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German Literature · /da~ ~~-~--/U .Y---d~" #7%:-~ -4 #-: IIISTORY OF GERMAN LITERATURE. WOLFGAAA VOL. II. Digitized by ~ttman Irttttatutt til! mtolfgang .stBen3el. TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN, WITH NOTES BY THOMAS GORDON. VOL. II. OXFORD: D. A. TALBOYS, AND 113, FLEET STREET, LONDON. It IlCCCXL. Dlgitizod by Google CONTENTS OF VOLUME THE SECOND. Pace Education . 1 History 83 Political Sciences 161 Digitized by Google CORRIGENDA. VOL. II. Page 6. in note, for ' Genevra' read 'Genoveva.' p. - in note, for ' Kranarl ' read ' Kmnach.' p. 9. 1. 2 from bottom, for ' 8IIBUle' read 'accU8e.' p. 18. L 15 from top, for ' and ' read 'but.' p. 28. L 11 from bottom, place semicolon after' rank, ' in place of after ' education.' p.l03.1. 3 from bottom, for' Arnem' read' Arnim.' p. 125.1. 4 from top. "for' others' read 'other.' p. 127. L 19 from top, ill8ert a comma after ' first.' p. 14 •• L 1 from bottom, for' As' read 'A.' p. 149. 1. 2 from bottom, for ' subzehnten ' read 'siebzehnte.' p. 158. in note 6, for '1726' read '1826.' p. 161. L 9 from top, for'Vorgeeen' read' Vogeeen.' p. 265. in note 2, for ' Auchin' read ' Aachen. ' DlgilizedbyGoogle "... GERMAN LITERATURE. EDUCATION 1. UR present system of education compre­ O hends within it three different principles; that of habit, tl1at of political expediency, and that of philllsophical optimism. Its organs are, therefore, likewise threefold: old established ha­ bit prevails in families; the public schools and universities now serve a political end, while in former times they were of more service to the church; lastly, optimism'has produced seminaries for private education; at present each asserts its own claims, without caring for the rights of others. As in our age everything is chaotic, as aU re1igious creeds, all philosophical and politicaJ opinions . I Padugogik, the science of education. On the subject of this chapter 1 would refer my reader for further information to Victor Cousin's Rapport. Reporton the state of Public Instruction in Prussia (English, by Mrs. Austin, 1834); and also to the Review of the original work in the Edin. Re\', vo\. 57; and in the Foreign Quart. Rev, vol. 12. VOL. n. B Digitized by Googie 2 GERMAN LITERATURE. swim here intermingled in that great jelly 2 which the ancients prophetically foresaw in the north. so in education all elements are now confusedly fermenting among one another. The historical I progress, however, followed a more consistent :1 .~ path. At nrst education was entirely conducted by families; then it came into the hands of the church; at a later period. all the monastic schools became state institutions; and, at last, these con­ servative institutions have, again, in the reforming spirit of modern times, been supplanted by private schools. The family life has ever been accounted sacred by us Germans. From it, in all ages, has proceeded the better spirit. which restored the value of what­ I ever had been corrupted by means of more exten­ sive social, ecclesiastical, and political institutions, or by the imitation of foreigners. The family life has from the earliest period been the guardian of German freedom, defending it from the licentious retinues of the nobles and the servile feelings pro­ duced by their conduct. The encroachments of the papacy in the departments of education, mo­ rals, and inclinations, were, even when it bad be­ come nearly all-powerful, successfully opposed by the love of the Germans for the house. Though the Romish church claimed a part of the popula­ tion as its exclusive servants, it permitted the others to take their own way. That school-learn­ ing \thich extended its influence even among the I Lebermeer. That dead stagnant sea, of a thick consistency, which the ancients supposed surrounded the north pole, and lay beyond the Pillars of Hercules. Digitized by Google I EDUCATION. 3 laity, and enthralled the whole body of the young, did not arise until after, and in consequence of, the Reformation. Since that time, the family, and along with it, the general education of the whole man, has been put into the back-ground, while its place has been occupied by the school, accompanied by instruction, the onesided train­ ing of the intellect, in which heart and body are quite neglected. The full effects of this unnatural onesidedness, against which a reaction already powerful has commenced, were soon unfolded; but it has caused the present age to feel its tortures, and it pro­ bably will not quite spare the next. In opposition to the scholastics, who ignorantly, tastelessly, and shamelessly perverted and choked with additions simple Christianity, almost in the same way as the jurists did the law, all bold and elevated spirits devoted themselves shortly before the Reformation to humanism; that is, to humane, universally human (not merely theological) stu­ dies, and in particular to the study of the Greek language, with the double view, partly of re-esta­ blishing, by means of philological investigations into the Greek Testament, the simplicity of the Christian doctrine, and thus freeing it from the admixtures of the scholastics; partly of extracting from the classic Greek authors the lost acquaint­ ance with that highly-cultivated people, and an immense quantity of useful information: this was very praiseworthy. The reformation commenced by these humanists was victorious; the human­ ists were no longer the opponents of thE' church, B~ Digitized by Google 4 GERMAN LITERATURE. they now ruled- in the church; they consequently became a little priest-like. The protestant schools got an undeniable th~­ logical tinge. In the universities the theologi~al­ faculty tolerated beside itself, only those of law and medicine, which, for company's sake, theolo­ gised not a little; the philosophical faculty did not emancipate itself till the time of Thomasius, in the eighteenth century. Theology, however, ex­ ercised a still greater influence over the inferior schools, in which the village schoolmasters whip­ ped into their dear pupils nothing but the Lu­ theran or Heidelberg catechism. The influence of theology is chiefly visible in that official outlawry pronounced by the school and the church against the human body. The body was looked upon as an armoury of the devil, as a collection of all possible defects and vices; people took pleasure in calling it "food for worms," a U whited sepulchre;" in innumerable sermons, moral writings, and metaphorical alle­ gories (which were all the rage during the seven­ teenth century), it was represented under the characteristic figure of an ass, which, contending with heavenly Sal1'entia, sometimes sits proudly at the master's luxurious table whilst poor Sap'­ entia stands hungry at the door; at others, is driven with terrible blows from the table, and compelled to make way for the body: this was the universal notion entertained respecting .the body, and it was one very closely connected with the cus­ toms of the age. After the invention ofgunpowder, bodily strength came to be looked upon as super- Digitized by Google EDUCATION. fluous; the nobles, who had formerly frequented the tilt-yard, now gave themselves up to slothful vices. The princes, especially the protestant ones, led the way by their bad example; for hav­ ing after the Reformation become quite indepen­ dent of the pope, and nearly so of the emperor, they no longer recognised as their superior any censor of mor~ls, but gave themselves up to the most brutal excesses; they drank so excessively that they had to decree in open Diet, that it was necessary to become a little more moderate on this point, 10 as .not to give the world too much offence. They built country seats, and peopled them with mistresses; the old burly country squires became an effeminate set of courtiers; the burghers too laid aside their anns and became Philistines with well-lined paunches; the en­ slaved peasantry long knew nothing but their EulenspiegelS ; thus it came to pass that the hu­ man body was looked upon as nothing but an eat­ ing and drinking machine: indecencies both in words and actions were the order of the day, as is proved by the whole literature for two hundred years after Luther. The theologians had now a 3Tyll Eulenspiegel, who, according to tradition, lived during the first half of the 14th century. He died about the year 1350, at the village of Mollen near Lubeck, where he was buried, and where the curious antiquarian may still see his tombstone, upon which is engraven an owl (eulen) and a mirror or glass (spiesel). Not long since there stood a tree by his grave, which was looked upon as almost sacred by journeymen artisans, each of whom, to show his respect for the illustrious dead, drove a nail into it, so that the tree soon became as if covered with a coat of mail. Eulenspiegel is the prototype of all knavish ~nd trickisb fellows, Digitized by Google 6 GERMAN LITERATURE. fair opportunity of degrading for its vices the body, the virtues of which were now never thought ot Though in former, and more energetic times, the old German painters were pleased to adopt the wen-known Nazarenian 4 meagreness, and to make the corporeal as ugly and spectral-looking as possible, in order to allow the spiritual alone to so that he like Joe Miller, is held accountable for many things which he never said. His tricks very soon became generally known; even so early as 1419 they are mentioned by Brandt in his Ship of Fools, another strange production of the mid­ dle ages. They seem to have been composed at first in Platt­ DeutlCh, and translated into HotA-DeutlCh about the begin­ ning of the 16th century, probably by Thomas Miimer: cer­ tain it is, the first edition is in this latter dialect, and bears date, Strasburg, 1511, 4to.
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