Flora Vascolare Della Calabria Prodromo

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Flora Vascolare Della Calabria Prodromo LiLiana Bernardo, Lorenzo Peruzzi, nicodemo G. PassaLacqua editori Flora vascolare della calabria Prodromo Volume i editori Liliana Bernardo ([email protected]), Nicodemo G. Passalacqua ([email protected]), Museo di Storia Naturale della Calabria ed Orto Botanico, Università della Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza) Lorenzo Peruzzi, ([email protected]), Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Botanica generale e sistematica, Università di Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 5, 56126 Pisa 187 Piano editoriaLe Volume i - Letteratura floristica - Letteratura citata nelle note - introduzione - appendici - Lycopodiidae - ophioglossidae Volume ii - equisetidae - Polypodiidae - magnoliidae: - Pinidae ranunculales - magnoliidae: caryophyllales nymphaeales - aggiornamenti della letteratura floristica Piperales - Letteratura citata nelle note magnoliales - appendici Laurales alismatales Volume iii dioscoreales Liliales - magnoliidae: asparagales cornales arecales apiales commelinales - aggiornamenti della letteratura floristica zingiberales - Letteratura citata nelle note Poales - considerazioni ceratophyllales - appendici Famiglie trattate in questo volume: LYcoPodiidae: Lycopodiaceae, selaginellaceae, isoëtaceae; oPHioGLossidae: ophioglossaceae; equisetidae: equisetaceae; PoLYPodiidae: osmundaceae, salviniaceae, dennstaedtiaceae, Pteridaceae, aspleniaceae, thelypteridaceae, Woodsiaceae, Blechnaceae, dryopteridaceae, Polypodiaceae; Pinidae: cupressaceae, taxaceae, Pinaceae, ephedraceae, maGnoLiidae – nYmPHaeaLes: nymphaeaceae – PiPeraLes: aristolochiaceae – maGnoLiaLes: annonaceae – LauraLes: Lauraceae – aLismataLes: araceae, alismataceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Juncaginaceae, zosteraceae, Potamogetonaceae, Posidoniaceae, ruppiaceae, cymodoceaceae – dioscoreaLes: dioscoreaceae – LiLiaLes: melanthiaceae, colchicaceae, smilacaceae, Liliaceae – asParaGaLes: orchidaceae, iridaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae, amaryllidaceae, asparagaceae – arecaLes: arecaceae – commeLinaLes: commelinaceae – zinGiBeraLes: cannaceae – PoaLes: typhaceae, Juncaceae, cyperaceae, Poaceae – ceratoPHYLLaLes: ceratophyllaceae revisori tassonomici: e. BanFi L. Bernardo m. coLasante B. FoGGi c. GanGaLe F. GarBari J. KirscHner L. KirscHneroVá G. ParoLo n.G. PassaLacqua L. Peruzzi L. PiGnotti G. rossi J.-m tison d. uzunoV inFormatore Botanico itaLiano, 43 (2) 185-332, 2011 189 introduzione Le prime significative esplorazioni floristiche della calabria risalgono agli inizi del XiX secolo ad opera di grandi botanici dell’epoca come tenore (1811- 1838) e Gussone (1826). un determinante contri- buto alla conoscenza floristica della regione venne poi da terracciano (1891, 1900) per il settore nord della regione e da maccHiati (1884) per la provincia di reggio calabria. nonostante negli ulti- mi decenni siano stati pubblicati numerosi contribu- ti parziali, essa rimane una delle regioni italiane meno conosciute dal punto di vista botanico. delle 7634 entità di piante vascolari censite per l’italia da conti et al. (2005), praticamente un terzo (2629) risultano presenti in questa regione. La stessa pro- porzione si mantiene nel recente aggiornamento di Peruzzi (2010a), dove i numeri risultano, rispettiva- mente, 7953 e 2787. questa grande ricchezza flori- stica è parte integrante ed essenziale del patrimonio naturalistico della calabria; tuttavia essa non è segui- ta di pari passo, come sarebbe lecito aspettarsi, da un’abbondanza di studi sulle piante spontanee di questa regione (Bernardo et al., 2005a, b). Per quanto riguarda invece la vegetazione, per una sinte- si delle conoscenze regionali si rimanda a Bernardo et al. (2010). L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di presentare, in modo critico, una sintesi delle segnalazioni biblio- grafiche di piante vascolari per il territorio calabrese, implementate da dati inediti provenienti dai campio- ni presenti nell’erbario dell’orto Botanico Fig. 1 dell’università della calabria e, in alcuni casi critici, mappa della calabria. cartografia gentilmente elaborata di altri erbari. opere floristiche moderne a carattere dal dott. domenico Gargano. regionale, simili a questa, sono state pubblicate per il map of calabria. cartography kindly elaborated by dr. molise (LuccHese, 1995), l’abruzzo (conti, 1998), domenico Gargano. la Valle d’aosta (BoVio et al., 2000), il Friuli - Venezia Giulia (PoLdini et al., 2001), il Lazio (anzaLone et al., 2010), la sicilia (Giardina et al., rocce cristalline, metamorfiti e plutoniti pre-alpi- 2007) ed – in parte – per la sardegna (arriGoni, ne (amodio moreLLi et al., 1976). 2006; 2010a, b). 3) complesso Panormide: comprende i terreni del- l’orogeno appenninico in cui si può riconoscere La caLaBria Fisica una successione filladica, con intercalazioni di La calabria è la parte più meridionale della penisola calcari e metabasi, a cui fa seguito una potente italiana (Fig. 1), e si estende in direzione nord – sud successione calcareo-dolomitica. per circa 250 Km; è compresa tra i mari tirreno e 4) complesso Post-orogeno: si rinviene sui terreni Jonio. Le zone planiziali rappresentano solo una pic- dei complessi precedenti (oGniBen, 1973) ed è cola superficie della regione, che per il 91% è colli- rappresentato da una sequenza di conglomerati, nare-montuosa. arenarie, sabbie, peliti, evaporiti e calcari. Geologicamente ricade, per la gran parte, nei domi- degno di rilievo è il fatto che l’arco calabro- ni del cosiddetto “arco calabro-Peloritano”, che rap- Peloritano emerge durante l’oligocene superiore (ca. presenta un segmento molto deformato dell’appen- 35-25 milioni di anni fa). in questo periodo gran nino. schematicamente si possono distinguere quat- parte dell’odierna calabria (in continuità fisica con il tro complessi: sistema orogeno alpino, che coinvolgeva anche parte 1) complesso Liguride: comprende filladi, quarziti e dell’africa nord-orientale) era collocata attiguamen- calcari, alla base, a cui sono associate sequenze te al sistema sardo-corso, a sua volta collocato ofiolitiche e blocchi di crosta continentale, rico- immediatamente a sud della Francia meridionale perte da successioni silicee e carbonatiche. (renHauLt et al., 1985; turco, 1989). all’inizio del 2) complesso calabride: poggia tettonicamente miocene (ca. 25-15 milioni di anni fa), il sistema sulle unità ofiolitiche precedenti, ricoprendo la sardo-corso (con ancora annesso l’arco calabro- massima parte della regione, e risulta costituito da Peloritano) comincia a staccarsi ruotando in senso 190 Bernardo et al. antiorario dalla costa francese, a causa dell’apertura – è un’area montuosa che costituisce l’estrema punta di un bacino oceanico tra l’attuale penisola iberica- meridionale dell’appennino calabro; il confine tra Francia e la sardegna-corsica (aLVarez, 1976; l’aspromonte e le serre calabre coincide approssi- LiVermore, smitH, 1985). in accordo con gli stessi mativamente con il Piano della Limina. il territorio è autori, tra il miocene medio ed il miocene superiore caratterizzato da una prima cresta granitica che, dira- (ca. 15-7 milioni di anni fa) la calabria e parte della mandosi dalle serre, si dirige verso la cima di sicilia (gli attuali monti Peloritani) si distaccano dal montalto, costituita prevalentemente da scisti e sistema sardo-corso con un movimento analogo di gneiss, tutti del complesso calabride. rotazione antioraria/traslazione, per l’apertura del Le aree collinari (marchesato), planiziali (Piana di più giovane bacino oceanico del tirreno (vedi anche sibari, Piana di Lamezia terme e Piana di Gioia VanneY, GenesseauX, 1985). tauro) e costiere sono in gran parte costituite da i complessi montuosi più importanti sono: il depositi post-orogeni che, sul versante ionico, sono massiccio del Pollino (serra dolcedorme, 2.267 m) di natura prevalentemente argillosa e calcarenitica. ed il Gruppo montuoso montea-caramolo (spesso due sono i fiumi più importanti: il crati, che separa chiamato anche complesso dei monti di Verbicaro- la sila dalla catena costiera per poi attraversare la orsomarso) (cozzo Pellegrino, 1.927 m), la catena piana di sibari e sfociare nell’alto ionio, ed il neto costiera (monte cocuzzo, 1.541 m), la sila (monte che attraversa la sila ed il marchesato per sfociare Botte donato, 1.928 m), le serre calabre (monte anch’esso nello ionio. Pecoraro, 1.423 m), l’aspromonte (montalto, il clima della regione è di tipo mediterraneo, caratte- 1.955 m). rizzato da una stagione invernale piovosa, umida e il massiccio del Pollino e il Gruppo montuoso per lo più mite, e da una stagione estiva calda e secca montea-caramolo – che ricadono quasi interamen- (ciancio, 1971), con una notevole variazione in te nella perimetrazione del Parco nazionale del relazione alle altitudini ed alle esposizioni. Pollino – presentano caratteristiche geologiche e il versante ionico, che è caratterizzato da estati molto geomorfologiche omogenee, essendo entrambe in calde e secche ed inverni miti come nella piana di gran parte derivati da sequenze del complesso sibari e nel marchesato, è battuto dai venti caldi Panormide e, secondariamente, di quello Liguride. meridionali provenienti dall’africa, mentre il versan- tale sistema si trova nell’area più settentrionale della te tirrenico è umido a causa dei venti che provengo- regione, rappresentando l’ultima propaggine del- no dall’atlantico i quali, arrivati in prossimità della l’appennino meridionale propriamente detto, ed è costa tirrenica, trovano una barriera costituita dai costituito prevalentemente da rocce calcaree e calca- vari complessi montuosi. reo-dolomitiche. nella valle del crati si hanno
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