DOCSLIB.ORG

Advancing Our Understanding of Aster Yellows Epidemiology Toward Improved Disease Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Advancing Our Understanding of Aster Yellows Epidemiology Toward Improved Disease Management ADVANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF ASTER YELLOWS EPIDEMIOLOGY TOWARD IMPROVED DISEASE MANAGEMENT By Kenneth E. Frost A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Plant Pathology) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MADISON 2012 Date of final oral examination: 11-02-2012 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Russell Groves, Associate Professor, Entomology Amy O. Charkowski, Associate Professor, Plant Pathology Jed B. Colquhoun, Professor, Horticulture Paul D. Esker, Assistant Professor, Plant Pathology David Kyle Willis, Associate Professor, Plant Pathology i Acknowledgments I thank my adviser, Russ Groves, for his excellent criticism and support over the course of this research. I also thank my committee members, Amy Charkowski, D. Kyle Willis, Paul Esker and Jed Colquhoun for their time, guidance, and advice. Along the way, conversations with Tom German, Jeff Wyman, Brian Flood, and Paul Mitchell have been enjoyable and helpful. I want to give a shout out to all the current and former Groves Lab members – Carol Groves, Emily Mueller, Scott Chapman, Shahideh Nouri, Anders Huseth, JP Soto-Arias, Chen Zhang, David Lowenstein, Natalie Hernandez, and Sarah Schramm have all been invaluable sources of information and constructive criticism over the last five years. I thank them for their insightful discussion in and around Russell Labs and at the terrace. I should also thank the workers at the Hancock Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station for their willingness to lend a hand and the carrot growers of Wisconsin for their cooperation and support. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their support throughout this work. ii Abstract Rational: Each year, Wisconsin vegetable producers grow carrots on an average of 4,500 acres grossing over $6 million dollars in revenues. Unfortunately, this crop is threatened annually by the occurrence of aster yellows (AY), a disease caused by the aster yellows phytoplasma (AYp). The AYp is transmitted primarily by the aster leafhopper (ALH) in a persistent-propagative manner and current disease control focuses on controlling the insect vector. The decision to intercede and implement an insecticide spray is based upon the Aster Yellows Index (AYI), a calculation of the allowable numbers of ALH for a crop at a particular infectivity rate. Since its development, the AYI has been refined to include treatment thresholds for crops with differing susceptibility to AY. We have also advanced our tools for detecting AYp in plants and insects and have come to understand that the components of the index, abundance and infectivity, vary spatially and temporally in Wisconsin. However, these advances in technology and understanding have not been used to their highest potential for managing AY. Project Goal: To advance our understanding of the epidemiology of aster yellows in Wisconsin towards the development and implementation of a comprehensive management plan Objectives: I) To determine the probability that an AYp-infected leafhopper will transmit the pathogen to a susceptible plant. II-A) To evaluate the relative importance of assigned causes of variability associated with aster leafhopper abundance and infectivity. B) To determine seasonal trends in factors associated with AY risk. III) Refine and characterize the current integrated pest management program in processing carrot production to include reduced-risk iii technologies. To address these objectives we developed molecular diagnostic tools to ensure molecular AYp detection was accurate, precise, and reflects biology, used historical pest survey sampling to identify seasonal trends in factors associated with AY risk, created an ALH development model to better understand conditions favorable for the sporadic occurrence of high AY risk periods, and combined this information together with econometric assessments for improved decision making in pest management and risk avoidance. Impact and Outcomes: By ensuring molecular AYp detection is accurate, by identifying seasonal trends in association with AY risk, and by advancing predictive tools to address the sporadic occurrence of high AY risk periods, we can minimize costs associated with unwarranted pesticide applications and reduce yield losses due to advanced preparation for ALH infestations. This project aims to incorporate biologically relevant information about the AY disease system from multiple scales using available and emerging technologies to improve on-farm AY management decisions. These improvements to diagnostic, detection and vector monitoring systems are anticipated to benefit agricultural producers, crop consultants and other stakeholders and will be essential for properly timing vector control measures to times when plant protection is most needed. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................... i Thesis Abstract ................................................................................................... ii Chapter 1: Literature Review ............................................................................. 1 Problem defined ................................................................................................................. 2 The aster yellows phytoplasma ......................................................................................... 2 The aster leafhopper .......................................................................................................... 4 Mode of transmission ........................................................................................................ 5 Aster Leafhopper migration .............................................................................................. 5 Aster Leafhopper influence on aster yellows in Wisconsin .............................................. 6 Aster Yellows management ............................................................................................... 7 Research rational and significance .................................................................................... 8 References ....................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Detection and variability of aster yellows phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) titer in its insect vector, Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) ........................................................ 16 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 17 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 18 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................... 21 Results ............................................................................................................................. 33 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 39 References ....................................................................................................................... 50 Tables ............................................................................................................................... 57 Figures ............................................................................................................................. 63 Chapter 3: Factors influencing aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus) abundance and aster yellows phytoplasma infectivity in Wisconsin carrot fields ...................................................................................... 67 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 68 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 69 v Materials and Methods .................................................................................................... 73 Results ............................................................................................................................. 83 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 86 References ....................................................................................................................... 96 Tables ............................................................................................................................. 102 Figures ........................................................................................................................... 107 Appendix A .................................................................................................................... 111 Appendix B .................................................................................................................... 116 Chapter 4: Seasonal pattern of aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus) abundance and aster yellows phytoplasma infectivity in Wisconsin carrot fields .................................................................................... 118 Abstract ..........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2003Session3.Pdf
    THE SITUATION OF GRAPEVINE YELLOWS AND CURRENT RESEARCH DIRECTIONS: DISTRIBUTION, DIVERSITY, VECTORS, DIFFUSION AND CONTROL E. Boudon-Padieu Biologie et écologie des phytoplasmes, UMR 1088 Plante Microbe Environnement, INRA – Université de Bourgogne, Domaine d’Epoisses, BP 86510 – 21065 Dijon Cedex France Grapevine yellows (GY) are known now for 50 years. After the first appearance of Flavescence dorée (FD) in West-South France in the 1950’s, similar diseases have been observed in vineyards of other regions or countries (22) in Europe, North-America, Asia Minor and Australia. Typical symptoms are leaf rolling and discoloration of veins and laminae, uneven or total lack of lignification of canes, flower abortion or berry withering. Eventually, severe decline and death occur with sensitive varieties or with particular GY diseases. All these diseases have been associated with phytoplasmas. Phytoplasmas, discovered in 1967, are wall-less intracellular bacterias restricted to phloem sieve tubes and transmitted only by vector insects in which they multiply and circulate. Recently, comparisons of conserved regions in their genomic DNA, have permitted to classify all known phytoplasmas into about 20 groups and subgroups within a monophyletic clade in the Class Mollicutes, closest to the Acholeplasma clade (57, 78). Numerous DNA probes have been designed that permit diagnosis and identification of phytoplasmas in plant tissues and in insects. This, together with transmission assays, has also permitted the recent identification of new phytoplasma vectors. Though Koch’s postulate cannot be fully satisfied with non-culturable pathogen agents, it is now considered that phytoplasmas are responsible for typical GY symptoms. These conclusions have been reached because of transmission experiments with natural vectors in the case of Flavescence dorée (FD) and Bois noir (BN), of the similarity of symptoms caused world wide by GY diseases on numerous grapevine cultivars and of consistent detection of phytoplasmas in affected grapevines and in infective insect vectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Assessment for the Reflexed Indiangrass Leafhopper (Flexamia Reflexa (Osborn and Ball))
    Conservation Assessment for the Reflexed Indiangrass Leafhopper (Flexamia reflexa (Osborn and Ball)) USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region October 18, 2005 James Bess OTIS Enterprises 13501 south 750 west Wanatah, Indiana 46390 This document is undergoing peer review, comments welcome This Conservation Assessment was prepared to compile the published and unpublished information on the subject taxon or community; or this document was prepared by another organization and provides information to serve as a Conservation Assessment for the Eastern Region of the Forest Service. It does not represent a management decision by the U.S. Forest Service. Though the best scientific information available was used and subject experts were consulted in preparation of this document, it is expected that new information will arise. In the spirit of continuous learning and adaptive management, if you have information that will assist in conserving the subject taxon, please contact the Eastern Region of the Forest Service - Threatened and Endangered Species Program at 310 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 580 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................ 1 NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY ..................................................................................... 2 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Detection and Variability of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma Titer in Its Insect Vector, Macrosteles Quadrilineatus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
    ARTHROPODS IN RELATION TO PLANT DISEASE Detection and Variability of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma Titer in Its Insect Vector, Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 1 2 3 K. E. FROST, D. K. WILLIS, AND R. L. GROVES J. Econ. Entomol. 104(6): 1800Ð1815 (2011); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC11183 ABSTRACT The aster yellows phytoplasma (AYp) is transmitted by the aster leafhopper, Mac- rosteles quadrilineatus Forbes, in a persistent and propagative manner. To study AYp replication and examine the variability of AYp titer in individual aster leafhoppers, we developed a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to measure AYp concentration in insect DNA extracts. Absolute quantiÞcation of AYp DNA was achieved by comparing the ampliÞcation of unknown amounts of an AYp target gene sequence, elongation factor TU (tuf), from whole insect DNA extractions, to the ampliÞcation of a dilution series containing known quantities of the tuf gene sequence cloned into a plasmid. The capabilities and limitations of this method were assessed by conducting time course experiments that varied the incubation time of AYp in the aster leafhopper from 0 to 9 d after a 48 h acquisition access period on an AYp-infected plant. Average AYp titer was Ϯ measured in 107 aster leafhoppers and, expressed as Log10 (copies/insect), ranged from 3.53 ( 0.07) to 6.26 (Ϯ0.11) occurring at one and 7 d after the acquisition access period. AYp titers per insect and relative to an aster leafhopper chromosomal reference gene, cp6 wingless (cp6), increased Ϸ100-fold in insects that acquired the AYp. High quantiÞcation cycle values obtained for aster leafhoppers not exposed to an AYp-infected plant were interpreted as background and used to deÞne a limit of detection for the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Report
    Special Report Effect of Benzothiadiazole on Transmission of X-Disease Phytoplasma by the Vector Colladonus montanus to Arabidopsis thaliana, a New Experimental Host Plant Alberto Bressan, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berke- ley 94720-3114, and Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Agronomia Ambientale e Produzioni Vegetali, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; and Alexander H. Purcell, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is ABSTRACT an inducible resistance mechanism in Bressan, A., and Purcell, A. H. 2005. Effect of benzothiadiazole on transmission of X-disease plants that provides resistance against a phytoplasma by the vector Colladonus montanus to Arabidopsis thaliana, a new experimental broad spectrum of plant pathogens: vi- host plant. Plant Dis. 89:1121-1124. ruses, fungi, and bacteria. This mechanism of resistance is activated in several plant Colladonus montanus (Van Duzee), a leafhopper vector of X-disease phytoplasma (Xp), effi- species by natural attacks of pathogens. ciently transmitted the pathogen to Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia wild type. During transmis- Alternatively, chemicals (elicitors) have sion trials, the phytoplasma was inoculated into 22-, 34-, and 40-day-old plants. Phytoplasma been developed to apply directly to plant infections were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for Xp. Symptoms in Xp-positive A. thaliana were overall stunting and reduced or no fruit (silques). All tissues (13,15) to activate SAR. To our symptom-free plants were PCR negative. Leafhopper nymphs free of Xp that fed on diseased A. knowledge, no data are available on the thaliana acquired and transmitted Xp to celery plants, a diagnostic host, causing typical X- effect of SAR on phytoplasma infections.
    [Show full text]
  • From Watercress Marsh, Columbiana County, Ohio1
    Copyright © 1984 Ohio Acad. Sci. 0030-0950/84/0005-0252 $2.00/0 AN ANNOTATED LIST OF LEAFHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) FROM WATERCRESS MARSH, COLUMBIANA COUNTY, OHIO1 DAVID B. MACLEAN, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555 ABSTRACT. Collections made in 1976 and 1977 at Watercress Marsh, Columbiana Co., Ohio, resulted in a total of 35 species of leafhoppers including four new state records. Most leafhopper species collected at this diverse wetlands are common inhabitants of marshes, bogs and wet sedge meadows and have eastern or transcontinental distributions. OHIO J. SCI. 84 (5): 252-254, 1984 INTRODUCTION rostellata Torr. (calcareous swamps and Watercress Marsh, a small wetlands (ap- marshes of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and proximately 50 ha) located 9 km south of locally inland), Juncus subcaudatus Salem, Ohio, occupies a site of the Grand (Engelm.) Cov. & Blake (swamps of the River Lobe of the Wisconsin Glacier near Atlantic Coastal Plain), Salix Candida the southernmost extent of glaciation in Flugge (cold bogs of unglaciated areas of Columbiana Co. (White 1951). Water, Canada and U.S.), Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) which originates from springs that underly Spreng (wetlands of northern U.S. and the area, is diverted by a nearly imper- Canada), Rbamnus alnifolia L'Her (wet- ceptible divide into two watersheds. Most lands of northern U.S. and Canada), and of the water that originates east of State Cyperus diandrus Torr. (northern U.S. and Rt. 9 flows into a small (2 ha) kettle hole local). Over 200 additional species of pond and from there into a series of beaver woody and herbaceous plants have been ponds west of the highway.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Management in Vineyards
    Arthropod Management in Vineyards Noubar J. Bostanian • Charles Vincent Rufus Isaacs Editors Arthropod Management in Vineyards: Pests, Approaches, and Future Directions Editors Dr. Noubar J. Bostanian Dr. Charles Vincent Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Horticultural Research and Horticultural Research and Development Center Development Center 430 Gouin Blvd. 430 Gouin Blvd. Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada Dr. Rufus Isaacs Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA ISBN 978-94-007-4031-0 ISBN 978-94-007-4032-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4032-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012939840 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.
    [Show full text]
  • X-Disease Phytoplasma (Western X)
    WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION X-disease phytoplasma (Western X) Written by: Scott Harper, WSU Plant Pathology; Tobin Northfield, WSU Entomology; Louis Nottingham, WSU Entomology; Tianna DuPont, WSU Extension. Last updated November, 2020. X-disease phytoplasma, Little cherry virus 2 (LChV2) and Little cherry virus 1 (LChV1), cause small cherry symptoms often described as ‘X-disease’ and ‘Little Cherry Disease.’ Diseased cherry trees produce small, poorly colored, unmarketable fruit. In peaches, plums, and nectarines X-disease symptoms are typically yellowed curled leaves and shot hole as well as small- deformed fruit. X-disease is present across North America, throughout Washington State, and at epidemic levels in the Columbia River basin, with high incidence in Yakima, Benton, and Franklin counties, and present in Oregon in The Dalles area. Background Figure 1 X-disease phytoplasma on Cristalina cherry. X-disease (Western X) is not a new problem. It was first identified in cherry trees of WA State in 1946. In a 1947 survey, about 1% of cherry trees were found to be infected, and it has remained present ever since, fluctuating in frequency. Symptoms Infection reduces fruit size and quality in sweet cherries. In contrast to Little cherry virus 2 where fruit often has little flavor, fruit from X-disease infected trees are often bitter. Fruit have reduced fructose, glucose, and sorbitol content and in some Figure 2 X-disease phytoplasma on Bing cherry. cases total phenolic content increases [1]. In addition to fruit symptoms you can see reduced growth/extension of infected limbs, sometimes leading to leaves crowding into dense clusters (rosette) when trees have been infected for multiple years.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT FLOYD, LEAH EVELYN. Reservoir Hosts and Vectors of Xylella Fastidiosa, Causal Agent of Pierce's Disease of Grapevines
    ABSTRACT FLOYD, LEAH EVELYN. Reservoir Hosts and Vectors of Xylella fastidiosa, Causal Agent of Pierce’s Disease of Grapevines, in North Carolina. (Under the direction of Turner Bond Sutton). Pierce’s disease (PD) of grapevines is caused by the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) which is transmitted by leafhoppers and spittlebugs. Leafhopper populations were surveyed in six vineyards across North Carolina’s three geographic regions, in 2006 and 2007. Populations of two phloem-feeders, Agallia spp. and Paraphlepsius irroratus were compared with populations of known PD vectors, Graphocephala versuta and Oncometopia orbona as well as other leafhoppers and planthoppers. G. versuta was the dominant species in the Piedmont and Mountain regions in 2007 and in one Coastal Plain vineyard in 2006. Agallia spp. were most common in the Coastal Plain in 2007, and in the two Mountain and Piedmont vineyards in 2006. The possibility that a phloem-feeder may transmit Xf to grapevines was examined. The clover leafhopper, A. sanguinolenta, a phloem-feeder, did not transmit Xf to grapevines and the bacterium was not detected in its mouthparts using RT-PCR analysis. A reservoir host list of Xf was developed for North Carolina. This was developed using ground vegetation surveys conducted in three vineyards in the spring and fall of 2007-08 to identify and quantify plant species growing on the vineyard floor. Plant samples were collected and tested for the presence of Xf with ELISA and PCR. Fourteen of 40 plant species surveyed tested positive with ELISA and two were confirmed with PCR. Plant hosts of Xf identified in this study that have not been previously reported are: Chamaesyce maculata, Trifolium arvense, hop clover, Trifolium spp., Geranium carolinianum, Oxalis stricta, Festuca sp., Setaria sp., Hordeum pusillum, Poa trivialis and Ranunculus sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Leafhopper Targets for Controlling Aster Yellows in Carrots and Celery
    insects Article Identifying Leafhopper Targets for Controlling Aster Yellows in Carrots and Celery Patrick T. Stillson and Zsofia Szendrei * Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-517-974-8610 Received: 9 May 2020; Accepted: 29 June 2020; Published: 2 July 2020 Abstract: Aster yellows phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) is a multi-host plant pathogen and is transmitted by at least 24 leafhopper species. Pathogen management is complex and requires a thorough understanding of vector dynamics. In the American Midwest, aster yellows is of great concern for vegetable farmers who focus on controlling one vector, Macrosteles quadrilineatus—the aster leafhopper. However, vegetable-associated leafhopper communities can be diverse. To investigate whether additional species are important aster yellows vectors, we surveyed leafhopper communities at commercial celery and carrot farms in Michigan from 2018 to 2019 and conducted real-time PCR to determine infection status. Leafhoppers were collected within crop fields and field edges and identified with DNA barcoding. Overall, we collected 5049 leafhoppers, with the most abundant species being M. quadrilineatus (57%) and Empoasca fabae—the potato leafhopper (23%). Our results revealed the most abundant aster yellows vector in Michigan in both crops is M. quadrilineatus, but we also found that E. fabae may be a potential vector for this pathogen. While several taxa reside in and near these crops, we did not find strong evidence that they contribute to phytoplasma infection. These findings indicate that M. quadrilineatus should be the primary target for controlling this pathogen. Keywords: Cicadellidae; insect vector; pest management; plant disease; phytoplasma 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Michigan State University in Partial Fulfill-Ant of the Requirements for the Degree Of
    :- ‘7 . 4 I." .4 m}, .44.; :m,”\ 4 .... a -r u-antz.’4 4' 4v. L' ”I“ _ :. ".v "‘41-- u _,,. It“ fin |‘~.:r :3 ”a" .4 .J. - u .n awn. w ‘ 4. n4 . R- -; 1...“? ~.m.. N i1 :- V 7 $1? 13' 0v: ‘r‘vr ‘ ' , #3." A 7. ‘5 c ‘ ‘1' "£\- 1! Lu». -\n' x r - w v.1: ~M- 4:??? .4 1 , . - A, 21’“- 7‘; {”1}: r4 7" . r w . '5' m - - v- .. , . , ‘ w ' ’4 ' ,4 4. - ’ , ...,-. ' - " .. , ‘ ‘ ' ‘ , , V r :;{n".lA.‘_ v r 'J._ " Jlf:._‘.,,: r.- ‘u I ‘ v” 1. v ., “|'f‘lx‘-1'{’-q z". .A; ‘ -: , - ~. ‘9‘ . _ - 4w ‘ ‘ t" "rC-r 1: ’I ”1311 .u ‘u- ,ug . -4 .v ‘ fw. 4 j at}. , 4 4 . ‘- _r_ ;:‘~..- w"! 31"; _ ’ 4 V? . a . -‘ .i. ' " . ”~95“!er _ L 4,444, r'” \fl-vv’rh 41%” 4 ‘. ‘ . .. r: -, ,-,'. ,, . , . .2 ,q. 5%! 3,521. f ‘ . *. “ ' ‘ U . , . a, , ‘ '> . v ' .. d an" , . «e . _ ,.V . .r ' '-.'. :2: v rat-(,1: . {n."g; J.¢‘£l‘, - ., 3.43:, ...r,,r 3 . J .V . x 4v. 2. 3» :v. 1,, T'i‘ ...- c;fi['"'r:-“' m, wrn. n- _ . {.1 _ M r. ,. ....." .. -. warn—L.“ ' .33! . ..., ,. .1, 9; #3513“!.,1 ’_'r" "' ‘2”; ,7"r ; I 4... “a..." <ng. 0' n ur- u tw- rr‘ .4 —..--.-~4-:,~». ,. ,. H...” .1 m ?,,$r.{$_;,_:~'... ..,,. "—f - :_.-. .,.,..._..-.I.-.‘ 3.54:4“... ‘4 ’w "nu-f v" r ‘%;-u If; «:2: uw--.‘}....‘...n.,.. 4 . .. «3.4:;44, "v .- . ’ ' FZ'lrl-v 's.. 1’! I »o..' .' NOONHJ—{a’g- Irili ‘ ‘1’; a? . a.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Species Collected from Peach Trees in South Carolina Utilizing a Whole-Tree Sampling Method','
    ARTHROPOD SPECIES COLLECTED FROM PEACH TREES IN SOUTH CAROLINA UTILIZING A WHOLE-TREE SAMPLING METHOD',' C. S. Gorsuch, G. T. Lee' and D. R. Alverson Department of Entomology Clemson University Clemson, SC 29634-0365 (Accepted for publication 20 May 1989) ABSTRACT A closed-canopy sampling apparatus consisting of a galvanized conduit frame and a polyethylene tree cover and ground cover was designed to encompass a mature peach tree. A pyrethrin-piperonyl butoxide aerosol was used to knock down arthropods for collection. The apparatus was relatively easy to use and the technique was erricient in sampling fauna from aU surface microhabitats in the tree canopy. A lolal of 583 species representing 14 orders was collected. Key \Vords: Peach, peach cree, arthropods, insects. whole-tree sampling. J. Agric. Enlomal. 6(4}: 233-255 (October 1989) The advent of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies has increased interest in holistic approaches to the study of arthropod communities in various cropping systems. These approaches require intensive sampling techniques and improved statistical tools (Morris 1960). This fact is plll'ticularly true for absolute sampling in orchard and forest studies. The magnitude of sampling error, sampling difficulties when populations are low, and the complexities of factors affecting natural populations discourage field studies. The degree of precision necessary in sampling is debatable and may depend upon whether u management decision or an ecological study is involved. Southwood (1978) and Lord (1968) discussed the various problems inherent with intensive sampling of arthropods in plant foliage. A number of sampling techniques have been used to sample arthropods in orchards and forest trees.
    [Show full text]
  • Cenerale De La Recherche
    A51-1/1980 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT ~1980~ RAPPORT DE LA DIRECTION CENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE .•..Agriculture I....,... Canada 5800. Research Branch Report 1980 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche RESEARCH BRANCH DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE AGRICULTURE CANADA Copies of this publication;~e available from Research Program Service Research Branch Agriculture Canada Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6 On peut obtenir des exemplaires de cette publication au Service des programmes de recherche Direction genera Ie de la recherche Agriculture Canada Ottawa (Ont.) KIA OC6 @ Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1981 Cat. No. A51-1 /1980 ISBN 0-662-51531-5 @ Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada 1981 N" de cat. A51-1 /1980 ISBN 0-662-51531-5 CONTENTS Executive of the Research Branch, v L'executif de /a Direction genera/e de /a recherche, v Finance and Administration Division, vi Division des affaires jinancieres et administratives, vi Map of research establishments, vii Carte des etablissements de recherche, vii Organization of the Research Branch, viii Organisation de /a Direction genera/e de /a recherche, ix Foreword, x Avant-propos, xi INSTITUTES AND PROGRAM COORDINATION DIRECTORATE DIRECTION DES INSTITUTS ET DE LA COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME Executive, 3 L'executij, 3 Preface, 4 Pre/ace, 5 Biosystematics Research Institute, 7 Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, 25 Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, 41 Food Research Institute, 49 Land Resource Research Institute, 61 Research Program Service, 77 ATLANTIC REGION
    [Show full text]