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Psychophysical Methods & a Brief Intro to the Nervous System Psychophysical methods & a brief intro to the nervous system Jonathan Pillow Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Spring 2015 Lec. 3 1 Outline for today: • psychophysics • Weber-Fechner Law • Signal Detection Theory • basic neuroscience overview 2 The Dawn of Psychophysics Gustav Fechner (1801–1887) often considered founder of experimental psychology psychophysics mind matter • scientific theory of the relationship between mind and matter 3 Fechner’s law 4 Fechner’s law 4 Fechner’s law 4 Fechner’s law 4 Fechner’s law 4 The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law” 5 The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law” • law about how stimulus intensity relates to detectability of stimulus changes 5 The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law” • law about how stimulus intensity relates to detectability of stimulus changes • As stimulus intensity increases, magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable 5 The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law” • law about how stimulus intensity relates to detectability of stimulus changes • As stimulus intensity increases, magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable Example: 1 pound change in a 20 pound weight 5 The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law” • law about how stimulus intensity relates to detectability of stimulus changes • As stimulus intensity increases, magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable Example: 1 pound change in a 20 pound weight is just as detectable as 5 The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law” • law about how stimulus intensity relates to detectability of stimulus changes • As stimulus intensity increases, magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable Example: 1 pound change in a 20 pound weight is just as detectable as 0.2 pound change in a 4 pound weight 5 The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law” • law about how stimulus intensity relates to detectability of stimulus changes • As stimulus intensity increases, magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable Example: 1 pound change in a 20 pound weight = .05 is just as detectable as 0.2 pound change in a 4 pound weight 5 The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law” • law about how stimulus intensity relates to detectability of stimulus changes • As stimulus intensity increases, magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable Example: 1 pound change in a 20 pound weight = .05 is just as detectable as 0.2 pound change in a 4 pound weight = .05 5 The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) Weber Fraction • ratio of change magnitude to stimulus magnitude that is required for detecting the change change in stimulus stimulus intensity = .05 = .05 6 The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) Weber Fraction • ratio of change magnitude to stimulus magnitude that is required for detecting the change change in stimulus stimulus intensity = .05 Q: what’s the smallest change in a 100 pound weight could you detect? = .05 6 The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) Weber Fraction • ratio of change magnitude to stimulus magnitude that is required for detecting the change Just-Noticeable Difference (JND) • smallest magnitude change that can be detected = .05 Q: what’s the smallest change in a 100 pound weight could you detect? = .05 7 Look at Fechner’s law again: 8 A little math (don’t freak out) Fechner’s law: percept stimulus intensity intensity 9 A little math (don’t freak out) Fechner’s law: percept stimulus differentiate both sides intensity intensity 9 A little math (don’t freak out) Fechner’s law: percept stimulus differentiate both sides intensity intensity change in Weber’s law: stimulus intensity change in percept intensity 9 A little math (don’t freak out) Fechner’s law: percept stimulus differentiate both sides intensity intensity change in Weber’s law: stimulus intensity change in percept intensity So detectability (“how much the percept changes”) is determined by the ratio of stimulus change dR to stimulus intensity R. 9 A little math (don’t freak out) Fechner’s law: percept stimulus differentiate both sides intensity intensity change in Weber’s law: stimulus intensity change in percept intensity So detectability (“how much the percept changes”) is determined by the ratio of stimulus change dR to stimulus intensity R. (so, it’s really the same law!) 9 Weber-Fechner Law my rating: this is very deep / important! 10 Stevens’ Power Law 11 Stevens’ Power Law • subjective • based on rating data • no “right” answer: just a mapping between one unknown scale (‘pain’) and another unknown scale (‘numbers’) (my rating: “meh”) 12 Test yourself: at which intensity are changes most detectable? A B C 13 For this stimulus/sensation relationship, which stimulus changes are most detectable? A B C 14 How to measure perception? 15 müller-lyer illusion perception - alan stocker © 2009 16 “percept” “percept” is internal perception - alan stocker © 2009 17 f(x) x blabla perception - alan stocker © 2009 18 Psychophysics • detection (yes/no) • discrimination (e.g., bigger than) • estimation (report the stimulus exactly) All provide indirect measure of internal mental state! 19 Detection perfect threshold 20 Detection perfect threshold noise 21 psychometric function • relates physical quantity to the probability of detecting it 22 Signal detection theory: A psychophysical theory that quantifies the response of an observer to the presentation of a signal in the presence of noise ( On board ) 23 Figure 1.16 Detecting a stimulus using the signal detection theory (SDT) approach (Part 1) 24 Figure 1.16 Detecting a stimulus using the signal detection theory (SDT) approach (Part 2) 25 Figure 1.17 Sensitivity to a stimulus: The separation between the distributions of response to noise alone and to signal plus noise 26 Figure 1.18 For a fixed dʹ, all you can do is change the pattern of your errors by shifting the response criterion 27 Signal detection theory § Hit: Stimulus is presented and observer responds “Yes” § Miss: Stimulus is presented and observer responds “No” § False alarm: Stimulus is not presented and observer responds “Yes” § Correct rejection: Stimulus is not presented and observer responds “No” 28 Signal Detection Theory Terms to know: “noise” distribution: values arising when stimulus not present “signal” distribution: values arising when signal + noise present Type I error: rate of “false alarms”, or false positives Type II error: rate of “misses”, or false negatives psychometric function: describes probability of saying “I heard it” as function of stimulus intensity 29 Brief Neuroscience Intro: 30 the brain, yo perception - alan stocker © 2009 31 neuron dendrites of target axons of sensory neurons receptor neurons • membrane is polarized: voltage difference between inside and outside (neuron is like a battery) perception - alan stocker © 2009 32 spikes - currency of the nervousSpikes - currency system of the nervous system depolarization: Na+ enters • channels open • current flows in • membraneaction becomes potential! depolarizedrepolarization: K+ flows out hodgkin and huxley perception - alan stocker © 2009 33 spike propagation perception - alan stocker © 2009 34 synapse action potential triggers release of vesicles transmitter molecules bind to receptor post-synaptic electrical signal perception - alan stocker © 2009 35 measuring neural activity • Invasive methods - electrophysiology (electrodes) - imaging (voltage sensitive dyes) • non-invasive methods - fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) - EEG (electroencephalography) - MEG (magnetoencephalography) 36 You can safely ignore (for now) • method of constant stimuli / method of adjustment • ROC curves • Fourier analysis (though we will come back to it!) • Cranial nerves (Fig 1.20) • brain anatomy (Fig 1.21, but we will come back as needed) 37 Summary • Weber-Fechner law • Stevens’ power law • psychophysics • psychometric function • signal detection theory: threshold, criterion, Hit/ Miss, FA/CR, d’ (i.e., “d-prime”) • spikes, synapses, neurotransmitter 38 Next: Read Chapter 2 39.
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