Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Goodwin ftoc.tex V1 - December 2, 2014 9:04 P.M. Page iii CONTENTS PREFACE ix Locke on Human Understanding 32 Locke on Education 34 George Berkeley (1685–1753): Empiricism Applied CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY’S to Vision 35 HISTORY 1 British Associationism 37 Why Take This Course? 2 David Hume (1711–1776): The Rules of Why Study History? 2 Association 37 Why Study Psychology’s History? 4 David Hartley (1705–1757): A Physiological Key Issues in Psychology’s History 6 Associationism 39 Presentism versus Historicism 7 Close-Up: Raising a Philosopher 41 Internal versus External History 9 John Stuart Mill (1806–1873): On the Verge of Personalistic versus Naturalistic History 10 Psychological Science 42 Close-Up: Edwin G. Boring (1886–1968) 10 Mill’s Psychology 43 This Book’s Point of View 13 Mill’s Logic 44 Historiography: Doing and Writing History 13 Rationalist Responses to Empiricism 45 Sources of Historical Data 14 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) 45 From the Miles Papers: Miles Meets His Academic Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) 46 Grandfather 16 In Perspective: Philosophical Foundations 47 Problems with the Writing of History 17 Summary 48 Data Selection Problems 17 Study Questions 49 Interpretation Problems 19 Approaching Historical Truth 20 CHAPTER 3 THE SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT 50 Summary 21 Study Questions 22 Heroic Science in the Age of Enlightenment 51 Functioning of the Nervous System 52 Reflex Action 53 The Bell–Magendie Law 54 CHAPTER 2 THE PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT 24 The Specific Energies of Nerves 56 Helmholtz: The Physiologist’s Physiologist 57 A Long Past 25 Measuring the Speed of Neural Impulses 58 René Descartes (1596–1650): The Beginnings of Modern Helmholtz on Vision and Audition 59 Philosophy and Science COPYRIGHTED25 MATERIALHelmholtz and the Problem of Perception 61 Descartes and the Rationalist Argument 27 Localization of Brain Function 62 The Cartesian System 28 The Phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim 62 Descartes on the Reflex and Mind–Body Close-Up: The Marketing of Phrenology 65 Interaction 29 Flourens and the Method of Ablation 68 The British Empiricist Argument and the The Clinical Method 69 Associationists 32 The Remarkable Phineas Gage 70 John Locke (1632–1704): The Origins of British Broca and the Speech Center 71 Empiricism 32 Mapping the Brain: Electrical Stimulation 73 iii Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Goodwin ftoc.tex V1 - December 2, 2014 9:04 P.M. Page iv iv CONTENTS Nervous System Structure 74 CHAPTER 5 DARWIN’S CENTURY: EVOLUTIONARY Neuron Theory 74 THINKING 110 Sir Charles Sherrington: The Synapse 76 From the Miles Papers: Miles Visits Sherrington in The Species Problem 111 Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and the Theory of Oxford 77 Evolution 112 In Perspective: The Nervous System and Behavior 78 The Shaping of a Naturalist 112 Summary 78 The Voyage of the Beagle 114 Study Questions 79 Darwin the Geologist 115 Darwin the Zoologist 115 CHAPTER 4 WUNDT AND GERMAN The Galapagos Islands 116 PSYCHOLOGY 81 The Evolution of Darwin’s Theory 116 An Education in Germany 82 Darwin’s Delay 118 On the Threshold of Experimental Psychology: Elements of the Theory of Evolution 120 Psychophysics 83 After the Origin of Species 121 Johann Herbart (1776–1841) 84 Darwin and Psychology’s History 122 Ernst Weber (1795–1878) 85 The Origins of Comparative Psychology 123 Two-Point Thresholds 85 Darwin on the Evolution of Emotional Weber’s Law 85 Expressions 123 Gustav Fechner (1801–1889) 86 Close-Up: Douglas Spalding and the Experimental Study of Fechner’s Elements of Psychophysics 87 Instinct 125 Wundt Establishes a New Psychology at Leipzig 88 George Romanes (1848–1894) and the Anecdotal Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920): Creating a New Method 126 Science 88 Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936) and his Wundt’s Conception of the New Psychology 90 “Canon” 128 Studying Immediate Conscious Experience 91 Comparative Psychology in America 130 Studying Higher Mental Processes 92 Studying Individual Differences 130 Inside Wundt’s Laboratory 92 Francis Galton (1822–1911): Jack of All Sensation and Perception 92 Sciences 130 Mental Chronometry 93 The Nature of Intelligence 131 Close-Up: An American in Leipzig 95 The Anthropometric Laboratory 134 Rewriting History: The New and Improved Wilhelm Investigating Imagery and Association 134 Wundt 96 In Perspective: Darwin’s Century 136 The Source of the Problem 96 Summary 136 The Rediscovery of Wundt 97 Study Questions 137 The Real Wundt 97 The Wundtian Legacy 98 The New Psychology Spreads 99 CHAPTER 6 AMERICAN PIONEERS 139 Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909): The Experimental Study of Memory 99 Psychology in 19th-Century America 140 The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve 102 Faculty Psychology 140 Other Contributions by Ebbinghaus 103 American Psychology’s First Textbook 141 G. E. Müller (1850–1934): The Experimentalist The Modern University 141 Prototype 103 Education for Women and Minorities 142 Oswald Külpe (1862–1915): The Würzburg William James (1842–1910): The First of the “New” School 104 Psychologists in America 146 Mental Sets and Imageless Thoughts 106 The Formative Years 147 In Perspective: A New Science 107 ALifeatHarvard 147 Summary 107 Creating American Psychology’s Most Famous Study Questions 108 Textbook 149 Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Goodwin ftoc.tex V1 - December 2, 2014 9:04 P.M. Page v CONTENTS v On Methodology 150 From the Miles Papers: Miles and the Carlisle Consciousness 150 Conference 186 Habit 151 America’s Psychology: Functionalism 187 Emotion 152 The Chicago Functionalists 189 James’s Later Years 153 John Dewey (1859–1952): The Reflex Arc 189 Spiritualism 153 James R. Angell (1869–1949): The Province of Summing Up William James 154 Functional Psychology 191 G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924): Professionalizing the New Harvey Carr (1873–1954): The Maturing of Psychology 154 Functionalism 193 Hall’s Early Life and Education 155 The Columbia Functionalists 194 From Johns Hopkins to Clark 156 James McKeen Cattell (1860–1944): An Psychology at Clark 157 American Galton 194 Close-Up: Creating Maze Learning 158 Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949): Cats in Hall and Developmental Psychology 160 Puzzle Boxes 197 Hall and Psychoanalysis 161 Robert S. Woodworth (1869–1962): A Dynamic From the Miles Papers: Miles and the Invention of the Psychology 202 Stylus Maze 163 In Perspective: Structuralism and Functionalism 204 Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930): Challenging the Male Summary 205 Monopoly 164 Study Questions 206 Calkins’s Life and Work 164 Graduate Education for Females 165 Calkins’s Research on Association 165 CHAPTER 8 APPLYING THE NEW From Psychology to Philosophy 166 PSYCHOLOGY 208 Other Women Pioneers: Untold Lives 167 The Desire for Application 209 Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930) 167 From the Miles Papers: Miles and Stanford Football 210 Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939) 168 The Mental Testing Movement 212 Other Pioneers: Ladd and Baldwin 169 Alfred Binet (1857–1911): The Birth of Modern George Trumbull Ladd (1842–1921) 169 Intelligence Testing 212 James Mark Baldwin (1861–1934) 170 The Binet–Simon Scales 214 In Perspective: The New Psychology at the Henry H. Goddard (1866–1957): Binet’s Test Comes Millennium 171 to America 215 Summary 172 The Kallikaks 217 Study Questions 173 Goddard and the Immigrants 219 Lewis M. Terman (1877–1956): Institutionalizing IQ 221 CHAPTER 7 STRUCTURALISM AND The Stanford–Binet IQ Test 221 FUNCTIONALISM 175 Terman Studies the Gifted 222 Close-Up: Leta Hollingworth: Advocating for Gifted Titchener’s Psychology: Structuralism 176 Children and Debunking Myths about Women 224 From Oxford to Leipzig to Cornell 176 Robert M. Yerkes (1876–1956): The Army Testing Promoting Experimental Psychology at Cornell 177 Program 226 The Manuals 179 Army Alpha and Army Beta 227 The Experimentalists 181 The Controversy over Intelligence 230 Titchener’s Structuralist System 182 Applying Psychology to Business 232 Close-Up: The Introspective Habit 183 Hugo Münsterberg (1863–1916): The Diversity of The Structural Elements of Human Conscious Applied Psychology 233 Experience 184 Münsterberg and Employee Selection 235 Evaluating Titchener’s Contributions to Other Leading Industrial Psychologists in Psychology 185 America 237 Trim Size: 7.5in x 9.25in Goodwin ftoc.tex V1 - December 2, 2014 9:04 P.M. Page vi vi CONTENTS Walter Van Dyke Bingham (1880–1952) 237 Generalization and Differentiation 279 Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878–1972) 238 Experimental Neurosis 279 Harry Hollingworth (1880–1956) 239 A Program of Research 280 Applied Psychology in Pavlov and the Soviets 280 Europe—Psychotechnics 240 Pavlov and the Americans 282 In Perspective: Applied Psychology 241 Close-Up: Misportraying Pavlov’s Apparatus 283 Summary 242 From the Miles Papers: Miles Meets Pavlov 284 Study Questions 243 John B. Watson and the Founding of Behaviorism 285 The Young Functionalist at Chicago 285 The Watson–Carr Maze Studies 286 CHAPTER 9 GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY 244 Opportunity Knocks at Johns Hopkins 288 The Origins and Early Development of Gestalt Watson and Animal Behavior 288 Watson’s Behaviorist Manifesto 289 Psychology 245 Max Wertheimer (1880–1943): Founding Gestalt Watson’s APA Presidential Address 291 Studying Emotional Development 291 Psychology 247 Koffka (1886–1941) and Köhler (1887–1967): The Zenith and the Nadir of a Career: Little Albert 292 Cofounders 249 A New Life in Advertising 295 Close-Up: A Case of Espionage? 251 Popularizing Behaviorism 296 Gestalt Psychology and Perception 252 Evaluating Watsonian Behaviorism 297 Principles of Perceptual Organization 253 In Perspective: Behaviorism’s Origins 299 Behavioral versus Geographic Environments 255 Summary 299 The Gestalt Approach to Cognition and Learning 255 Study Questions 300 Köhler on Insight in Apes 256 Wertheimer on Productive Thinking 257 Other Gestalt Research on Cognition 258 CHAPTER 11 THE EVOLUTION OF Kurt Lewin (1890–1947): Expanding the Gestalt BEHAVIORISM 302 Vision 260 Post-Watsonian Behaviorism 303 Early Life and Career 260 Logical Positivism and Operationism 304 From the Miles Papers: Miles Learns about the Nazi Neobehaviorism 306 Version of Academic Freedom 261 Edwin R.