing some miodifications,or that the few species which have become extinct were swept out of existence by some cataclysmicdisaster, which includedin its actionPalaeolithic man, and spared the O1 species of mammalia which Prof.Boyd lDawkins says survived into the Neolithic epoch out of the 48 which lived in the Quaternaryage, the remaining,17 beinigaccounted for by the miigrationof 12 and the extinctionof 5 only. Modifications,extinctions, and migrationshave occurredfrom the earliestgeological times, but thesechanges have takenplace slowly, and so it was in the Quaternaryperiod, the species whichdied out disappearedgradually alndin succession. The same thinghappened in regardto the migrationof the reindeer and other aninmals,they gradually retreatedto latitudes more suited to their existenceas the climatic and other conditions

1 'BoydDawkins, op. cit. 2 It is said the Urus stillinhabited the Hercynian forestand the woods of the Vosges,&c., in the timeof Casar (Joly).

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changed,from tllose of a temperatepre-glacial period to the glacial epoch with its probablylong continuedinter-glacial and semi-glacialepisodes, of whichthe fluvio-glacial character of the highest river drifts affordsevidence, until slowly the more equable climateof the presentday succeeded. The forestsand wvoodlandswvhich covered so mtuclhof the BritishIsles at the dawn of the historic epoch, contained the survivalsof the mammalsof the Quaternaryperiod, and among themmay have existedthe urns,and perhapsin Scotland a few reindeer,of modifiedspecies. The facts,although far frorn fully gathered togetherin this paper,shoNv that man was livincrin England and North West Europein comiipanywith the quaternarymammalia in unbroken continuity,and that he was presentthroughout all thoseclhanges, whichmark the extensionof the quaternaryinto the historic period. There appearsto be no adequate reason for separating the stone age of human art into two periods,but as I have endeavouredto show when the discoveriesin, river driftsof differentlevels whichare taken to indicatedifferentperiods, are considered,and whenthe contentsof caves and rockshelters,peat beds,&c., are studiedas a whole,they afford sufficient evidence of humanprogress in the art of workingflint fromthe remote period when the broken pebbles and rudely chipped nodules whichhave been foundby Mr. B. Harrisonand othersupon the highgroulnd or plateaux of Kenitand elsewherewhich perhaps in- dicate the lowestlevel of humanart, to the depositsof the oldest riverdrift of existincrvalleys, where the few simpleforms of the flintimplements made fromnodules and pebbles showincrbuit littlespeci-alization, but, nlevertheless,markino an advailce in skill,are succeededby riverdrift implements formed from neatly made flakes, correspondingin advance with thlielike objects found in the caves of Perigord,&c. As alreadymentioned the discoveryof manipulating(,flint so as to producelono (and short neat flakesat will, whichcould only be done by the methods now employedby the guInflint maker, marks a most important advalnce,since the weapons formedthereby were miiuchmore effectiveand the tools admittedof greatervariation arid differen- tiationas thewants of man developed. It is remarkable,too, how nlanyof the chippedstone spear heads of certain savage races correspondwith the old ones, and how their stone knives still exhibitthe same curvedform as is foundabundanitly among, the driftspecimens; to show this I exhibit a sketch of a curved knifeof glass obtainedfrom a tribeof nativesof ,and now in GenleralPitt Rivers'Ethnographical Museum at Oxford, and a numberof like specimensfrom the drift. With regardto the implementshitherto classed as of the

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surfaceperiod or Neolithic. Sir J. Evans says, "It is almost demnonstrablethat some of the chipped celts whichl ha-ve hithertobeen classed as Neolithic must be among the earliest of the Neolithic implemelnts,"and " must in all probability date back to a v8ry distantperiod." It is to these formswhicl appearto be of transitioniagre, that I would apply the termn Mesolithic. In conclusiollI should like to draw attentionto the unsuita- bilityand indefinitenessof meaning of the terms Palkeolithic and Neolithicinto whichthe stone age is dividedin England- in the liglhtof recentinvestigations and discoveries-the word Neolithicin its present acceptance is particularlymisleading and uncertainin its application; it was at firstapplied to the ag,eof polished stone, but was afterwardsusecl to denote the periodwhen the fewspecies of mammaliabefore alluded to had becomeextinct, and thereindeer and otheranimals had migrated finallyfrom this country,and it has been generallyadopted as referringto stoneimliplements found at or nearthe surface of the land whlenthe sheep had been importedand otheranimals had beendomesticated. As a fact,hovever, we do notknow whether somiielingering surivivors of the formerwere not livingin Great Britainfar into the latter part of the Stone age, nor can we apply the terinto flintimplements which are found associated withgeological accumulationis formed at a latterperiod than the old rivergravels, when we mayfairly assume that the zoological changesreferred to had niotbeen enltirelycompleted. It cer- tainilyis not applicable when the formsof the stolle imple- menitsiliterlediate betweenthe late Paleolithic and those of the lateststagre of the age of'stone are studied,aind the corres- pondingaadvance in art or the proaressof inan is detected. At presenitsome flintimplements, which from their form would be rangedunider one of the later Palieolitliicgroups by M. de Mortilletand the Frenchgeologists, would be incluidedin the seconddivision, or Neolithic,in England. A careful study of the foiinisof stone implements,the mode of chipping and genieralskill they evinice is as niecessaryfor a properclassification as the bones foundassociated with them; the term Mesolithic appearsto be stable for those objects in suitone which neither belongto the driftperiod iior to t,hatof polishedstone. Then in regard to the ruice specimensfound on the chalk plateauby Mr. B. Hariisoni, &c., in recentyears under conditions which clearlyindicate that theyare older than the usual vallev driftimplements; the line of demarcationis sufficientlyclear to formthem into a distilletgroup. I ventureto suggestthe following,four divisions of the Stonie age as beingmore suitable in the lightof recentknowledge:

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1. Eolithic; Roughlyhewn pebbles and nodulesand naturally brokenstones, slowing work with thick ochreous patina, foundon the plateaux of the clialk and otlierdistricts in beds unconnectedwith the presentvalley draifiahge, 2. Paloeolithic;Implenments from the higher river drift of the presentvalleys and such as fromtheir fornm are of the same age, but are foundin the oldest breecia deposit of some limestonecaves-these imnplementsare made frominodules and weregenerally fromn their form, &c., used in the hand witlhouthaft, or are coarsely made axes, &c. 3. Mesolithic; Implementswhich fromtheir form,and in many cases fromthie character of the depositin which they-are found.appear to be ofintermediate age between the Palaeolithicand Neolithic,or polislhed stone periods. The implementsare of flatpear shape or ofmore decided axe form-no implement with unworked butts-imple- mentsmade fromflakes struck off nodules taken direct fromthe chalk. 4. Neolithic; Implementsof polished stone or delicately worked like the specimensfrom Danish and other tumuli.-Dolmens, &c. I would again referto the flintimplemnents found associated with later geological accumulations,or in other positions wnichindicate a higherantiquity than that usually assigned to the Neolithicperiod. The implementsfound in valley deposits at East Dean and in otherparts of Sussex or Kent,or embedded in chalk rubble,head, or old detritalaccumulations, but particu- larly in the matterformed in manydry chalk valleys,as afford- ing evidenceof a continuityof Man's existence,connecting the episodesof human history between the later stages of the Quater- naryperiod and that of polishedstone. The occurrenceof implementsof Palaeolithictype, at East Dealnand in otherplaces to whichallusion has been made,may be explailiedwhen takenin conjunctionwith those of Mesolithic form,by the suggyestionthat the makersof the old formswere graduallyattaining a higher state of progress,and so, while retainingin part these old types,were graduallyadopting fornin: moresuited to them; or we inay assume that the Palaeolithic folkliving in some of the valleys of the South Downs became intermixedand absorbedby tribesmore advancedin art. Howeverwe may explain it, we are met by the fact that a large numberof workersin flintlived in and about the valley of East Dean, drawnthere probably because the material was accessiblewithout mining, and probablyfor a long period. The enormous number of chips anid worked fragmentsof flint

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scatteredover the fields indicates that, whatevermay be the historyof the implementsof drifttype; a great flintindustry was carriedon there,and all kinds of flintimplements were fabricated,and it is probablethat, at any rate,in its later stages theywere distributed by barterwith otherand, perhaps,distant tribes. Duringbthe vast periodinvolved in the changingfauna and in humanihistory associated with later geologicalcbanges, there was ample tiimiefor many races or hordesof men to followeach otherin successioninto this country,until they were arrested by the old barrier-the sea to the westward. There are isolated remnantsof olcdraces in Europe,who were once distributedover thegreater part of the continelnt.While many of theirancestors have beenabsorbed by advancingvtribes. they have retainedtheir racial characteristics,andt not been fully incorporatedwith the variouspeoples whichhave issued fromnthe Asiatic continent; and theyhave to someextelnt beeln left behind too in culture. The Neolithicstage of industryremained in Denmiarkwhere thereis no evidenceof a Palkeolithicperiod of humiianart, long afterbrolnze had been inttroducedfrom the east into Soutlhern and CentralEurope, and whenithe bronizestage of progressdid reach the westernconfines of Europe,the art of working that metal lhadreached a higlhstate of perfection. May lnotthe like cause, that of geographicalpositioln, have operatedat the later part of the Paleeolithicperiod in England and the Pakeolithicworkers wlho have leftus some of their old formsat East Dean, &C.,lhave survived here, until theybecame absorbed,and theirimplements improved, by invadingraces who lhadattained a higherlevel of progress.

DIsCUSSION.

Prof.RuPERT JONES said thatthe thanks of the Institutewere dueto Mtr.Brown, for his careful and instructivecompilation ofwbat is knownabout flintimplements and the geologicalproofs of their age, and forhis excellentsuggestions as to theprobable method of haftingsome of thesetools or weapons. The speaker had always thoughtthat small flakes, more or less dressedand worked,were abundantin palaeolithic,as in lneolithicgravels, but had beenoften overlooked,and thatthe so-calledpaloeoliths were not made only in the earlierperiod, but that similarforms occurred with neoliths, becauisenot onlyhad the fashionhere and there continued,but somewere rough beginningrs for further manufacture. The occur- renceof differentkinds of worked flints at Cissbury,and the suc- cessionof formsmet with in some caves supportedthe view that differenttribes in separatelocalities would sometimeskeep their ownfashions, occasionally improve them, and probablywould be

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succeeded by othertribes; and the same wants, similar materialsto deal with, and the exercise of the same faculties, wouild lead in later times to the reproductionof fashions of formerperiods. Dr. Tyi.oRremarked that the distinctionbetween " Palaeolithic" and " Neolithic " constituteda step of the utmost importancein the early historyof man, the value of which was not lessened by the argumentderived fromsuch evidence as that of Cissbury as to the probable continuityof these two periods, in which direction Mr. Allen Brown's paper had brought together much of the most prominenitevidence. He inquired as to the number of cases in which the Author was prepared to show early pointed flakes notched so as partially to develop a taing approaching neolithic forms of spear or arrow heads, as the weight of such evidence must depend on repetitions excluding accident. It would be of great interestto produce furtherevidence of the kind mentioned by Mr. Brown, as to-marks of grinding donie as if to re-edge chipped implements,and constituting a step towards the age. But neither in this way, nor as to traces of hafting, ought any but conclusive proof to be received. lDr. Tylor con- cluded by mentioningthe Tasmanians as showing by the absence of hafting of their stone implements,that this art must by no means be taken for granted in the Palaeolithicperiod. The AUTHOR, in reply, said he was pleased to find from the remarks of the President and the other speakers that his de- ductions as to the continuity of the two stone periods in this country had not been opposed. In reference to the large flint double axes of the older and later ages exhibited, he pointed out that the one from the Thames Valley drift had three dis- tinctlychipped depressions (two at the top and one beneath) for the reception of the withe, and that this mode of hafting (as well as the axe formed by inserting a stone in a club) was con- tinued through Neolithic times to the present day among,savag,e races. This was showni by a specimen now in the Ashmoleain Museum, of which a sketch was exhibited. It was discovered with a withe doubly coiled around it. With regard to the spear head from East Dean, with depressions to secure it to the shafl, it was one of many similarly formed spear points which lhad been discovered, and was probably of transition age. Alluding to Dr. H. Woodward's remarks,the Author said he had entered in his paper somewhat fully into the gradual extinction and retreat of some of the quaternarymammalia during the period wheii some of the implements from East Dean, &c., were in use, because such evidenice, where it could be obtained, was a reliable test of age. He then drew attention to his various exhibits,as follows:- 1. A collection of flintimplements from East Dean, Sussex, &c., of Palmeolithic,Mesolithic, and Neolithic types; with those of Paleolithic type are placed driftimplements from

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.205 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:42:22 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Jozurna1of thA&nOzropoZogicalInstdd& Vol XI. Plate I. Palceolihic Series.

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This content downloaded from 91.229.229.205 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:42:22 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journal of t&Ano poZropioaZl Instdut., Vol MXI[. Plate IL Pa]xoltdc, Series.

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theThames Valley of the sameforms, to showtheir con- tinuityinto the succeedingstage. 2. Flintimplement of the oldestperiod re-chipped at a latei Palaeolithictime, found associated with the otherimple- mentfrom East Dean (Mr. Hilton'sColl.). 3. Implementsshowing the originof theNeolithic" humped' formin the Palaeolithicperiod. 4. A seriesof flint implements of the Eolithic period (Plateau), Palenolithic(drift in the presentvalleys), Mesolithic (transition),and Neolithicperiods, showing the evolutioi of the axe-heador celtfrom the simplychipped pebble or noduleof theearliest epoch to the firstaxe bladesof the Age of Metal. i. A seriesof large double-edged axes fromthe ThamesValley drift;also a verylarge one fromthe brickearth at iver, Middlesex(nearly nine inches long), of probably transitioi age withothers of the Neolitlhic period; onedrift specimen has workeddepressions for the receptionof thewithe, also largeaxe implementsslanting at the buttand show- ing the probablemode of hafting. 6. A seriesof Palaeolithicand otherflint implements showing the evolutionof two formsof knifc,the long flakes, straightwith slanting point of laterPalaeolithic age, and the othercurved and recurved, being evolved from the old driftnodular formed implements curved at the apex, or fromsimply a nodule pointed (combinedweapons and tools the coup de poing of Mortillet),also sketch of native Australiancurved knifeof glass (Pitt Rivers'Museum, Oxford). 7. A seriesshowing in like mannerthe continuity and develop- mentof thespear head fromthe earliest form, the trimmed nodule,thence to theneat spearheads formed from long flakes(some with rudimeintary tangs) to themore perfect specimensof Neolithicage.

DESCmIPTION OP THE PLATES.

Pal6eolithicSeries-Plates I and II. FFound at or neairtlhe Fig. 1.-Flint implementwith thick cumbrousbutt- Surface. whitened surface-(formerly in Mr. R. Exceat, near West Hilton's collection). Dean, Sussex (Cuck- mereValley). VOL. XXII. H

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Found at or near the Fig. 2.-Flint implementwith white patina. Surface. L East Dean. Found at or near the Fig. 3.-Small triangularflint implement witlh liite F Surface. patina. e Friston,Sussex. Fig. 4.-Flint implementof very ancient date-re-) chipped in later Palieolithic times-the j Found at or near the whole surface is deeply oclireotus;the Surface. more recent work has a white patinia,i (formerlyin Mr. R. Hilton's collection). j East Dean. Found at or near the Fia. 5. Flint irnplementwith p)atina; rounded crust Surface. of the nodule at the butt. L East Dean. Found at or near the Figr.G.-Flint implementwith white patinia. Surface. L East Dean.

Fig. 7.-Flinit implement witn wlhite patina grey Found at or near the surface-(formerlyin Mr. R. Hilton's col- Surface. lection). L East Dean. Found at or near the Fig. S.-Flint implementwith wlhite patina ; Surface. 1. East Dean.

MesolithicSeries-Plates III and IT-.

Fig. 1.-(Plate III.)-Large flintimplement of axe Foiind at ortcne near form-bleached surface-(formerlyin Mr. Srae R. Hilton's collection). L FouastDean, Sussex. Fig. 2.-Flint spear or lance head chipped into a Found near the depressionon each side of the butt-white Surface. patina. L East Dean. r Foundnear the Fig. 3.-Flint double-bladed axe, very thick-white Surface. patina. 1 East Dean. rFound at or near tlho Fig. 4.-Flint implement worked on both faces- Surface. bleached surface-(formerlv in Mr. R. - Hilton's collection). Ringwood.near K East Dean. r Found at or near tile | SSurface. Fig. 3.-Long pointedflint implement-wlhito patina- (formerlyin Mr. R. Hi'ton's collection). 1 Exceat, near West Dean (Cuckmiere L~ Valley).

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.205 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:42:22 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .Jounal of tk&Andzropo7Zogieallnsti&tu- Vol Tm. Plate m. MvfesoUithie*Series.

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