Empfindungsfähigkeit Und Moralischer Status Eine Kritik Der Pathozentrischen Ethik

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Empfindungsfähigkeit Und Moralischer Status Eine Kritik Der Pathozentrischen Ethik Empfindungsfähigkeit und moralischer Status Eine Kritik der pathozentrischen Ethik Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie im Fachbereich A Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften der Bergischen Universität Wuppertal vorgelegt von Erasmus Scheuer aus Düsseldorf Wuppertal, im Januar 2018 Die Dissertation kann wie folgt zitiert werden: urn:nbn:de:hbz:468-20180503-133904-3 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Ahbz% 3A468-20180503-133904-3] alles bleibt wie es ist Geheimnis in einem Geheimnis Muster in einem Muster (Norbert Scheuer – Nichts) Meinen Eltern, Elvira und Norbert Scheuer Vorwort Der Pathozentrismus betrachtet die Leidens- oder Empfindungsfähigkeit aller, auch nichtmenschlicher Spezies als zentrales moralisches Kriterium. Diese Arbeit hat die pathozentrische Position zum Gegenstand und bewegt sich bewusst zwischen Kritik und Verteidigung eines solchen Ansatzes. Einerseits liegen die Schwächen des Pa- thozentrismus m.E. mehr oder weniger offen zu Tage, da die Kluft zwischen Empfin- dungen des Menschen und den Empfindungen anderer Spezies nur schwer inner- halb eines naturwissenschaftlich-physikalistischen Weltbildes überbrückbar erscheint. Andererseits vertrete ich als Verfasser dieser Arbeit die Ansicht, dass eine Erweiterung der Moralobjekte über die Menschen hinaus erfolgen muss, dass das Leiden anderer Kreaturen Teil einer jeden ethischen Betrachtung sein sollte. Der Pa- thozentrismus vertritt mit seinem Kriterium der Leidens- bzw. Empfindungsfähigkeit eine ethische Position, die vom Ansatz her eine Erweiterung der Moralobjekte an- strebt. Aus diesem Grund liegt meine Sympathie beim Pathozentristen. Infolgedes- sen versucht diese Arbeit, einerseits die Kritik am Pathozentrismus aufzuzeigen, an- dererseits dem Pathozentristen auch Argumente an die Hand zu geben, die es ihm erlauben, seine Position zu verteidigen. Der Pathozentrist hat nach meiner Ansicht zwei schwerwiegende und grundlegende Probleme, wenn er seine Ethik innerhalb eines tendenziell physikalistischen Weltbildes zu verteidigen sucht. Diese Probleme nenne ich das unkonditionale und das konditionale Problem; sie bilden die großen Herausforderungen für den Pathozentrismus. Beim unkonditionalen Problem hat der Pathozentrist die Schwierigkeit, Empfindungen anderer Spezies auf wissenschaftli- chem Wege nachzuweisen. Könnte er den Hiatus zwischen unserer Empfindungsfä- higkeit und dem Empfinden anderer Spezies überwinden, dann muss der Pathozent- rist immer noch ein konditionales Problem lösen. Das konditionale Problem beschreibt die Schwierigkeit, Empfindungen anderer Spezies innerhalb einer patho- zentrischen Ethik eine differenzierte moralische Bedeutung zuzuweisen. Wäre das unkonditionale Problem gelöst und damit nachgewiesen, dass z.B. meine Katze So- phia tatsächlich in bestimmter Weise empfindet, dann müsste hinsichtlich des kondi- tionalen Problems noch gezeigt werden, wie ihre Empfindungen innerhalb des ge- samten Spektrums möglicher empfindungsfähiger Spezies zu beurteilen wären. Erst unter dieser Voraussetzung könnte eine ethische Handlungstheorie möglich sein. Empfindungsfähigkeit und moralischer Status Die vorliegende Arbeit ist motiviert aus vorherigen Beschäftigungen mit dem Empfin- den als philosophietheoretisch problematischem Phänomen und baut auf diesen Auseinandersetzungen auf. Im Rahmen von Vorträgen und Abschlussarbeiten hatte ich mich bereits mit der Empfindungsfähigkeit auseinandergesetzt. Besonders wäh- rend meiner Studienzeit an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf wandte ich mich zuerst dezidiert dem Problem einer naturalistischen Erklärung des Empfindens zu und untersuchte die Entstehung dieses Phänomens als biologischem Merkmal speziell für Farbempfindungen. Mich interessierte im Anschluss daran die ethische Dimension der Empfindungsfähigkeit, und ich begann, mich mit der Position des Pa- thozentrismus auseinanderzusetzen, die schon immer einen integralen Bestandteil meiner moralphilosophischen Interessen bildete. Im Rahmen dieser neuen Fragestel- lungen konnte ich auf meine bisherigen Ergebnisse aus der Beschäftigung mit dem phänomenalen Empfinden aufbauen. Sie flossen auch teilweise in die vorliegenden metaethischen Untersuchungen mit ein, wurden in einen moralphilosophischen Zu- sammenhang gestellt und bilden nun einen Bestandteil der dargelegten Argumenta- tion. Wie die Arbeit zeigen wird, sind Erkenntnisse aus der Philosophie des Geistes und der Evolutionsphilosophie notwendige Bestandteile jeder ausführlichen und grundlegenden Analyse der pathozentrischen Ethik. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das unkonditionale und konditionale Problem für den Pathozentrismus diagnostiziert und meines Wissens der erste Versuch unternom- men, diese grundlegenden Probleme systematisch zu beschreiben und Lösungswe- ge aufzuzeigen. Sie leistet einen Beitrag zur Erklärung des geheimnisvollen Zusam- menhangs zwischen Empfindungsfähigkeit und moralischer Relevanz. Dazu werden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer pathozentrischen Ethik beschrieben. Um ein voll- ständiges Bild des Pathozentrismus zu erhalten, wird auch auf historische Pathozen- trismen eingegangen und dann sukzessive versucht, ein möglichst genaues Bild des pathozentrischen Ansatzes zu entwerfen. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt eindeutig auf den neuro- und geistphilosophischen Überlegungen zur Empfindungsfähigkeit sowie den evolutionären Perspektiven und Spekulationen zur Entstehung des Empfindens als einem pathozentrischen Kriterium. Die Erfassung der Empfindungsfähigkeit anderer Spezies wird als zentrale Heraus- forderung des Pathozentrismus behandelt, weil eine pathozentrische Ethik immer bestrebt ist, bestimmten Spezies konkrete Empfindungen zu unterstellen. Um diese Empfindungen dann ethisch nutzbar zu machen, wird auch im Rahmen des konditio- ii Vorwort nalen Problems diskutiert, wie eine Wertehierarchie in einer pathozentrischen Ethik aussehen könnte, in der dann die Empfindungswerte anderer Spezies, wie z.B. die meiner neben mir liegenden, behaglich schnurrenden Katze Sophia, ihren rechtmä- ßigen Platz hätte. Die Anfertigung meiner Arbeit wurde durch die Unterstützung von vielen Personen überhaupt erst ermöglicht, sie begleiteten meine Ausbildung oder weckten mein Inte- resse für bestimmte philosophische Fragestellungen. So begleiteten Kolleginnen und Kollegen an der Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf meinen Weg in die theoreti- sche Philosophie und unterstützten meine Beschäftigung mit Fragen der Philosophie des Geistes. Gerald Hartung von der Bergischen Universität Wuppertal konnte sich für das Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit begeistern. Durch seine immer inspirierende Kritik half er mir über viele konzeptionelle Hürden hinweg. Ich danke ihm für seine Unterstützung und die immer anregenden und ermunternden Gespräche. Darüber hinaus wurde die Arbeit nicht nur fachlich begleitet, sondern sie verdankt ihre Fertig- stellung auch mir nahestehenden Personen und vor allem meinen Eltern, die mein bewusstes Nachdenken über das eigene Empfinden und das anderer Entitäten erst möglich machten, indem sie mir auch den Freiraum gaben zu studieren. Ein beson- derer Dank gilt meinem Vater. Seine aufopferungsvolle Beschäftigung mit dem Text, unsere langen und intensiven Gespräche, die meine Mutter des Öfteren erdulden musste, halfen mir bei der Fertigstellung der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift. iii Inhalt Einleitung .................................................................................................................... 1 1 Eine kurze Geschichte der Pathozentrik .............................................................. 9 2 Nähere Bestimmung der pathozentrischen Ethik ............................................... 31 2.1 Die Begründung des pathozentrischen Zusammenhangs ........................... 42 2.2 Merkmale und Grenzen des Pathozentrismus ............................................. 48 2.3 Die Struktur der pathozentrischen Ethik und moralischer Status ................. 56 3 Das mentale Kriterium des Pathozentrismus ..................................................... 77 3.1 Empfindungen und Arten des Bewusstseins ................................................ 84 3.2 Eine Ontologie des pathozentrischen Kriteriums ......................................... 95 3.3 Die naturwissenschaftliche Erklärung des Empfindens .............................. 106 3.4 Der subjektive Charakter der Erfahrung und die Unvollständigkeit des Materialismus ............................................................................................. 116 4 Eine naturgeschichtliche Fundierung des pathozentrischen Kriteriums ........... 131 4.1 Bewusstsein und Funktionalität .................................................................. 145 4.1.1 Funktionsloses Bewusstsein ............................................................... 159 4.1.2 Evolution von Bewusstseinsalternativen ............................................. 165 4.1.3 Unersetzbares Bewusstsein ................................................................ 169 4.2 Emergenzszenarien ................................................................................... 177 5 Die Probleme des Pathozentrismus ................................................................. 185 5.1 Die Empfindungen anderer Spezies und das unkonditionale Problem ...... 187 5.2 Die moralische Bewertung von Empfindungen und das konditionale Problem ..................................................................................................... 196 6 Unterstellte Entsprechungen und
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