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Coastal Ecology Research Station c-U N atu ral Environ ment Research Council (INSTIT UTE OF T ERRESTRIAL ECO LOGY) COA STA L ECOLOGY RESEA RCH STA T IO N - NORW ICH - Repo t . f or 1969- 1972 á Natural Environment Research Council (INSTIT UT E OF TER REST RIA L ECOLOG Y) Coastal Ecology Research Station Report f or 7 969 1972 1973 Colney Lane, N orwich N orfolk. Tel: Norwich 54923. D uring the period covered by this report , the Coasta l Ecology Research Station was a part of the N at ure Conservancy, itself a constituent body of the N atural Environment Research Council. With the creation of the N ature Co nservancy Cou ncil on N ovember 1st 1973, the Coasta l Ecology Research Station becam e part of the Institute of Terrest rial Ecology, a newly created consti- tuent body of the Natural Environment Research Council. Cover. View over salt marsh at M orecambe Bay f rom Humphrey Head. photograph by R. Scott. C o nt e nt s Page STAFF LIST I GENERAL REP OR T Introduction . -. (1) Rea sons fo r establishing the Resea rch Station and siting it at N orwich . 1 (2) Value of the coastline . 2 (3) Threat s to coasta l wildlife . 2 (4) Action to safeguard coasta l wildlife resources 3 (5) Pattern of research 5 (6) Liaison activities 6 (7) Reports and publications 8, (8) Staff . 8 (9) Accommodat ion and fa cilities 10 (10) Sport s and Social Club 12 II T ECH N IQUES OF SUR VEY AN D P OP ULATION ASSESSMEN T Introduction . 13 (1) Application of remote sensing techniques to the Study of Coastal Vegetation . 13 (2) Assessment of Coasta l H abita t Resources U sing Aerial Pho tograp hy . 13 (3) Inter-t idal fl at invertebrate survey 14 (4) Tidal litter invertebrate survey . 17 (a) Survey of litter lines in South-East England 17 (b) Seasonal variation in litter 18 (c) Species diversity 19 (d) Talitrid biology . 19 (e) Seasonal movements of fa una . 19 (5) G ro und Survey of maritim e vegetat ion 20 (a) Flats . 20 (b) Salt marsh . 20 (c) Sand d une . 22 (d) Shingle beach 22 (e) Cliff s 23 III TRO PH IC RELATIONS (I) Salt tolera nce and mineral nutrition studies 25 (a) Salt mar sh soils . 25 (b) Salt m arsh vegetation 25 (c) Sand dunes . 26 (d) Roadside verges . 28 (2) Trophic relations of consumers 29 (a) Invertebrates 29 (b) Waders and wildfowl 29 (c) Rabbits—Sa nd dune 30 (d) Rabbits—Shingle . 30 (e) U ngulates . 30 IV SPEC IES BIOLOG Y AN D GENECOLOG Y IntroductiOn . 33 (1) Variation in salt marsh species with wide ecological amplitudes . 33 (a) Adaptation of plant s to environment—P uccinellia maritima . 33 (b) Adaptat ion of plants to environment—other Puccinellia species . 35 (2) Biological investigations of individ ual species 36 (a) Cakile maritima 36 (b) Elytnus arenarius . 37 (c) Hippophae rharnnoides 38 (d) Rhododendron p onticum 39 (e) Ilex aquif olium 39 (f ) Macoma balthica 39 V EXPERIMEN TA L MAN AG EMENT OF CO ASTAL HABIT AT S (1) M anagem ent of Salt Marshes 4 1 (2) Selection and screening of ecotypes . 42 (3) Experimental Management of Sand dunes 42 (a) Tra mpling and Fertilizing 42 (b) M owing . 44 (c) Effect of Cutting different aged stands of Hippophae rhatnnoides 45 VI TH E ECO LO G ICAL IMP ACTS OF MAJO R CONSTR U CT ION AL D EVELO PMEN TS ON THE COAST Introd uction . 46 (1) Contributions to D esk Stud ies 46 (2) Water Stora ge Schemes in estuaries 46 (a) M orecambe Bay 46 (b) The Wash . • . 47 (3) Third London Airp ort—M aplin 49 (4) Anglesey Aluminium Smelter 50 VII STAFF R EP RIN TS LIST 51 Staff List (As at 31st January 1973) Head of Station : D. S. Ranwell, B.Sc., Ph.D. (London). S tation Secretary : B. W. E. Austen. Scientifi c S taff : J. C. E. Hubbard , M .I. Biol. A. J. Gra y, B.A., Ph.D . (Keele). L. A. Boorman, B.A ., D .Phil. (Oxford). D . G . Hewett, B.Sc. (London), M .Sc. (Wales), M A. Biol (Outposted to Bangor). S. M cG rorty, B.Sc., Ph.D . (Leeds). R . M . Fuller , B.Sc. (East Anglia) . R. Scott, B.Sc. (London). C. J. Reading, B.Sc. (Lond on). P. G . Ainsworth, A .I.S.T . Miss J. M . Pizzey. R . J. Par sell, H .N .C. M iss D : L. Cheyne. Administration: Mrs. C. M . Wilcockson. M iss E. J. Reeve. WA SH R ESEA R CH TEA M (Offi cer in Charge—D r. A . J. Gray). S cientifi c S taff : J. D . Goss-Cu sta rd , B.Sc. (Bristo l), Ph.D . (Aberdeen). M iss S. Iv1. Coles, B.Sc., Ph.D . (Leicester) . P. F . Randerson, B.Sc., M .Sc. (London). P. E. Newbery, B.Sc. (Edinburgh). M . G . Curry. Administration : Mrs. L. Culyer. M APL IN R ES EAR CH TEAM (Offi cer in Charge—D r. L. A . Boorma n). Scientifi c S taff : K. Charma n, B.Sc. (Edinburgh). N . W. Owens, B.A ., Ph.D . (Camb ridge). D . W. Wyer, B.Sc. (Swansea). D . G . Kay, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond on). M iss J. E. Head , B.Sc. (East Anglia) . R. D . Knights, B.Sc. (Card iff ). M rs. J . S. Say, B.Sc. (East Anglia) . Miss R. J. Waters, B.Sc. (Lond on). Administration: Miss W. E. K . Crump . Miss M . B. Stimp son. á I General Report I NTRODU CT ION T he Coasta l Ecology Research Station was opened offi cially by Pr ofessor J. A. Steers on 14th July 1969, after an int roduction by Professor A . R. Clapham, F.R .S., at that time Chairman of the N at ure Co nservancy's Scient ific Policy Committee. We were delighted that Professor Steers agreed to open the Station beca use of his lifelong interest in, knowledge of, and aboye all enthusiasm for the preservation of the coast. It was especially fitting in view of his extensive researches on the N orfolk coast an d long held conviction that a nationally orientated coastal research station should be established in East Anglia. The Resea rch Station was designed by M r. D avid Luckhurst, architect of Messrs. Fielden and M awson, N orwich and was built by M essers. W. S. Lusher and Son, also of Norwich. It shares a pleasantly landscaped site with other research station s at Colney, close to the University of East Anglia. The period covered by this report is effectively the four years from 1969 to 1972. R EASONS FOR ESTA BLISH ING TH E R ESEAR CH S TA TI ON AN D SIT IN G IT IN N OR W ICH Ecologists and coastal physiographers have been aware of the need for a cent re fo r coasta l ecology research for m any years. Their studies revealed the enorm ous variety of coastal habitats in the British Isles and the wealth of wildlife they support. They were aware that their knowledge of the complex processes controlling structure and biology of the coast could be put to use, but the value of this knowledge was not widely understood and accepted. Three events in the present century drew sectors of public attention to the value of the coast. At the turn of the century the Royal Com mission on Coast Erosion submitted its report to Parliament. In 1953, 300 people lost their lives and some 160,000 acres of land were inundat ed by coastal flooding in south ea st England . The third event was the extensive oil pollution of the Cornish and Brittany coasts when the oil tanker 'Torrey Ca nyon ' went aground in 1967 releasing about 100,000 tons of oil. This happened when more and more people and an increasing number of car owners had the desire and time to get out of the towns and enjoy the country and above all the coast. The widespread publicity given to this disaster focussed everyone's attention on the coast and created the cond ition s fo r greater investment of public fund s in environmental research . The Coastal Ecology Resea rch Station is a part of this investment. There were a number of good reasons for establishing the Station and siting it in N orwich . The N ature Co nservancy has the j ob of managing an extensive series of Nat ional N at ure Reserves and 35 of these include some 60,000 to 70,000 acres of coastal land. Ecological advice is needed for the effective management of this land to protect its wildlife resources. It is also needed to ad vise other coasta l land owners and users wh o have a direct or indirect interest in coastal wildlife resources. N ow these resources, especially on the Scottish coast, are by no means as well known as many peo ple assume. So, in addition to research directed towards management, the Station exists to promote survey and assessment of wildlife resources thro ughout the coast of G reat Britain. It might seem logical to site a coastal research sta tion on the 1 2 COA STAL ECOL OGY RESEA RCH STA T ION coast, In fact, Norwich was chosen because it is near to a fi ne range of coasta l sites and a number of Nature Reserves. It also provides excellent opportuni- ties for colla bora tive research and tra ining in association with the U niversity of East A nglia.
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