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Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination for Asia and the Pacific

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REGIONAL CONSULTATIVE GROUP HUMANITARIAN CIVIL-MILITARY COORDINATION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC HUMANITARIAN CIVIL-MILITARY COORDINATION IN EMERGENCIES: TOWARDS A PREDICTABLE MODEL FOREWORD The Regional Consultative Group (RCG) on Humanitarian This revised publication was produced through Civil-Military Coordination (CMCoord) for Asia and collaboration between the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for the Pacific is a key forum for supporting and elevating Humanitarian Assistance on disaster response, the United coordination, building relationships, and sharing learning Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs to enhance and strengthen emergency response. When – Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, the Australian the RCG was formed in 2014, it was tasked with improving Civil-Military Centre and Humanitarian Advisory Group. awareness and enhancing the predictability of CMCoord Expert practitioners and researchers contributed their mechanisms, and their respective functions, during large- time to ensure the information is accurate and accessible. scale disaster response. As a result, the RCG initiated Like the initial version, the publication will be regularly the development of the first version of Humanitarian updated to reflect operational environments accurately. Civil-Military Coordination in Emergencies: Towards a Predictable Model, which focused on explaining the As the current Chair of the RCG, we recognize that effective legislation, coordination mechanisms, approach to and humanitarian CMCoord enables timely, efficient and leadership of disaster management in the five most effective response, and we appreciate every investment disaster-prone countries in Asia: Bangladesh, Nepal, and effort of the relevant individuals, governments and Indonesia, Myanmar and the Philippines. The publication organizations in the revision of this publication. We trust was launched in 2017, and soon became a key reference for that it will receive due attention and support future the CMCoord community. deployments of military and civilian actors in the region. During the 4th RCG session, the publication was discussed and a revision was deemed necessary to reflect global, regional and national changes. The global context, now Ministry of Home Affairs more than ever, demands effective and efficient provision Government of Nepal of aid and relief to vulnerable communities, strong 2020 Chair of the RCG motivation and capability of regional organizations in disaster relief, and continuous development of holistic national disaster management systems and capacity. Coordination is a cross-cutting theme essential to achieving an effective response, and the importance of humanitarian CMCoord is growing as we enter an era of increasing complexity on all fronts and at all levels. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This publication is funded by the Australian Civil-Military This publication has been produced as a collaboration Centre (ACMC). between Humanitarian Advisory Group and key humanitarian civil-military stakeholders in the Asia- Research team: Bethia Burgess, Brittany Card, Pamela Pacific region, namely the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Combinido, Beth Eggleston, Pip Henty, Jesse McCommon, Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management (AHA Aung Naing, Khodadad Hosaain Sarker, Sumino, Tika Centre), Australian Civil-Military Centre (ACMC), and the Surapati, Bishan Wagle, Putu Hendra Wijaya United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Graphic design: Jean Watson (ROAP). Copy edit: Campbell Aitken Humanitarian Advisory Group wishes to thank members of the Regional Consultative Group (RCG), the AHA Centre, Cover photo: Indonesian volunteers and soldiers worked ACMC, UN OCHA-ROAP, the Center for Excellence in together to distribute humanitarian aid to victims of Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance the earthquake and tsunami disaster in Palu Central (CFE-DM), the UN OCHA country offices and national and Sulawesi, Indonesia - October 8, 2018. Photo: Tino Adi P / regional consultants for all their support in preparing and Shutterstock reviewing this document. iii CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 6 HUMANITARIAN CIVIL-MILITARY COORDINATION IN ASIA 10 Role of Regional Actors 12 Regional Agreements 14 International Civilian Capabilities Deployed to Natural Disasters 17 Regional Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination 18 Acronyms and Abbreviations 21 References 23 BANGLADESH 25 Disaster Risk Profile 27 Key Policies, Plans and Frameworks for Civil-Military Coordination 29 Key Civilian Responsibilities in Disasters 30 Key Military Responsibilities in Disasters 38 Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination Mechanisms 40 Case Study: Cyclone Amphan Response 42 Case Study: Cyclone Sidr 43 Acronyms and Abbreviations 45 References 47 INDONESIA 49 Disaster Risk Profile 51 Key Policies, Plans and Frameworks for Civil-Military Coordination 53 Key Civilian Responsibilities in Disasters 55 Key Military Responsibilities in Disasters 65 Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination Mechanisms 67 Case Study: Lombok Earthquake Response 69 Case Study: Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami Response 70 Acronyms and Abbreviations 72 References 74 iv MYANMAR 77 Disaster Risk Profile 79 Key Policies, Plans and Frameworks for Civil-Military Coordination 81 Key Civilian Responsibilities in Disasters 82 Key Military Responsibilities in Disasters 90 Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination Mechanisms 93 Case Study: 2015 Flood Response 94 Acronyms and Abbreviations 96 Reference List 98 NEPAL 99 Disaster Risk Profile 101 Key Policies, Plans and Frameworks for Civil-Military Coordination 103 Key Civilian Responsibilities in Disasters 104 Key Military Responsibilities in Disasters 114 Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination Mechanisms 118 Case Study: July 2019 Monsoon Response 121 Case Study: Gorkha Earthquake Response 2015 123 Acronyms and Abbreviations 125 References 127 PHILIPPINES 129 Disaster Risk Profile 131 Key Policies, Plans and Frameworks for Civil-Military Coordination 133 Key Civilian Responsibilities in Disasters 135 Key Military Responsibilities in Disasters 144 Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination Mechanisms 148 Case Study: Typhoon Mangkhut (Ompong) Response 150 Case Study: Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) Response 151 Acronyms and Abbreviations 153 References 155 CONCLUSION 157 v Regional Consultative Group I Towards a Predictable Model INTRODUCTION This publication is an initiative of the Regional Consultative be an invaluable forum to increase learning, cooperation Group (RCG) on Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination and collaboration between civilian and military actors. The for Asia and the Pacific. This is the second edition, an Asia Pacific is the only region in the world that has formed update of the original document published in 2017; a Consultative Group for Humanitarian Civil-Military it enables a common understanding of civil-military Coordination to complement the Global Consultative Group coordination (CMCoord) mechanisms and their functions on Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination. in disaster response. It focuses on the five countries the RCG prioritises as highly vulnerable to large-scale natural This update seeks to ensure that the guidebook maintains disasters: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal and the its accuracy and practicality for the region. It captures new Philippines. and revised policies, plans and frameworks at regional and national levels, explaining the roles and responsibilities The RCG on Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination for of diverse actors and coordinating bodies in each context. Asia and the Pacific is a multi-stakeholder, regional forum This update was developed in collaboration with key that brings together humanitarian, civilian and military regional stakeholders to boost regional ownership and actors involved in disaster planning, preparedness and uptake of the resource. response. Over the last six years, the RCG has proved to WHAT IS THE RCG? SECRETARIAT NEPAL MYANMAR BANGLADESH MEMBERSHIP Members include Member PHILIPPINES States, representatives from the Armed Forces, regional organizations, academia / think tanks, international, national and local NGOs/ CSOs, UN organizations and international organizations, Red Cross / Red Crescent Movement, donors, private INDONESIA sector. FIVE COUNTRIES THAT THE RCG PRIORITISES Established: 2014. What’s discussed? Coordination, Bangladesh logistics, information sharing, activation Secretariat: OCHA ROAP, ACMC, CFE-DM. of coordination structures; preparedness, Indonesia response and recovery phases; emerging Annual meetings with rotating Chair. policy issues; review of guidance Myanmar documents; lessons learned and good practice; linkages between other relevant Nepal forums. Philippines 6 2020 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT This resource was developed to increase the predictability the region. It is intended to be a practical document that and visibility of CMCoord structures and function in provides a high-level snapshot of regional and national disaster response. This was a key recommendation of the guidance for international and national humanitarian and first session of the RCG in 2015, with aims of building a military actors deployed to natural disasters. common understanding and strengthening coordination in WHO IS THIS DOCUMENT FOR? INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL NATIONAL International Non-Governmental Association of South East Asian NGOs, Civil Society Organizations Organizations (INGOs), United Nations Nations (ASEAN),
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