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PREFACE ix Locke on Human Understanding 32 Locke on Education 34 George Berkeley (1685–1753): Empiricism Applied CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING ’S to Vision 35 HISTORY 1 British Associationism 37 Why Take This Course? 2 David Hume (1711–1776): The Rules of Why Study History? 2 Association 37 Why Study Psychology’s History? 4 David Hartley (1705–1757): A Physiological Key Issues in Psychology’s History 6 Associationism 39 Presentism versus Historicism 7 Close-Up: Raising a 41 Internal versus External History 9 John Stuart Mill (1806–1873): On the Verge of Personalistic versus Naturalistic History 10 Psychological Science 42 Close-Up: Edwin G. Boring (1886–1968) 10 Mill’s Psychology 43 This Book’s Point of View 13 Mill’s Logic 44 Historiography: Doing and Writing History 13 Rationalist Responses to Empiricism 45 Sources of Historical Data 14 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) 45 From the Miles Papers: Miles Meets His Academic (1724–1804) 46 Grandfather 16 In Perspective: Philosophical Foundations 47 Problems with the Writing of History 17 Summary 48 Data Selection Problems 17 Study Questions 49 Interpretation Problems 19 Approaching Historical Truth 20 CHAPTER 3 THE SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT 50 Summary 21 Study Questions 22 Heroic Science in the Age of Enlightenment 51 Functioning of the Nervous System 52 Reflex Action 53 The Bell–Magendie Law 54 CHAPTER 2 THE PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT 24 The Specific Energies of Nerves 56 Helmholtz: The Physiologist’s Physiologist 57 A Long Past 25 Measuring the Speed of Neural Impulses 58 René Descartes (1596–1650): The Beginnings of Modern Helmholtz on Vision and Audition 59 and Science COPYRIGHTED25 MATERIALHelmholtz and the Problem of 61 Descartes and the Rationalist Argument 27 Localization of Brain Function 62 The Cartesian System 28 The Phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim 62 Descartes on the Reflex and –Body Close-Up: The Marketing of Phrenology 65 Interaction 29 Flourens and the Method of Ablation 68 The British Empiricist Argument and the The Clinical Method 69 Associationists 32 The Remarkable Phineas Gage 70 John Locke (1632–1704): The Origins of British Broca and the Speech Center 71 Empiricism 32 Mapping the Brain: Electrical Stimulation 73

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Nervous System Structure 74 CHAPTER 5 DARWIN’S CENTURY: EVOLUTIONARY Neuron Theory 74 THINKING 110 Sir Charles Sherrington: The Synapse 76 From the Miles Papers: Miles Visits Sherrington in The Species Problem 111 Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and the Theory of Oxford 77 Evolution 112 In Perspective: The Nervous System and Behavior 78 The Shaping of a Naturalist 112 Summary 78 The Voyage of the Beagle 114 Study Questions 79 Darwin the Geologist 115 Darwin the Zoologist 115 CHAPTER 4 WUNDT AND GERMAN The Galapagos Islands 116 PSYCHOLOGY 81 The Evolution of Darwin’s Theory 116 An Education in Germany 82 Darwin’s Delay 118 On the Threshold of : Elements of the Theory of Evolution 120 83 After the Origin of Species 121 Johann Herbart (1776–1841) 84 Darwin and Psychology’s History 122 Ernst Weber (1795–1878) 85 The Origins of Comparative Psychology 123 Two-Point Thresholds 85 Darwin on the Evolution of Emotional Weber’s Law 85 Expressions 123 Gustav Fechner (1801–1889) 86 Close-Up: Douglas Spalding and the Experimental Study of Fechner’s Elements of Psychophysics 87 Instinct 125 Wundt Establishes a New Psychology at 88 George Romanes (1848–1894) and the Anecdotal (1832–1920): Creating a New Method 126 Science 88 Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936) and his Wundt’s Conception of the New Psychology 90 “Canon” 128 Studying Immediate Conscious Experience 91 Comparative Psychology in America 130 Studying Higher Mental Processes 92 Studying Individual Differences 130 Inside Wundt’s Laboratory 92 (1822–1911): Jack of All Sensation and Perception 92 Sciences 130 Mental Chronometry 93 The Nature of Intelligence 131 Close-Up: An American in Leipzig 95 The Anthropometric Laboratory 134 Rewriting History: The New and Improved Wilhelm Investigating Imagery and Association 134 Wundt 96 In Perspective: Darwin’s Century 136 The Source of the Problem 96 Summary 136 The Rediscovery of Wundt 97 Study Questions 137 The Real Wundt 97 The Wundtian Legacy 98 The New Psychology Spreads 99 CHAPTER 6 AMERICAN PIONEERS 139 (1850–1909): The Experimental Study of Memory 99 Psychology in 19th-Century America 140 The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve 102 Faculty Psychology 140 Other Contributions by Ebbinghaus 103 American Psychology’s First Textbook 141 G. E. Müller (1850–1934): The Experimentalist The Modern University 141 Prototype 103 Education for Women and Minorities 142 Oswald Külpe (1862–1915): The Würzburg (1842–1910): The First of the “New” School 104 in America 146 Mental Sets and Imageless Thoughts 106 The Formative Years 147 In Perspective: A New Science 107 ALifeatHarvard 147 Summary 107 Creating American Psychology’s Most Famous Study Questions 108 Textbook 149 Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Goodwin ftoc.tex V1 - December 2, 2014 9:04 P.M. Page v

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On Methodology 150 From the Miles Papers: Miles and the Carlisle 150 Conference 186 Habit 151 America’s Psychology: Functionalism 187 Emotion 152 The Chicago Functionalists 189 James’s Later Years 153 (1859–1952): The Reflex Arc 189 Spiritualism 153 James R. Angell (1869–1949): The Province of Summing Up William James 154 191 G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924): Professionalizing the New Harvey Carr (1873–1954): The Maturing of Psychology 154 Functionalism 193 Hall’s Early Life and Education 155 The Columbia Functionalists 194 From Johns Hopkins to Clark 156 James McKeen Cattell (1860–1944): An Psychology at Clark 157 American Galton 194 Close-Up: Creating Maze Learning 158 Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949): Cats in Hall and Developmental Psychology 160 Puzzle Boxes 197 Hall and Psychoanalysis 161 Robert S. Woodworth (1869–1962): A Dynamic From the Miles Papers: Miles and the Invention of the Psychology 202 Stylus Maze 163 In Perspective: Structuralism and Functionalism 204 (1863–1930): Challenging the Male Summary 205 Monopoly 164 Study Questions 206 Calkins’s Life and Work 164 Graduate Education for Females 165 Calkins’s Research on Association 165 CHAPTER 8 APPLYING THE NEW From Psychology to Philosophy 166 PSYCHOLOGY 208 Other Women Pioneers: Untold Lives 167 The Desire for Application 209 Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930) 167 From the Miles Papers: Miles and Stanford Football 210 (1871–1939) 168 The Mental Testing Movement 212 Other Pioneers: Ladd and Baldwin 169 Alfred Binet (1857–1911): The Birth of Modern (1842–1921) 169 Intelligence Testing 212 (1861–1934) 170 The Binet–Simon Scales 214 In Perspective: The New Psychology at the Henry H. Goddard (1866–1957): Binet’s Test Comes Millennium 171 to America 215 Summary 172 The Kallikaks 217 Study Questions 173 Goddard and the Immigrants 219 Lewis M. Terman (1877–1956): Institutionalizing IQ 221 CHAPTER 7 STRUCTURALISM AND The Stanford–Binet IQ Test 221 FUNCTIONALISM 175 Terman Studies the Gifted 222 Close-Up: Leta Hollingworth: Advocating for Gifted Titchener’s Psychology: Structuralism 176 Children and Debunking Myths about Women 224 From Oxford to Leipzig to Cornell 176 Robert M. Yerkes (1876–1956): The Army Testing Promoting Experimental Psychology at Cornell 177 Program 226 The Manuals 179 Army Alpha and Army Beta 227 The Experimentalists 181 The Controversy over Intelligence 230 Titchener’s Structuralist System 182 Applying Psychology to Business 232 Close-Up: The Introspective Habit 183 Hugo Münsterberg (1863–1916): The Diversity of The Structural Elements of Human Conscious Applied Psychology 233 Experience 184 Münsterberg and Employee Selection 235 Evaluating Titchener’s Contributions to Other Leading Industrial Psychologists in Psychology 185 America 237 Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Goodwin ftoc.tex V1 - December 2, 2014 9:04 P.M. Page vi

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Walter Van Dyke Bingham (1880–1952) 237 Generalization and Differentiation 279 Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878–1972) 238 Experimental Neurosis 279 Harry Hollingworth (1880–1956) 239 A Program of Research 280 Applied Psychology in Pavlov and the Soviets 280 Europe—Psychotechnics 240 Pavlov and the Americans 282 In Perspective: Applied Psychology 241 Close-Up: Misportraying Pavlov’s Apparatus 283 Summary 242 From the Miles Papers: Miles Meets Pavlov 284 Study Questions 243 John B. Watson and the Founding of Behaviorism 285 The Young Functionalist at Chicago 285 The Watson–Carr Maze Studies 286 CHAPTER 9 GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY 244 Opportunity Knocks at Johns Hopkins 288 The Origins and Early Development of Gestalt Watson and Animal Behavior 288 Watson’s Behaviorist Manifesto 289 Psychology 245 Max Wertheimer (1880–1943): Founding Gestalt Watson’s APA Presidential Address 291 Studying Emotional Development 291 Psychology 247 Koffka (1886–1941) and Köhler (1887–1967): The Zenith and the Nadir of a Career: Little Albert 292 Cofounders 249 A New Life in Advertising 295 Close-Up: A Case of Espionage? 251 Popularizing Behaviorism 296 Gestalt Psychology and Perception 252 Evaluating Watsonian Behaviorism 297 Principles of Perceptual Organization 253 In Perspective: Behaviorism’s Origins 299 Behavioral versus Geographic Environments 255 Summary 299 The Gestalt Approach to and Learning 255 Study Questions 300 Köhler on Insight in Apes 256 Wertheimer on Productive Thinking 257 Other Gestalt Research on Cognition 258 CHAPTER 11 THE EVOLUTION OF Kurt Lewin (1890–1947): Expanding the Gestalt BEHAVIORISM 302 Vision 260 Post-Watsonian Behaviorism 303 Early Life and Career 260 Logical Positivism and Operationism 304 From the Miles Papers: Miles Learns about the Nazi Neobehaviorism 306 Version of Academic Freedom 261 Edwin R. Guthrie (1886–1959): Contiguity, Contiguity, Field Theory 262 Contiguity 307 The Zeigarnik Effect 264 One-Trial Learning 308 Lewin as Developmental 264 Evaluating Guthrie 309 Lewin as Social Psychologist 266 Edward C. Tolman (1886–1959): A Purposive Action Research 267 Behaviorism 310 Evaluating Lewin 268 Tolman’s System 311 In Perspective: Gestalt Psychology in America 268 Molar versus Molecular Behavior 311 Summary 269 Goal-Directedness 312 Study Questions 271 Intervening Variables 312 From the Miles Papers: Miles and the Old Boys 314 CHAPTER 10 THE ORIGINS OF BEHAVIORISM 272 Network Tolman’s Research Program 314 Behaviorism’s Antecedents 273 Latent Learning 315 Pavlov’s Life and Work 274 Cognitive Maps 316 The Development of a Physiologist 275 Evaluating Tolman 317 Working in Pavlov’s Laboratory—The Physiology Clark Hull (1884–1952): A Hypothetico-Deductive Factory 275 System 319 Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Research 277 Hull’s System 321 Conditioning and Extinction 278 Postulate 4: Habit Strength 322 Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Goodwin ftoc.tex V1 - December 2, 2014 9:04 P.M. Page vii

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Reaction Potential 323 Close-Up: Shell Shock 370 Evaluating Hull 323 No Reversal: Lobotomy, Transorbital and B. F. Skinner (1904–1990): A Radical Behaviorism 325 Otherwise 371 The Experimental Analysis of Behavior 326 Clinical Psychology before World War II 373 Operant Conditioning: A Primer 328 Lightner Witmer (1867–1956): Creating Psychology’s Skinner and Theory 329 First Clinic 374 Skinner and the Problem of Explanation 330 Clinical Psychology Between the World Wars 376 A Technology of Behavior 331 The Emergence of Modern Clinical Psychology 377 Close-Up: The IQ Zoo and the “Misbehavior of The Boulder Model 378 Organisms” 332 The Eysenck Study: Problems for Evaluating Skinner 334 Psychotherapy 379 In Perspective: Neobehaviorism 335 Behavior Therapy 380 Summary 336 The Humanistic Approach to Psychotherapy 381 Study Questions 337 and the Goal of Self-Actualization 381 CHAPTER 12 MENTAL ILLNESS AND ITS and Client-Centered Therapy 382 TREATMENT 339 Evaluating Humanistic Psychology 385 The Vail Conference and the PsyD Degree 385 Early Treatment of the Mentally Ill 340 Psychology and the World of Business and Industry 387 “Enlightened” Reform: Pinel, Tuke, Rush 340 The Hawthorne Studies 389 The 19th-Century Asylum Movement 342 In Perspective: Psychology’s Practitioners 391 Reforming Asylums: Dix and Beers 345 Summary 392 Close-Up: Diagnosing Mental Illness 346 Study Questions 393 Mesmerism and Hypnosis 347 Mesmerism and Animal Magnetism 348 From Mesmerism to Hypnosis 349 The Hypnotism Controversies 350 CHAPTER 14 PSYCHOLOGY’S RESEARCHERS 395 (1856–1939): Founding Psychoanalysis 352 Cognitive Psychology Arrives (Again) 396 Early Life and Education 352 The Roots of Modern Cognitive Psychology 396 Breuer and the Catharsis Method 354 Jean Piaget (1896–1980): A Genetic Creating Psychoanalysis 356 Epistemology 396 The Importance of Sex 357 Frederick C. Bartlett (1886–1969): Constructing Psychoanalysis Enters the 20th Century 358 Memory 398 The Evolution of Psychoanalytic Theory 358 A Convergence of Influences 400 Freud’s Followers: Loyalty and Dissent 360 Influences within Psychology 400 Psychoanalysis in America 361 Influences External to Psychology 401 Evaluating Freud 362 Close-Up: What Revolution? 403 Contributions 363 Magical Numbers, Selective Filters, and TOTE Criticisms 363 Units 404 In Perspective: Treating Mental Illness 364 Neisser and the “Naming” of Cognitive Summary 364 Psychology 407 Study Questions 366 The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology 408 Evaluating Cognitive Psychology 410 CHAPTER 13 PSYCHOLOGY’S Other Research Areas 410 PRACTITIONERS 367 The Brain and Behavior 411 (1890–1958) 411 The Medical Approach to Mental Illness 368 From the Miles Papers: Miles Visits Lashley 413 A Shock to the System: Fever, Insulin, Metrazol, and Donald O. Hebb (1904–1985) 414 Electricity 369 The Psychology of Perception 415 Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Goodwin ftoc.tex V1 - December 2, 2014 9:04 P.M. Page viii

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James J. Gibson (1904–1979) 415 Trends in Modern Psychology 433 Eleanor Gibson (1910–2002) 417 The Future: Psychology or Psychologies? 434 Social Psychology 418 Summary 436 Leon Festinger (1919–1989) 419 Study Questions 437 Stanley Milgram (1933–1984) 421 Personality Psychology 423 REFERENCES 439 Henry Murray (1893–1988) 423 GLOSSARY 469 (1897–1967) 424 INDEX 481 In Perspective: Psychology’s Researchers 426 TIMELINES 495 Summary 427 Study Questions 428

CHAPTER 15 PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY 429

Researchers and Practitioners 429 The Growth and Diversity of Psychology 430 Women in Psychology’s History 431 Minorities in Psychology’s History 432