1-1 1-2 Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet) The Alphabet is Just the Consonants
Names of the Letters In English,
Difficulties Recognizing Letters both consonants and vowels are letters of the alphabet. – Final Forms – E.g., the vowel ‘A’ and the consonant ‘B’ are both – Different Fonts letters of the alphabet. – Similar Letters In Hebrew, only consonants are considered to be letters – The consonant Alef is a letter of the alphabet. אאא Writing and Transliterating the Letters – The vowel Seghol is not a letter of the alphabet. ֶֶֶֶ Begad Kephat Letters The OT was originally written without vowels Pronouncing the Letters – Vowels and accents were added in AD 500-1000 מֶ ךלֶ לֶ ךךך מלמלמלךךך –
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1-3 1-4 Variations on Letter Names Different people spell letter names differently Alef אָ ףלֶ לֶ ףףף ,E.g., Alef, Aleph, ’ā́ lep – Different people pronounce letter names differently – E.g., Waw vs. Vav. Yod vs. Yud.
In Modern Hebrew, three letters are called different names depending on whether or not they have a Dagesh Bet בּבּבּ .Vet vs בבב – Kaf כּכּכּ .Chaf vs כככ – Pay פּפּפּ .Fay vs פפפ – All reasonable variations are acceptable in my class
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1-7 1-8 Dalet Hay
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1-11 1-12 et Tet
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1-15 1-16 Lamed Mem
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1-19 1-20 Ayin Pay
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1-23 1-24 Resh Sin
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1-27 Order of Sin שׂשׂשׂ and Shin שׁשׁשׁ
Acrostic poems (e.g., Psalm 119) show alphabet in order. – Acrostics treat Sin שׂשׂשׂ and Shin שׁשׁשׁ as the same letter, א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י .so they don’t tell us the order Modern Hebrew tends to put Shin שׁשׁשׁ before Sin שׂשׂשׂ כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק שׁשׁשׁ then Shin שׂשׂשׂ Our textbook and lexicon have Sin – So memorize this order.
ר שׂ שׁ ת .You’ll never lose points for either order
Mnemonic: Keep the dots together when writing the אבג ... צקרשׂשׁת alphabet Song copyright © Professor John Walton of Wheaton College Used by permission HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-29 1-30 Memorize the Alef-Bet Before Continuing Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)
Before going on to the next section, Names of the Letters
learn the name of each letter and their order. Difficulties Recognizing Letters Use the Alef-Bet song to practice the names in order. – Final Forms – YouTube has 3 versions of the music video: – Different Scripts Letters and their names – Similar Letters
Letters alone Writing and Transliterating the Letters
All the letters showing at the same time Begad Kephat Letters
– The website also has the song in downloadable Pronouncing the Letters formats: mp3, mp4, and wmv.
The website links to a place to practice the letters names.
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1-31 1-32 Final Forms Multiple Hebrew Scripts
5 letters use different letter shape at end of word There are multiple letter styles for writing Hebrew – Books are printed in a fancy style with serifs כככ מממ נננ פפפצצצ Regular א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר שׂ שׁ ת But letters can be written without most of the serifs – ךךך םםם ןןן ףףףץץץ Final א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ת Mnemonic: “CoMMoN FaTS” – Modern Hebrew is written in a cursive script א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ת ”This shape is called the “final form” or “sofit form – Sofit (‘sew-feet’) means ‘last’ Use the simplified shapes without serifs, and be legible. Final forms have the same pronunciation and Always write Right-to-Left transliteration as the non-final forms.
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-33 1-34 Look-Alike Letters Kaf) Bet Kaf) כככ (Bet) בבב (Gimel) (Nun) Tail in Lower-Right Rounded Lower-Right נננ גגג (Tav) תתת (et ) חחח (He) ההה
שׂשׂשׂ (Sin) שׁשׁשׁ (Shin)
(Samek) ססס (final Mem) םםם
(Resh) ררר (Dalet) דדד
(Ayin) עעע (Tsade) צצצ
(Final Kaf) ךךך (Final Nun) ןןן (Yod) ייי (Zayin) זזז (Waw) ווו
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1-35 1-36
Gimel Nun Hay Ḥet Bottom like heel of a boot Flat bottom Gap in Top Left No gap in Top Left
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Tav Ḥet Sin Shin Foot on Lower Left No foot on Lower Left Dot on Upper Left Dot on Upper Right
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1-39 1-40
Final Mem Samech Dalet Resh Square Bottom Round Bottom Bump on Upper Right Round Upper Right
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Tsade Ayin Zayin Vav Bump on Lower Right Round Lower Right Tail on Upper Right Round Upper Right
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1-43 1-44 Final Kaf Final Nun Yod Vav Final Nun Top Line is Big Little or No Top Line Halfway Down Full Height Below the Line
Usually a Silent Shewa in Final Kaf
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Before going on to the next section, Names of the Letters
learn to recognize the letters in different scripts, Difficulties Recognizing Letters including their final forms. – Final Forms Make flash cards with the letters on one side and the – Different Fonts names on the other side. – Similar Letters – Include final forms. Writing and Transliterating the Letters – The website has a sheet of letters to print and cut out. Begad Kephat Letters Some letters appear with and without a dot, for Pronouncing the Letters use after you have learned about begad kephat. – Write the name and recognition notes on the other side of each card. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA
1-47 1-48 אאא How to Write the Letters Alef The following slides suggest how to write the letters. – You can write the letters differently, as long as it is clear which letter is intended. Most letters can take a dot inside them. 1 2 – These slides show the location of the dot. – The dot is not part of the basic letter shape. – Don’t add the dot when writing the alphabet. – Draw the dot after drawing the letter itself. 3 Practice writing the letters as you watch the video. – A practice sheet is available on the website.
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1 1
2 2 Tail on bottom right distinguishes כככ from Kaf בבב Bet
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1-51 1-52 ההה Hay דדד Dalet
1 1
2 2 Tail on top right Gap in upper left distinguishes distinguishes חחח from et ההה Hay ררר from Resh דדד Dalet
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-53 1-54 זזז Zayin ווו Waw / Vav Optional hook in top left 1 1
2 Tail on top right זזז distinguishes Zayin ,ןןן and Final Nun ייי Unlike Yod ווו comes just down to the line from Waw ווו Vav
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1-55 1-56 טטט Tet חחח et
1 1 2
Lack of Gap in upper left distinguishes ההה H חחח et
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-57 1-58 כככ Kaf ייי Yod Some people curve Yod 1 1
Smooth bottom right ,ןןן and Final Nun ווו Unlike Vav doesn’t reach the bottom line. distinguishes ייי Yod בבב from Bet כככ Kaf
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1-59 1-60 ללל Lamed ךךך Final Kaf
1 Alternately, Kaf can 1 be all 1 curved line 2 דדד Unlike Dalet ,ררר and Resh goes below the line ךךך Final Kaf
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2 1
1 Square bottom distinguishes ססס from Samek םםם Final Mem
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1-63 1-64 ןןן Final Nun נננ Nun Some people Optional hook add a top hook in top left 1 1
,ווו and Vav ייי Unlike Yod extends below the line ןןן Final Nun
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Round bottom distinguishes םםם from Final Mem ססס Samek
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1-67 1-68 ףףף Final Pay פפפ Pay
1 1
Tail extends below the line
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1 2 1 2 Optional bend in line 1 at joint
Tail extends below the line
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1-71 1-72 ררר Resh קקק Qof 1 1 2
Smooth top right corner Tail extends distinguishes דדד from Dalet ררר below the line Resh
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3 2 2 3 1 1
Placement of upper dot Placement of upper dot distinguishes distinguishes Sin שׂשׂשׂ from Shin שׁשׁשׁ Shin שׁשׁשׁ from Sin שׂשׂשׂ
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1-75 1-76 Transliteration תתת Tav Transliterate as follows 1 b g d h w z y k l m n s p q r t Different books use different transliteration symbols 2 – Most of the variation is for vowels, not consonants Learn to recognize transliterated words – Transliteration is used in many reference books
Tail in lower left Direction of writing depends on the script: distinguishes אבגד ... Write Hebrew script Right-to-Left – חחח from et תתת Tav – Write transliteration Left-to-Right b g d ...
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-77 1-78 Before Going on to the Next Section … Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)
Learn to write the letters. Names of the Letters
– The workbook has lines for practicing the letters. Difficulties Recognizing Letters – Don’t try to imitate the details of the fancy printed – Final Forms letters in the book and workbook. – Different Fonts – Similar Letters
Learn to write the letters in order. Writing and Transliterating the Letters
– Write the final forms right after the regular forms. Begad Kephat Letters
Pronouncing the Letters א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ עס פ צ ק ר ת
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1-79 1-80 Begad Kephat Letters Transliterating Begad Kephat Letters
.Underline transliterated begadkephat without a Dagesh ב ג ד כ פ ת Begad Kephat” means the letters“ A dot (‘Dagesh’) changes their sound. – Overline p and g, since an underline wouldn’t fit. – Dagesh a point-like, momentary sound (e.g., P) – The line indicates a sound that can go on and on. .b = ‘v’ sound which can continue = בבב ,.No Dagesh a sound that can last (e.g., F) E.g – E.g., = b = ‘b’ sound which is momentary. בּבּבּ בּבּבּ בבב גּגּגּ גגג דּדּדּ דדד כּכּכּ כככ פּפּפּ פפפ תּתּתּתתת
בּבּבּ בבב גּגּגּ גגג דּדּדּ דדד כּכּכּ כככ פּפּפּ פפפ תּתּתּתתת Sound THin T PH P baCH K THe D GH G V B
Sound THin T PH P baCH K THe D GH G V B גּ דּ תּתּתּ pronounced like ג ד ת ,In Modern Hebrew – I use this pronuncitation. Trans t t p p k k d d g g b b בבּ ככּ פפּ Modern Hebrew uses different names for Fay פפפ .Pay vs פּפּפּ ,Chaf כככ .Kaf vs כּכּכּ ,Vet בבב .Bet vs בּבּבּ – HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-81 1-82 Before Going on to the Next Section … Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)
Learn to recognize transliterated Hebrew letters. Names of the Letters
– Many Bible dictionaries, commentaries, and journal Difficulties Recognizing Letters articles use transliteration rather than Hebrew – Final Forms letters. – Different Fonts – Make flash cards with the transliteration on one side – Similar Letters and the letter on the other side. Writing and Transliterating the Letters – Have separate flash cards for Begad Kephat letters Begad Kephat Letters with and without a dot (‘Dagesh’) Pronouncing the Letters
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1-83 1-84 Guttural Letters Sound-Alike Letters
Ayin) silent) עעע (Alef) אאא guttural letters 4 (Alef) אאא – Vav) Modern Vat) ווו (Bet) בבב (Hay) ההה – Chaf) No Dagesh baCH) כככ t ) חחח t ) חחח – Tav) with Dagesh Top) תּתּתּ (Tet) טטט (Ayin) עעע – (Kaf) with Dagesh (Qof) Kite קקק כּכּכּ Guttural letters affect the spelling of words Sin) Sat) שׂשׂשׂ (Samek) ססס The effects will be explained as they come up – Remember which letter is in a vocabulary word! .is not a guttural letter ררר Resh – It is never a guttural letter. To help remember, I pronounce sound-alike letters – But it has some of the characteristics of gutturals differently when pronouncing vocabulary words (but – These will be explained as they come up not when reading texts), and I note the letter used. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-85 1-86 Variations in Letter Pronunciations
Some letters are pronounced differently in Modern Hebrew. – Pick a system and try to be consistent – Recognize the other system when you hear it
Letter Traditional Modern aGHast Good גגג THe Dog דדד THin Top תתת Wow Vat ווו
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1-87 1-88 is silent אאא Alef
Silent (nowdays) – Pronounce the vowel that follows it.
Sounds like Ayin – Both are silent – When memorizing vocabulary, distinguish them. ’with‘ עִ עִםעִ ם .if’ vs‘ אִ אִםאִ ם ,.E.g – Guttural – It was originally a glottal stop (the pause in “uh-oh”).
Transliterate like single closing quote ʾ
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Begad kephat – Dagesh בּבּבּ B sound, transliterate b V sound, transliterate b בבב No dagesh –
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1-91 1-92 sounds like G / GH גגג Gimel
Begad kephat – Dagesh גּגּגּ G sound, transliterate g GH sound, transliterate g גגג No dagesh – GH is troublesome to pronounce – voiced velar fricative GH vs. voiced velar stop G – Modern Hebrew pronounces both as G
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Begad kephat – Dagesh דּדּדּ D sound, transliterate d TH sound of THe, transliterate d דדד No dagesh – Modern Hebrew always pronounces as D
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1-95 1-96 sounds like H ההה Hay
Transliterate as h
Guttural
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Modern Hebrew pronounces it as V without Dagesh בבב So it sounds just like – – Called Vav in Modern Hebrew
Traditionally pronounced as W – Transliterated w – Waw
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1-99 1-100 sounds like Z זזז Zayin
Transliterate as z
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כככ Sounds just like Kaf without Dagesh כככ was deeper in the throat than חחח – Transliterate as (h with dot under it)
Guttural
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1-103 1-104 sounds like T טטט Tet
Sounds just like Tav with Dagesh תּתּתּ – When memorizing vocabulary, I give Tet intentional emphasis to help me remember that the word has Tet תּתּתּ not Tav טטט Transliterate as (t with dot under it)
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Transliterate as y
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1-107 1-108 sounds like K / CH in Bach כככ Kaf
Begad kephat – Dagesh כּכּכּ K sound, transliterate k CH sound of BaCH, transliterate k כככ No dagesh –
חחח sounds like כככ Without a Dagesh, Kaf כככ was deeper in the throat than חחח –
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Transliterate as l
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1-111 1-112 sounds like M מממ Mem
Transliterate as m
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Transliterate as n
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1-115 1-116 sounds like S ססס Samek Sounds just like the letter Sin שׂשׂשׂ Transliterate as s
HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-117 1-118 is silent עעע Ayin
Silent (nowdays) – Pronounce the vowel that follows it.
Guttural – It was originally a voiced pharyngeal fricative.
Silent just like Alef – I try to pronounce it when memorizing vocabulary, to in the אאא not Alef עעע help me remember that it is Ayin word. But when reading the Bible, I have it be silent, just like Alef.
Transliterate like a single opening quote
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1-119 1-120 sounds like P / F פפפ Pe
Begad kephat – Dagesh פּפּפּ P sound, transliterate p F sound, transliterate p פפפ No dagesh –
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Transliterate as (s with a dot under it)
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1-123 1-124 sounds like K קקק Qof Sounds just like the letter Kaf with a Dagesh כּכּכּ Transliterate as q
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Roll your R in the back of your throat if you can
Transliterate it as r
R is not a guttural letter – But it has some of the characteristics of gutturals
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1-127 1-128 Sin שׂשׂשׂ sounds like S ססס Sounds just like the letter Samek Transliterate as (s with a rising accent) Biblical acrostics treat Sin שׂשׂשׂ and Shin שׁשׁשׁ as one letter
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Transliterate as (s with a little v on top) Biblical acrostics treat Sin שׂשׂשׂ and Shin שׁשׁשׁ as one letter
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1-131 1-132 sounds like T / TH Before Going on to the Next Chapter תתת Tav Read chapter 1 in the textbook Begad kephat – Read the textbook supplement along with each section of the – Dagesh תּתּתּ T sound, transliterate t textbook as you go along.
.TH sound of THin, transliterate t Memorize the study guide תתת No dagesh – :Make sure you can also do the following טטט sounds just like Tet תּתּתּ Modern Hebrew always pronounces as T – Write the Hebrew Alef-Bet, including final forms. – Name and pronounce the Hebrew letters given their letter or transliteration.
This includes final forms
This includes begad kephat with and without a Dagesh.
Practice taking the quiz for chapter 1 (PDF on website) – The answer key is page 2 of the PDF.
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