Lecture 1 Intro
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Local Field Potential Decoding of the Onset and Intensity of Acute Pain In
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Local feld potential decoding of the onset and intensity of acute pain in rats Received: 25 January 2018 Qiaosheng Zhang1, Zhengdong Xiao2,3, Conan Huang1, Sile Hu2,3, Prathamesh Kulkarni1,3, Accepted: 8 May 2018 Erik Martinez1, Ai Phuong Tong1, Arpan Garg1, Haocheng Zhou1, Zhe Chen 3,4 & Jing Wang1,4 Published: xx xx xxxx Pain is a complex sensory and afective experience. The current defnition for pain relies on verbal reports in clinical settings and behavioral assays in animal models. These defnitions can be subjective and do not take into consideration signals in the neural system. Local feld potentials (LFPs) represent summed electrical currents from multiple neurons in a defned brain area. Although single neuronal spike activity has been shown to modulate the acute pain, it is not yet clear how ensemble activities in the form of LFPs can be used to decode the precise timing and intensity of pain. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is known to play a role in the afective-aversive component of pain in human and animal studies. Few studies, however, have examined how neural activities in the ACC can be used to interpret or predict acute noxious inputs. Here, we recorded in vivo extracellular activity in the ACC from freely behaving rats after stimulus with non-noxious, low-intensity noxious, and high-intensity noxious stimuli, both in the absence and chronic pain. Using a supervised machine learning classifer with selected LFP features, we predicted the intensity and the onset of acute nociceptive signals with high degree of precision. -
Levitis Et Al 2009
Animal Behaviour 78 (2009) 103–110 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yanbe Behavioural biologists do not agree on what constitutes behaviour Daniel A. Levitis*, William Z. Lidicker, Jr, Glenn Freund Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley article info Behavioural biology is a major discipline within biology, centred on the key concept of ‘behaviour’. But Article history: how is ‘behaviour’ defined, and how should it be defined? We outline what characteristics we believe Received 10 February 2009 a scientific definition should have, and why we think it is important that a definition have these traits. Initial acceptance 12 March 2009 We then examine the range of available published definitions for behaviour. Finding no consensus, we Final acceptance 23 March 2009 present survey responses from 174 members of three behaviour-focused scientific societies as to their Published online 3 June 2009 understanding of the term. Here again, we find surprisingly widespread disagreement as to what MS. number: AE-09-00083 qualifies as behaviour. Respondents contradict themselves, each other and published definitions, indi- cating that they are using individually variable intuitive, rather than codified, meanings of ‘behaviour’. Keywords: We offer a new definition, based largely on survey responses: behaviour is the internally coordinated behaviour responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal and/or definition external stimuli, excluding responses more easily understood as developmental changes. Finally, we level of organization philosophy of science discuss the usage, meanings and limitations of this definition. Ó 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. -
Extending Psychophysics Methods to Evaluating Potential Social Anxiety
logy ho & P yc s s y Gabay, J Psychol Psychother 2014, 5:1 c P f h o o t DOI: 10.4172/2161-0487.1000167 l h a e n r r a u p o y J Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy ISSN: 2161-0487 Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Extending Psychophysics Methods to Evaluating Potential Social Anxiety Factors in Face of Terrorism Gillie Gabay* College of Management Academic Studies, Rishon Letzion, Israel Abstract Objective: There is an urgent need to develop tools to effectively measure the impact of psychological responses consequent a terror attack or threat. There is also a need to understand the impact both the personal preparedness of each citizen, and acts of counter terrorism by governments. This paper addresses the question ‘how to create a database of the citizen’s mind about anxiety-provoking situations in the face of terrorism’. Approach: The approach is grounded in a combination of experimental design, psychophysics, as a branch of psychology and consumer research. The theoretical foundation is illustrated using a set of fifteen empirical studies using conjoint analysis, which help uncover how people respond to anxiety-provoking situations. The approach identifies the mindset towards terrorism at the level of the individual respondent. This study identifies critical drivers of anxiety; the specific terrorist act; the location of the act; the feelings and the proposed remedies to reduce anxiety. Results: By exploring responses embedded in a general study of ‘dealing with anxiety provoking situations’, the study uncovers the ‘algebra of the individual respondent’s mind; how important the basic fear of terrorism actually is, how important it is to specify the type of terrorism (bombing versus contamination of the food supply), and how fears of terrorism are structured. -
The Effect of Sensory Processing on the Work Performance of Call Centre Agents in a South African Context
The effect of sensory processing on the work performance of call centre agents in a South African context Annemarie Lombard Student Number: ARCANN002 e Town ap y of C SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences In fulfilmentUniversit of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Occupational Therapy February 2012 Supervisor: Emeritus Associate Professor R. Watson Co-supervisor: Associate Professor M. Duncan Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Declaration I, Annemarie Lombard, hereby declare that the work on which this dissertation/thesis is based is my original work (except where acknowledgements indicate otherwise), and that neither the whole work nor any part of it has been, is being, or is to be submitted for another degree at this or any other university. I empower the university to reproduce for the purpose of research either the whole or any portion of the contents in any manner whatsoever. Signature: e Town ap Date: 25th May 2012 y of C Universit Introduction Page i Acknowledgements This study was an epic journey made possible by the support of so many people to whom I am forever grateful: To God, our Heavenly Father who gave me the dream, allowed me the journey, and continues to give me the strength and courage to follow it. -
The Neurophysiology of Backward Visual Masking: Information Analysis
The Neurophysiology of Backward Visual Masking: Information Analysis Edmund T. Rolls, Martin J. Tovée, and Stefano Panzeri University of Oxford Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/11/3/300/1758552/089892999563409.pdf by guest on 18 May 2021 Abstract ■ Backward masking can potentially provide evidence of the to the stimulus. The decrease is more marked than the decrease time needed for visual processing, a fundamental constraint in ªring rate because it is the selective part of the ªring that that must be incorporated into computational models of vision. is especially attenuated by the mask, not the spontaneous Although backward masking has been extensively used psycho- ªring, and also because the neuronal response is more variable physically, there is little direct evidence for the effects of visual at short SOAs. However, even at the shortest SOA of 20 msec, masking on neuronal responses. To investigate the effects of a the information available is on average 0.1 bits. This compares backward masking paradigm on the responses of neurons in to 0.3 bits with only the 16-msec target stimulus shown and a the temporal visual cortex, we have shown that the response typical value for such neurons of 0.4 to 0.5 bits with a 500- of the neurons is interrupted by the mask. Under conditions msec stimulus. The results thus show that considerable infor- when humans can just identify the stimulus, with stimulus mation is available from neuronal responses even under onset asynchronies (SOA) of 20 msec, neurons in macaques backward masking conditions that allow the neurons to have respond to their best stimulus for approximately 30 msec. -
Erica Fretwell SENSORY EXPERIMENTS Sensory Experiments PSYCHOPHYSICS, RACE, and the AESTHETICS of FEELING
S E N S O R Y E X P E R I M E N T S Psychophysics, RACE, and the Aesthetics of feeling Erica Fretwell SENSORY EXPERIMENTS Sensory Experiments PSYCHOPHYSICS, RACE, AND THE AESTHETICS OF FEELING Erica Fretwell Duke University Press Durham and London 2020 © 2020 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of Amer i ca on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Amy Ruth Buchanan Typeset in Arno and Avenir by Westchester Publishing Services Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Fretwell, Erica, [date] author. Title: Sensory experiments : psychophysics, race, and the aesthetics of feeling / Erica Fretwell. Description: Durham : Duke University Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers:lccn 2019054741 (print) | lccn 2019054742 (ebook) | isbn 9781478009863 (hardcover) | isbn 9781478010937 (paperback) | isbn 9781478012450 (ebook) Subjects: lcsh: Psychophysics. | Senses and sensation— Social aspects. | Racism—United States—Psychological aspects. | Racism—United States—History—19th century. | Science—Social aspects—United States—History—19th century. Classification:lcc bf237 .f74 2020 (print) | lcc bf237 (ebook) | ddc 152.10973/09034—dc23 lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019054741 lc ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019054742 Duke University Press gratefully acknowl- edges the University at Albany, SUNY, which provided funds toward the publication of this book. IN MEMORY OF STEVEN FRETWELL CONTENTS Acknowl edgments ix Introduction: NEW SENSATION 1 -
The Use of Experiential Acceptance in Psychotherapy with Emerging Adults
Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 2015 The use of experiential acceptance in psychotherapy with emerging adults Lauren Ford Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd Recommended Citation Ford, Lauren, "The use of experiential acceptance in psychotherapy with emerging adults" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 650. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/650 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology THE USE OF EXPERIENTIAL ACCEPTANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH EMERGING ADULTS A clinical dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Psychology in Clinical Psychology by Lauren Ford, MMFT October, 2015 Susan Hall, J.D., Ph.D. – Dissertation Chairperson This clinical dissertation, written by: Lauren Ford, MMFT under the guidance of a Faculty Committee and approved by its members, has been submitted to and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment on the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PSYCHOLOGY Doctoral Committee: Susan Hall, J.D., Ph.D., Chairperson Judy Ho, Ph.D. Joan Rosenberg, Ph.D. © Copyright by Lauren Ford (2015) All Rights Reserved -
Hand on a Hot Stove
Hand on a Hot Stove Introduction: When You Put Your Hand on a Hot Stove Think about what happens if you accidentally place your hand on a hot stove. Use numbers 1-5 to place these statements in the order in which they happen. ____ You wave or shake your hand voluntarily to cool it. ____ Your arm moves to automatically move your hand away from the stove. ____ You feel pain in your hand. ____ You remember that you should not touch a hot stove. ____ You touch a hot stove. Life Sciences Learning Center 1 Copyright © 2013 by University of Rochester. All rights reserved. May be copied for classroom use Part 1: What is a reflex? Reflexes If you touch something that is very hot, your hand moves away quickly before you even feel the pain. You don’t have to think about it because the response is a reflex that does not involve the brain. A reflex is a rapid, unlearned, involuntary (automatic) response to a stimulus (change in the environment). Reflexes are responses that protect the body from potentially harmful events that require immediate action. They involve relatively few neurons (nerve cells) so that they can occur rapidly. There are a wide variety of reflexes that we experience every day such as sneezing, coughing, and blinking. We also automatically duck when an object is thrown at us, and our pupils automatically change size in response to light. These reflexes have evolved because they protect the body from potentially harmful events. Most reflexes protect people from injury or deal with things that require immediate action. -
Psychophysics Postdoctoralassociate Dicarlo Lab Just a Reminder of How You Might Start Thinking About Systems Neuroscience
Tutorial Kohitij Kar Psychophysics PostdoctoralAssociate DiCarlo Lab Just a reminder of how you might start thinking about systems neuroscience Psychophysics Quantitative study of the relationship between physical stimuli and perception Encoding Decoding Sensory Stimulus Perception models models (e.g. Image: glass of water) Was there water in the glass? Psychophysics Three methods of measuring perception Two alternative forced choice experiments and Signal Detection Theory Brief intro to Amazon Mechanical Turk Psychophysics Three methods of measuring perception Two alternative forced choice experiments and Signal Detection Theory Brief intro to Amazon Mechanical Turk Psychophysics LiveSlide Site https://isle.hanover.edu/Ch02Methods/Ch02MagnitudeEstimationLineLength_evt.html LiveSlide Site https://isle.hanover.edu/Ch02Methods/Ch02MagnitudeEstimation_evt.html Magnitude estimation Steven’s power law b Stevens (1957, 1961) developed an equation to try to encapsulate this full range of possible data sets. It is called Stevens’ Power Law P = c * Ib LiveSlide Site https://isle.hanover.edu/Ch02Methods/Ch02PowerLaw_evt.html Matching LiveSlide Site https://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs178/applets/colormatching.html Matching Detection/ Discrimination The method of adjustment LiveSlide Site https://isle.hanover.edu/Ch02Methods/Ch02MethodOfAdjustment_evt.html The method of adjustment Terrible Method Why? ☒introspectionist/subjective. ☒subjects can be inexperienced Yes/no method of constant stimuli LiveSlide Site https://isle.hanover.edu/Ch02Methods/Ch02MethodOfConstantStimuli_evt.html -
Responses to Conflicting Stimuli in a Simple Stimulus–Response Pathway
2398 • The Journal of Neuroscience, February 11, 2015 • 35(6):2398–2406 Systems/Circuits Responses to Conflicting Stimuli in a Simple Stimulus–Response Pathway Pieter Laurens Baljon1 and XDaniel A. Wagenaar1,2 1California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology, Pasadena, California 91125, and 2University of Cincinnati, Department of Biological Sciences, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221 The “local bend response” of the medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) is a stimulus–response pathway that enables the animal to bend away from a pressure stimulus applied anywhere along its body. The neuronal circuitry that supports this behavior has been well described, and its responses to individual stimuli are understood in quantitative detail. We probed the local bend system with pairs of electrical stimuli to sensory neurons that could not logically be interpreted as a single touch to the body wall and used multiple suction electrodes to record simultaneously the responses in large numbers of motor neurons. In all cases, responses lasted much longer than the stimuli that triggered them, implying the presence of some form of positive feedback loop to sustain the response. When stimuli were delivered simultaneously, the resulting motor neuron output could be described as an evenly weighted linear combination of the responses to the constituent stimuli. However, when stimuli were delivered sequentially, the second stimulus had greater impact on the motor neuron output, implying that the positive feedback in the system is not strong enough to render it immune to further input. Key words: invertebrate; neuronal circuits; sensory conflict; stimulus–response pathways Introduction Fortunately, lower animals also encounter sensory conflicts Sensory systems have traditionally been studied by neuroscien- and thus offer opportunities for studying circuits involved in tists one modality and one stimulus at a time. -
Identification of Human Gustatory Cortex by Activation Likelihood Estimation
r Human Brain Mapping 32:2256–2266 (2011) r Identification of Human Gustatory Cortex by Activation Likelihood Estimation Maria G. Veldhuizen,1,2 Jessica Albrecht,3 Christina Zelano,4 Sanne Boesveldt,3 Paul Breslin,3,5 and Johan N. Lundstro¨m3,6,7* 1Affective Sensory Neuroscience, John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut 2Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 3Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 4Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 5Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey 6Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 7Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden r r Abstract: Over the last two decades, neuroimaging methods have identified a variety of taste-responsive brain regions. Their precise location, however, remains in dispute. For example, taste stimulation activates areas throughout the insula and overlying operculum, but identification of subregions has been inconsistent. Furthermore, literature reviews and summaries of gustatory brain activations tend to reiterate rather than resolve this ambiguity. Here, we used a new meta-analytic method [activation likelihood estimation (ALE)] to obtain a probability map of the location of gustatory brain activation across 15 studies. The map of activa- tion likelihood values can also serve as a source of independent coordinates for future region-of-interest anal- yses. We observed significant cortical activation probabilities in: bilateral anterior insula and overlying frontal operculum, bilateral mid dorsal insula and overlying Rolandic operculum, and bilateral posterior insula/parietal operculum/postcentral gyrus, left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), right medial OFC, pre- genual anterior cingulate cortex (prACC) and right mediodorsal thalamus. -
Appendix A: Glossary for Section 2.1 (PDF)
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY FOR SECTION 2.1 Sources: The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia. 1995. Columbia University Press; Solomon et al. 1993. Biology, Third Edition. Harcourt Brace Publishing astrocyte - a star-shaped cell, especially a neuroglial cell of nervous tissue. axon - the long, tubular extension of the neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. blood-brain barrier - system of capillaries that regulates the movement of chemical substances, ions, and fluids in and out of the brain. central nervous system - the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. cerebellum - the trilobed structure of the brain, lying posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata and inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres, that is responsible for the regulation and coordination of complex voluntary muscular movement as well as the maintenance of posture and balance. cerebral cortex - the extensive outer layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres, largely responsible for higher brain functions, including sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory. cerebrum - the large, rounded structure of the brain occupying most of the cranial cavity, divided into two cerebral hemispheres that are joined at the bottom by the corpus callosum. It controls and integrates motor, sensory, and higher mental functions, such as thought, reason, emotion, and memory. cognitive development - various mental tasks and processes (e.g. receiving, processing, storing, and retrieving information) that mediate between stimulus and response and determine problem-solving ability. demyelination - to destroy or remove the myelin sheath of (a nerve fiber), as through disease. dendrite - a branched protoplasmic extension of a nerve cell that conducts impulses from adjacent cells inward toward the cell body.