Modified (Reformatted and Without Figures) from Chapter 4 of the Heritage of Engineering Geology: the First Hundred Years GSA Centennial Special Volume 3, 1991
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Modified (reformatted and without figures) from Chapter 4 of The Heritage of Engineering Geology: The First Hundred Years GSA Centennial Special Volume 3, 1991 HISTORY AND HERITAGE OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY DIVISION GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1940s TO 1990 George A. Kiersch GeoIogical Consultant Kiersch Associates, Inc. 4750 North Camino Luz, Tucson, Arizona 85718 Allen W. Hatheway Department of Geological Engineering University of Missouri at Rolla Missouri 65401 INTRODUCTION During the 1890s, the importance of an interrelation between geologic principles and guidance for construction of major engineering works was being clearly demonstrated through the efforts of Professor William 0. Crosby (M.I.T.) and Professor James F. Kemp (Columbia). A half-century earlier, geologists in North America had begun to show this interdependence, as indicated by works of James Hall of the New York State Geological Survey in 1839 on rock cuts of the Erie Canal and William W. Mather of the Ohio Geological Survey in 1838 on rotational slides along the lake front at Cleveland. The contributions of these and other early workers are described in Chapter 1, as are other early geological studies for dams, tunnels, aqueducts, canals, and related works. However, the first organizations and groups formed to represent the early practitioners of applied geology only developed in the early 1900s. HERITAGE: 1900s TO 1950s The Economic Geology Publishing Company was formed to serve the interests of all applied/economic geologists in 1905, and the first issues of Economic Geology were released that year. This scientific journal soon developed a wide circulation, both domestic and foreign, and was the medium for all four branches of applied, or economic, geology, described by D. W. Johnson in 1906 as mining, petroleum, ground water, and "applications of geology to various uses of mankind and engineering structures." Waldemar Lindgren, chief geologist of the U.S. Geological Survey, in his 1913 textbook Mineral Deposits, defined these four branches and made reference to engineering geology practice. The main geological principles and their relevance to engineering works were put forth in the textbook by Ries and Watson (1914), Engineering Geology. In 1913 the American Institute of Mining Engineers (AIME) established a Committee on Mining Geology, with Waldemar Lindgren as chairman, to represent the first specialists to separate from the original body of applied geologists. In 1919, a group of petroleum-oriented geologists from the Economic Geology group decided to organize the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) (Bateman, 1955) and became the second separate group of applied geologists. However, they continued to publish most of their petroleum geology papers for several years in Economic Geology until the AAPG Bulletin was strongly established in the 1920s under editor R. C. Moore. Society of Economic Geologists The Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) was organized in 1920 and became an associated society of GSA. Annual meetings rotate between GSA and AIME. The purpose of the Society is to further the scientific field of economic geology and provide a forum for the presentation of papers and ideas on the four branches-mining, petroleum, ground water, and engineering applications. From the beginning and continuing through the mid-I950s, the SEG actively supported the discipline of engineering geology. Many strong engineering geology papers were published in Economic Geology, the bulletin of SEG, during this period, beginning with D. W. Johnson's paper in 1906 on "The Scope of Applied Geology." This long-standing interest is demonstrated by the nearly 50 papers on engineering geology subjects published in Economic Geology by 1960 (Appendix L). Good examples are the paper by S. Paige and R. Rhoades (1948), "Report of committee on research in engineering geology," and the three outstanding review papers in the Fiftieth Anniversary Volume that deal with aspects of engineering geology practice and are professional milestones: Legget (1955) on "Heritage"; Terzaghi (1955) on "Engineering Properties of Sediments"; and Ferris and Sayre (1955) on "Quantitative Approach to Ground-Water Investigations." Furthermore, the AAPG Bulletin published several strong papers during the 1920s through the 1940s, as did the AIME in Mining Transactions (e.g., the symposium on dams; AIME, 1929). This technical publication introduced into the literature the first truly engineering geology principles for dams. Soon thereafter, Ries and Watson (1914) revised their Engineering Geology text and included much of the symposium material; thus introducing modern geology for engineering works into the academic world. Geological Society of America Throughout his many years of service to the Society as secretary (1923 to 1940), Charles P. Berkey (chapter Frontis- piece) made the relevance and importance of geology to planning and construction of engineering works a matter of first- hand familiarity to his GSA colleagues. For example, a brochure article in 1939 on engineering geology and his GSA presidential address on "The Geologist in Public Works" (Berkey, 1942) initiated further interest among geologists and engineers (Appendix I). Berkey's dedication to applied geology served as a guide and inspiration to many (Legget, 1973). Henry Aldrich, who followed Berkey as the first permanent secretary of the Society in 1940, was a personal friend of many of the engineering geologists who ultimately founded GSA's Engineering Geology Division; these included Sidney Paige, one of the earliest to serve the U.S. Geological Survey on engineering works; Roger Rhoades, who served as the second chief geologist of the Tennessee Valley Authority; and Heinrich Ries, a pioneer applied geologist/teacher at Cornell University (Legget, 1973). By 1946 the group of strong advocates of Engineering Geology and their associates, who had joined together informally in the late 1930s and during World War II, were eager to find an organization that would give identity to their geological specialization. Engineering geology had gained rapid acceptance among major engineering groups such as the Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Tennessee Valley Authority, and with similar federal and state groups in the United States (Chapter 1, this volume). The Society of Economic Geologists, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and the Geological Society of America had been recommended as suitable "homes"; each offered positive advantages as the logical organization for affiliation by the group of engineering geology practitioners. In 1945 to 1946, proponents of a specialist organization among professionals were divided between affiliation with the SEG or GSA. Six of the eleven founders (Appendix A) were active SEG members and authors of numerous SEG Bulletin papers. Ultimately Berkey, with his long-time GSA affiliation, tipped the decision for the GSA, and the petition of 1947 (Ap- pendix A) that founded the Engineering Geology Division soon followed. In overview and hindsight, the ability of GSA to assemble and publish papers and longer reports on engineering geology subjects has been a major benefit of affiliating with GSA - another is the opportunity for attendees at Section and Annual GSA meetings to keep up on changes and advances within the geosciences relevant to the practitioners' problems. These two major factors and strengths cannot be offered by specialty groups; attendance at GSA meetings provides the practitioner with the science-oriented information, while other groups may offer the more practical information. Many young engineering geologists do not seem to realize this tangible difference. GSA bylaws and statutes protect the Society as a nonprofit organization; thus the Society has not endorsed items such as building codes, registration, and professional practice mechanics, which are the main strengths and turf of other organizations. FORMATIVE YEARS, 1946 TO 1955 Roger Rhoades, a leader among the founders of the Engineering Geology Division, consulted with Henry Aldrich at the 1946 annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in Chicago about forming a new division, and an informal session followed, attended by Sidney Paige, Arthur B. Cleaves, Parker Trask, Edward Burwell, William Irwin, and Shailer Philbrick. A separate section, the Cordilleran Section, had already been established; this precedent, and the personal attention of Secretary Aldrich, strongly influenced acceptance of the petition (Legget, 1973). The minutes of the GSA Council meeting of December 1946 indicate the desire of engineering geologists to form a section within the Society, and the original petition of March 20, 1947, is given in Appendix A. The response of the GSA Council, granting the petition, is given in Appendix B; the bylaws were drawn up subsequently by Roger Rhoades, Arthur Cleaves, and George Woollard and approved by the Council at a meeting in April 1947. The Engineering Geology Division (EGD) was authorized as a topical group in contrast to a geographic section of the Society. The Division became a reality, with Charles P. Berkey serving as the first chairman (Appendix E), during 1947 and 1948, Sidney Paige as vice-chairman, and Roger Rhoades, secretary. The first formal meeting occurred during the 1947 annual meeting of the Society in Ottawa, Canada; the program for this first meeting is given in Appendix C. There have been regular sessions of the Division at every annual meeting of