A51-1/1980
RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT ~1980~ RAPPORT DE LA DIRECTION CENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE
.•..Agriculture I....,... Canada 5800. Research Branch Report 1980 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche
RESEARCH BRANCH DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE
AGRICULTURE CANADA Copies of this publication;~e available from
Research Program Service Research Branch Agriculture Canada Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6
On peut obtenir des exemplaires de cette publication au
Service des programmes de recherche Direction genera Ie de la recherche Agriculture Canada Ottawa (Ont.) KIA OC6
@ Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1981 Cat. No. A51-1 /1980 ISBN 0-662-51531-5
@ Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada 1981 N" de cat. A51-1 /1980 ISBN 0-662-51531-5 CONTENTS
Executive of the Research Branch, v L'executif de /a Direction genera/e de /a recherche, v Finance and Administration Division, vi Division des affaires jinancieres et administratives, vi Map of research establishments, vii Carte des etablissements de recherche, vii Organization of the Research Branch, viii Organisation de /a Direction genera/e de /a recherche, ix Foreword, x Avant-propos, xi
INSTITUTES AND PROGRAM COORDINATION DIRECTORATE DIRECTION DES INSTITUTS ET DE LA COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME Executive, 3 L'executij, 3 Preface, 4 Pre/ace, 5 Biosystematics Research Institute, 7 Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, 25 Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, 41 Food Research Institute, 49 Land Resource Research Institute, 61 Research Program Service, 77 ATLANTIC REGION REGION DE L'ATLANTIQUE Executive, 85 L'executij, 85 Preface, 86 Pre/ace, 87 St. John's West, Nfld., 89 Charlottetown, P.E.I., 95 Kentville, N .s., 105 Fredericton, N .R, 121 QUEBEC REGION REGION DU QUEBEC Executive, 135 L'executif, 135 Preface, 137 Pre/ace, 136 Lennoxville, Quebec, 139 Sainte-Foy, Quebec, 149 Saint-Jean, Quebec, 163 ONTARIO REGION REGION DE L'ONTARIO Executive, 173 L'executij, 173 Preface, 174 Pre/ace, 175 Animal Research Centre 177 London Research Centre 203 Delhi,Ont., 215 Harrow,Ont., 223 Ottawa,Ont., 239 Vineland Station, Ont., 257 WESTERN REGION REGION DE L'OUEST Executive, 269 L'executif, 269 Preface, 270 Pre/ace, 271 Brandon, Man., 273 Morden, Man., 281 Winnipeg, Man., 289 Melfort, Sask., 303 Regina, Sask., 309 Saskatoon, Sask., 317 Swift Current, Sask., 331 Beaverlodge, Alta., 343 Lacombe, Alta., 351 Lethbridge, Alta., 361 Agassiz, RC., 385 Kamloops, B.C., 391 Saanich ton Research and Plant Quarantine Station, B.C., 397 Summerland, B.C., 403 Vancouver, B.C., 413 Program Structure, 423 Structure du programme, 429
iii Dr. E. J. LeRoux
Dr. J. W. Morrison Dr. E. E. Lister Mr. J.-J. Jasmin Dr. J. J. Cartier
Dr. A. A. Guitard Dr. T. H. Anstey Mr. J. E. Ryan EXECUTIVE OF THE RESEARCH BRANCH L'EXECUTIF DE LA DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE
Assistant Deputy Minister, Research Sous-ministre adjoint, recherche E. J. LERoux, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D.
Director General, Institutes and Program Coordination Directorate Directeur general, Direction des instituts et de la coordination du programme J. W. MORRISON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.
Director General, Atlantic Region Directeur general, region de l'Atlantique E. E. LISTER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.
Director General, Quebec Region Directeur general, region du Quebec J.-J. JASMIN, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc.
Director General, Ontario Region Directeur general, region de ['Ontario J. J. CARTIER, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.
Director General, Western Region Directeur general, region de l'Ouest A. A. GUITARD, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.
Senior Adviser, International Research and Development Conseiller principal, programmes internationaux de recherche et de developpement T. H. ANSTEY, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D.
Director, Finance and Administration Division Directeur, Division des affaires jinancieres et administratives J. E. RYAN, R.I.A. FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION DIVISION DIVISION DES AFFA/RES FINANe/ERES ET ADM/N/STRATIVES
Director/ Directeur J. E. RYAN, R.I.A.
Chief, Finance Section Chef, Section des finances J. E. RENAUD, CD.
Chief, Administration Section Chef, Section de l'administration H. D. BRANNEN
vi ! i / MAP OF RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS CARTE DES ~TABlISSEMENTS i DE RECHERCHE I AGRICULTURE CANADA RESEARCH BRANCH ~rRR~g¥I~TNU~~NCtRNAAl~ADE LA RECHERCHE YUKON \ DECEMBER 1980 DECEMBRE 1980 i \ NORTHWEST TERRITORIES \\) TERRITOIRES DU NORD-OUEST ...... ~.....~•.•..( ,~& ;' i -~--- i c~~;"o,~---T---- I i /Benerlod~ WESTERN REGION NEWFOUNDLAND Prinee8eQrge /. R~GIO~ DE L'OUEST fl': N ( ALBERTA i / \, V~eviU. / SASKATCHEWAN j 'TD'i:- :' ".'00,', 'I--r ~West ~ 0 j , MANITOBA ColiMI ~,mlooPS "\. ~be !~tt . ~Iofl I ~ vancouvert, ~9'lSil .OKllawn. \, I iSuknoon! ~ ~bbotsfo~ Summerl.nd ISt,vely i Swilt .! Saan,chlon --'_QCre'Ston ' 0 OVIU~h.lI Cur~nt lrw;l,an I ISislDevl •••• <.. /. Head t:!f --'_._~~~~ve 0 M~nyberries RI1gi~.0 I ~~I' '-'Onefourl_._ Brandone 0 ~ '-'-'-._._.L~~~ .•~~":.~
LEGEND / lEGENDE
(;) REGIONAL HEADQUARTEAS ADMINISTRATION R~GIONALE D ~~~~~r~~~l~I'M~~~~LE
••• CENTRE, INSTITUTE, CENTRES. INSTITUTES. CENTRES.INSTITUTS OR SERVICE • ~:~~ORNC~r;.~~~~RCHE AND SERVICES ET SERVICES CENTRE,INST1TUT AnimalRetntehC.n". Ce --.... ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH BRANCH ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER (RESEARCH) INTERNATIONAL FINANCE AND RESEARCH AND ADMINISTRATION DEVELOPMENT I I DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL I INSTITUTES AND ATLANTIC REGION QUEBEC REGION ONTARIO REGION WESTERN REGION PROGRAM COORDINATION I DIRECTORATE I Research Coordinators Research Stations Research Stations Research Centres Research Stations Analysts St. John's West.Nfld. Lennoxville, Qu~. Animal, Ottawa, Ont, Brandon, Man. Coli net, Nfld. Sainte-Fay. Qu~. London, Onto Morden, Man. Charlottetown, P.E.I. La Pocatiere, Que. Portage la Prairie. Man. Advisers KentvilJe, N.S. Normandin, Que. Winnipeg. Man. Nappan, N.S. Saint-Jean, Que, Research Stations Melfort, Sask. Fredericton, N.B. Frelighsburg, Oue. Regina, Sask. Research Institutes Benton Ridge, N.B. L'Acadie,Oue. Indian Head, Sask. Sainte-Marie. N.B. L' Assomption, Que. Delhi, Onto Saskatoon. Sask. Scott. Sask. Lavaltrie, Que. Harrow, Onto Biosystematics Woodslee, Onto Swift Current. Sask. Sainte.Clothilde. Que. Chemistry and Biology Ottawa.Ont. Beaverlodge. Alta. Engineering and Statistical Kapuskasing, Onto Fort Vermilion, Alta. Food Thunder Bay, Onto Lacombe, Alta Land Resource Vineland Station, Onto V~greville. Alta. Smithfield, Onto Lethbridge, Alta. Research Program Service Onefour (Manyberries). Alta. Stavely. Alta. Vauxhall. Alta. Agassiz. B.C. Abbotsford. B.C. Kamloops. B.C. Prince George. B.C. Saanich ton Research and Plant Quarantine Station. B.C. Summerland. B.C. Creston. B.C. Kelowna, B.C. December 1980 Vancouver. B.C. ORGANISATION DE SOU5-MINISTRE LA DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE ADJOINT (RECHERCHE) RECHERCHE ET AFFAIRES DEVELOPPEMENT FINANCIERES ET INTERNATIONAUX ADMINISTRATIVES I I DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTION DES REGION DE REGION DU QUEBEC REGION DE L'ONTARIO REGION DE L'OUEST INSTITUTS ET DE LA L'ATLANTIQUE COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME Coordonnateurs de la recherche Stations de recherche Stations de recherche Centres de recherche Stations de recherche Analystes Saint*Jean IT.-N.) Lennoxville (Quebec) London (Ont.) Brandon (Man.) Coli net tT.-N.! Sainte.Fay (Quebec! Zootechnie (Ottawa)(Ont.) Morden (Man.) Charlottetown (i ..PAt) la Pocatiere (Quebec) Portage-la-Prairie (Man.) Conseillers Kentville (N.-E.) Normandin (Quebec) Winnipeg (Man.) Stations de recherche Nappan (N .•~.l Saint-Jean (Quebec) Metfort (SaskJ Fredericton (N.-B.) FrelighsbUfg (Ouebec) Regina (Sask.l Instituts de recherche Indian Head (Sask.) Benton Ridge (N.-B.) L'Aeadie (Quebec) Delhi (Ont.) Saskatoon (SaskJ Sainte-Marie (N.-8.) L'Assomption (Quebec) Harrow (Ont.) Aliments Scott (Sask.) Lavaltrie (Quebec! Woodslee (Ont.) Swift Current (Sask.) Biosystematique Sainte.Clothilde (Quebec) Ottawa (Ont.) Beaverlodge (Alb.l Chimie et biologie Kapuskasing (Ont.) Fort Vermilion (Alb.) Technique et statistique Thunder Bay (Ont,) Lacombe (Alb.) Terres Vineland Station (Ont,) V~greville (Alb.) Smithfield (Ont.) Service des programmes Lethbridge (Alb.) de recherche Onefour (Many berries) (Alb.) Stavely (Alb.) Vauxhall (Alb.) Agassiz (C.-B.I Abbotsford (C.-B.J Kamloops (C.-B.I Prince George (C.-B.) Station de recherche et de quarantaine des plantes de Saanichton (Sidney) (C.-B.l Summerland (C.-B.J Creston (C.-B.) Kelowna (C.-B.) decembre 1980 Vancouver (C.-B.) FOREWORD The Research Branch of Agriculture Canada of their work in separate chapters, for which conducts about one-half of the agricultural research reprints are available. and development in Canada. It also cooperates with The Branch conducts basic and applied re:search universities and industry by supporting research on soils, plants, animals, pests including diseases that augments the Branch's goals and objectives. and weeds, engineering and energy, and food. There The budget for 1980 was $140 million, of which $5 is close cooperation with other branches in the million was spent on contracted research. In 1980 Department, with other federal agencies, and with the Branch staffed 3659 person-years, of which 918 universities, provincial departments of agric:ulture, were professional positions. the agricultural industry, and farm organizations. Branch Headquarters are located at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. A reorganization of In Canada there is a unique system for coordi- nating agricultural research and services, called the the Research Branch became effective on 25 Au- gust 1980. A new directorate and three new regions C~nadian Agricultural Services Coordinating Com- were established on that date, by reorganizing the mIttee (CASCC). This organization reviews gov- ernmental and institutional services affecting the administration of the former Central and Eastern general welfare of Canadian agriculture. Its mem- regions and by renaming two institutes. The man- bers include provincial deputy ministers of 2:gricul- date of the Western Region remains unchanged from that given it in 1978. ture, deans of agricultural colleges and colleges of veterinary medicine, and representatives from the Dr. J. W. Morrison was named Director General private sector. The Chairman is the Deputy Minis- of the new Institutes and Program Coordination ter of Agriculture Canada. The research arm of Directorate. He now assumes responsibility for the CASCC is the Canadian Agricultural R'~search institutes in Ottawa and for Research Program Council, which advises the parent committee: on the Service, all formerly administered by the Central state and needs of agricultural research and devel- Region, while retaining his control over the Branch's research coordinators. opment. Despite resource constraints, the R,esearch Branch has maintained a high quality of output and The Animal Research and London Research has contributed significantly to the departmental institutes have been renamed centres and are now aims and the government's policies in support of the under the direction of Dr. J. J. Cartier, Director Canadian agricultural industry. General for the new Ontario Region. As well as the two research centres, Dr. Cartier also assumes The Branch also strongly supports and cooper- responsibility for all the stations and experimental ates in research at the international level. This farms formerly located in the Central Region. support is partly provided through the Canadian Two new regions, the Atlantic Region and the International Development Agency and the Inter- Quebec Region, were created from the former national Development Research Centre. The Eastern Region. Dr. E. E. Lister heads the Atlantic Br~nch also has direct relations with the Organi- Region, with headquarters in Halifax. Dr. J.-J. zatIOn for Economic Cooperation and Development Jasmin is the Director General for the Quebec (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organi- Region, with Headquarters in Quebec City. zation (FAO). Through annual tripartite meetings This Report is divided into five sections, with with leaders of agricultural research in the USA each director general describing his organizational and the UK, effective exchanges are occurring and structure and highlighting achievements for the cooperation is being maintained. In 1980 the year. The research establishments then give details meeting was attended by a delegation from France. E. J. LeRoux x AVANT-PROPOS La Direction generale de la recherche d'Agricul- La Direction generale fait de la recherche ture Canada realise environ la moitie des travaux de fondamentale et appliquee sur les sols, les plantes, recherche et de developpement agricoles effectues les animaux, les ravageurs, les pathogenes, les au Canada. Elle coopere egalement avec les univer- mauvaises herbes, Ie genie rural et I'exploitation de sites et I'industrie en appuyant financierement les I'energie, ainsi que I'alimentation. Elle travaille en recherches qui viennent completer ses buts et ses etroite collaboration avec d'autres Directions gene- objectifs. En 1980, son budget s'elevait a $140 rales du Ministere, d'autres organismes federaux millions dont $5 millions pour la recherche contrac- ainsi que les universites, les ministeres provinciaux tuelle et son effectif etait de 3659 annees-personnes de I'agriculture, I'industrie agricole et les groupe- dont 918 employes professionnels. ments d'agriculteurs. La Direction generale loge son administration Le Canada s'est dote d'un mecanisme particulier centrale a la Ferme experimentale centrale d'Otta- de coordination de la recherche et des services wa. Depuis Ie 25 aoilt 1980, elle compte une agricoles. II s'agit du Comite canadien de coordina- nouvelle Direction et trois nouvelles regions, issues tion des services agricoles (C.C.C.S.A.) dont Ie role d'une restructuration de I'administration de la est de superviser les services gouvernementaux et region du Centre et de la region de l'Est. En outre, institution nels touchant I'etat general de I'agricul- deux instituts ont change de nom. Le mandat de la ture canadienne. II est compose des sous-ministres region de I'Ouest n'a pas change par rapport a celui provinciaux de I'agriculture, des doyens des facultes de 1978. d'agriculture et de medecine veterinaire ainsi que M. J.W. Morrison a ete nomme Directeur gene- des representants du secteur prive. Son president est ral de la nouvelle Direction des instituts et de la Ie sous-ministre federal de I'agriculture. La fonction coordination du programme. II cumule donc main- «recherche~ est confiee au Conseil de la recherche tenant la direction des instituts et du Service des agricole du Canada qui conseille Ie C.C.C.S.A. sur programmes de recherche, qui relevaient aupara- I'etat et les besoins de la recherche et du developpe- vant de la region du Centre, et celie des coordina- ment agricoles. Malgre Ie resserrement de ses teurs de la recherche de la Direction generale. ressources, la Direction generale a reussi a conser- L'Institut de recherche zootechnique et !'Institut ver un rendement de haut calibre et a epauler Ie de recherche de London portent maintenant Ie nom Ministere et Ie gouvernement dans la realisation des de Centres et relevent de M. J.J. Cartier, Directeur politiques axees sur la prosperite de l'industrie general de la nouvelle region de l'Ontario. En outre, agricole canadienne. M. Cartier assure la direction de toutes les stations En outre, la Direction genera Ie encourage la et fermes experimentales qui faisaient auparavant recherche au niveau international et y coopere partie de la region du Centre. energiquement, entre autres par l'entremise de L'ancienne region de l'Est a ete subdivisee en l'Agence canadienne de developpement internatio- deux nouvelles regions: l'Atlantique et Ie Quebec. nal et Ie Centre de recherche pour Ie developpement M. E.E. Lister assure la direction de la premiere, international. Elle est egalement en contact direct dont I'administration centrale est situee a Halifax; avec l'Organisation de cooperation et de developpe- M. J.-J. Jasmin dirige la region du Quebec dont ment economiques (O.C.D.E.) et l'Organisation des I'administration centrale est situee a Quebec. Nations-Unies pour I'alimentation et I'agriculture Le present rapport se divise en cinq sections, (F.A.O.). Les reunions annuelles tripartites tenues chaque directeur general decrivant I'organisation avec les chefs de file de la recherche agricole aux dont il est responsable et ses principales realisations Etats-Unis et au Royaume-Uni sont I'occasion durant I'annee ecoulee. Chaque etablissement de d'etablir des echanges fructueux et de renouer des recherche presente ensuite ses travaux dans des liens de cooperation. En 1980, une delegation chapitres dont on peut obtenir des tires a part. fran~aise a assiste a cette reunion. EJ. LeRoux xi INSTITUTES AND PROGRAM COORDINATION DIRECTORATE ~ DIRECTION DES INSTITUTS ~ ET DE LA COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME EXECUTIVE OF THE INSTITUTES AND PROGRAM COORDINATION DIRECTORATE L'EXECUTIF DE LA DIRECTION DES INSTITUTS ET DE LA COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME Director General! Directeur general J. W. MORRISON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Research Coordinators/Coordonnateurs de fa recherche Animals/ Animaux F. K. KRISTJANSSON,B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Crops/Cultures W. J. SAIDAK, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Food/ Aliments R. R. RIEL, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Production/ Production C. J. BISHOP, B.Sc., A.M., Ph.D. F.R.S.C., F.A.S.H.S., F.A.I.C., Protection/ Protection R. M. PRENTICE, B.Sc., M.Sc. Resources/ Ressources R. L. HALSTEAD, B.S.A., Ph.D. Analysts/Anafystes Contracts/ Contrats J. R. AITKEN, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program/ Programmes A. P. CHAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Special Advisers/ Conseillers spi!ciaux Resources/ Ressources W. BAIER, Diplomlandwirt, Dr. agr., M.Sc. Crops/ Cultures J. C. ST-PIERRE, B.Sc. (Agr.), B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Crops/ Cultures L. DESSUREAUX,B.A., B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Directors of the institutes/ Directeurs des instituts Biosystematics/ Biosystematique G. A. MULLIGAN, B.Sc. Chemistry and Biology Chimie et biologie A. I. DE LA ROCHE, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Engineering and Statistical Technique et statistique P. W. VOISEY, F.I., Mech.E Food/ Aliments J. HOLME, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Land Resource/ Terres J. S. CLARK, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Research Program Service Service des programmes de R. TROTTIER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. recherche INSTITUTESAND PROGRAMCOORDINATIONDIRECTORATE PREFACE With reorganization of the Branch in August a wide range of scientific information, technical, 1980 a new directorate, Institutes and Program and publication services. Coordination, was formed, with Dr. J. W. Morrison Program Coordination, formerly known a:; Plan- as Director General. The Institute group comprises ning and Evaluation, is located at Headquarters the Biosystematics Research Institute, the Chemis- and is now made up of six coordinators, two try and Biology Research Institute, the Engineering program analysts, and three special advisers. The and Statistical Research Institute, the Food Re- staff serves as advisers to the Assistant Deputy search Institute, the Land Resource Research Minister, Research, and to the Research Branch Institute, and Research Program Service. The Management Committee. Program Coordinati?n institutes' programs were conducted by a staff of serves also as a training ground for potential 590, with a budget of $18.5 million. managers. Dr. Yvon Martel, who is now Director of The institutes have the responsibility of carrying the Lennoxville Research Station, served as Special out national programs of research in response to Adviser, Soils, and as Executive Assistant to the problems that may have been identified in the Assistant Deputy Minister. Dr. Rejean BO'Jchard, regions. Biosystematics research includes tax- Program Specialist for the Quebec Region, spent a onomic studies on insects, arachnids, nematodes, year as Special Adviser, Animal research. Dr. I? ~. vascular plants, and fungi. The Institute also Dorrell, recently appointed Director of the WInm- maintains national collections of these biota and peg Research Station, was Special Adviser, Crops. provides an identification service. The Chemistry Dr. Ian de la Roche, formerly Coordinator, Crops, and Biology Research Institute carries out research is now Director of the Chemistry and Biology in specialized areas such as winter hardiness, nitro- Research Institute. Dr. W. J. Saidak has just been gen fixation, and plant diseases. It also provides appointed Crops Coordinator. Dr. W. Baier is at analytical chemistry and electron microscopy se~- present acting as Special Adviser, Resources, and vices to other Branch establishments. The EngI- Dr. J. C. St-Pierre, as Special Adviser, Crops. neering and Statistical Research Institute is in- volved in research on mechanization and farm Dr. E. E. Lister, Program Specialist, left the structures. During the year two new sections, Directorate to assume the responsibilities of Direc- Energy and Food Engineering, were forme~ within tor General, Atlantic Region. Dr. Robert Trottier the Institute to respond to research needs In these was appointed Director of Research Program high-priority areas. Statistical research in su~p.ort Service. of Branch programs is another important activity. Further information about our programs may be The research program of the Food Research Insti- obtained by writing to the research establishments tute is oriented toward food quality, food process- concerned or by addressing inquiries to Institutes ing, new food ingredients, food safety,. and nut.ri- and Program Coordination Directorate, Research tion. The Land Resource Research InstItute carnes Branch, K. W. Neatby Building, Agriculture out soil surveys in all provinces and performs Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. research in land classification and utilization and In KIAOC6. agrometeorology. Research Program Service pro- vides research support to the Branch in the form of J. W. Morrison 4 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 PREFACE La restructuration de la Direction generale, en de la classification et de l'utilisation des terres et aoiit 1980, a donne lieu a la creation de la nouvelle d'agrometeorologie. Enfin, Ie Service des program- Direction des instituts et de la coordination du mes de recherche assure Ie soutien des diverses programme, dont Ie Directeur general est M. J.W. directions en leur fournissant une large gamme de Morrison. Cette direction englobe l'Institut de services d'informations scientifiques et techniques recherche biosystematique, l'Institut de recherche ainsi que de publications. chimique et biologique, I'Institut de recherche La coordination du programme, autrefois connue technique et statistique, l'Institut de recherche sur sous Ie nom de planification et evaluation, fait les aliments, l'Institut de recherche sur les terres et partie de l'Administration centrale et compte six Ie Service des programmes de recherche. La realisa- coordinateurs, deux analystes de programmes et tion des programmes des Instituts est assuree par trois conseillers speciaux. Elle assure un service de un personnel de 590 personnes qui dispose d'un conseil aupres du sous-ministre adjoint a la recher- budget total de $18,5 millions. che et du Comite de gestion de la Direction Les Instituts ont pour mandat de proceder a la generale de la recherche. Elle constitue finalement realisation de programmes nationaux de recherches un champ de formation pour les futurs gestionnai- visant a regler les problemes qui surgissent dans res. M. Yvon Martel, I'actuel Directeur de la chacune des regions. La recherche biosystematique station de recherche de Lennoxville, etait conseiller englobe des etudes taxonomiques sur les insectes, special sur les sols et adjoint administratif du sous- les arachnides, les nematodes, les plantes vasculai- ministre adjoint. M. Rejean Bouchard, specialiste res et les champignons. L'Institut qui en est en programmes de la region du Quebec, a ete responsable garde aussi des collections de specimens pendant un an conseiller special en recherche et dispense un service d'identification. L'Institut de zootechnique. M. D.G. Dorrell, recemment nom me recherche chimique et biologique travaille dans les Directeur de la station de recherche de Winnipeg, domaines specialises comme la resistance a l'hiver, eta it conseiller special sur les cultures. M. Ian de la la fixation de l'azote et les maladies des plantes. II Roche, auparavant coordinateur pour les cultures, fournit aussi les services de chimie analytique et de est aujourd'hui Directeur de l'Institut de recherche microscopie electronique aux autres etablissements chimique et biologique. M. W.J. Saidak vient tout de la Direction generale. L'Institut de recherche juste d'etre nomme coordinateur pour les cultures. technique et statistique fait des etudes sur la M. W. Baier est actuellement conseiller special sur mecanisation et sur les constructions agricoles. Au les ressources et M. J.e. St-Pierre est conseiller cours de l'annee, deux nouvelles sections y ont vu Ie special sur les cultures. jour; celie de l'energie et celie du genie industriel M. E.E. Lister, specialiste en programmes, a alimentaire. Ce changement vise a repondre aux quitte la Direction pour devenir Directeur general besoins nouveaux de recherches dans deux domai- de la region de l'Atlantique. M. Robert Trottier a nes hautement prioritaires. La recherche statistique ete nomme Directeur du Service des programmes menee dans Ie cadre des programmes de la Direc- de recherche. tion generale constitue egalement une activite Pour de plus amples renseignements sur nos importante. Le programme de l'Institut de recher- programmes, priere d'ecrire aux etablissements de che sur les aliments englobe les domaines de la recherche concernes ou de s'adresser a la Direction qualite et de la transformation des aliments, des des instituts et de la coordination du programme, nouveaux ingredients alimentaires, de l'innocuite Direction generale de la recherche, Edifice K.W. des aliments et de la nutrition. L'Institut de Neatby, Agriculture Canada, Ferme experimenta- recherche sur les terres effectue des prospections Ie, Ottawa (Ontario) KIA OC6. pedologiques dans toutes les provinces et s'occupe J.W. Morrison INSTITUTES AND PROGRAM COORDINATION DIRECTORATE Biosystematics Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF Administration G. A. MULLIGAN, B.Sc. Director A. GIROUX Administrative Officer E. GAVORA,' I.N.G., B.L.S. Librarian, Botany v. DESROCHES,' B.Ph.A., B.L.S. Librarian, Entomology J. E. H. MARTIN Head, National Identification Service, Zoology; Unit Curator, Miscellaneous insect orders P. M. LECLAIR Head, National Identification Service, Botany Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Trichoptera J. M. CAMPBELL, B.S., M.S., Ph.D Head of Section; Staphylinidae (rove beetles) S. A. ALLYSON, B.Sc., M.Sc. Lepidopterous larvae D. E. BRIGHT, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Scolytidae (bark beetles), Curculionidae (weevils) J. R. BYERS, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Reproductive biology and behavior of cutworm moths P. T. DANG,' B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Microlepidoptera of forest importance (spruce budworm) J. D. LAFONTAINE, B.A., Ph.D. Noctuidae (cutworm moths); Unit Curator, Lepidoptera- Trichoptera L. LESAGE, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) and larval Coleoptera A. MUTUURA, B.Sc., Ph.D. Tortricidae (leafroller moths) F. SCHMID, Lic. es Sc. Nat., D. es Sc. Nat. Trichoptera (caddisflies) A. SMETANA, M.U.DR., Cando Sc. BioI. Aquatic beetles, Staphylinidae (rove beetles); Unit Curator, Coleoptera BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE Diptera and Hemiptera D. M. WOOD, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Tachinidae (parasitic tachinid flies), Culicidae (mosquitoes) K. G. A. HAMILTON,B.S.A., M.sc., Ph.D. Cicadellidae (leafhoppers), Cercopidae (spittlebugs); Unit Curator, Hemiptera L. A. KELTON,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Miridae (plant bugs), Anthocoridae (flower bugs) J. F. McALPINE, B.s.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Lonchaeidae (lance flies), Chamaemyiidae (silver flies) D. R. OLIVER,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Chironomidae (nonbiting midges) R. V. PETERSON,B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Simuliidae (black flies), Nycteribiidae and Streblidae (bat flies) W. R. RICHARDS,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Aphidoidea (aphids, plant lice:), Psyllidae (psyIlids), Coccoidae (scale insects), Thysanoptera (thrips), Psocoptera (psocids, book lice), Collemboia (springtails) H. J. TESKEY,B.Sc., M.S.A., Ph.D. Tabanidae (horse flies, deer flies), dipterous larvae; Unit Curator, Diptera J. R. VOCKEROTH,B.A., M.A., D.Phil. Syrphidae (flower flies), Scatophagidae (dung flies) Experimental Taxonomy and Nematology R. V. ANDERSON,B.A., M.S., Ph.D. Head of Section; Hoplolaimidae (spiral nematodes), Tylenchorhynchidae (stylet nematodes), Aphelenchoidea (foliar nematodes); Unit Curator, Nematodes J. W. ARNOLD,B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Insect hemocytology B. A. EBSARY,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Criconematidae (ring nematodes), Paratylenchidae (pin nemotodes), Hemicycliophoridae (sheath nematodes) E. S. EVELEIGH,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Dorylaimida (dagger nematodes), Acarine systems (mites) B. N. A. HUDSON,B.Sc., Ph.D. Chemical taxonomy of insects: j polymorphic enzymes R. MATSUDA,B.A., Ph.D., D.Sc. Comparative morphology, Tingidae (lace bugs), Aradidae (flat bugs) Hymenoptera and Arachnida I. M. SMITH,B.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Acari (mites) 8 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 J. R. BARRON,B.Sc., M.sc., Ph.D. Ichneumonidae (ichneumon wasps) c. D. DONDALE,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Araneae (spiders), Opiliones (harvestmen); Unit Curator Arachnida H. GOULET,B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Symphyta (sawflies) E. E. LINDQUIST,B.s., M.S., Ph.D. Acari (mites, ticks) L. MASNER,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Proctotrupoidea (proctotrupid wasps), Bethyloidea (bethylid wasps), Sphecoidea (digger wasps), Evanioidea (ensign wasps); Unit Curator, Hymenoptera W. R. M. MASON,B.Sc., Ph.D. Braconidae (braconid wasps) C. M. YOSHIMOTO,>B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chalcidoidea (chalcid wasps), Cynipoidea (gall wasps) Mycology: Plant Disease and Biodegrading Fungi R. A. SHOEMAKER,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Ascocarpic parasites of cereals D. J. S. BARR, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Zoosporic parasites of vegetable crops J. D. BISSETT,B.Sc., Ph.D. Conidial parasites of forage crops M. P. CORLETT,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Ascocarpic parasites of fruit crops J. H. GINNS, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Curator, National Collection of Fungus Cultures; Basidiocarpic tree wood rots S. J. HUGHES,B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.S.C. Conidial molds of wood and insects G. A. NEISH, B.Sc., Ph.D. Mycotoxin fungi J. A. PARMELEE,B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Curator, National Mycological Herbarium; Obligate parasites of plants (rusts, smuts, mildews) S. A. REDHEAD,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Mushrooms Vascular Plants E. SMALL,B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Cultivated crops, Medicago S. G. AIKEN, B.Sc., M.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Grass flora of Canada I. J. BASSETT,B.A. Hay-fever plants, palynology, weeds B. R. BAUM,M.Sc., Ph.D. Cultivated crops, Hordeum P. M. CATLING,B.Sc., Ph.D. Sedges, aquatic plants W. J. CODY,B.A. Curator, Herbarium; Canadian flora, ferns J. McNEILL, B.Sc., Ph.D. Weeds, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae G. A. MULLIGAN,B.Sc. Weeds, Cruciferae S. I. WARWICK,B.Sc., Ph.D. Weeds, genecology BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 9 Honorary Research Associates E. C. BECKER, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Elateridae (click beetles, wireworms) J. A. DOWNES, B.Sc. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) D. F. HARDWICK, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Noctuidae (cutworm moths) G. P. HOLLAND, B.A., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.C. Siphonaptera (fleas) R. MACRAE, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Basidiocarpic wood rots, polypores W. C. MCGUFFIN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Geometridae (geometer moths, loopers) O. PECK, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chalcidoidea (chalcid wasps) D. B. O. SAVILE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc., Plant rusts F.R.S.C. G. E. SHEWELL, B.Sc., M.Sc. Lauxaniidae (Iauxaniid flies), Calliphoridae (blow flies) A. WILKES, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Insect genetics Departures E. C. BECKER, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Elateridae (click beetles, wireworms) E. H. SALKELD, B.S.A., M.s.A., Ph.D. Comparative micromorphology of insect eggs Transfers F. W. COLLINS, B.Sc., Ph.D. Chemotaxonomy, Brassica C. C. LOAN, B.A., M.S., Ph.D. Ichneumonidae (ichneumon wasps), Braconidae (braconid wasps) 'Seconded from Libraries Division. Finance and Administration Branch. 'Seconded from Environment Canada. 10 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION The Biosystematics Research Institute provides a national identification service for insects, mites, spiders, nematodes, vascular plants, and fungi of importance to Canadians. The Institute conducts research on various aspects of biosystematics and maintains custody of the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes; the Agriculture Canada Vascular Plant Herbarium; the National Mycological Herbarium; and the National Mycological Culture Collection. Eight new curators were appointed for the zoology national collections during 1980. The Institute emphasizes taxonomic studies on organisms of special interest to Canadians and the production of identification guides and inventories of organisms having economic or environmental impact. Reprints of research publications are available from the authors. Correspondence on other matters should be addressed to the Director, Biosystematics Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa Ont. KIA OC6. G. A. Mulligan Director IDENTIFICATIONS, COLLECTIONS, Collection development AND SURVEYS The holdings of the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nema- National Identification Service todes increased by some 675 000 specimens. Major contributions were made by 28 officers A total of 85 900 specimens of insects, of the Institute collecting across Canada, the arachnids, and nematodes were identified Yukon Territory, and eastern and central during 1980, an increase of 14% over the United States. The use of devices newly previous year. Agriculture Canada (25%) and designed or modified by Institute scientists for Canadian and American universities (22% collection of micro-hymenoptera and other and 13%, respectively) were the greatest minute arthropods resulted in a spectacular users. Some 5150 were received from the increase of holdings of many species in the general public for identification, general collection. Donations of specimens to the information, or advice on control measures. collection totaled some 38 400 specimens and A total of 12 552 collections of vascular purchases amounted to 7715 specimens. Some plants were identified during 1980. Universi- 222 loans totaling 73 438 specimens of Cana- ties were again the major users of this service dian National Collection material were made (50.4%). An increased number of inquiries to scientists around the world for research were received directly from the general public study. Material incorporated into the collec- and through Public Services Section, Infor- tion totaled some 195 500 specimens. mation Services, Agriculture Canada. Assist- The holdings of the Vascular Plant Herbar- ance was provided to the Poison Control ium now stand at 690 596 collections, an Centre for 15 cases of suspected poisonings increase of 13 555 during 1980. Approx- from vascular plants. imately 7000 collections were made during A total of 3015 collections and cultures of field trips by staff members in Ontario, the fungi were identified during 1980. Principal western provinces, the Yukon Territory, users of the service were the general public southwestern and central United States, and (28.1 %), followed by other federal depart- Mexico. Some 3804 collections were donated ments (17.0%) and Canadian universities to the Herbarium, 2991 as exchange and 813 (14.4%). Assistance was provided to the as gifts from other herbariums. Poison Control Centre for 54 cases of sus- The holdings of the National Mycological pected poisonings from mushrooms. The Herbarium stand at 231 426 specimens, an accompanying table shows the number of increase of 8054 accessions during 1980. A specimens identified and their sources. total of 4498 specimens were donated, 4348 as BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE II N Zoological and botanical identifications for 1980 Arthropods and nematodes, Vascular plant Fungus Fungus number of specimens collections 1 collections 1 cultures' Total Canada Agriculture Canada 21 811 259 48 133 22251 Environment Canada 5 623 I 434 37 9 7 103 Other federal departments 915 898 423 92 2328 Provincial departments 8941 169 IS 33 9 158 Industry III - 5 4 120 Universities 19051 3344 291 143 22829 General public 5038 606 848 - 6492 USA Government departments 6 571 2637 233 29 9470 Universities 10844 2989 338 12 14 183 General public I 181 - - I 181 ; 00 o'"' exchange from other herbariums and 150 as Poison-ivy, Western Poison Oak, and Poi- gifts. Approximately 4700 collections were son Sumac/L'herbe ii la puce, Ie sumac a made by staff members during the year. The vernis et Ie rhus diversiloba. This bulletin, National Collection of Fungus Cultures has with line drawings and color plates, includes increased its holdings from 6093 to 6558, an information on the biology and identification increase of 465 cultures. These cultures were of the plants, symptoms of poisoning and received for deposit from other institutions, treatment, how poisoning occurs, and how to through the Identification Service, or from eradicate the plants. isolations made by staff members. At the Common and Botanical Names of Weeds present time 2066 cultures have been success- in Canada/Noms populaires et scientifiques fully lyophilized for long-term preservation. des plantes nuisibles du Canada. This bulle- During the summer of 1980, the Institute tin presents the botanical names and English carried out a 4-mo survey of the insects, and French common names of all the plants mites, vascular plants, and fungi of Waterton growing as weeds in Canada. Lakes National Park, Alberta. The purpose of this survey was to collect specimens pertinent Grasses of Ontario. This manual treats the to research interests of Institute scientists and species and major geographical races of all to enhance the collections. This park was the grasses growing in Ontario. It includes selected because it serves as an excellent site keys, descriptions, distribution maps, line for studying the flora and fauna of the Rocky drawings, and photographs for 78 genera, 238 Mountains as well as those of western prairie species, and 123 subspecies and varieties. elements and aspen parkland. Ten Institute Fungi Canadenses. During 1980, 30 contri- scientists and technicians participated in the butions were published, bringing the total in survey. The material collected is being sorted this series to 190. An additional 20 contri- and prepared, and will be incorporated into butions are being processed. Taxa illustrated the collections. Institute personnel worked and described include several new records of closely with park naturalists to provide them Canadian fungi, two new species, and three with useful biological information. Four Insti- new combinations. Species of parasitic and tute scientists, including two entomologists, biodegrading fungi from the following genera one mycologist, and one vascular plant taxon- are described: Aecidium, Arachnophora, omist, collected extensively in the Yukon Endophragmiella, Gerronema, Helmintho- during 1980. Particular emphasis was placed sporium, Hemimycena, Hygrocybe, Maras- on collecting organisms in areas where there miellus, Melanotus, Microascus, Mycena, were glacial refugia. Olpidium, Peziza, Phaeomarasmius, Psilach- Identification aids num, Puccinia, Spiropes, Stigmina, Taeni- olella, Tyromyces, and Venturia. Insects and Arachnids of Canada. This faunal series was initiated several years ago and is now established as an Institute activity. SECTIONAL RESEARCH This activity is designed to treat the insect and arachnid fauna of Canada in a series of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Trichoptera books that will permit the nontaxonomic Coleoptera. Carabidae-A major system- biologist to identify various arthropod entities. atic and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Since the last annual report two contributions Elaphrus was redrafted and submitted for were published: Part 7, Genera des Trichop- internal review. The revision of the 34 species teres du Canada et des Etats adjacents; and and four subgenera of Elaphrus includes a Part 8, The Plant Bugs of the Prairie Prov- review of both adult and larval characters. An inces of Canada, Heteroptera: Miridae. analysis of structural variation in two subspe- Vascular Plants of Continental Northwest cies of the Elaphrus americanus complex was Territories. This work is a guide or manual to submitted for publication. A similar study of the species and major geographical races of the E.finitimus complex is in progress. the 1113 flowering plants and ferns of the Staphylinidae-A large revision of the continental Northwest Territories and in- subfamily Xantholininae for America north of cludes keys, descriptions, distribution maps, Mexico was completed. The subfamily in- and line drawings. The area covered is cludes 28 genera and 105 species. Revisions of roughly 1.6 million square kilometres. the genera Lordithon and Carphacis were BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 13 completed; the latter has been published. Two Diptera and Hemiptera new species, including one in a new genus, of the subfamily Phloeocharinae were described Diptera. Volume I of the Manual of the and illustrated. Nearctic Diptera, covering 43 families of Scolytidae-A monograph on the large Nematocera and lower Brachycera, was pub- genus Pityophthorus in North America was lished. The text of the second volume covering completed. Over 200 species are described all 65 families of the higher Diptera (Musco- and illustrated, and keys are provided to aid morpha or Cyclorrhapha) occurring north of in identification. Mexico was completed; work on illustrations Buprestidae-A handbook on the Bupres- for the second volume is now in progress. tidae of Canada for The Insects and Arach- Fifty-two world specialists collaborated in this nids of Canada series is nearing completion. Over 200 Canadian species are treated. two-volume work, which provides new keys Miscellaneous-Considerable progress was and abundant illustrations to 2150 ge:nera of made on the inventory of pest species of flies known to occur in Canada, Gn~enland, Coleoptera of agricultural importance. It is and continental United States. Wdl-illus- expected to be completed in 1981. trated family keys to adults and larvae:of soil- dwelling Diptera were prepared for inclusion Lepidoptera. Tortricidae-A paper de- in a book entitled Soil Biology Guide. Adults scribing a new species of Clepis from the and immature stages of one of the major Yukon Territory was published. Manuscripts blackfly vectors of onchocerciasis in Venezu- for two papers on the pine cone borer genera ela, Simulium sanguineum Knab, Wf:rerede- Eucosma and Laspeyresia were prepared. scribed as part of a study of these vectors Genitalia drawings, and keys to genera and under the auspices of the World Health species, of Archipini were completed for a Organization. Nine new genera and six new handbook in the series The Insects and species of Mycetophilidae (fungus gnats) Arachnids of Canada. Forty populations of were described. As part of a cooperative spruce budworm from across Canada were project involving both North American and established for use in a projected taxonomic European specialists on midges (Chironomi- revision of the Choristoneura fumiferana dae), keys, diagnoses, and illustrations of the complex. larvae of 21 genera of the subfamily Ortho- Pyralidae-A paper describing a new spe- cladiinae and nine genera of Diamesinae were cies of Dioryctria from Eastern Canada was completed. Six New World genera of Empidi- completed. Two papers on the larvae of the dae related to Megagrapha were revised, subfamily Pyraustinae were submitted for incorporating the description of one new publication. genus and 27 new species. Illustrated keys to Noctuidae-A manuscript on the biogeog- the larvae of horse flies and deer flies of raphy of the 180 North American species of Illinois were completed as part of a manual to Euxoa was submitted for publication. A the Tabanidae of that state. Fifty-three taxonomic study of the Euxoa comosa group, Canadian species in 10 genera of Syrphidae using both classical and experimental ap- (flower flies) were redescribed as part of a proaches, was completed. On the basis of handbook to the Syrphidae of Canada, larval growth rates, hybridization, mating Alaska, and Greenland. The 14 world genera discrimination, and pheromone specificity of Pallopteridae were redefined and keyed for studies, it was concluded that nine normal the first time. One new extant pallopterid species were best regarded as five subspecies species was described whose sister-species is comprising a single polytypic species. A known only as a fossil species in Baltic amber catalog of the 450 species and 45 genera of of Oligocene age (:t 40 million years). The cutworms of the subfamily Noctuinae in the identities of the 12 described species of Neotropical region was completed. Neosilba (Lonchaeidae), whose larvae live in Geometridae- The fourth memoir in the fruit and vegetables, were established and series Guide to the Geometridae of Canada three new species described. In cooperation on the subfamily Ennominae was submitted with the Food Production and Inspection for publication. Branch of Agriculture Canada, a detection Trichoptera. A world revision of the family survey for the anthomyiid wheat-bulb fly, Xiphocentronidae was completed. The family Delia coarctata (Fallen), turned up numbers includes 88 species, of which 68 are new. of adults on quack grass from Quebl:c to Nova 14 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Scotia. No damage to winter wheat was in 235 plates of scanning micrographs include detected. position and form of the chorionic microsculp- ture and surface texture, features of the Siphonaptera. A monographic treatment of micropylar area, and position, shape, and size the fleas of Canada and Alaska, including of the aeropyles. Descriptions include date, keys to all genera and species, and illustra- site, and pattern of oviposition, and color and tions and distribution maps for each species, is dimensions of eggs. In a continuing study of nearing completion. evolutionary processes in animals a new Hemiptera. Studies of plant bugs of the theory of inheritance of environmentally family Miridae resulted in publication of acquired characters was extended to talitrid descriptions of nine new species. Five Euro- amphipods and salamanders, and the results pean species were reported from North Amer- were submitted for publication. Based on ica for the first time. Technical bulletins newly postulated concepts concerning mor- dealing with the plant bugs infesting apple phogenetic plasticity and environmental ef- trees in Quebec and fruit crops in Canada fects of the epigenetic system involving were completed. The second part of a hand- hormonal action, a new theory on the origin of book to the genera of Aphidoidea of Canada insect wings was developed and submitted for is nearing completion and will be published, publication. along with the first part, as a single major Nematology. Published were descriptions treatment. Morphological characteristics and of a new species of root-knot nematode, a new a diagnosis for a new species of flat bugs genus and species of cyst-forming nematodes, (Aradus) in Canada were published. a bulb-and-stem nematode that induces leaf Experimental taxonomy and nematology galls, and a new species and subgenus of Aphelenchus. Biosystematics of cutworms. Two species Revisionary studies of the plant-parasitic of cutworm moths of the genus Xestia from ring nematodes (Criconematidae) were com- North America and one from Europe were pleted and the data were presented in a series compared morphologically and electrophoreti- of papers that are in press, submitted, or cally. Where morphological distinctions were completed. Nominal species of the 22 genera unclear, the species were readily differenti- considered were realigned into more tenable ated by the allozymes of six enzymes. Rela- groupings, for which six new genera were tionships between the species were clarified by proposed. Taxonomic keys are provided to measures of genetic distance, attractiveness to facilitate identification of 180 species of ring pheromones, and hybridization experiments. nematodes, including new species described The morphological characters, allozyme fre- from Canada. quency distinctions, and behavior of the A manuscript was completed that con- species are described in two published papers cludes morphological and taxonomic studies and in one manuscript nearing completion. of plant-parasitic species of the genus Mer- A manuscript comparing hemocyte com- linius in Canada. The text contains descrip- plexes in 85 species of cutworms has been tions and illustrations of three new species completed. Data show that, with some excep- and a key to the Canadian species. Also tions, a natural system of classification of the completed were descriptions of a new species family based on hemocyte complexes is more of spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus), with a relative to one based on larval, rather than revised key to the Canadian species, and of a adult, morphology. It is thought that these new species of Triversus. New records of hemocyte characteristics may be associated nematodes for Canada have been documented with the biology of larval development. Some for a species each of Merlinius and Helicoty- anomalies in cell complexes, however, lend lenchus, and for the genus Triversus. Host support to projected taxonomic revisions plants of nematodes recorded for the first time based on adults. are spike rush, Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R Insect morphology. In two memoirs sub- & S, and dryas, Dryas integrifolia M. Yah!' mitted for publication the eggs of 124 species Hymenoptera and Arachnida of cutworm moths (Noctuidae) and 112 species representing 40 other families are Hymenoptera. Progress continued on the described and cataloged. The characters of introductory volume on Hymenoptera for the taxonomic and phyletic importance depicted faunal series, The Insects and Arachnids of BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 15 Canada. Important research, leading to re- Calotelea, including a revision of 10 species classification of some major groups of Hyme- (all new) for North America, and another noptera, was continued, with one preliminary paper revising two species of the diapriid paper completed and three others initiated. genus Leaiopria, associated with termites in These will contribute to a general classifica- Australia, were published. tion basis for the faunal handbook. Symphyta (sawflies)-A paper on distingu- Arachnida. Araneae (spiders)-A paper, ishing more readily among three species of providing the first description of the f'~maleof Gilpinia in North America was submitted for Xysticus winnipegensis Redner & Dondale, publication; included are two species actually was published. A paper was published on the or potentially introduced from Europe, one of spider fauna of Canada, given at the 8th which could become a pest of spruce. A International Congress of Arachnology in manuscript on distinguishing five species of Vienna, Austria, in 1980. A chapter providing Phymatocera in North America, with a illustrated keys to the spiders of litter, repre- discussion of the natural relationships of these senting 95 genera in 16 families, was submit- liliaceous plant feeders, was submitted for ted for publication in a book entitled Soil review. Biology Guide. Two papers on the wolf spider Braconidae-A major revision of the sub. genus Pirata were submitted for publication: family Microgastrinae, with a reclassification Pirata is redefined, along with the description and phylogenetic analysis of its genera, is in of a new genus, Trebacosa, in one; and a new press. This study centers on the large, com- species of Pirata is described from Canada in plex genus Apanteles, and shows that this the other. The second contribution on spiders group of parasites of lepidopterans is not a to the faunal series Insects and Arachnids of natural assemblage. Canada is in press. Entitled The Sac Spiders Ichneumonidae-A taxonomic revision of of Canada and Alaska (Araneae: Clubionidae the genus Ctenopelma for North America, and Anyphaenidae), this handbook includes treating 24 species (18 new) that are parasites taxonomic keys, illustrations, descriptions, of pamphiliid sawflies, was submitted for and notes on living habits concerning the 11 publication. A revision of the genus Pyrac- genera and 72 species of sac spiders found, or mon, based on larvae and adults, was largely anticipated to occur, in Canada and Alaska. completed. Acari (mites)-An important paper on Chalcidoidea-A synopsis of eight North evolutionary and ecological strategies of mites American species of the genus Chrysonoto- and other arthropods inhabiting annually myia, endoparasites of small insect eggs and temporary pools was published. A major larvae, was published. A paper on natural revision of North American speci,~s of the relationships of endemic Chalcidoidea of eriophyoid genus Trisetacus, sporadic pests of Hawaii was presented at the 16th Interna- coniferous trees, was nearly completed. A tional Congress of Entomology in Kyoto, large monograph on morphology, systematics, Japan, in 1980. A paper was nearly completed and natural relationships of the world genera that describes a new species of Thripocte- of Tarsonemidae, and on classification of this noides, a genus of entedontine Eulophidae, family with others in the Heterostigmata, was and parasites of thrip eggs not previously completed as a preliminary draft for internal known from North America. A revision of review. North American species of Pediobius, en- doparasites of various immature insects and Mycology: plant disease and biodegrading spiders, was nearly completed. fungi Proctotrupoidea-A large paper providing keys to 67 genera of the family Scelionidae Ultrastructural examinations of fungal for the Northern Hemisphere was published. zoospores have revealed numerous new char- A similar work on 46 world genera of ino- acteristics that substantially aided biosystem- stemmatine Platygastridae was nearly com. atic theory. Included prominently among pleted. A paper treating six species of the these new characteristics is the microtubule platygastrid genus Acerote//a for North rootlet complex that anchors thl~ flagellar America was published, and another on 18 apparatus and provides cytoskeletal support species of the related genus Metac/isis was for the cell. As a direct result of these completed; wasps of both genera are parasites findings, a new order, Spizellomycetales, in of gall flies. Two papers on the scelionid genus the class Chytridiomycetes, was described. 16 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 The order includes many newly reported soil- attacking Taraxacum, Hieracium, and re- inhabiting fungi, as well as ones previously lated plants are distinct from the wide- known such as the virus-transmitting Olpid- ranging Puccinia hieracii, under which they ium brassicae and O. radicale. The genus had been treated synonymously. Seven rusts Synchytrium, which includes S. endobioti- parasitizing the family Primulaceae in cum, the cause of black wart disease of Canada were described. potato, is retained in the revised order A revision of section Herbicolae of the Chytridiales. mushroom genus Coprinus on a global basis An ecological study on the effect of fire on was necessary to determine that a winter the soil microflora of coniferous forests was pathogen of winter wheat and legume forage published. Accelerated microbial activities crops in Western Canada represented an were observed as a long-term effect of fire on undescribed species. A second species in the soil microbial populations and metabolism. section, which was associated with a turf These could be attributed to specific environ- disease, was discovered in Canada. Fieldwork mental changes caused by burning. A revision continued to reveal mushrooms new to of the species of Septorioid fungi occurring on Canada, including species new to science, and Gramineae in Canada is nearing completion. many new provincial records. This documen- Descriptions of these important disease-caus- tation will assist decision making by Plant ing fungi will be published in a format that Quarantine officers, should any of the species should assist pathologists and others with be found on imported materials. their identification. Revision of the genus Leptosphaeria and its A taxonomic revision of some species of segregates progressed through type studies Didymella parasites of raspberry, cucurbits, and additional fieldwork in northern Ontario. and legumes has been completed. A tax- A review was prepared on "Changes in onomic study of the hyphomycetous genus taxonomy and nomenclature of important Stemphylium is nearly completed. Canadian genera of plant pathogens". species of Mycosphaerella parasitizing se- lected groups of economically important Vascular plants plants are being investigated. Alfalfa. Four publications on alfalfa were A taxonomic monograph of the genus prepared. Examination of pubescence distri- Coniophora was completed. Detailed descrip- bution on alfalfa leaves led to the discovery tions and illustrations will allow rapid identi- that trichome density is greater on the lower fication of specimens of these dry rot fungi. halves of the two outer leaflets than on other They cause economically significant losses in parts of the leaf. Numerical taxonomic analy- wood of buildings and other wooden struc- ses of 55 species of Medicago resulted in tures as well as decay in forest trees. recognition of 12 major groupings in three A supplement to the 20-yr-old reference, assemblages. Study of floral structures in An Annotated Index of Plant Diseases in species of Medicago and their relatives en- Canada, is progressing and, when completed, abled separation of Medicago, Factorovskya, will be a useful reference work for plant and a segment of the genus Trigonella pathologists, ecologists, and other biologists. (fenugreek) from Melilotus (sweet clover) Studies on the taxonomy and distribution of and the remainder of Trigonella. In the first Fusarium species in Canada, emphasizing the group, features were found which promote the fusaria associated with cereal grains, are 'tripping' phenomenon of alfalfa. A study of being continued. Collaborative work with pollen grains revealed that pollen could be Animal Research Centre and Plant Products used taxonomically to separate Medicago scientists is focusing on toxin production by from several closely related genera. these fungi with emphasis on zearalenone Hops. A study of the relationships between production by F. graminearum and on the the structure and geographical origin of hops trichothecenes produced by this and other (the fruit of Humulus lupulus L., widely used Fusarium species. A new variety of Fusarium in brewing) was completed. Fruit structure moniliforme was described. could be used to identify hops from North A study of 17 species of Puccinia complet- America, Britain, continental Europe, and ing their life cycles on Cichorieae (Composi- Japan. tae) in North America was completed. It revealed one new species on the genus Wheat group. Based on ultrastructure of Agoseris and recognized that certain rusts epicuticular waxes, the relationships among BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 17 genera of this difficult group was investigated habitats. An identification key to the 13 by means of electron microscopy, chemistry, species found in North America and discus- and numerical taxonomy. Two papers have sions of their taxonomic difficulties were been accepted for publication. published. Barleys. Preparation of a worldwide barley White cockle. A revised treatment of varia- cultivar registry, to include pedigrees, coeffi- tion within this weed species was completed. cients of common parentage and inbreeding, Four subspecies are recognized and the cor- and synonyms, is progressing. A new method rect scientific name for the species is shown to of identifying species and cultivars was under- be Silene pratensis (Rafn.) Godron & Gren. taken, using a combination of starch granules from the grain and an image analyzer, and Knotweeds. Morphology and cytology of computer data analysis. This approach introduced knotweeds (Polygonum spp.) in yielded excellent results that were summa- Eastern Canada established the existence of rized in a comprehensive paper. About 300 two groups of plants recognizable as species. accessions of wild species of Hordeum were The most common knotweeds in open habitats collected this summer in the southwestern are tetraploid plants that are distinguishable United States and Mexico by a joint Cana- from others that are hexaploid by size of their leaves, and form of their perianth s(:gments dian-Danish-Swedish exploration team. and fruit. These plants are referable to P. Inventory of cultivated crop plants of arenastrum Boreau. The more erect intro- Canada. Literature collection continued duced hexaploid plants that can more readily toward compilation of a treatment of all compete as field weeds belong to a species plants known to be cultivated outdoors for with the name P. aviculare L., which may be crop purposes in Canada. Treatments of 50 of rejected as ambiguous and replaced by the the most important genera of Canada were name P. monspeliense Pers. drafted. Silky-bent. Discovery of two sp(:cies of Inventory of Canadian weeds. Work contin- silky-bent (Apera) in southern Ontario en- ued toward publication of an inventory of all abled preparation of an account that distingu- weeds and other noxious or potentially noxi- ishes this genus from other grasses with which ous plants found in Canada. For each of about it might be confused, and indicates the 1500 species to be included there will be diagnostic features and potential hazard of information on the correct scientific name, loose silky-bent, A. spicaventi (L.) Beauv., a widely used synonyms, English and French weed of winter wheat. names, geographical distribution, and habitat. Lamb's-quarters. An extensive account was Biology of Canadian Weeds series. Ac- prepared for all 31 species of lamb's-quarters counts were completed of the common horse- (Chenopodium) in Canada and presents de- tail (Equisetum arvense L., a pernicious weed scriptions, distribution maps, chromosome of pastures and a variety of other habitats), numbers, a key, and discussions of morphol- narrow-leaved plantain (Plantago lanceolata ogy and nomenclature. L., a weed of pastures, lawns, and waste Three papers places, known to shed large amounts of pollen Herbicide-resistant weeds. were published on comparisons of triazine- leading to many cases of hay fever), and resistant and susceptible weed strains. Resist- night-flowering catchfly (Silene noctifiora L., ant strains of groundsel, L., an important weed, particularly of grain and Senecio vulgaris were less competitive in the absence of leguminous crops in Western Canada). herbicides and much more homogeneous than Aquatic weeds. The genus Myriophyllum nonresistant strains of North American and includes the watermilfoils, which are ex- European populations. Resistant and suscepti- tremely damaging to waterways in Canada. ble strains of lamb's-quarters, Chenopodium Several studies were published documenting album, and late-flowering goosefoot, C. stric- the relationships of substrate on the growth tum Roth, differ in competitive fitness both and form of M. spicatum L., M. exalbescens between species and between strains of the Fern., and M. alterniflorum DC., and clarify- same species. The literature on three resistant ing the difficulty many individuals have had in pigweed species was clarified, and docu- identifying these species due to the differen- mented both the occurrence of green pigweed, tial development of the plants in various Amaranthus powellii, and the first known 18 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Vockeroth, J. R. 1980. 82. Family Scathophagidae. Weresub, L. K.; Hughes, S. J. 1979. Proposal to Crosskey, R. W. et aI., eds. Catalogue of the emend entries under Helminthosporium E. M. Diptera of the Afrotropical region. London. p. Fries, Nom. Cons. (Fungi). Taxon 28:605-607. 714. Warwick, S. I.; Marriage, P. B. 1980. Differential growth and response to atrazine in resistant Weresub, L. K.; McNeill, J. 1980. Effective publi- and susceptible populations of Chenopodium cation under the Code of botanical nomencla- album in relation to geographical location. ture. Taxon 29(4):471-476. Botany 80. Am. Bot. Soc. Am. (abstract). Warwick, S. I.; Weaver, S. E. 1980. Atrazine Wilkinson, P. R.; Fyfe, R.; Martin, J. E. H. 1980. resistance in Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot Further records of Ornithodoros ticks on pigweed) and A. powellii (green pigweed) from southern Ontario. Expert Committee on prairie falcons and in bat-inhabited buildings Weeds Research Report. in Canada. Can. Field-Nat. 94(2):191-193. BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 23 Chemistry and Biology Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF A. I. DE LA ROCHE, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director S. U. KHAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.e.I.e., F.R.I.e. Assistant Director D. BRUNETTE Acting Administrative Officer Plant Pathology e. MADHOSINGH, D.I.e.T.A., B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Program Leader; Enzymology of pathogenic fungi L. R. BARRAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cell membrane biochemistry R. B. PRINGLE, B.S., M.Sc., Ph.D., FAA.A.S. Host-specific toxins E. F. SCHNEIDER, B.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. Sporulation and wall structure I. L. STEVENSON, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Cytology and physiology Virus and Mycoplasma R. e. SINHA, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc. Program Leader; Virus and mycoplasma vector relationships L. N. CHIYKOWSKI, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leafhopper-transmitted mycoplasma Y. e. PALIWAL, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Aphid- and mite-transmitted viruses Environmental Chemistry S. U. KHAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.e.I.e., F.R.I.e. Program Leader; Herbicides R. GREENHALGH, B.S., Ph.D. Organophosphorus insecticides M. IHNAT, B.Sc., Ph.D. Inorganic chemistry D. A. SHEARER, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., F.e.I.e. Insect pheromones J. e. YOUNG, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Analytical organic chemistry Soil Chemistry and Biology M. SCHNITZER, B.sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D., F.e.S.S., Program Leader; F.A.S.A., F.S.S.S.A. Soil organic matter D. S. GAMBLE, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.e.I.e. Soil phosphorus CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 25 K. e. IVARSON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil nitrogen H. KODAMA, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc. Soil mineralogy S. P. MATHUR, B.Sc., Assoc. I.A.R.I., Ph.D. Organic soils N. M. MILES, B.Sc. Soil mineralogy H. MORITA, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc. Organic soils e. PRESTON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil mineralogy L. PURDIE, B.sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil nitrogen G. J. Ross, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil mineralogy S. S. SINGH, B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil chemistry Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation R. W. MILLER, B.S., Ph.D. Program Leader; Biochemistry, enzymology R. M. BEHKI, B.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetic manipulation S. M. LESLEY, B.sc., M.A., Ph.D. Genetic manipulation F. D. H. MACDOWALL, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology E. A. PETERSON, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Bacteriology J. e. SIROIS, B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology VVinterhardiness D. SIMINOVITCH, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.e. Program Leader; Frost hardiness, lipids and membrane e. J. ANDREWS, B.Sc., Ph.D. Winter survival of cereals F. D. H. MACDOWALL, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Frost damage, chloroplast membrane M. K. POMEROY, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Frost resistance, biochemistry, cytology J. SINGH, B.S., Ph.D. Frost hardiness J. e. SIROIS, B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Growth regulators Analytical Chemistry Services S. U. KHAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.I.e., F.R.I.e. Program Leader Electron Microscope Centre I. L. STEVENSON, B.S.A., M.s.A., Ph.D. Program Leader G. H. HAGGIS, B.Sc., Ph.D. Electron microscopy Departures W. BAIER, Diplomlandwirt, Dr. agr., M.Sc. Acting Director Transferred to Land Resource Research Institute, Ottawa 26 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 T. SPURR Administrative Officer Seconded to Research Branch Headquarters D. A. SHEARER, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., F.e.I.e. Insect pheromones Retired August 1980 VISITING SCIENTISTS N. BENHAMOU, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Rickettsia mycoplasma National Research Council visiting fellow F. HAQUE, B.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide degradation Ottawa University K. GHOSH, B.Sc., M.Sc., D. Phil. Soil organic matter National Research Council visiting fellow B. E. GUDLEIFSSON,Candidatus agr., Licensiat agr. Winter survival Agricultural Research Institute, Iceland Y. CLOUTIER Winterhardiness National Research Council visiting fellow Postgraduate student A. H. KHADHAIR, B.Sc., M.Sc. Plant virology CHEMISTRYAND BIOLOGYRESEARCHINSTITUTE 27 INTRODUCTION The activities of the Chemistry and Biology Research Institute are integrated into multidisciplinary, mission-oriented programs that have regional responsibility for research in basic and applied sciences related to agriculture. The activities are conducted under eight main programs. Research is concerned with interrelationships between microorganisms, viruses, soils, and plants. The research programs place particular emphasis on the mineralogy, biology, and chemistry of soils; frost hardiness; nitrogen fixation in legume crops; plant viruses and mycoplasma; environmental chemistry including organic toxins, trace elements, and pesticides; and fusarium-spot blotch disease. New or improved analytical methods for the determination of various constituents in agricultural materials are developed. Services include mineralogical analyses by means of X-ray diffraction, electron microscope facilities, and analytical chemistry services. The facilities of the Electron Microscope Centre were used by various establishments within the Research Branch, universities, and outside agencies. The Analytical Chemistry Services provided a wide range of chemical analyses and structural information on extracts from agricultural and food products by means of advanced analytical instrumentation such as gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. There were some organizational changes in the Institute. The Acting Director, W. Baier, returned to the Land Resource Research Institute in May 1980 and assumed his duties as Head, Agrometeorology Section. Dr. A. I. de la Roche of the Planning and Evaluation Directorate was appointed Director of the Institute in May 1980. This report summarizes only the highlights of our achievements in 1980. Reprints of the research publications and copies of this report are available from the Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ant. K IA OC6. A. I. de la Roche Director PLANT PATHOLOGY may be derived from either respiration or glycolysis at the optimum pH 4 and the Enzymes and inhibitors related to lipid and optimum temperature 35°C. Apparent KOl membrane biochemistry in Fusarium spp. and the VOlax for methionine was 3 fLm and A number of inhibitors to the enzymes 0.27 nmol/min per milligram dry weight, hydroxylmethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and respectively. S-Adenosylhomocysteine was sterol ester hydrolase from F. culmorum, a found to be the major metabolic product of wheat pathogen, have been examined. After the accumulated methionine. 10 h incubation at pH 7, the optimum pH for Methionine uptake was not inhibited by the activity, linoleoyllysine and linoleoylaspartate acidic and basic amino acids and amino acids at 0.5 mM concentration inhibited the hydro- having less than a four-carbon chain. The rate lase system and respiration by 50%. However, of methionine transport was greatest in log- after 25 h incubation linoleoylaspartate phase cells and decreased substantially as the showed significantly more effective inhibition cells entered the stationary phase. of respiration than linoleoyllysine. Similarly, Macroconidia of F. sulphureum actively linoleoylaspartate reduced phenylalanine transported L-glutamate via a specific acidic transport into the mycelium and spores and amino acid permease. The apparent Km for the net-sterol content more effectively than uptake (pH 5) was 0.8 X 1.7 X 10-5 M and linoleoyllysine. Other studies demonstrated the VOlax varied from 0.8 to 1.2 nmol/min per the laboratory degradation of these com- milligram dry weight. The pH and tempera- pounds by the pathogen. ture optimums for transport were 3.5-4.5 and Mycelia of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici 30°C, respectively. The transport of gluta- transported methionine by an er.ergy-depen- mate was shown to occur against a concentra- dent process. The energy required for uptake tion gradient of at least 1: 140 and was 28 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 suppressed by uncouplers or inhibitors of Disease control studies respiration. Mixtures of Europan and Maneb fungicides as a wheat seed treatment did not synergisti- Cell wall structure and composition in Fusarium spp. cally enhance the disease control capacity of either fungicide. Thiols, which enhanced the Conidiogenesis in F. sulphureum, F. cul- in vitro fungicidal capacity of benomyl morum, and F. decemicullare exhibited a against F. sulphureum, were ineffective under primitive phialitic mode of ontogeny. The field conditions for controlling the pathogen. macroconidia were produced terminally and Clofibrate, an inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis externally on conidiophores. Mature macroco- which inhibits spore germination and growth nidial cell walls were found to have a highly of the pathogen, was examined as a seed crystalline chitin structure, whereas those of treatment. DMSO, ethyl ether, and ethanol younger conidia were amorphous as deter- (5%) tested as carriers of the inhibitor for mined by X-ray diffraction and infrared seed treatments for 6 min, I h, and 6 h, analyses. Similar analyses of cells treated respectively, did not affect seed germination. with thiols indicated that these compounds Clofibrate at 0.02 mg per seed (5% ethanol produced depolymerization of the chitin net- carrier) afforded 50% fungus infestation work in the cell walls. reduction in 6 days in cultures of wheat seedlings containing 10' spores per millilitre Biology of seed infestation by Cochliobolus of sand. Results from preliminary field trials sativus were inconclusive. Field trials were undertaken in 1980 to follow natural seed infestation by C. sativus VIRUS AND MYCOPLASMA throughout the course of grain development. Prolonged periods of leaf-surface wetness, Peach-X disease high relative humidity, and elevated tempera- tures (I5 July-4 August) resulted in the rapid Twenty-five species of plants in 13 families spread of the disease with the concomitant were tested for disease susceptibility by increase in aerial spore populations. The exposing them to infective vector leafhoppers percentage of internally infected seed paral- Paraphlepsius irroratus. Eight plant species leled the incidence of airborne spores and the developed the disease symptoms and infected progression of spot blotch. At harvest C. plants were shown to contain typical my- sativus was recovered from 90% of surface- coplasma cells. Based on high susceptibility to sterilized seed. infection, insect palatability, and mycoplasma concentration, celery was found to be the most Light transmission and scanning electron promising plant species for pathogen microscope studies of naturally infected seeds purification. and seed parts established the following: fungal mycelium was present within the Forage legume diseases parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells of the lemma and palea and between these outer Four viruses were identified in alfalfa from husks and the closely appressed pericarp of 26 isolates obtained in 1979. To determine the the caryopsis. Mycelium was also observed in incidence of these viruses, extracts of each of the pericarp and between the pericarp layers 700 plants that were collected from seven and the seed testa. No fungi (or spores) were alfalfa fields in Ontario were tested against observed in other parts of the grain. antisera of the four viruses. Virus distribution was: alfalfa mosaic, 3-92%; tobacco streak Disease-producing toxins from Cochliobolus and pea streak, 0-10%; and clover yellow spp. mosaic, 0-12%. Incidence of five viruses, suspected to be present in red clover, was Derivatives of a toxin produced by Coch- similarly determined by testing 350 samples Iiobolus were prepared by complexing this collected from six fields. Incidence of viruses toxin with a variety of inorganic ions. These was: red clover vein mosaic and pea streak, derivatives were bioassayed and were found to 1-6%; clover yellow mosaic, 1-7%; bean be biologically stable. They can be used for yellow mosaic, 2-10%; and white clover further chemical characterization. mosaic, 4-11 %. Two- to three-year-old alfalfa CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 29 or clover stands had the highest infection Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr, and P were present in levels. samples of rumen, duodenal, and ilial digesta Examination of field-collected white clo- and components. A computer program for vers through electron microscopy revealed the analytical calculations was used to assess the presence of rickettsia-like organisms in some bioavailability of these elements from silage. plants. The disease was transmitted to healthy Detection of hazardous silo gases. A sim- plants by means of dodder. Infected plants ple, inexpensive device for detecting the showed severe stunting, leaf chlorosis, twist- presence of hazardous gases in silos was ing, and reduction in size of leaflets. Both identified for use by farm workers after a experimentally infected plants and the dodder comprehensive survey of the literature and contained rickettsia. This is the first record of manufacturers of gas detection devices. Sev- a disease in Canada involving such an eral certified, length-of-stain chemical detec- organism. tors for nitrogen dioxide, the dominant toxic Aster yellows silo gas with a threshold-limiting value of 5 ppm, and other silage-produced gases were The mycoplasma found associated with the chosen for field testing. Modifications were disease was first detected serologically in suggested and testing protocols were extracts of aster plants 3 wk after infection. established. The mycoplasma concentration reached a peak by the 7th wk, remained at the same Organic chemistry level for another 2 wk, and then declined to a Ergot alkaloids. The variability in total lower level by the 13th wk. Leafhopper and individual ergot alkaloid contents in transmission pattern of the disease, after the wheat sclerotia collected from about 60 vector leafhoppers Macrosteles fascifrons different locations throughout Canada was acquired the pathogen from plants of different determined. The total alkaloid content was infection ages, was similar to the mycoplasma highly variable between sclerotia and ranged growth curve. from 0.013 to 0.307% (av. 0.163%). Ergocris- tine and its isomer ergocristinine were the Barley yellow dwarf virus major constituents (ov 46%). Other alkaloid Tests on 140 samples of perennial grasses pairs observed were ergotamine (ov 17%), from five locations in Ontario revealed gener- ergocryptine (ov 12%), ergocornine (ov II %), ally low virus infection levels (0-5%) with the ergometrine (ov 7%), and ergosine (ov 5%), exception of samples collected from Ottawa together with some unidentified alkaloids area which showed 40% infection. Three virus (ov2%). strains were identified in grasses and four in Short- and long-term feeding of ergotamine winter and spring wheat grain. An RP- to poultry showed that 5% reductions in specific strain was predominant in the grasses, weight gain resulted with diets containing 40- whereas wheat contained only a nonspecific 60 ppm of the alkaloid. Alkaloid residues in one. Virus incidence ranged from I to 8% in tissues, when detected, were very low « 10 winter wheat; from 5 to 10% in spring grains ppb). at locations of very low grass infection; and from 2 to 3% in the Ottawa area. These Pesticides epidemiological studies suggest a limited role Pesticides in soils, plants, and food crops. of grasses as a source of virus for the cereal Field micro plots were treated with fensul- crops. fothion containing active ingredient (ai) at equivalent to field treatment rates of 8.48 and 16.96 kg/ha and with fensulfothion at 2.23 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY and 4.47 kg ai/ha for banded application. The half-lives in a sandy loam soil were 30-39 and Inorganic chemistry 14-23 days, respectively. Fensulfothion sul- Biological availability of trace minerals fone and fensulfothion sulfide were the main from silages. A number of tissues from sheep derivatives found in fensulfothion-treated soil. fed with normal alfalfa and corn silages or The residue levels in crops at harvest de- with similar silages treated with trace miner- creased in the order carrot peel > pulp > als were analyzed using wet digestion - flame rutabaga root> peel> pulp. The sulfoxide spectrometry. Different levels of Mg, Ca, Zn, to sulfone ratio in rutabagas ranged from 0.4 30 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 to 1.5 and in carrots from 1.7 to 7.6. This fraction from liver homogenates, the forma- phenomenon is thought to be due to active tion of 2-hydroxy partially N-dealkylated oxidative enzyme systems present in rutaba- metabolites occurs by the hydrolysis of the gas. Dimethyl phosphorothioic acid, but not respective 2-chloro analogues rather than by dimethyl phosphoric acid, was detected (max partial N-dealkylation of hydroxyatrazine. 1.33 ppm) in some rutabaga samples but not Analytical methodology and chemistry of in carrots. pesticides. The performance of a range of Effect of copper (0, 100, 200, 500, and element-selective detectors was studied using 1000 ppm) on the degradation of fensul- chlorpyrifos as a standard. Similar linear fothion in an organic soil was examined in a ranges were observed when standards contain- greenhouse study. Copper was rapidly ad- ing one specific heteroatom were compared on sorbed by the soil. The half-life of fensul- different element-selective detectors. Because fothion was 30-40 days with sulfone as the of the latter fact and its sensitivity to these main derivative formed. During the first 30 detectors, chlorpyrifos was recommended as a days, soil with low copper levels degraded common standard for the evaluation of gas fensulfothion slightly faster. However, by day chromatography detectors. 52, there was no significant difference in the The hydrolysis of fenitrothion was studied levels of fensulfothion in all the treatments. in buffered distilled water, natural lake water, Soil-bound 14C residues were absorbed by and buffered lake water. Above pH 8, the the oat plants grown in an organic soil treated formation of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol was with 14C-ring-labeled prometryn. The roots demonstrated, whereas below pH 7 demethyl- contained more extractable 14C residues fenitrothion was also detected. The half-lives (75.0%) than did shoots (51.1%). The major- for disappearance of fenitrothion at 23°C and ity of extractable 14C residues in the plant pH 7.5 in natural lake water kept in the dark tissue was present in the form of conjugates. and in field plots were 49.5 and 1.5-2 days, Plant-bound I4C-unextractable residues were respectively. This difference suggests that lower in roots (19.9%) but greater in shoots photolysis and microbiol processes are the (40.2%). Mono- and di-N-dealkylated metab- main degradative routes of fenitrothion in olites of prometryn were present in the plant- natural aquatic systems. 14 bound I4C residues. A major bound- C resi- Identification of cultivars by pyrolysis gas due in plant tissues was associated with lignin. chromatography. Pyrograms of four Cana- Other studies demonstrated that time and dian oat cultivars were obtained using a method of atrazine application (pre-plant Curie-point pyrolyzer and capillary column incorporated, preemergence, postemergence), gas chromatography. Fifty-seven peaks in and the presence of oil-surfactant additives in each chromatogram were normalized and the herbicide formulation had no long-term used as variables. The occurrence of a number effect on persistence. However, postemer- of missing values in one or another replicate, gence application, along with the presence of and singularities in the covariance matrix, additives, resulted in slightly greater initial resulted in the use of only 10 variables for degradation rate of atrazine. In all treat- discriminant analyses. Four variables were ments, application of atrazine at less than sufficient for the correct identification, given phytotoxic amounts and hydroxya trazine the classification functions obtained. This persisted into the next growing season. Resi- approach to automated cultivar identification dues from the field-treated soil were taken up, in oats shows promise but will require further metabolized, and conjugated by oats seeded in investigation. the following spring. Pesticides in farm animals. Incubation of SOIL CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine with Soil chemistry and mineralogy the soluble fraction (105 000 x g) from goose liver homogenates resulted in formation Exchangeable aluminum in soils. The of the corresponding hydroxy analogues. No ability of five extractants (NaCI, KCl, dealkylation of hydroxyatrazine occurred NH,NOJ, NH,CI, and CaCI,) to measure when incubation was carried out with the exchangeable aluminum in soils was investi- enzyme preparation. These data suggest that gated. Ammonium salt solutions consistently in the metabolism of atrazine by the soluble extracted greater amounts of AI than did the CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 31 other solutions. The extra Al could have come more slowly than jarosite but much faster from sources other than exchangeable AI. than were NH.- and natro-jarosites. Cs- Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol soils yielded more jarosite did not form under these conditions, Al from nonexchangeable sites than did probably because of the comparatively large Orthic Luvic Gleysol soils. Corrections for ionic size of Cs. contributions of AI from nonexchangeable sites need to be made if meaningful assess- Mineralogical analysis service ments of exchangeable AI in acid soils are Some 1100 X-ray diffractograms were required. recorded on a wide variety of soils and The aqueous and exchange chemistry of AI minerals. In addition, 250 diffraction film in selected soils was investigated by equili- patterns from Guinier, Gandolfi and Debye- brating the soils with 10-' M solutions of Scherrer cameras were developed along with CaCI, and CaSO •. Total Al was higher in the their densiometer patterns. A total of 65 SO. system, whereas AI(IlI) was higher in the thermal analyses were done. Some 325 infra- CI system. The ion activity product AI(OH)J red curves were recorded on soil minerals and was found to be higher in the CaSO. than in mineral-organic complexes, and 50 the CaCI, solution. Differences in ion activity Mossbauer spectra were recorded and ana- products indicate changes in solid phases lyzed for calibration and mineral identifica- which control the products. tion purposes. Four least-square computer programs were purchased and used for assig- Mineralogy of Arctic soils. The mineralog- ning crystallographic indexes and for calcu- ical characteristics of 12 horizons, taken from lating X-ray diffraction patterns. five soil profiles on Ellef Ringnes Island, N.W.T., were determined. Little soil differ- Soil organic matter and organic soils entiation was found between parent materials and surface horizons. One of the Arctic soils 'Unknown' soil nitrogen. Of 10 fractions contained a 7A iron-rich trioctahedral layer separated from two soils by sedimentation, silicate, whose occurrence in soils is unusual. the silt-I fraction (2-5 fLm) was found to A detailed analysis showed that this mineral contain an unusually high 80% 'unknown' N, was berthierine with an intermediate ferrous- compared with only 52 and 30% 'unknown' N ferric composition. Apparently the severely in the two adjacent fractions. The C:N ratio restricting weathering environment in the of the silt-l fraction was 3. Mossbauer and Arctic region contributed to the preservation electron spin resonance spectra showed that of berthierine in this soil. the organic matter in this fraction occurred as a Fe - organic matter complex with which the Cemented soil horizons. Chemical dissolu- 'unknown' N appeared to be associated. tion methods were found to be useful for the Biodegradation experiments with soil mi- characterization of cemented soil horizons. crobes showed that the N in the silt-I fraction Cementing agents ranged from inorganic was less available than the N in the two amorphous substances containing Si, AI, and adjacent fractions. Fe to AI-Fe-organic matter and clay-organic The behavior toward mild chemical oxida- matter complexes. In some soils imogolite was tion with peracetic acid of the N in one fulvic found to act as a cementing agent. and three humic acids was similar. There Separating amorphous from crystalline were decreases in amino acid N and 'un- soil components. The separation of amor- known' N but increases in NHJ-N, NOJ-N, phous from crystalline components improves and N gases. Between 16.6 and 59.1 % of the the sensitivity of X-ray diffraction methods 'unknown' N was converted to NHJ and N for the quantification of soil minerals. Four gases, indicating that the 'unknown' N was dissolution methods, making use of solutions not inert. Proportions of 'unknown' N in soils of Tiron, NaOH, Na,COJ and citrate-dithio- and humic materials were found to be af- nite, were tested. Dissolution with Tiron was fected by the method of hydrolysis. The most found to be the most efficient procedure for suitable method for obtaining reliable esti- this purpose. mates of the 'unknown' N was continuous hydrolysis for 24 h with hot 6N HCI. Microbial formation of jarosites. The microbial formation in the laboratory of Rb- Chemistry of humic and fulvic acids. and Cs-jarosites was investigated. Crystalline Significant new information was obtained on Rb-jarosite was formed rapidly, only slightly the fluorescence and viscosity behavior of 32 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 fulvic acid and its copper and iron complexes to colonize the roots of legume forage crops. under widely differing experimental condi- Methods have been developed for determina- tions. Fluorophore groups in the fulvic acid tion of the competitive ability of the many were found to participate in formation of naturally occurring strains of R. meliloti to metal complexes. The molecular flexibility of establish symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules on fulvic acid decreased with increasing forma- the roots of alfalfa. tion of metal complexes. Some of the com- Heterologous serological reactions of four plexed metals formed bridges between fulvic R. meliloti strains, selected on the basis of acid molecules, thus bringing the macromo- differences in their nitrogenase activities, lecular segments closer to each other. Fulvic showed that they can be identified through gel acid was found to be more reactive at pH 6 diffusion tests. Plant passage of these strains than at pH 4 because of a reduction in did not change their immunodiffusion pat- intramolecular hydrogen bonding at the terns. higher pH, which allowed the fulvic acid to interact more freely with metal ions. Tests to determine the susceptibility of R. Interactions of II metal ions, namely meliloti strains to a wide range of antibiotics Hg(II), Fe(III), AI, Cr(Ill), Pb, Cu, Ni, Cd, indicate that the strains may be grouped on Zn, Co, and Mn, with humic and fulvic acids the basis of their antibiotic resistance or under a variety of experimental conditions sensitivity. Although many of the strains were investigated. Orders of sorption and of possessed similar sensitivity patterns, the formation of water-insoluble precipitates were unique response of others to one or more established. The data provided useful infor- specific antibiotics provides an additional aid mation on the fixation, release, transport, and for positive identification during studies to immobilization of metals in terrestrial and evaluate competitive ability for nodulation in aquatic environments. alfalfa. Organic soils A third method of characterization which utilizes the specificity of infection of various To assess effects of incubation on the strains by bacteriophages has been developed. carbohydrate composition of organic soils, Preliminary experiments showed that when four peat samples were incubated for I yr at indigenous strains of R. meliloti were each room temperature in the greenhouse. Bitumen used as an inoculum and applied to freshly and lignin-humic fractions increased during germinated alfalfa seedlings at 100 times the incubation but hemicelluloses and celluloses concentration normally found in soil, all of the decreased. Xylose degraded most rapidly, test plants were fully nodulated at 9 wk of whereas relative proportions of glucose in- growth. However, bacteria isolated from creased. individual nodules of these plants were found Experiments on four sets of microplots on to be genetically different from those used as organic soils at Ste. Clothilde, Que., and inoculum when characterized by rhizophage Holland March, Ont., showed that yields of infection. The inoculant cells apparently were radishes, onions, and celery were not affected not effective as competitors against the other by the application of four times the recom- indigenous strains in the soil. This approach mended rate of copper. A net gain of up to 3 will allow selection of highly competitive em in soil height was noted in microplots strains for inoculation in the future. started in 1978. The addition of copper appeared to adversely affect degradative soil enzymes in the microplots on which the crops Plant breeding were grown. In collaboration with scientists at the Ottawa Research Station, a program was SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION initiated for selection and propagation of individual alfalfa clones having outstanding Competition between Rhizobium meliloti nitrogen fixation activity in symbiotic growth strains with selected R. meliloti strains. Selection The ability of inoculum strains of Rhizobia criteria will be based on screening tests to survive in soil and compete with less active previously developed as well as on conven- nitrogen-fixing strains is a critical property tional criteria such as root morphology and which determines the effectiveness of inocula dry weight yield. Possible new criteria for CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 33 selection based on measurement of photosyn- days of growth. Alteration of this pattern to thetic rates, efficiency of utilization of photo- encourage early growth on symbiotic nitrogen synthate for nitrogen fixation, and diurnal may require both genetic alteration (plant variations in nitrogenase activity of alfalfa breeding) and induction by nutritional man- seedlings are under investigation. agement. Nutritional factors other than fixed nitrogen which influence the development of Rhizobium genetics high nitrogenase activity in root nodules have been identified. The balance of cation concen- Nodulation and nitrogen-fixation-defective trations have proven to be important factors mutants of R. meliloti obtained by the in this regard. Concentrations of Mg2+ and insertion of Mp. bacteriophage were charac- Ca'+, which produce maximal nitrogen fix- terized. Although these mutants contained ation and growth, have been identified. Mp. bacteriophage as evidenced by DNA- Studies of the bacteroid membrane physical DNA hybridization and by the transfer of properties suggested that divalent cations a:e Mp. from these mutants to E. coli, they .were essential for maintenance of the membrane In incapable of production of the phage particles. a state which supports optimal energy supply Their ability to stably maintain and to to the nitrogenase enzyme system. transfer Mp. to other organisms wa~ progre~- sively lost with time. Electron-microscopIc examination showed that the defects in abnor- WINTER HARDINESS mal nodules infected with these mutants are quite different compared with the abnormali- Field and controlled environment studies ties in nodules obtained following alfalfa Winter survival of 10 winter cereal culti- infection with Rhizobium mutants obtained vars was assessed from plantings established by ethylmethane sulfonate treatment. at seven different sites to determine suitable Work aimed at mobilization of genes for an cultivars for production in Eastern Ontario. uptake hydrogenase system in Alcaligenes Survival was high in all regions due to an eutropus progressed slowly. Procedures we~e unusually open winter in 1979-1980, and modified and a new class of auxotrophiC significant cultivar differences were not ob- mutants was obtained. These mutants were served at most sites. Low survival was re- incapable of growth on CO, and H, conditions corded only from samples taken from com- and were deficient in hydrogen uptake. Analy- mercial winter wheat plantings under natural ses of DNA content and type must be made to ice cover and in extremely exposed locations. determine the basis of this defect and to Snow mold damage was minimal in test plots understand the intracellular localization of and commercial fields due to low snow accu- hydrogen uptake genes. This project will mulation. Seventy-five lines of wheat and possibly lead to construction ?~new strains. of triticale from Guelph, Harrow, and Ottawa R. meliloti having the capabilIty of recyclIng were ice encased in the field in January. hydrogen gas which is formed as a byproduct Seventeen of the lines tested were found to be of nodular nitrogenase activity. A new staff significantly more tolerant to ice encase~ent member has joined the program to provide the than the commercially grown check vanety expertise in recombinant DNA. and genet!c Fredrick. Investigations of the promotive engineering techniques that are Important In effect of prior flooding on subsequent survival developing such genetic approaches to inocu- of winter cereals after ice encasement impli- lant improvement. To achieve success with cated increased levels of alcohol dehydro- these approaches, new information is needed genase produced during prior flooding in this concerning the location and organization of promotive effect. Forage grass~s w.er.e found the genes for nitrogen fixation and symbiotic to be more susceptible to freeZing Injury but traits on very large plasmids. more resistant to ice-encasement injury than winter wheats. Studies on changes in toler- Nutritional requirements for optimal growth ance to winter stresses of cereal plants due to and nitrogen fixation virus infection showed that infected plants of Immature alfalfa seedlings do not utilize two wheat cultivars dehardened less than symbiotically fixed nitrogen effectively in noninfected plants under warm temperature support of early growth as compared with regimes used for virus infection and disease added nitrogen fertilizers. There appears to be development. Also, uninfected plants reh~r- a switch over to NH, + utilization at about 23 dened more readily than those Infected with 34 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 virus on further exposure to hardening tem- was closely correlated with that developed in peratures. Inhibition to rehardening increased 24 h by desiccation. If this correlation is as the virus incubation period in the plants found to apply to a wide range of cereal was increased. Infected plants were 2-3°C cultivars of contrasting hardiness, this method less hardy than the healthy plants. could eliminate the need for cold conditioning equipment and protracted periods of condi- Cellular and membrane studies tioning normally required for assessing hardi- ness potential of cereal lines. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy was employed to examine changes in the proper- ties of cellular membranes during cold accli- ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY mation and freezing of winter cereals. During freezing, membranes of protoplasts obtained SERVICES from hardened and non hardened rye seedlings The Analytical Chemistry Services contin- respond in a manner similar to that of egg ued to provide Branch establishments with a yolk lecithin liposomes subjected to either comprehensive service in analyzing materials freezing or dehydrative stress. Membrane as part of research programs. A method for packing caused by extracellular freezing was rapid estimation of sulfide in rumen and blood most pronounced near the polar head groups with a sulfide-specific electrode was devel- of the phospholipid bilayer, and the rigid limit oped. The method is now being used routinely of the membrane was reached at -l2°C in for the determination of free sulfide in rumen both hardened and nonhardened protoplast fluid and acid-labile sulfide in blood. membranes. Measurements of the fluidity of The four subunits of the Analytical Chem- membrane lipids from wheat seedlings of istry Services completed more than 88 000 contrasting freezing tolerance demonstrated a analyses. The Amino Acid Laboratory carried lack of correlation between changes in mem- out 2494 protein hydrolysates and 633 physio- brane fluidity and cultivar hardiness. These logical fluid samples analyses. The Instrumen- observations suggest that changes in the tation Centre used capillary column GC-MS physical properties of membrane lipids may as a routine analytical technique for separa- not be a prerequisite to the development of tion of some components in complex biolog- freezing tolerance in winter cereals. ical samples. The Centre produced 1664 Methods were developed for the successful spectra consisting of 236 nuclear magnetic isolation of single mesophyll cells from hardy resonance, 208 infrared, and 2057 mass and nonhardy rye seedlings. These cells retain spectra. The Micro Analytical Laboratory the freezing and dehydrative resistance prop- carried out 6739 organic elemental micro- erties of intact seedlings and will be used for analyses. The Technical Service Unit per- biophysical studies of freezing phenomena. formed 60 642 analyses for a wide variety of Ultrastructural studies on frozen and ice- constituents. The Unit consistently employed encased winter wheat crowns fixed in the the two computer Datacom 400 terminals frozen state showed that lethal damage by low which improved the calculations, compilation, freezing temperatures is accompanied by and sorting of analytical data. The Glassblow- severe cell disorganization, whereas little ing Service Unit processed more than 100 structural damage occurs during lethal injury orders for various Branch establishments. by ice encasement just below the freezing point. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE CENTRE Desiccation studies Sixty professional and technical staff of six Considerable progress has been made in institutes, five research stations, three univer- attempts to develop a method for rapid sities, and four outside agencies made use of screening of large numbers of cereal lines for the personnel and facilities of the Centre. The cold hardiness, based on the close relationship Postal Service responded to requests by between cold and drought tolerance. The 24-h research workers at the Harrow and St. induction of freezing tolerance by desiccation John's West research stations and at L'As- stress, and the concomitant protoplasmic somption and Smithfield experimental farms. augmentation, has been confirmed. In several The Centre contributed to research papers cultivars, tolerance to freezing developed in a number of diverse disciplines including under normal low temperature acclimation biosystematics; microbiology; plant pathology; CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 35 and plant, animal, soil, and food sciences. studies on the structure and arrangement of Particulars of these publications appear under plant and bacterial DNA; the development of the listings of the institutes and stations in replica techniques for viewing the macromo- this report. lecular configuration of soil organic matter In-house research projects included the polymers; and the assessment of imposed development of techniques for high-resolution insults on the nature of eggshell fractures. PUBLICA nONS Research Gamble, D. S. 1980. Potentiometric measurement of H + concentrations for aluminum ortho- Barran, 1. R. 1980. The methylating system for phosphate titration curves. Can. 1. Chern. 3,54-phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Fu- 58:2150-2157. sarium oxysporum. Can. 1. Microbiol. 26:774- 777. Gamble, D. S.; Underdown, A. W.; Langford, C. H. 1980. Copper(lI) titration of fulvic acid ligand Barran, 1. R. 1980. Effect of heat, freeze-thaw sites with theoretical, potentiometric, and cycling and desiccation on the survival of spectrophotometric analysis. Anal. Chern. spores of Fusarium su/phureum. Trans. Br. 52:1901-1908. Mycol. Soc. 75:305-309. Ghosh, K.; Schnitzer, M. 1979. Some recent ad- Behki, R. M.; Lesley, S. M. 1979. Uptake of vances in the chemistry and reactions of humic exogenous DNA by carrot cell protoplasts. In substances. 1. Indian Chern. Soc. LVI:I090- Vitro 15:851-856. 1093. Behki, R. M.; Lesley, S. M. 1980. Shoot regenera- Ghosh, K.; Schnitzer, M. 1979. UV and visible tion from leaf callus of Lycopersicon escu/en- absorption spectroscopic investigations in rela- tum. Z. Pflanzen. Physiol. 98:83-87. tion to macromolecular characteristics of hu- Benzing-Purdie, 1. 1980. Identification of 2-amino- mic substances. 1. Soil Sci. 30:735-745. 2,6-dideoxygalactose hydrochloride in soil hy- Ghosh, K.; Schnitzer, M. 1980. Macromolecular drolysate. 1. Agric. Food Chern. 28: 1315-1317. structures of humic substances. Soil Sci. Biederbeck, V. 0.; Campbell, C. A.; Bowren, K. E.; 129:266-276. Schnitzer, M.; Mciver, R. N. 1980. Effect of Ghosh, K.; Schnitzer, M. 1980. Fluorescence exci- burning cereal straw on soil properties and tation spectra of humic substances. Can. 1. Soil grain yields in Saskatchewan. Soil Sci. Soc. Sci. 60:373-379. Am.1.44:103-111. Birch, M. c.; Light, D. M.; Wood, D. 1.; Brown, 1. Ghosh, K.; Schnitzer, M. 1980. Effects of pH and E.; Silverstein, R. M.; Bergot, B. 1.; Ohloff, G.; neutral electrolyte concentration on free radi- West, 1. R.; Young, 1. C. 1980. Pheromonal cals in humic substances. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 1. attraction and allomonal interruption of Ips 44:975-978. pini in California by the two enantiomers of Greenhalgh, R.; Baron, R. 1.; Desmoras, 1.; Engst, ipsdienol.1. Chern. Ecol. 6:703-717. R.; Esser, H. 0.; Klein, W. 1980. Persistence. Cochrane, W. P.; Maybury, R. B.; Greenhalgh, R. Pure Appl. Chern. 52:2563-2566. 1979. Comparative study of the linearity and sensitivity of electron capture and flame photo- Greenhalgh, R.; Baum, B. R. 1980. Feasibility metric detectors used in pesticide residue study of the identification of cultivars by analysis. 1. Environ. Sci. Health B 14:197-212. pyrolysis gas chromatography using oat (Av- ena) seed kernels. Seed Sci. Technol. 8:407- Eady, R. R.; Imam, S.; Lowe, D. 1.; Miller, R. W.; 414. Smith, B. E.; Thornely, R. N. F. 1980. The molecular enzymology of nitrogenase. Proc. Greenhalgh, R.; Cochrane, W. P. 1980. Use of Phytochem. Soc. Eur. 18: 19-34. chlorpyrifos as an evaluation standard for gas chromatographic detectors. 1. Chromatogr. Foster, T. S.; Khan, S. U.; Akhtar, M. H. 1980. 188:305-313. Metabolism of deethylatrazine, deisopropyla- trazine and hydroxyatrazine by the soluble Greenhalgh, R.; Dhawan, K. 1.; Weinberger, P. fraction (105 000 X g) from goose liver 1980. Hydrolysis of fenitrothion in model and homogenates. 1. Agric. Food Chern. 28:1083- natural aquatic systems. 1. Agric. Food Chern. 1085. 28:102-105. 36 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Griffith, S. M.; Silver, J.; Schnitzer, M. 1980. Madhosingh, C. 1980. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Hydrazine derivatives at Fe' + sites in humic spinaciae: A biochemical comparison of race I materials. Geoderma 23:299-302. and race 2. Phytopathol. Z. 98:27-39. Ihnat, M.; Gordon, A. D.; Gaynor, J. D.; Berman, Mathur, S. P.; Belanger, A.; Hamilton, H. A.; S. S.; Desaulniers, A.; Stoeppler, M.; Valenta, Khan, S. U. 1980. Influence on microflora and P. 1980. Interlaboratory analysis of natural persistence of field-applied disulfoton, per- fresh waters for copper, zinc, cadmium and methrin and prometryn in an organic soil. lead. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chern. 8:259-275. Pedobiologiya 20:237-242. Ihnat, M.; Thompson, B. K. 1980. Acid digestion, Mathur, S. P.; Hamilton, H. A.; Vrain, T. C. 1980. hydride evolution atomic absorption spectro- The influence of some field-applied nemati- photometric method for determining arsenic cides on microflora and mineral nutrients in an and selenium in foods: Part I I. Assessment of organic soil. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 15:61- collaborative study. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chern. 76. 63:814-839. Mathur, S. P.; Levesque, M. P. 1980. Relationship Ivarson, K. C. 1980. Enhancement of uranous-iron between acid phosphatase activities and de- oxidation by Thiobacillus jerrooxidans. Curr. composition rates of twenty-two virgin peat Microbiol. 3:253-254. materials. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 11:155-162. Ivarson, K. c.; Ross, G. J.; Miles, N. M. 1980. The microbiological formation of basic ferric sul- Mathur, S. P.; MacDougall, J. I.; McGrath, M. fates. 3. Influence of clay minerals on crystalli- 1980. Levels of activities of some carbohy- zation. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:137-140. drases, protease, lipase, and phosphatase in organic soils of differing copper content. Soil Kerndorff, H.; Schnitzer, M. 1980. Sorption of Sci. 129:376-385. metals on humic acid. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44:1701-1708. Mathur, S. P.; Sanderson, R. B. 1980. The partial inactivation of degradative soil enzymes by Khan, S. U. 1980. Plant uptake of unextracted residual fertilizer copper in Histosols. Soil Sci. (bound) residues from an organic soil treated Soc. Am. J. 44:750-755. with prometryn. J. Agric. Food Chern. 28: I096-1 098. McNeil, J. S.; Greenhalgh, R.; McLeod, J. M. 1979. The persistence and accumulation of Khan, S. U. 1980. Determining the role of humic fenitrothion residues in jack-pine foliage and substances in the fate of pesticides in the their effects on the swaine jack-pine sawfly environment. J. Environ. Sci. Health B Neodiption swainei. Environ. Entomol. 8:752- 15:1071-1090. 755. Khan, S. U. 1980. Pesticides in the soil environ- Miller, R. W. 1980. Temperature induced physical ment. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., changes in fungal plasma membranes. Can. J. Amsterdam. Biochem. 58: 1138-1143. Khan, S. U.; Morris, G. F.; Hidiroglou, M. 1980. Miller, R. W. 1980. Homeostatic control of mem- Rapid estimation of sulfide in rumen and blood brane and lipid properties. In Kates, M.; with a sulfide-specific ion electrode. Mi- Kuksis, A., eds. Membrane fluidity. Fusarium. crochem. J. 25:388-395. The Humana Press, Clifton, NJ.pp. 327-348. Kodama, H.; Schnitzer, M. 1980. Effect of fulvic Miller, R. W.; Robson, R. L.; Yates, M. G.; Eady, acid on the crystallization of aluminum hy- R. R. 1980. Catalysis of exchange of terminal droxides. Geoderma 24: 195-205. phosphate groups of A TP and ADP by purified nitrogenase proteins. Can. J. Biochem. 58:542- Kowalenko, K. c.; Ross, G. J. 1980. Studies on the 548. dynamics of 'recently' clay fixed NH, using "N. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:60-70. Morita, H. 1980. Total phenolic content in the pyrophosphate extracts of two peat soil pro- Lesley, S. M.; Maretzki, A.; Mickel, L. G. 1980. files. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:291-297. The incorporation and degradation of "C- and 'H-Iabeled thymidine by sugarcane cells in Morita, H. 1980. Changes in phenolic composition suspension culture. Plant Physiol. 65: 1224- of a peat soil due to cultivation. Soil Sci. 1228. 130:326-329. Madhosingh, C. 1980. Isoenzymes in isolates of Morita, H.; Levesque, M. 1980. The monosaccha- Fusarium oxysporum causing spinach dis- ride composition of peat fractions based on eases. Phytopathol. Z. 87:56-67. particle size. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:285-289. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 37 Morita, H.; Levesque, M.; Mills, G. F. 1980. The Sugden, E. A.; Greenhalgh, R.; Petit, J. R. 1980. deoxy-sugars and other neutral monosaccha- Characterization of neurotoxic triaryl phos- rides derived from Riverton, Manitoba, orga- phates by analysis of trifluoracetylated pheno- nic soil profiles. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:211-217. lic moieties. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14: 1498- 1501. Ozkan, A. I.; Ross, G. J. 1979. Ferruginous deidel- lites in Turkish soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. Wilson, A. c.; Barran, L. R. 1980. Effect of 43: 1242-1248. temperature on the biosynthesis of 3-sn-phos- phatidylcholine by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Paliwal, Y. C. 1980. Relationships of wheat streak lycopersici. Kates, M.; Kuksis, A., eds. Mem- mosaic and barley stripe mosaic viruses to brane fluidity. Biophysical techniques and vector and nonvector eriophyid mites. Arch. cellular regulation. The Humana Press, Clif- Virol. 63:123-132. ton, NJ. pp. 297-305. Paliwal, Y. C. 1980. Transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus isolates by the cereal root aphid Miscellaneous Rhopalosiphum rujiabdominalis. Can. J. Andrews, C. J. 1980. The effects of flooding on Plant Pathol. 2:90-92. survival in ice encasement of winter cereals. Ross, G. J. 1980. Mineralogical, physical, and Can. Soc. Plant Physiol. Proc. 3. chemical characteristics of amorphous consti- tutents in some Podzolic soils from British Andrews, C. J. 1980. The role of ice encasement in Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:31-43. winter survival of wheat in the northeast. Hard Red Winter Wheat Workers Conf. Proc. Schnitzer, M.; Hindle, D. A. 1980. Effect of 15:12. peracetic acid oxidation on N-containing com- ponents of humic materials. Can. J. Soil Sci. Andrews, C. J. 1980. Environmental effects on cold 60:541-548. hardiness and winter survival in the eastern winter wheat area. Hard Red Winter Wheat Schnitzer, M.; Kerndorff, H. 1980. Effects of Workers Conf. Proc. 15:36. pollution on humic substances. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 15:431-456. Andrews, C. J.; Pomeroy, M. K. 1980. Flooding and winter survival of wheat. Annu. Wheat Schnitzer, M.; Kodama, H.; Ivarson, K. C. 1980. Newsl. 26:54. Effects of clay surfaces on the adsorption and biological decomposition of proteinaceous com- Burrows, V. D.; Andrews, C. J. 1980. Routine use ponents of fulvic acid. Z. Pflanzenernaehr. of gibberellic acid to break the dormancy of Bodenkd. 143:334-343. freshly harvested oat seeds. Oat Newsl. 30: 121. Singh, S. S. 1980. Thermodynamic properties of Coote, D. R.; Siminovitch, D.; Singh, S. S.; Wang, synthetic basic aluminite C. 1980. The significance of the acid rain [Al,(OH)IOS0:5H,oJ from solubility data. problems to agriculture in Eastern Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:381-384. Research Branch Report, Agriculture Canada. Singh, J.; Miller, R. W. 1980. Spin label studies of Ihnat, M. 1980. Atomic spectrometry in agricul- membrane in rye protoplasts during extracellu- ture. Abstracts, 7th Annual Meeting of the lar freezing. Plant Physiol. 66:349-352. Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spec- Sinha, R. c.; Chiykowski, L. N. 1980. Transmis- troscopy Societies, Philadelphia, PA (28 Sept. sion and morphological features of my- - 3 Oct. 1980). Abstract 201. coplasma-like bodies associated with peach Ivarson, K. c.; Sojak, M. 1980. Plugging of soil X-disease. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 2: 119-124. drains by microorganisms. Can. Agric. 25: 19- Sinha, R. c.; Madhosingh, C. 1980. Proteins of 21. mycoplasma-like organisms purified from clo- Levesque, M. P.; Morita, H.; Schnitzer, M.; ver phyllody and aster yellows-affected plants. Mathur, S. P. 1980. The physical, chemical, Phytopathol. Z. 99:294-300. and morphological features of some Quebec Sinha, R. c.; Peterson, E. A. 1980. Homologous and Ontario peats. Monograph, Research serological analysis of Rhizobium meliloti Branch, Agriculture Canada. strains by immunodiffusion. Can. J. Microbiol. 26:1157-1161. Mathur, S. P. 1980. A report on visits to various agricultural establishments in France, Ger- Stevenson, I. L. 1980. The removal of eggshell many and Sweden. An International Science membranes by enzyme treatment to facilitate and Technology Mission Report. Research the study of shell microstructure. Poultry Sci. Program Service, Agriculture Canada. Publ. 59: 1959-1960. No. XCH 80-3. 38 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Mathur, S. P.; Levesque, M. P.; Preston, C. M.; Pomeroy, M. K.; McMurchie, E. J. 1980. Isolation Millette, J. A. 1980. Recent progress on and properties of ion-stimulated ATPase activ- investigations of the possible use of moderate ity associated with cauliflower cell membranes. amounts of copper for mitigating the excess Proc. Aust. Soc. Plant Physiol. 21 :4. decomposition and subsidence of some Histo- sols. United States Department of Agriculture Preston, C. M.; Mathur, S. P.; Rauthan, B. S. 1980. NCR-59 Technical Committee Meeting Long-term effects of copper on soil nitrogen (abstract). distribution in muck soils. Ontario Vegetable Mathur, S. P.; Preston, C. M. 1980. Plant-available Research Committee, Annual Report 9. N and residual fertilizer copper in muck soils. Ontario Vegetable Research Committee, An- Preston, C. M.; Valk, M.; Knibbe, E. M.; Mathur, nual Report 9. S. P.; Millette, J. A. 1980. Copper application trials. Ontario Vegetable Research Committee, McMurchie, E. J.; Pomeroy, M. K. 1980. Ion- Annual Report 9. stimulated ATPase activity associated with plant cell membranes. Proc. Aust. Biochem. Soc. 13:104. Schnitzer, M. 1980. Soil nitrogen. Can. Agric. 25:9-10. Miller, R. W. 1980. Nitrogen fixation. Bio-Joule 12. Schnitzer, M. 1980. Book review: Sugars for the Morita, H. 1980. Peat as a future source of organic soil scientist. Nature 287:372. raw materials. Chem. Can. 32: 18-27. Paliwal, Y. c.; Andrews, C. J. 1980. Effects of Schnitzer, M.; Kerndorff, H. 1980. Sorption of infection with barley yellow dwarf and wheat metals on humic acid. Agronomy Abstracts. p. spindle streak mosaic viruses on cold hardiness 159. of winter cereals. Proceedings American Win- ter Wheat Conference (1979), Denver, CO. p. Singh, S. S. 1980. Effect of acid rain on agricultural 16. soils and crops. Proceedings of the subcommit- Pierce, R. c.; Mathur, S. P.; Williams, D. T.; tee on acid rain of the Standing Committee on Roddington, M. J. 1980. Phthalate esters in Fisheries and Forestry. the aquatic environment. Monograph pub- lished by the National Research Council. Young, J. C. 1980. Ergot contamination of feeds NRCC No. 17583. 108 pp. and food. Can. Agric. 25:25-28. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 39 Engineering and Statistical Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF P. W. VOISEY, F.I., Mech.E. Director K. B. MITCHELL Administra tion Energy P. VAN DIE, B.Sc. (Eng.), M.Sc. Head of Section; Energy R. D. HAYES, B.Sc., M.Sc. Biomass and food H. A. JACKSON, B.Sc. (Eng.), M.Sc. Greenhouses D. MARSHALL, B.Sc. (Eng.) Conservation Food Engineering G. E. TIMBERS, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Food-process engineering D. MCGINNIS, B.Sc. (Agr.) Food-process engineering Research Service E. J. BRACH, D.E.E., Dip.Mil.Electronics Head of Section; Electronics D. J. BUCKLEY, B.E., M.Sc. Electronics Structures and Mechanization M. FELDMAN, B.E., M.Sc. Head of Section; Mechanization K. W. LIEVERS, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Systems analysis D. MASSE, B.Sc. Canada Plan Service, Design engineering G. F. MONTGOMERY, B.Sc. (Agr.) Mechanization J. A. MUNROE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Structures P. A. PHILLIPS, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Animal environment W. S. REID, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Mechanization ENGINEERING AND STATISTICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 41 J. E. TURNBULL, B.s.A., M.S.A. Director, Canada Plan Service; Farm structures Statistical Research G. P. POUSHINSKY, B.Sc., M.Sc. Head of Section; Statistics M. R. BINNS, M.A., Dip.Stat. Statistics G. BUTLER, B.Math., M.Math. Statistics P. Y. JUI, B.sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Statistics L. P. LEFKOVITCH, B.Sc. Statistics C. S. LIN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Statistics P. M. MORSE, MA Statistics B. K. THOMPSON, B.Sc., M.Math., Ph.D. Statistics C. J. WILLIAMS, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Statistics M. S. WOLYNETZ, B.Math., M.Math., Ph.D. Statistics W. WATT, B.A. Head, Systems and programming K. HENG, B.Sc., M.App.Sc. Systems and programming J. D. HOBBS, B.Sc. Systems and programming Technical Services J. G. CARON Head of Section Departures D. K. HODGINS, B.Sc. Head, Systems and programming Transferred S. A. KINSEY, B.Math. Systems and programming Transferred J. Wu, B.Sc. Systems and programming Resigned August 1980 42 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION In 1980 the Institute was reorganized to reflect the changes in programs to meet departmental priorities. Staff in various sections working on energy research and development (R & D) were assembled to form an energy section to better coordinate the work in this increasingly important area. The remainder of the staff working on agricultural engineering R & D in the Mechanization and Systems and the Structures and Environment sections were assembled to form a single section, called Structures and Mechanization. This reflects the focus of the agricultural engineering program on structures and mechanization and the reduced emphasis on systems and environnmental engineering. A new Food Engineering Section was formed to expand this program in response to the departmental priority on the processing, distributing, and retailing sectors of the agribusiness system. The diverse activities of the Institute in engineering and statistics involved 216 projects, of which 56 were completed during the year. The internal work was supplemented by 66 research contracts on energy, buildings, and mechanization, of which 19 were completed. The contracted work now represents 20% of the total program. The outcome resulted in the release of 93 publications; those that are published are listed at the end of this report. Further information is available upon request from the Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6. Peter W. Voisey Director ENERGY new process for separating y-globulins from swine blood was developed using differential All the R&D work was contracted out in salting out of proteins, centrifugation, and 1980 and plans were completed for a consid- electrodialysis. Continuous microwave erable expansion of this activity under the processing of oilseed to inactivate myrosinase national energy program. In-house R&D was found promising. A computer simulation was also initiated. of heat transfer in retortable food pouches The program included work on energy and instrumentation to monitor pilot scale conservation in mechanization, farm build- experiments were developed. ings, greenhouses, and food processing. Appli- A number of techniques and the necessary cation of solar technology to greenhouses, instruments were developed for measuring crop drying, and farm buildings was also food quality. Factors measured included studied. Studies on renewable energy from graininess of tomato juice, wheat hardness, biomass focused on methane from manure, and dough development. The past work in this direct combustion of residues, and fuel alco- area is coming to fruition, with a number of hol from residues, culls, and crops. A review Canadian food companies adopting the of the fuel alcohol potential from the agribusi- techniques. ness system was completed. To date the results from the program are contained primarily in unpublished contrac- tors' reports, which are available on a loan RESEARCH SERVICE basis (or as microfiche copies) from the Work on the development of instruments Institute. Summaries of these reports were and equipment to support research operations published to indicate the information across the Branch continued and produced a available. range of equipment for use in both research and regulatory work of the department. FOOD ENGINEERING Plot equipment included a rainfall simula- tor, a portable herbicide sprayer, a string- The program concentrates on process and spaced seeder for cereals, a tobacco leaf equipment development and on the study of lamina punch, a cereal sample bag aeration the fundamental properties of foodstuffs. A punch, an oat dehuller, an oat classifier, an ENGINEERING AND STATISTICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 43 oat thresher and polisher, a scutcher vacuum angles for corn were measured, and new silo- dust collector, and a soybean seed cleaner. erection equipment was designed. Tests Laboratory equipment included an auto- showed failure loads lower than expected for matic cigarette diameter control, a spore long-span wood trusses. counter, an electronic heat sink for micro- Two major projects on manure handling scopes, and an automatic weighing system for and land application were completed. Effect a micro flour mill. on crop growth and groundwater quality were Scientific instruments included an open defined. With handling costs at 25% of the path CO, analyzer. Flight tests showed its nutrient value, and winter land application capability for measuring variations in CO, unacceptable, good management is necessary. flux over crops, forests, water, and terrain. A Materials for floating covers were tested, and ground coverage and leaf wetness measuring the covers were found to suppress odors from system was also developed. Work was carried liquid manure tanks. out on the development of remote sensing Silo foundation settlement data were re- techniques using field spectroscopy to detect corded for another empty-fill cycle, and a yield, disease, stress, variety, and crop. Field study showed that silo foundation costs can be tests continue to demonstrate the potential for reduced considerably. the techniques as a research and crop estima- Mechanization tion tool. Work on narrow-row seeding and bed- seeded vegetables produced two new seeders, STRUCTURES AND a modified harvester, and three tested toppers. Two other improved seeders are in use by MECHANIZA nON clients. In harvesting horticultural crops, a new Structures juice-apple sweeper prototype was built and The Canada Plan Service continued to was found to work well in Ontario and work according to national committee priori- Quebec orchards. Height control was im- ties. Emphasis was on beef cattle, swine, and proved on a tomato harvester, and a sensing dairy cattle; completed were 49 trusses, 7 shoe was built for possible field use. A spinach plans, and 18 revisions, with 63% of the plans harvester was developed and is in production, now in metric measurements. and a leek harvester was improved. Work has An up-to-date index of plans and leaflets started on a multiple picking cucumber was published. Listed are 13 plan sets and 32 harvester and a cauliflower tier. leaflets on beef cattle facilities; 24 plan sets Silage distributors were evaluated and and 31 leaflets on dairy cattle; 27 plan sets improvements suggested, fans to purge silo and 32 leaflets on swine; 16 plan sets and 33 gas were evaluated, and gas detectors and gas leaflets on sheep; 9 plan sets and 8 leaflets on production are being studied. Development of poultry; 10 plan sets and 12 leaflets on fruit a round bale processor has progressed to and vegetable storage; 15 plan sets and 16 preproduction prototypes. leaflets on grain, forage, and feed storage; 21 Work on grain storage and drying included plan sets and 25 leaflets on special structures; evaluating a belt dryer; adjustments were and 4 plan sets and 15 leaflets on building determined that increased capacity 20% and engineering. Generally the plans and leaflets efficiency 15% while drying corn acceptably. are available in English or French and in In Burley and cigar tobacco mechanization, Imperial or metric measures, except that racks were made lighter and less expensive in Imperial measure is progressively being a new rack wagon. phased out. Also, 13 departmental bulletins New design tracks were installed to im- on farm buildings have been published. Cop- prove performance of the peatland tractor. ies of the index are available from: Informa- Modifications to a manure injector were tion Services, Agriculture Canada, Sir John made to overcome problems in operation in Carling Building, Ottawa, Ont. KIA DC7. sod, and the unit is in operation at Kapuskas- A new, improved sandwich-design wall ing. panel was developed. Multiple-shear, nailed Under the project research applicable in joints were analyzed. Expanded data collec- industry (PRAI) program and the industry tion on snow loads commenced. Friction research assistance program (IRAP), an 44 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 elementary combine feed rate control was L'Assomption (cigar tobacco). Crop-loss esti- developed, and testing and market develop- mation procedures are being investigated for ment continued on sickle knives. corn and soybeans. A general study is being The agricultural engineering computerized made of genotype x environment interaction. data base of technical and scientific informa- Support is being provided for the barley tion continued to expand. breeding program and for the potato program at the Research Station at Fredericton. Statistical software was implemented on STATISTICS the new departmental computer network Statistical support was provided to many (AgNet) that will handle 60-80% of the research areas through collaborative work, analyses needed by researchers. In addition, particularly in poultry research and the study software has been implemented to simplify of toxins, trace element metabolism, disease data input and preparation of analyses. resistance in sheep, and swine and cattle research. Bioassay studies of mixtures of slow- and fast-acting agents, and mixtures to obtain TECHNICAL SERVICES synergistic effects, were designed and inter- Technical services continued to provide a preted. A coordinated approach to support service for the fabrication and maintenance of tobacco research involves studies of field scientific equipment. A preventive mainte- conditions, genetic and chemical parameters, nance program for scientific equipment (e.g. manufacturing processes, health aspects, growth chambers and centrifuges) was initi- yield, and sampling methods at the research ated. During the year, 1900 work orders were stations at Delhi (cigarette tobacco) and completed. PUBLICATIONS Research Harcourt, D. G.; Binns, M. R. 1980. Sampling techniques for the soil-borne stages of Agro- Bostanian, N. J.; Paradis, R. 0.; Pitre, D.; Price, K. myza frontella (Rond.) (Diptera: Agro- R. 1980. Action de nouveaux pesticides contre myzidae). Great Lakes Entomo!. 13(3): 159- Ie tetranyque a deux points, Tetranyehus 164. urtieae Koch, sur les fraisiers en serre. Phyto- protection 61 (1 ):30-34. Hidiroglou, M.; Williams, C. J. 1980. Fate of isotopically labeled cholecalciferol and 25- Brach, E. J.; Fejer, S. O. 1980. Holographic hydroxycholecalciferol in sheep. J. Dairy Sci. inteferometry to differentiate the morphology 63(6):945-950. of various cereal crops. Phyton Rev. Int. Bot. Exp. 38(1 ):37-47. Hollands, K. G.; Grunder, A. A.; Williams, C. J. 1980. Response to five generations of selection Cave, N. A.; Williams, C. J. 1980. A chick assay for blood cholesterol levels in white leghorns. J. for availability of lysine in wheat. Poult. Sci. Poult. Sci. 59: 1316-1323. 59( 4) :799-804. Hollands, K. G.; Grunder, A. A.; Williams, C. J.; Gavora, J. A. 1980. Plasma creatine kinase as Fraser, D.; Aurther, D.; Morton, J. K.; Thompson, an indicator of degenerative myopathy in live B. K. 1980. Aquatic feeding by moose Alces turkeys. Br. Poult. Sci. 21: 161-169. alees in a Canadian lake. Holartic Eco!. 3(3):218-223. Hudson, A.; Lefkovitch, L. P. 1980. Two species of the Amathes e-nigrum complex (Lepidoptera: Hamilton, R. M. G.; Thompson, B. K. 1980. Effects Noctuidae) distinguished by isozymes of a of sodium plus potassium to chloride ratio in denylate kinase and by selected morphological practical-type diets on blood gas levels in three characters. Proc. Entomo!. Soc. Wash. strains of white leghorn hens and relationships 82( 4):587-598. between acid-base balance and egg shell strength. Poult. Sci. 59(6):1294-1303. Ihnat, M.; Thompson, B. K. 1980. Acid digestion, hydride evolution atomic absorption spectro- Harcourt, D. G.; Binns, M. R. 1980. A sampling photometric method for determining arsenic system for estimating egg and larval popula- and selenium in foods: part II. Assessment of tions of Agromyza frontella. Can. Entomo!. collaborative study. Assoc. Off. Ana!. Chern. 112:375-385. 63(4):814-839. ENGINEERING AND STATISTICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 45 Jordan, W. A.; Thompson, B. K.; Ivan, M.; Hidiro- Voisey, P. W.; Kloek, M. 1980. Methods of record- glou, M. 1980. Effects of dietary cement kiln ing dough development curves from electronic dust supplements on growth of lambs. Can. J. recording mixers. Cereal Chem. 57:442-444. Anim. Sci. 60:87-91. Miscellaneous Jui, P. Y.; Friars, G. W. 1980. Performance of Arsenault, R. H.; Grandbois, M. A.; Chornet, E.; crosses of selected lines of Tribolium casta- Timbers, G. E. 1980. Pyrolysis of agricultural neum. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 22:129-136. residues in a rotary kiln. Thermal conversion of Langford, G. A.; Marcus, G. J.; Hackett, A. J.; solid wastes and biomass. Am. Chem. Soc. Ainsworth, L.; Wolynetz, M. S. 1980. Influ- 130:337-350. ence of estradiol-I 7f3 on fertility in confined Brach, E. J. 1980. Variety identification by means sheep inseminated with frozen semen. J. Anim. of spectroscopy. Engineering and Statistical Sci. 51(4):911-916. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. Rep. Lefkovitch, L. P. 1980. Conditional clustering. No. 1177. Biometrics 36:43-58. Brach, E. J.; Elgazzar, S.; Mack, A. R. 1980. General software flowchart to normalize spec- Mack, A. R.; Brach, E. J.; Rao, V. R. 1980. tral curves of various agricultural crops. Engi- Changes in spectral characteristics of cereal neering and Statistical Research Institute, crops with physiological development. Can. J. Agriculture Canada. Rep. No. 6842 1-62. Plant Sci. 60:411-417. Clayton, R. E.; DeVries, H.; Stevenson, R.; Hayes, McKeague, J. A.; Wolynetz, M. S. 1980. Back- R.; Turnbull, J. E. 1980. Experiences with ground levels of minor elements in some floating covers for cylindrical concrete manure Canadian soils. Geoderma 24:299-307. storages. Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. Rep. No. 1229. Millette, J. A.; Bernier, R.; Hergert, G. B. 1980. Baby carrot production system on organic soils. Colwell, H. T. M.; Van Die, P.; Hayes, R. D.; Finn, Can. Agric. Eng. 22:175-178. P. J. 1980. Alternatives to our present use of fossil fuels in the agricultural and food system. Morse, P. M. 1980. Synergism v. cost benefit. Canadian Outlook Conference, Ottawa, Ont. Nature (Lond.) 284(3):394. (Dec.). Paton, D.; Robertson, G. D.; Timbers, G. E.; DeVries, H.; Stevenson, R.; Hayes, R.; Turnbull, J. Spratt, W. A. 1980. Laboratory food extru- E.; Clayton, R. E. 1980. Experiences with sion-the design of a horizontal split barrel. J. floating covers for manure storages. Canadian Food Sci. 45(2):224-227. Society of Agricultural Engineering Annual Meeting. No. 80-218. Raymond, D. P.; Randall, C. J.; Voisey, P. W. 1980. Functionality of native and denatured Farnworth, E. R.; Kramer, J. K. G.; Thompson, B. egg white and beef in a meat emulsion system. K. 1980. Qualitative and quantitative analysis Can.lnst. Food Sci. Technol. J. 13:174-177. of neutral lipids on iatroscan chromarodes. Abstracts of the Symposium on analytical Reid, W. S.; Buckley, D. J.; Nicholls, C. F.; Cave, chemistry of rapeseed and its products. N. A. G. 1980. An automatic feed dispensing system for !,oultry in floor pens. Can. J. Anim. Feldman, M., editor. 1980. Summary of 1978-79 Sci. 60: 193-195. contract reports of the Agricultural Engineer- ing Research and Development (AERO) Pro- Sibbald, I. R.; Barrette, J. P.; Price, K. R. 1980. gram/Resume des rapports des travaux faits Predicting true metabolizable energy, gross sous contrat en 1978-79 dans Ie cadre du energy, carbohydrate and proximate analysis programme de recherche et de developpement values by assuming additivity. Poult. Sci. en Genie Rural (RDGR). Engineering and 59( 4):805-807. Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. Rep. No. 1212. Sibbald, I. R.; Barrette, J. P.; Price, K. R. 1980. True metabolizable energy values for poultry Grunder, A. A.; Thompson, B. K.; Hollands, K. G.; of commercial diets measured by bioassay and Hamilton, R. M. G. 1980. Egg shell strength predicted from chemical data. Poult. Sci. at oviposition and 3 hours later. Poult. Sci. 59(4):808-811. 59:1615 (abstract). Sibbald, I. R.; Price, K. R. 1980. Variability in Hamilton, R. M. G.; Grunder, A. A.; Thompson, B. metabolic plus endogenous energy losses of K.; Hollands, K. G. 1980. Relationship adult cockerels and in the true metabolizable between blood ionized calcium levels and energy values and rates of passage of dehy- eggshell strength. Poult. Sci. 59: 1617 drated alfalfa. Poult. Sci. 59(6): 1275-1279. (abstract). 46 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Hamilton, R. M. G.; Thompson, B. K. 1980. Jan, E. Z.; Feldman, M.; Robertson, J. A.; Lievers, Variation in feed intake and eggshell strength K. W. 1980. Drying and storage of chopped during a 14 day period. Poult. Sci. 59:1617 hay in a hay tower. Canadian Society of (abstract). Agricultural Engineering Annual Meeting. No. 80-220. Hamilton, R. M. G.; Voisey, P. W. 1980. Egg shell strength: a nightmare in experimental mechan- Jordan, W. A.; Thompson, B. K.; Ivan, M.; Hidiro- ics from a poultry scientist's viewpoint. Pro- glou, M. 1980. Lambs fail to improve with ceedings of the Symposium on Eng. Appl. cement kiln dust supplements. Feedstuffs Mech., University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. 51 (32):33-34. (June). pp. 155-159. Jui, P., editor. 1980. Proceedings of the statistical Hayes, R. D. 1980. Farm-scale production and use workshop for Research Branch statisticians, of fuel alcohol: opportunities and problems/ Ottawa, Ont. Engineering and Statistical Re- Production et utilisation d'alcool combustible a search Institute, Agriculture Canada. Rep. la ferme-possibilites et obstacles. Agric. Can. No. 1252. Publ. 1712. Juneja, S.; Neale, R.; Overend, R.; Pneumaticos, Hayes, R. D. 1980. Agricultural resources for S.; Timbers, G. E. 1980. Canada's bioenergy ethanol production. Proceedings of the Cana- programs. Proceedings of the Biomass Con- dian National Power Alcohol Conference. The gress, Atlanta, Georgia. Biomass Energy Institute Inc. XIX-I-XIX-12. Kloek, M. 1980. Measuring high frequency signal Hayes, R. D. 1980. Resources agricoles pour la fluctuations in dough mixing tests. Engineering production d'ethanol. Engineering and Statisti- and Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture cal Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. Canada. Rep. No. 1188. Rep. No. 1201. Kloek, M.; Mohr, W. P. 1980. Tomato juice Hayes, R. D.; Timbers, G. E. 1980. Alcohol fuels graininess measurements. Engineering and from agriculture. Engineering and Statistical Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. Rep. Canada. Rep. No. 7820 1228. No. 7534 1165. Kramer, J. K. G.; Farnworth, E. R.; Corner, A. H.; Hergert, G. B. 1980. Harvesting Jerusalem arti- Thompson, B. K. 1980. Evidence that myocar- choke tubers. Engineering and Statistical Re- dial lesions in male albino rats fed high fat search Institute, Agriculture Canada. Rep. diets is related to certain dietary fatty acids. No. 7746 190. Proceedings of the Int. Seifen Fettwissen- schaft/ American Oil Chemists Society World Hergert, G. B. 1980. Compaction and reduction of Congress (abstract). chopped whole plant tobacco. Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Laporte, A. N.; Caron, J.; Lemieux, M. 1980. A Canada. Rep. No. 7311 1240. kiln for curing small experimental plots of flue cured tobacco. The Lighter 50(3):28-31. Hergert, G. B. 1980. Project 7708: Report of field testing in Newfoundland. Peat News 2(3):27- LeRoux, E. J. 1980. Energy in agriculture/Energie 39. en agriculture. Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. Rep. Hergert, G. B. 1980. A narrow row soybean planter No. 1180. for experimental plots. Engineering and Statis- tical Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. Ogilvie, J.; Laporte, G.; Hergert, G. B. 1980. Rep. No. 7527 1230. Mechanization of harvesting and curing of stalk cut air cured tobacco. The Lighter Hergert, G. B. 1980. Metric grain test weight 50(3): 17-25. determination for research samples. Engineer- ing and Statistical Research Institute. Agricul- Pella, R. 1980. General metric fact sheets. Engi- ture Canada. Rep. No. 7410 1239. neering and Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. Rep. No. 1-14. Hergert, G. B. 1980. Tractors for agricultural development on peat lands and wet lands. Peat Phillips, P. A. 1980. Selecting manure loading and News 2(4):47-53. transport systems. Farm Equip. Q. 2:8,10. Hergert, G. B.; Compton, B. 1980. A tractor for Phillips, P. A. 1980. Manure handling case study of agricultural development of peat soils. Cana- a I 50-cow Ottawa valley dairy farm. Proceed- dian Society of Agricultural Engineering An- ings of International Symposium on land and nual Meeting. No. 80-301. water. Amarillo, TX. ENGINEERING AND STATISTICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 47 Phillips, P. A.; Young, B. A.; McQuitty, J. B. 1980. Van Die, P. 1980. Energy-implications for agri- Weight response of growing-finishing swine to culture in the 80's. Engineering and Statistical acute cold stress. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:557 Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. Rep. (abstract). No. 1176. Van Die, P., editor. 1980. 1979 Meeting of the Stemshorn, B. W.; Buckley, D. J.; St. Amour, G.; Canada Committee on Agricultural Engineer- Duncan, J. R.; Nielson, K. H. 1980. A com- ing Services report. Research Branch, Agricul- puter-interfaced photometer and micro-plate ture Canada. enzyme-immunoassay variation. Annual con- ference of research workers in animal disease Van Die, P. 1980. Summary of Agriculture Can- (abstract). No. 198. ada's energy research and development con- tract reports. Engineering and Statistical Re- Timbers, G. E.; Caron, J. G.; Stark, R.; Cummings, search Institute, Agriculture Canada. Rep. D. B. 1980. Pilot-plant steam blancher. Engi- No. 1233. neering and Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. Rep. No. 7327 606. Van Die, P.; Timbers, G. E.; Hayes, R. D. 1980. Potential of liquid mobile fuel from Canadian Turnbull, J. E. 1980. Construction of milking agriculture/Possibilite de production de car- centers for northern regions. Engineering and burants liquides par I'agriculture canadienne. Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, Canada. Rep. No. 1234. Agriculture Canada. Rep. No. 8007 1172. Winfield, R. G.; Munroe, J. A. 1980. Solar assisted Turnbull, J. E. 1980. Alternatives in manure animal housing ventilation for northern lati- storage and handling. Engineering and Statis- tudes. Canadian Society of Agricultural Engi- tical Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. neering Annual Meeting. No. 80-217. Rep. No. 1183. Winfield, R. G.; Turnbull, J. E. 1980. Saving Turnbull, J. E.; Lefkovitch, L. P.; Lowe, D. 1980. energy by interlocking heating/ventilating con- Multi-laminated nailed truss connections. Ca- trols in livestock housing. Canadian Society of nadian Society of Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Engineering Annual Meeting. Annual Meeting. No. 80-202. No. 80-222. Turnbull, J. E.; Riley, V; Rasins, P. 1980. Precast Zilkey, B. F.; Binns, M. 1980. Effect of leaf fiber-reinforced concrete sandwich walls for ripeness and genotype on agronomic, physical farm buildings. Canadian Society of Agricul- and chemical measurements of flue-cured to- tural Engineering Annual Meeting. No. 80- bacco and tobacco smoke. 34th Tobacco 201. Chemists Research Conference. 48 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Food Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF J. HOLME, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Director E. LARMOND, B.Sc. Assistant Director J. SCHAFER Acting Administrative Officer Food Processing D. PATON, B.Sc., Ph.D. Program Leader; Cereal processing B. OOMA, M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal processing R. SINHA, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Lactic acid bacteria genetics D. F. WOOD, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Meat processing Food Quality E. LARMOND, B.Sc. Assistant Director; Program Leader; Sensory evaluation D. FROELICH, B.Sc., M.Sc. Sensory evaluation M. KALAB, M.Sc., Ph.D. Electron microscopy e. Y. MA, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Protein functionality R. e. McKELLAR, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiology I. R. SIDDIQUI, B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.I.e. Carbohydrates e. G. ZARKADAS, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Meat proteins Food Safety and Nutrition R. A. HOLLEY, B.Sc., (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiology W. J. MULLIN, L.R.I.e., Ph.D. Analytical methodology A. e. NUNES, B.Sc. Nutrient analysis A. PAQUET, M.Sc., Ph.D. Organic synthesis F. RUSSELL, B.Sc., M.Sc. Nutrient analysis Food Ingredients and New Products P. J. WOOD, B.Sc., Ph.D. Program Leader; Carbohydrates FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE 49 F. W. COLLINS, B.sc., Ph.D. Plant phenolics D. B. EMMONS, B.S.A., M.s., Ph.D. Dairy products V. R. HARWALKAR, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Milk proteins J. D. JONES, B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.I.e. Oilseeds H. W. MODLER, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Dairy products G. PAQUETTE, B.SC., (Agr.) Dairy products M. SAHASRABUDHE, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Lipids J. WEISZ, B.sc. Carbohydrates Departures D. DOBSON Administrative Officer Promoted to new position I August 1980 JOHN R. QUINN, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Meat processing Deceased July 1980 50 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION The Food Research Institute (FRI) was pleased in making substantial progress in its staffing activities during 1980. Several additions to professional staff were realized, which permitted the Institute to attain most of its goals in research in the year. The Institute welcomes all these new members. Dr. C. Y. Ma has initiated projects on the physical-chemical and functional properties of food proteins. Dr. B. Oomah has joined the cereal processing program and is engaged in research on oat fractionation and functional assessment of fractions therefrom. Dr. W. Collins came to FRI from Biosystematics and has renewed research on the phenolic constituents of cereals and oilseeds. D. Froehlich joined the food quality team, where she will be further developing the sensory evaluation area of our program. F. Russell has begun her research on the nutrient data base for Canadian fruits and vegetables. G. Paquette has joined the dairy research group and he has taken on duties for administering our large contract research program in that area. J. Weisz was promoted to the professional staff and will be operating the Institute's new carbohydrate analytical laboratory and continuing his research on carbohydrates. The Department and the Institute were deeply saddened by the untimely death of Dr. John Quinn, who had maintained a valuable research program in meat and plant proteins over several years with FRI. During the year Dr. John Mullin began a transfer of work at the Food Research Institute in Norwich, England, where he will be studying new methodologies in glucosinolate analysis and nutrient composition determination. The Institute's programs in utilization of agricultural resources progressed well in 1980 with continued growth of contract research, addition of new in-house projects, and expanded collaboration with industry in most areas of its program. Institute staff continued to serve on important national and international committees endeavoring to coordinate research and development (R & D) activities and to detail future R&D needs. Highlights of the year's results are described in this report. Inquiries for more information should be directed to the Food Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa Ont., KIA OC6. John Holme Director FOOD PROCESSING and starch increase them. A fully baked layer cake shows a moderate net positive force Extrusion cooking development. The wheat flour used in cake Outside interest in FRI research directed baking is normally chlorinated to give cake toward the measurement of the degree of cook improvement; it has been shown that a of extruded cereal products has resulted in the chlorinated flour when used in a cake formu- formation of a Technical Committee of the lation gives rise to a consistently higher net American Association of Cereal Chemists to internal force value than does an unchlori- evaluate this and other related methodology. nated wheat flour. These findings further corroborate the well-known roles which have Mechanisms of cake baking been previously established for the cake Extensive layer cake baking experiments system. have been conducted using a novel oven Meat products design which monitors the net internal forces during the development of a baking cake. The changes in heat stability of beef protein Such measurements are responsive to formu- during processing of meat into sausage batters lation-ingredient changes. It has been shown has been studied using differential scanning that sugar and oil act in opposition to the calorimetry (DSC). Neither the mechanical protein and starch components; sugar and oil work done nor the presence of fat affected the lower the net internal forces, whereas protein protein structural stability, but the presence FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE 51 of NaCl drastically lowered the temperature Milk quality. The survival of heat-stable of denaturation. This effect was partly revers- extracellular protease of microbial origin in ible upon dialysis. Rabbit and pork muscle processed milk presents a serious shelf-life behaved in a similar fashion. The role of salt problem. Studies were initiated to determine in decreasing the temperature of denaturation the correlation between proteolysis and the may be critical to the manufacture of batter- development of off-flavors in milk, with a view type meat products. Through contracts, meth- to developing a rapid test for proteases. odology has been developed for microscopic The addition of crude prot eases to ultra examination of meat batters and for deter- high temperature (UHT) and pasteurized mining least-cost formulations of poultry milk resulted in the breakdown of milk meat-sausage blends. proteins as measured by the increase in trichloroacetic acid soluble free amino groups using trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and by the development of off-flavors. Proteolysis could FOOD QUALITY be detected in milk samples that had received insufficient protease to cause off-flavor. Sig- Dairy products nificant off-flavor was detected at various levels of proteolysis for each of the three Yogurt. Yogurts were manufactured in enzymes tested. Long-term studies are in which the hydrocolloids were replaced with a progress to determine if trinitrobenzene sulfu- variety of dairy-based proteins and then ric acid can be used to monitor stored UHT subjected to physical and sensory evaluation milk. tests. The objective was to prepare an all- dairy yogurt that would utilize more milk Protein functionality solids or protein or both. Three whey protein concentrates (WPC), one milk protein con- The effect of chemical modification on the centrate (MPC), casein, and skim milk pow- physicochemical and functional properties of der (SMP) were tested at the 0.5, 1.0, and food proteins was studied. Succinylated wheat 1.5% levels of addition. All products had gluten, rapeseed protein concentrate, and oat levels of syneresis which exceeded the gelatin protein were found to have improved solubil- control, with casein at 1.5% having the least ity, emulsification capacity, and water hydra- syneresis. Products with firmness similar to tion capacity. Succinylated egg albumin has gelatin control were unacceptable in terms of distinct physicochemical properties and is syneresis; however, all products were equal to more resistant to heat coagulation. Data or better than the control with respect to suggest that ionic interaction is essential for flavor. The ultrafiltrated-WPC (1.5%) and thermocoagulation of egg white proteins, with MPC (1.5%) had thicker consistencies than disulfide and hydrophobic interactions playing the control, whereas the remaining samples a role in the initial stages. were the same as or thinner than the control. Three products, ion exchange - WPC at the Microstructure 1.0% level and electrodialyzed- WPC at the 1.0 and 1.5% levels, had a texture comparable A technique was developed for high-resolu- to gelatin. The remaining 15 formulations tion electron microscopy of dried milk pro- scored higher in terms of smoothness, with ducts. It is based on coating the dried product casein being the superior product. An overall with platinum while the specimen is rotated, ranking of ingredients revealed that 9 of 18 backing the coating with carbon, and separat- treatments were acceptable in all respects, ing the double layer in the form of a replica except for syneresis. Six of the nine products which is subsequently cleaned and examined contained casein. under a transmission electron microscope. Submicellar ultrastructure of casein micelles Generally it can be concluded that products containing casein (MPC, SMP, and casein- was visualized in this way. ates) at levels of 1.0 to 1.5% are acceptable Differences in the microstructures of tradi- substitutes for gelatin and can be faulted only tional and newly formulated cream cheeses on the basis of syneresis. The whey protein were found by electron microscopy. Fat concentrates used at 1.0% and casein contain- globules remained almost intact in the tradi- ing products at 0.5% produce one or more tional products but were coalesced in the serious defects in yogurt. newly formulated products. Manufacturing 52 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 processes were found responsible for the presence of this bound nornicotino/fructose different microstructures. Amadori product. In collaboration with Utah State Univer- Sensory evaluation sity, we detected crystals of emulsifying salts in process cheeses by electron microscopy. Sensory evaluation has been conducted in The results suggested that the use of salt support of several projects within and outside solutions might be more efficient than the FRI and also outside the government. Product current practice of adding salt in the crystal- characteristics evaluated include milk flavor, line form. Because only the salts solubilized in butter flavor, veal quality, chicken quality, the cheese curd contribute to the emulsifica- and beef tenderness. tion of fat, the portion of crystalline salt that remains undissolved is not being utilized. Electrical stimulation Carbohydrates The effect of electrical stimulation (ES) on the sensory quality of A I, C I, and D I grades A systematic fractionation of lower molecu- of Canadian beef cattle was determined. lar weight tobacco carbohydrates by various Fifteen animals from each grade were split at chromatographic techniques has led to the about 30 min postslaughter and half of each recognition and characterization of a number carcass was stimulated (600 V, 2.18 A) with of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides: 17 pulses of 2-s duration followed by I-s D-glucose, D-fructose, sucrose, myoinositol, pauses. Steaks from the loin and round were D-xylose, D-ribose, D-psicose, D-sorbitol, malt- evaluated for tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and ose, gentiobiose, glucopyranosyl-myoinositol, overall acceptability; Warner-Bratzler shear di-D-glucopyranosy 1-myoinosi tol, gen tianose, values were also determined. No positive and erose. Some of these were not previously improvements were found for any of the known to occur in tobacco. parameters studied, as a result of the ES treatment. Tobacco contains a number of alkaloids, of which nicotine predominates. The recognition, Milk-fed versus grain-fed veal quality quantitation, and characterization of 1-( I' -2'- S-nornicotino)-I-deoxy- ,8-D-fructose from Samples were obtained from the loin and Canadian tobacco (Delhi 76) is a first attempt round of grain-fed and milk-fed veal. The to discover bound nornicotine in a good- sensory attributes tested were: raw and quality Canadian tobacco. The Cherry Red cooked color, tenderness, flavor, juiciness, and strain of Bright Yellow tobacco, an inferior overall acceptability. Warner-Bratzler shear variety that contains nornicotine as a princi- force was also determined. These attributes pal alkaloid, contains the nornicotine-fructose were determined for fresh veal and for derivative at around I % of dry weight. The duplicate cuts of each muscle which had been Delhi 76 contains 0.3-0.4% of this compound, frozen at -20°C and held 4 mo before which is regarded as an undesirable leaf evaluation. The fresh grain-fed veal cuts were component because it imparts a disagreeable judged to be significantly more red in color taste to smoke. Additionally, based on the and significantly less tender by Warner- presence of both secondary amines and oxides Bratzler shear. However, the panelists did not of nitrogen, it is feasible that interaction detect the tenderness difference and rated between these compounds could produce both milk-fed and grain-fed cuts equal in nitrosamines, which would account for the overall acceptability. The freezing did not implication of tobacco smoke in tumor appear to affect the quality, as panel scores growth. Indeed nitroso derivatives of nornico- for the frozen samples were similar to those tine have been shown to be carcinogenic in for the fresh veal. laboratory animals. Contracts Natural back mutation of nicotine-type tobacco to Cherry Red type has been known Fat levels in ground beef A survey of fat to occur about 0.8% in a generation. It levels in ground beef at the retail level appears that Delhi 76 is undergoing such revealed that in most cases fat levels are well mutation. Obviously the Delhi figure of 2.75- below regulatory limits. This is a reflection of 3% total alkaloids with 95% nicotine for Delhi the inadequacy of current fat determination 76 needs to be reevaluated in view of the techniques for in-store use. Methodology and FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE 53 regulations have been reviewed and recom- applied as two separate 60-s dips at day 0 and mendations are being developed for both day 5 of curing. government and industry. Sorbic acid methodology. A method for Mechanically deboned meat. The rheology determining sorbic acid in dry salami was and bone strength of chicken, beef, and pork developed and used to follow the sorbate meat have been determined. The data ob- penetration into the salami after treatment. It tained are to be used in modifying deboning was found that the residual sorbic acid in equipment in order to improve end product slices of these salamis was directly related to texture. the concentration of the dipping solution used and inversely related to the diameter of the Meat proteins salami. Salametti salami, dipped twice into 5% potassium sorbate, contained 332 mg The new amino acid methodology recently sorbic acid per kilogram after 25 days of developed in this laboratory for the determi- ripening. Natural casings tended to retain nation of the myofibrillar and connective more sorbic acid after dipping than did tissue contents of meats and composite meat regenerated collagen casings. products was successfully applied to a variety of composite meat samples. The determina- Contracts. Four contracts were completed tion of the NY -methylhistidine and 5-hy- during the past year with the main highlights droxylysine contents of selected composite being as follows. meat products was carried out by this chemi- (a) Catalase destruction can be used to cal approach with an accuracy of 0-3%. The monitor the extent of cooking of sausage method has also been successfully used for an batters. The method will be used in the plant. accurate nutritional assessment of novel pro- (b) Water flow rate and methods of sanita- tein supplements, such as fish and crab meals tion of poultry chillers need to be standard- and potato waste products, in broiler poultry ized and controlled. A report was sent to all diets. Further application of the method has Agriculture Canada personnel across Canada. shown previously unreported methylation in (c) Many organisms isolated from cheeses certain important purified muscle proteins. showing late gas were screened and C. tyro- butyricum was not found. (d) Sampling of bird feathers prior to FOOD SAFETY AND NUTRITION shipment was found to be a reliable indicator of Salmonella status of broiler flocks. Microbiology Amino acid derivatives Mold inhibition on salami casings. Potas- The synthesis of new essential amino acid sium sorbate and natamycin (pimaricin) were derivatives was terminated. Biological testing used to prevent uncontrolled surface mold showed a variety of potential uses for some of growth on several types of raw-cured Italian these compounds. Methionine, tryptophan, dry salami during ripening under commercial and threonine derivatives were found to production conditions. Salamis were dipped exhibit strong biostatic activity toward several into, or sprayed with, natamycin or they were strains of bacteria (zone inhibition studies). given a combined organic acid plus potassium sorbate treatment. Acetic and citric acids Nitrosamine analysis potentiated the inhibitory effects of potassium Two contracts are currently in place. The sorbate significantly, but lactic and succinic acids showed no effect. At 10% potassium first is to develop an improved method for sorbate on all types of salami and 2.5% nitrosamine analysis which does not need sorbate on Casalingo salami, visual inhibition extremely expensive detection systems, and the second is to determine the source of of mold growth was observed. Natamycin extremely low, but consistent, levels of di- spray (2 X 1000 mg/L) was as effective or slightly better than 2.5% potassium sorbate, methylnitrosamine in cured meat products. but greater concentrations of each were Vitamin analysis required to satisfactorily inhibit surface mold growth during the 25- to 50-day ripening Folic acid. A number of improvements period. The lowest most effective concentra- have been developed for the standard micro- tion of potassium sorbate was 5% when biological assay procedure. Data have been 54 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 accumulated for several broccoli and spinach CM-cellulose, CM-pachyman, and oat j3-glu- varieties over two different growing seasons. can, respectively, as substrate. Cereal ex- tracts, both germinated and ungerminated, Vitamins A and C. The vitamin A and malt, and a large number of fungal enzyme vitamin C contents of a number of cultivars of sources have been examined in this fashion. spinach, carrots, and cabbage have been determined. The loss of vitamin C on storage Phenolics. Fluorescence microscopy of of spinach at 4°C has also been determined. hand-sectioned oat grains (cultivar Hinoat) Up to 80% of the vitamin C content of using the flavone-flavonol fluorochrome, di- spinach may be lost during 10 days storage at phenyborinic acid, ethanolamine complex has 4°C. Mini carrots were found to contain about revealed flavonoid-like compounds in the 75% of the amount of vitamin A found in aleurone and subaleurone layers. The embryo regular carrots. and central endosperm tissues are devoid of this type of phenolic reaction. The flavonoid- Glucosinolate studies like constituents are only partly extracted from the tissues using standard aqueous An improved method for the high pressure alcohol extraction procedures. Examination of liquid chromatographic determination of glu- the extractable components by preparative cosinolates has been developed and success- column chromatography and high-resolution fully applied to quality control of mustard and thin-layer chromatography revealed a com- horseradish. plex mixture of as many c;lS 25 different flavonoids. Kaempferol and quercetin (3,5,7,- 4'- and 3,5,7,3',4'-OH-flavone) have been NEW FOOD INGREDIENTS identified from this mixture, which marks the first reported occurrence of 3-0H-flavones in the cereals. The major components of the Oats flavonoid mixture were tightly bound to Carbohydrates. Studies have continued to anionic exchange columns, suggesting that establish that the dyes Congo Red and the majority of oat flavonoids may be substi- Calcofluor may be used to specifically locate tuted with free acidic functions and may be cereal j3-glucans histochemically (collabora- ionically bound to cationic substrates in the tor: Dr. R. G. Fulcher, Ottawa Research tissues. Station). Staining of oat, wheat, and barley Fluorescence microscopy of hand-sectioned aleurone and endosperm cell walls by Congo oat grains indicated that the peripheral region Red and Calcofluor is largely removed after of the grain contained para-dimethylamino- treatment with a j3-glucanase specific for the cinnamaldehyde-positive components. The j3(l--+4)(l--+3)-D-glucan of cereal cell walls. distinctive long ultraviolet-stimulated red Crude cell wall extracts, wheat pentosan orange fluorescence in the grain is character- preparations, and wheat arabinogalactan- istic only of aromatic primary amines. In vitro peptide either did not interact with dye in testing of a wide number of aminophenols and solution or did not interact with dye following aminobenzoic acids using cellulose and poly- removal of contaminating j3-glucan. amide adsorbents to simulate the in vivo Loss of j3-glucan interaction with dyes staining matrix of the grain suggests the during incubation with j3-glucanases parallels reactive substance contains an ortho-amino- loss in viscosity, and can thus be used to phenol function. In thin sections, the amino- follow endo-j3-glucanase activity. The tech- phenol-like material was restricted to the nique employed for routine endo-j3-glucanase aleurone layer and within these cells was assay utilizes the concentration dependence of confined to the protein bodies. rate of radial diffusion of enzyme into a In view of the high redox potential and substrate-bearing gel slab. The area of diffu- propensity to form highly colored oxidation sion, which is proportional to the logarithm of products, the structure and properties of these enzyme concentration, can be visualized by oat components are of potential importance in means of interaction of Congo Red with evaluating color quality of processed oat undergraded substrate. The technique is ingredients. suitable for routinely monitoring a large Lipids. A simple microquantitative method number of samples for 13-(1--+4)-, (1--+3)-, and for the estimation of lipase activity in cereal j3-(l--+4)(I--+3)-glucanase activity by use of grains has been developed. The method is FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE 55 based on the colorimetric estimation of free WPC were further evaluated by the determi- fatty acids hydrolyzed from the endogenous nation of intrinsic viscosity [7]] and fluores- neutral lipid. cence emission spectra. The [7]] of denatured proteins, soluble at pH 2.5, generally in- Oil seeds creased with pH of heat treatment in both the Progress has been achieved in evaluation of methods of preparation. This is indicative of the FRI 1975 process to produce rapeseed oil greater unfolding at the higher pH's of and meal of improved quality, but further heating. The viscosity data correlated with the improvements in technology are required increased water binding capacity of WPC before commercialization. prepared by heating at higher pH. The A contract study at the University of fluorescence intensity decreased with the Toronto on an improved process for rapeseed increased extent of denaturation, indicating protein isolate preparation has shown an changing hydrophobic conditions for the insoluble by-product to contain 26-33% pro- residues causing fluorescence. tein, 23-34% fiber, and no detectable gluco- In model systems, {3-lactoglobulin ({3-1g) sinolate, and to possess good nutritional value. denaturation was examined by susceptibility Waste-disposal problems associated with the to proteolysis and by fluorescence spectros- whey-protein by-product was effectively re- copy. {3-Lactoglobulin, thermally denatured duced by bentonite treatment, which allowed at pH 2.5, showed increased rate of hydrolysis recovery of a soluble protein fraction. by pepsin. Changes in fluorescence emission A contract study at Laval University on spectra in I, 2, 4, and 8 M urea were proteolytic products from plant and animal examined. The emission maximum (Amax) proteins as nutritional indicators showed that increased from 334 nm to 349 nm in the casein and animal proteins (controls) gave the presence of 8 M urea. A similar red shift was highest nutritional values. Of rapeseed, soya, not observed with lower concentration of urea and wheat concentrates, rapeseed protein (excitation was at 285 nm). However, inten- concentrate (RPC) had the highest nutri- sity of fluorescence, as indicated by peak tional value and was equal to that of casein. height, decreased with increasing urea con- Autoclaving improved the nutritional value of centration, although width at half height the 2 S plus 11 S fraction of soya but the showed change only with 8 M urea. Heat fractionated proteins had significantly lower denaturation of {3-\g also causes a decrease in value than the unfractionated. Admixtures of peak height and increase in Amax from 333 different plant proteins generally increased nm to 337 nm but no change in width at half the nutritional value above that of the individ- height. The differences in fluorescence behav- ual components, but addition of wheat al- ior between different concentrations of urea bumin - globulin and glutenin to RPC and between urea and heat denaturation of significantly decreased the nutritional value of {3-1g arise from a different degree of unfold- RPC. ing and are consistent with the previously Contracted investigations to study the reported viscosity and optical rotation data. effect of heat processing on canola proteins White bean showed that the precooking and steam-desol- ventization steps decreased the protein solu- Four varieties of white bean were analyzed bility of the meals. for proximate and amino acid composition A contract to evaluate, with rapeseed, a US and air-classified into high-protein and \ow- patent for preparing an oil-protein complex protein fractions. The lipids, o\igosaccharides, (from soybean) was unsuccessful in obtaining and minerals were concentrated in the high- an oil-protein complex from the rapeseed. protein fraction. More than 80% of protein was soluble at pH 7.5. Functional properties Whey protein of the protein were comparable to those of To gain understanding of the differences in other vegetable proteins. The starch from the functionality of whey protein concentrates low-protein fraction contained 30% amylose (WPC) prepared by heating before (heat-UF) and gave torque-temperature curves typical or after (UF-heat) ultrafiltration, proteins of of legume starches. 56 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 PUBLICA nONS Research Ma, C. Y.; Nakai, S. 1980. Chemical modification of carboxyl groups in porcine pepsin. J. Agric. Emmons, D. B.; Lister, E. E.; Beckett, D. c.; Food Chern. 28:834-839. Jenkins, K. J. 1980. Quality of protein in milk replacers for young calves. V. Effect of method Modler, H. W.; Muller, P. G.; Elliot, J. I.; Emmons, of dispersing fat on curd formation and whey D. B. 1980. Economic and technical aspects of syneresis. J. Dairy Sci. 63:417-425. feeding whey to livestock. J. Dairy Sci. 63:838- 855. Emmons, D. B.; Kalab, M.; Larmond, E.; Lowrie, R. J. 1980. Milk gel structure. X. Texture and McKellar, R. c.; Charles, A. M.; Butler, B. J. microstructure in cheddar cheese made from 1980. Some properties of adenylate kinase whole milk and from homogenized low fat from chemolithotrophically grown Thiobacil- milk. J. Texture Stud. II: 15-34. Ius novel/us. Arch. Microbiol. 124:275-284. Harwalkar, V. R. 1980. Measurements of thermal Paquet, A. 1980. Preparation of some long chain denaturation of jJ-Iactoglobulin at pH 2.5. J. N-acyl derivatives of essential amino acids for Dairy Sci. 63:1043-1051. nutritional studies. Can. J. Biochem. 58:573- 576. Harwalkar, V. R. 1980. Kinetics of thermal denatu- ration of jJ-Iactoglobulin at pH 2.5. J. Dairy Paquet, A.; Sarwar, G. 1980. Determination of Sci. 63: I 052-1 057. bioavailability of some long chain N-substi- tuted derivatives of L-methionine and L-Iysine. Harwalkar, V. R.; Kalab, M. 1980. Milk gel Can. J. Biochem. 58:577-580. structure. X I. Electron microscopy of glucano- Paton, D.; Robertson, G. D.; Tibers, G. E.; Spratt, a-lactone-induced skim milk gels. J. Texture W. A. 1980. Laboratory food extrusion- Stud. 11:35-49. design of a horizontally split barrel. J. Food Hidiroglou, M.; Siddiqui, I. R.; Khan, S. U.; Sci. 45:227. Williams, C. J. 1979. Amino acid and glyco- Quinn, J. R.; Raymond, D. P.; Harwalkar, V. R. saminoglycan composition of epiphysical carti- 1980. Differential scanning calorimetry of lage of neonate and osteoporotic lambs. Int. J. meat proteins as affected by processing treat- Vit. ment. J. Food Sci. 45:1146-1149. Holley, R. A.; Millard, G. E. 1980. Sorbic acid Rayan, A. A.; Kalab, M.; Ernstrom, C. A. 1980. determination in dry fermented sausage by Microstructure and rheology of process cheese. ultraviolet spectrophotometry. J. Assoc. Off. Scanning Electron Microsc. III :635-643. Anal. Chern. 63:1332-1335. Sahasrabudhe, M. R.; Mullin, W. J. 1980. Dehy- Jenkins, K. J.; Emmons, D. B. 1979. Effect of fat dration of horseradish roots. J. Food Sci. dispersion method on performance of calves 45: 1440-1443. fed high-fat milk replacers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 59:713-720. Shah, B. G.; Giroux, A.; Belonje, B; Jones, J. D. 1980. Evaluation of rapeseed protein concen- Ju, H.-Y.; Chong, c.; Bible, B; Mullin, W. J. 1980. trate as a source of protein in a zinc supple- Seasonal variation in glucosinolate composition mented diet for young rats. J. Agric. Food of rutabaga and turnip. Can. J. Plant Sci. Chern. 28:36-39. 60:605-612. Siddiqui, I. R. 1980. A convenient procedure for Kalab, M. 1980. Decayed lactic bacteria-a possi- producing gram quantities of brucine L-guluro- ble source of crystallization nuclei in cheese. J. nate and brucine D-manuronate. Carbohydr. Dairy Sci. 63(2):301-304. Res. 80:343-345. Kalab, M. 1980. Possibilities of an electron micro- Sinha, R. P. 1980. Alteration of host specificity to scopic detection of buttermilk made from lytic bacteriophages in Streptoccocus cremo- sweet cream in adulterated skim milk. Scan- sis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:326-332. ning Electron Microsc. I1I:645-652. Sprott, G. D.; McKellar, R. C. 1980. Composition Larmond, E.; Hulan, H. W.; Proudfoot, F. G. 1980. and properties of the cell wall of Methanospi- Cooking characteristics of eating quality of ril/um hungatii. Can. J. Microbiol. 26: I 15- broiler chickens fed squid meal. J. Poult. Sci. 120. 59:2564-2566. Stanley, D. W.; Emmons, D. B.; Modler, H. W.; Ma, C. Y.; Nakai, S. 1980. Carboxyl-modified Irvine, D. M. 1980. Cheddar cheese made with pepsin: Properties and reactions with milk and chicken pepsin. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. caseins. J. Dairy Sci. 63:705-714. J.13:97-102. FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE 57 Wood, P. J. 1980. The interaction of direct dyes Modler, H. W. 1980. Profitability of feeding whey with water soluble substituted cclluloses and to beef cattle. Presented at the Speciality cereal ,B-glucans. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Cheese Seminar, University of Guelph, Dev.19:19-23. Guelph, ant. (I May 1980). Wood, P. J. 1980. Specificity in the interaction of Modler, H. W. 1980. Design features and charac- direct dyes with polysaccharides. Carbohydr. teristics of ultrafiltration equipment commonly Res. 85:271-287. used in North America. Presented at the Canadian Institute of Food Science and Tech- Miscellaneous nology workshop on membrane technology for the food industry, Edmonton, Alta. (May). Beckett, D. c.; McGugan, W. A.; Emmons, D. B.; Nichols, D.; Brackenridge, P. 1979. Denatura- Modler, H. W. 1980. Industrial application of tions of skim milk powder with anise oil. membrane processes. Presented at the Cana- International report to Canadian Dairy Com- dian Institute of Food Science and Technology mission. 79-11-16. workshop on membrane technology for the food industry, Edmonton, Alta. (May). Fulcher, R. G.; Wood, P. J. 1980. Microchemical differentiation of cell wall constituents in Modler, H. W. 1980. Recovery and functional cereals and cereal products. American Associ- properties of ultrafiltered whey protein concen- ation of Cereal Chemists 65th Annual Meet- trate prepared by heating under acidic condi- ing, Chicago, IL. tions. Presented at the American Dairy Sci- ence Association, Blacksburg, VA. (10 June Harwalkar, V. R.; Kalab, M. 1980. Rheological 1980). properties of gels by acidulating skim milk at 0-90°C. J. Dairy Sci. 63(Suppl. 1):50. Modler, H. W. 1980. Using whey for animal feed can lower production costs. Food Can. 40:25. Harwalkar, V. R.; Sibbitt, D. 1980. A study of thermal denaturation of individual proteins in Ooma, B.; Reichert, R. D.; Youngs, C. G. 1979. whey by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J. Sorghum/millet milling and quality. Interna- Dairy Sci. 63(Suppl. 1):48. tional Development Research Centre Project File 3-P-78-0008. Progress report # I (15 Jan. Harwalkar, V. R.; Kalab, M. 1980. Rheological 1979 - 15 Aug. 1979). properties and microstructure of gels made by acidulating skim milk at 0-90°C. J. Dairy Sci. Paquet, A. 1980. Long chain acylamino acids for 63(Suppl.l ):50. potential use as poor quality protein supple- ments. Preparation and biological evaluation. Holley, R. A. 1980. The potential hazard from Paper delivered to the American Chemical botulism in cured meats. 60th Annual Meeting Society, Las Vegas, NV. (24-29 Aug.). Meat Packers Council of Canada, Toronto, ant. (Feb.). Poon, H. H.; Altosaar, I.; Fulcher, R. G; Wood, P. J. 1980. A histochemical study of rapeseed. Jenkins, K. J.; Lessard, J. R; Emmons, D. B. 1980. American Association of Cereal Chemists 65th Improving the curdforming potential of calf Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL. (Sept.). milk replacers. Canadex 401.55 (Aug.). Proudfoot, K. G.; Mullin, W. J. 1979. Glucosinolate Klein, K. K.; Salmon, R. E.; Larmond, E. 1980. A content of rutabaga cultivars. Crucifer Im- computer model for assessing the economic provement Conference, Mount Vernon, W A. value of Candle canola meal in diets for (July). growing turkeys. 6th Progress Report, Re- search on canola seed, oil, meal and meal Rayan, A.; Ernstrom, C. A.; Kalab, M. 1980. fractions. Canola Council of Canada, Winni- Microstructure and rheology of pasteurized peg, Man. Publ. 57:23-26. process cheese. J. Dairy Sci. 63(Suppl. 1):61. Larmond, E.; Salmon, R. E.; Klein, K. K. 1980. Salmon, R. E.; Klein, K. K.; Larmond, E. 1980. Sensory evaluation of turkeys fed diets con- Nutritive value of Candle canola meal in taining Candle canola meal. 6th Progress turkey broiler diets of varying nutrient density. Report, Research on canola seed, oil, meal and 6th Progress Report, Research on canola seed, meal fractions. Canol a Council of Canada, oil, meal and meal fractions. Canola Council of Winnipeg, Man. Publ. 57: I03-1 05. Canada, Winnipeg, Man. Publ. 57: 1922. Ma, C. Y.; Nakai, S. 1980. Identification of vitamin Siddiqui, I. R. 1980. The stability of L-guluronic A degradation products responsible for the acid under decarboxylation and hydrolytic occurrence of hay-like flavor in low-fat milks. conditions. Published by the 10th International 23rd Annual Meeting Canadian Institute of Symposium on carbohydrate chemistry, Syd- Food Science and Technology. ney, Australia (July). Abstract Th 10. 58 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Wood, D. F. 1980. Review of color substitutes for Association of Cereal Chemists 65th Annual nitrite in cured meats. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting, Chicago, 1L.(Sept.). Annual Meeting of Canada Meat Council. Zarkadas, C. G. 1979. New methods for studying Wood, D. F.; Froehlich, D. 1980. The effect of muscular dystrophy and connective tissue dis- electrical stimulation on the sensory and physi- orders. Abstracts of the II th International cal properties of steaks from three grades of Congress of Biochemistry, Toronto, Ont. Canadian beef. Proceedings of a seminar day (July) (refereed conference proceedings). p. on electrical stimulation of beef carcasses. 6SH. Alberta Department of Agriculture, Edmon- ton, Alta. Patents Wood, P. J.; Fulcher, R. G. 1980. Applications of Canadian Patent-Acylation of amino acids 1,084,- the interaction of direct dyes with polysaccha- 586 (2 Sept. 1980). Listed previously as Patent rides, in particular cereal ,8-glucans. American Application, filed 22 Mar. 1977. FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE 59 Land Resource Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF J. S. CLARK, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director J. C. VAN SCHAlK, M.Sc., Ph.D. Deputy Director M. B. TRUDEL Administrative Officer Soil Resource Inventory and Mapping J. H. DAY, B.S.A., M.S.A. Head of Section; Correlation J. L. NOWLAND, B.A., M.Sc. Soil correlation-Eastern J. A. SHIELDS, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil correlation-Great Plains C. T ARNOCAI, B.S.F., M.S. Soil correlation-British Columbia and North Atlantic Soil Survey (Truro) G. J. BEKE, B.S.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Unit F. HENDER, B.Sc. Party leader, Newfoundland P. K. HERINGA, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party leader, Newfoundland D. A. HOLMSTROM, B.S.A. Party leader, Nova Scotia J. I. MACDOUGALL, B.Sc., B.Sc. (Agr.) Party leader, Prince Edward Island K. T. WEBB, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party leader, Nova Scotia R. E. WELLS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader, New Brunswick Quebec Soil Survey (Sainte-Fay) J. M. COSSETTE, B.SC. Head of Unit L. GRENON, B.S.A. Party leader L. LAMONTAGNE, B.Sc. Party leader M. C. NOLIN, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party leader R. SIMARD, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader Ontario Soil Survey (Guelph) C. J. ACTON, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Unit B. H. CAMERON, B.Sc. (Agr.) Party leader R. K. JONES, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party leader E. W. PRESANT, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader G. J. WALL, B.s.A., Ph.D. Party leader LAND RESOURCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 61 Manitoba Soil Survey (Winnipeg) R. E. SMITH, B.S.A., M.Sc. Head of Unit R. EILERS, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader W. R. FRASER, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party leader W. MICHALYNA, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader H. VELDHUIS, lng. Party leader Saskatchewan Soil Survey (Saskatoon) D. F. ACTON, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Unit A. K. BALLANTYNE, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader L. M. KOZAK, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader G. PADBURY, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader H. P. W. ROSTAD, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader W. E. SOUSTER, B.A., B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader H. B. STONEHOUSE, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader Alberta Soil Survey (Edmonton) W. W. PETTAPIECE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Unit G. M. COEN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader A. A. KJEARSGAARD, B.Sc. Party leader T. W. PETERS, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party leader J. TAJEK, Eng. Party leader British Columbia Soil Survey (Vancouver) T. M. LORD, B.S.A. Head of Unit A. J. GREEN, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader D. E. MOON, B.Sc. Party leader K. W. G. VALENTINE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader L. J. P. VAN VLIET, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader Soil Classification J. A. McKEAGUE, B.A., B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Classification e. A. Fox, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Micromorphology J. C. W. KENG, B.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physics structure P. E. M. LEVESQUE, B.S.A., M.sA, Ph.D. Organic soils G. C. Topp, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Physics and water C. WANG, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chemistry G. WILSON, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Le. Engineering Land Use and Evaluation J. DUMANSKI, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section D. R. COOTE, M.S., Ph.D. Degradation J. CULLEY, B.Sc., M.Sc. Water quality R. DEJONG, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Water use B. KLOOSTERMAN, B.S.A., Ph.D. Data system 62 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 K. B. MACDoNALD, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Evaluation K. SWITZER-HowSE, B.Sc. Information Agrometeorology A. R. MACK, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Acting Head of Section; Remote sensing R. L. DEJARDlNS, B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Micrometeorology L. M. DWYER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Agrometeorology S. N. EDEY, B.Sc. Climatology H. N. HAYHOE, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Biomathematics D. W. STEWART, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Micrometeorology Departures W. B. BAIER, Diplomlandwirt, Dr. agr., M.Sc. Head of Agrometeorology Section Seconded to Branch Coordination and Evaluation Directorate, 18 August 1980 C. E. OUELLET, B.A., B.Sc.A., M.Sc. Ecoclimatology Retired 29 December 1980 R. B. STEWART, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Applications Transferred to Regional Development and International Affairs, Crop Production Division, 28 November 1980 VISITING SCIENTIST O. IIZUKA, Ph.D. Soil classification Transfer of work from College of Agriculture, Nikon University, Tokyo, Japan LAND RESOURCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 63 INTRODUCTION The Land Resource Research Institute (LRRI) was established in 1978 to bring together the main professional disciplines involved in agricultural land resource studies in Agriculture Canada. In 1980, the second year of operation for the Institute, activities continued to focus on (1) the assembly and integration of information on land forms, soils, and climate and their interactions relative to the evaluation of land resources for potential agricultural and related uses; (2) the collection and synthesis of information on the seasonal dynamics of weather and its effects on land use and food production; and (3) the undertaking of research as required to meet the needs of the first two functions. Regional programs have been maintained through regional soil survey units working in cooperation with provincial survey agencies. This report briefly outlines the activities and achievements during 1980. Requests for details should be addressed to: Land Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6. J. S. Clark Director INSTITUTE ROLES crop yield potentials and assessing the quality of the land resources of Canada for various The activities of LRRI include research, uses. development, and services related to Canada's land resources. These activities not only Agrometeorological data archive. Agrome- support other research within the Research teorological data and processing services are Branch but also provide information essential provided. to policy and decision making for regional and national levels of governments, educational Crop information system and agroclimatic institutions, and agribusiness. The Institute in resources. Procedures are developed for moni- pursuit of these activities provides leadership toring the areal distribution of growing and is responsible for a number of national conditions and crop production prospects from programs related to land including those meteorological, environmental, remotely outlined below. sensed agroclimatic, and crop statistical data. Agroclimatic resources are assessed as a Soil inventory. Soil mapping is done by means of providing information for efficient LRRI staff in cooperation with provincial and management of agricultural resources. university personnel throughout the nation, and correlation provides quality control on Committees soil maps and reports. Maps are prepared showing the distribution of soils and land LRRI contributes to the integration of capability for various potential uses. land-related activities of Agriculture Canada and other federal and provincial agencies Canada Soil Information System (Can- through participation in a number of commit- SIS). Soil survey, soil management, crop tees. These include: yield, and cartographic data are stored in a • Canada Committee on Land Resource computerized system so as to be available to Services (CCLRS) and the associated users throughout Canada. expert committees Soil taxonomy and interpretations. Im- • Provincial agricultural services coordinat- provements are developed in taxonomic and ing committees and soil survey commit- interpretive soil classification systems through tees research and integration of information from • Canada Committee on Ecological Land many sources. Classification Land evaluation. Soils, climate, agronomic, • Interdepartmental Committee on Land and economic data are being integrated to Use develop improved methodology for predicting • Interdepartmental Committee on Water 64 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 • Geotechnical Committee of the National New Brunswick. The soil report for the Research Council and the Peatland Sub- Richibucto-Rogersville area was revised. The committee draft report and preliminary map for the • Canada Advisory Committee on Remote Sussex project (phase I) was completed and Sensing part of the phase 2 area was mapped. Field • Committee on Great Lakes Water Qual- checking and map compilation was completed ity in the Chipman-Harcourt area. Soils were • Interdepartmental Committee on Air mapped and sampled in the St. John River Surveys. valley area as part of a contribution to the study of soil erosion in the province. The soil report for Madawaska County was published. INSTITUTE PROGRESS AND Quebec. Saint-Hyacinthe County was ACHIEVEMENTS DURING 1980 mapped (1:20 000 scale), and manuscript Soil resource inventory and mapping maps were compiled for the north half. Reconnaissance-intensity mapping was con- The soil resource inventory and mapping ducted in parts of Richelieu County in order program involves personnel of the soil survey to establish the mapping legend for the units throughout Canada and a group at detailed survey to be initiated in 1981. In headquarters of the Land Resource Research addition, 30 observation wells were installed Institute in Ottawa concerned with soil corre- and monitored. lation and cartography. The survey projects are conducted in cooperation with personnel Ontario. The report for the Ottawa urban of provincial agencies according to priorities fringe was published, as was a field manual that are established in the provinces through for describing soils. Mapping was completed consultation and mutual agreements. Many of in Ottawa-Carleton. Checking and correla- the federal soil survey units share offices and tion was completed in Norfolk-Haldimand, other facilities with their provincial counter- and 90% of the mapping was completed in parts. The report that follows includes only Ottawa-Carleton regional municipalities. All the resource inventory and mapping carried interim maps and legends were completed, ou t by the federal soil survey staff. and manuscript reports are being prepared for both areas. Specifications for Niagara and Newfoundland. The introductory sections Durham projects were completed and prepa- of the Gander Lake report, and the soil and rations for fieldwork were initiated, such as capability maps, as well as the manuscript transects of representative landscapes. In report and maps for the Terra Nova develop- addition, half of the Timmins-Rouyn-No- ment area, were completed. The field work in randa report was completed, as well as parts Red Indian Lake - Burgeo was completed. of the Brant report, of the Sudbury legend, The Bonavista report was edited and revised. and of the Sault Ste. Marie - Blind River The Codroy report was published. extended legend. Draft reports for Dryden- Prince Edward Island. Manuscript maps Kenora, Fort Frances - Rainy River, Ville were compiled and the I: 1a 000 maps were Maire - North Bay, and Gogoma sheets were generalized to 1:75 000 for the remainder of completed. Guidelines were established for Prince County, and the preparation of the soil suitability interpretations for tobacco and accompanying soil report is in progress. woodlands, and others are under development Observation wells at five sites were installed for horticultural crops. Methodology was and monitored. developed for interpretation of erosion poten- tial of soils, and Brant County soils were rated Nova Scotia. A high-intensity pilot soil accordingly. A cooperative program with the survey project in Kings County was orga- Ministry of Natural Resources to develop nized; 2400 ha were mapped for land plan- mapping and classification systems suitable ning. Mapping in Pictou County was com- for forestry purposes was further developed; pleted. In addition, the Cape Breton staff was trained, and 250 plots were charac- Development Corporation site near Sydney terized and sampled. was mapped and a draft report compiled. Preliminary photo interpretation was com- Manitoba. Approximately 107 000 ha in 13 pleted for Hants County. Erosion plots and selected areas of southern Manitoba were wells were monitored. resurveyed. This included mostly urbanizing LAND RESOURCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 65 areas, land around small rural townsites, and conducted in prIOrIty areas of Saltspring provincial parks. Reports and maps were Island (part of Gulf Islands phase 2). New published for 14 areas including Ste. Rose du plots were installed to measure erosion losses Lac, Minnewasta, Killarney, Rockwood, in the Peace River area. Soil and wheat Glenboro, Sandy Lake, north shore Lac du suitability maps were submitted to cartogra- Bonnet - Bird River, Paint Lake, Cranberry phy and a draft report was completed for Portage, Beausejour, Matlock-Gimli-River- Basuto and Balangida-Lelu sheets in ton, Dauphin, West Interlake, and organic Tanzania. study areas near Hadashville. Soil landscape Ottawa. Soil correlation studies were con- and physiographic region maps at a scale of ducted in cooperation with regional correla- 1:1 000 000 were compiled. tors in many areas: Valemount, McBride, and Saskatchewan. The manuscript of the south Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands Swift Current report was completed. The (B.C.); selected areas in the Yukon; Melville Hudson Bay - Swan Lake report has pro- area (Sask.); Warner area (Alta.); Portage la gressed to the editing stage. Mapping was Prairie and Morden (Man.); and 16 other conducted on 376 000 ha in the Melville - areas in Eastern Canada. Soil reports were Riding Mountain area, and five preliminary edited for Port au Port, Cormack, Prince rural municipality maps were printed and Edward Island, Bonavista, Iosegun, Hudson distributed in those municipalities. In addi- Bay, Newell. Recommended soil correlation tion, eight maps were compiled. In the procedures were tested; modification of the Battleford area work was conducted to estab- procedures was undertaken. The soil tempera- lish a mapping legend and to compile a pilot ture installation at Inuvik was serviced and a map and report of the distribution in the report on soil temperatures was completed. A region of acid soils for use by extension paper on soil temperatures in northcentral specialists. Monitoring of saline soil and Keewaten was published. Mapping was com- groundwater sites has shown that reclamation pleted in the Firth and Horton rivers area; the of salt-affected soils will be a slow if not map and report compilation is under way. An impossible task with normal agronomic man- outline was completed for a proposed "Man- agement practices. Deep-plowing experiments ual of soil survey procedures." have shown that yield increases are possible. Cartography. Maps completed were: soils Alberta. The report for Newell County was 62, special projects 136, miscellaneous LRRI completed and submitted for publication. The 65, other agencies 87. A total of 93 maps were survey of Warner County is 80% completed; added to the CanSIS system, 82 maps were preliminary soil maps were released to the completed, and 142 derived maps were gener- Irrigation Division of the Alberta Department ated. In addition, 46 maps were completed for of Agriculture. For the Banff-Jasper national the Canada Land Inventory (CLI) and Land parks project the maps and legends were Use Information. An index to soil surveys and completed and submitted for processing. The a soil map color specification book were Yoho National Park biophysical map was published. A change in priorities by Lands submitted for printing; a report is nearly Directorate saw nine maps of a coastal zone completed. A small-scale map of Solonetzic resource folio completed in lieu of CLI maps. soils was completed. Another small-scale map The French edition of Canada's Resource of physiographic areas of the province was Lands Atlas was completed. compiled and amended. Soil classification British Columbia. The Taseko Lakes maps Research of the soil classification section is were completed. Quesnel area soil maps and related to soil inventory and soil interpreta- report are in the process of publication. The tions. It contributes to increased understand- Lac La Hache - Clinton report was pub- ing of soil genesis and behavior and to lished. The Horsefly and Barkerville reports improved classification and interpretations of were compiled. Soil-vegetation relationships soils for various uses. Progress is outlined for were reported for the Cariboo Wetlands and each of the three projects: organic soils, Power River project areas. The Mill-Wood- mineral soils, and soil water-structure. fibre creeks report was completed and submit- ted for editing. Gulf Islands phase 1 maps and Organic soils. A monograph was published interim report were completed. Mapping was on the basic properties of some organic soils 66 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 from Quebec and Ontario. The most useful The Service laboratory analyzed some 3300 properties were identified for differentiation samples (total of some 20 000 determina- and classification of these soils. Greenhouse tions) mainly for the Atlantic Provinces soil studies were completed on the effects of lime survey unit and for projects at LRRI, Ottawa. and copper added to organic soil material on Other clients were the Ottawa Research plant growth and composition, and on peat Station and other federal agencies without decomposition. Grasses grew well on peat facilities for soil analysis. Improvements of limed only to pH 3.6 and subsidence of this methods and organization of the laboratory peat could be reduced by addition of copper. resulted in increased efficiency. Plants grown on the copper-enriched soil were Soil water-structure. Time domain reflec- not excessively enriched in copper. Work at trometry (TOR) was developed further as a the University of Montreal supported by an convenient, versatile technique for measuring Energy, Mines, and Resources grant showed soil water both in the field and in laboratory that the botanical origin of peat materials can experiments. Results showed that the TOR be determined by study of partly decomposed method measures the total quantity of liquid fragments. Five research and two miscella- water regardless of soil type, density, salt neous articles were published on characteri- content, or temperature. A variety of probe zation, subsidence, chemistry, and botany of configurations designed to suit experimental organic soils. requirements were tested and used success- fully in determining soil water in the field and Mineral soils. Results from this project laboratory. The technique is beginning to be contribute to the basic knowledge of Cana- used by several research agencies in both dian soils, and to improved mapping, interpre- Canada and the United States. tation, and classification. The transect method The spatial variability of soil water proper- for assessing the variability of soils was tested ties, such as hydraulic conductivity and further and it is being used by several soil desorption properties, was found to be very survey units to improve the quality of soil large within similar map units in the Ottawa surveys. The pedotechnical system of inter- area. For the soils studied, structure appeared preting soil survey information for engineer- to be the dominant feature determining the ing applications was revised and it is being magnitude of hydraulic conductivity. Rela- tested by three soil survey units. The sensitiv- tionships between soil structure and soil water ity to acid rain of soils in Eastern Canada was properties are being studied at four sites; evaluated, and a map and report were pre- three of these were instrumented for measure- pared. Micromorphological analysis of Cryo- ment of precipitation, water table, water solic soils (shallow permafrost) showed new content, and temperature. Comparisons were microfabric features related to cryoturbation made of measurements of saturated hydraulic (frost churning). Podzolic soils developed in conductivity by three methods, and descrip- situ from granite in New Brunswick were tions were made of macroporosity, micropo- found to contain gibbsite in the horizons least rosity, and structure with a view to relating porosity to hydraulic conductivity. Data of affected by pedogenesis. Energy-dispersive laboratory studies of water flow and retention X-ray analysis was used in determining the in columns of structured soils are being composition of unknown features seen in thin analyzed and related to the data on porosity sections of soils from British Columbia; pyrite and hydraulic conductivity. and sponge spicules were identified in a marine soil. Imogolite, a fibrous, tubular, Land use and evaluation microcrystalline, hydrous aluminum silicate, was identified in the clay fraction of cemented The land use and evaluation program is horizons of some British Columbia soils. directed to the development of new and Eluvial horizons (Ae) of some Gleysolic soils improved systems for integrating and inter- were found to be as markedly depleted of Mn, preting soil climate, landform, agronomic and Co, Ni, and Cu as those of Podzolic soils. A economic data, for evaluating the production total of eight research and five miscellaneous potential of land for various alternate agricul- papers were published on specific topics in the tural uses. Activities and progress within each field of soil characterization, interpretation, of the four projects that make up the program taxonomy, and genesis. are as follows. LAND RESOURCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 67 Canada Soil Information System (Can- soil and climate requirements for economi- SIS). Improvements were made in the com- cally important crops in Canada. puter system for storage and retrieval of soil Resource protection. Bulletins were pre- map data, experimental yield data, and soil pared on land degradation in Canada, land site data. Testing has been completed on some management practices for pollution abate- data base management software packages: ment in the Great Lakes basin, and on the RAPID, EASYTRIEVE, SAS, and effects of pipeline construction on farmland DREAM. These have been adopted for use productivity. A series of scientific papers were and several computer files can now be interro- compiled on agriculture and water quality; gated simultaneously. This constitutes a nitrogen, phosphorus, and liquid manure major development toward a fully opera- runoff to the Great Lakes; and the deteriora- tional, computerized soil information system. tion of Canadian soil resources. Also, two Work is ongoing to convert all existing files to reports on acid rain in Eastern Canada were this system. prepared. New studies were initiated on Computerized procedures have been com- unlined manure-storage, phosphorus and ni- pleted for logging soil maps through the trate leaching through tile drains, and soil system, a routine was developed to plot erodibility. unedited map data, and analyses were com- pleted to accommodate the input for very Land use and socioeconomic evaluation. A large soil maps. Two papers were prepared report describing Canadian crop production dealing with procedures for producing derived potentials for spring wheat, corn, potato, maps and the development of computerized soybean, and phaseolus bean has been pub- extended legends. A report was published lished, using results compiled from a com- describing a standard computerized format puterized national land potential data base. for polygon data exchange between large Work is ongoing to prepare a user's manual geographic information systems. for the data base so as to make these data available through remote terminals in all A standardized output has been developed regions in Canada. Agricultural land use for the performance/ management file, and a systems maps have been published for the software package that plots the geographic Ottawa-Carleton area; similar maps for the location of data stored in various files was Melville region, Saskatchewan, are being instituted. The Soil Names and Atlantic prepared. The Niagara agricultural land use Daily files were revised. The soil, wildlife, and survey has been completed, and maps are vegetation data files maintained for Parks being prepared. A report entitled "Impacts of Canada were improved. energy supplies on land needs for agriculture Procedures have been developed to initiate in Ontario" has been prepared by the Univer- standard requests (output) through remote sity of Guelph land evaluation research team. terminals. A general user's manual describing This is the first of a series of reports that will all required commands is being drafted, and be prepared by the team. training procedures are being developed for new nonspecialist users. These procedures will AGROMETEOROLOGY make CanS IS available to all users Agrometeorology is concerned with the throughout Canada. interaction of hydrometeorological factors and soils as they affect agriculture and food Crop production potentials. A special supply. Discovery and definition of these paper on spring wheat production potentials relationships and application of this informa- was prepared for the Prairie Production tion toward more effective land use and crop Symposium. Experimental and actual crop production are of primary concern. Progress yield data contained in CanSIS were used to reported for 1980 is as follows. calculate cr yield potentials for Ontario. Equations for predicting soil physical proper- Applications. The Soil Moisture Evaluation ties were assessed for regional application. Project (SMEP) was used for the preparation Agroclimatic maps for the Great Plains were of a number of special reports relative to the completed (I: I 000 000) and these are cur- 1980 drought in Western Canada. Documen- rently being evaluated. A bulletin on lime tation of the Versatile Soil Moisture Budget requirements for soils was prepared. Work is was completed and a scientific paper pub- in progress to produce a manual describing lished. A climatic analysis was made of data 68 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 from nine stations in northern Ontario. Two was completed. This study utilized survival technical reports were prepared relative to conditions at 43 locations for over 10 years. fieldwork days in Canada and the weather Twenty-two new maps for inclusion in the risk in harvesting hay. Data processing sup- Agroclimatic Atlas were completed. They port was provided to a number of projects to involved mean soil temperatures at various include soil moisture, grasshopper prediction, depths for all of Canada and mean dates when soil temperature, yield prediction, and crop- soil tempertures at 20 cm rise or fall below weather modeling. Progress was made in O°C in Eastern Canada. The climatic normals developing an interactive computer-ased agro- from 1941 to 1970 for the prairies are now meteorological information service for on-line available for: a) mapping the weather deficit usage in Agriculture Canada's AGNET (irrigation requirements) at the 50% probabil- system. ity for each of four soil texture classes; b) mapping the Aridity Indices for annual spring Crop information. Yield estimates for wheat production for four soil texture classes. wheat, barley, and oats for the crop districts Crop-weather analyses. The exchange of in Western Canada were provided in 1980 on CO, and water vapor with the adjacent a weekly basis from May to 31 July 1980 to atmosphere over a corn crop were measured the Commodity Markets Analyses Division, using the eddy-correlation technique for Marketing and Economics Branch (formerly developing a system to evaluate absorption of Production and Marketing Branch). Produc- CO, and transpiration of water from a crop. tion estimates in July based on derived yields Measurements were made on site for small and estimated hectarage agreed well with the areas and on board an aircraft for larger final harvest estimates provided by Statistics areas. Supplementary measurements were Canada in November. Landsat imagery of made to compare CO, and water exchange major wheat growing areas was obtained to with growth rates and growing conditions estimate cereal production. Microwave imag- (leaf area index, yield, temperature, soil ery was acquired at the Central Experimental moisture, and biomass). Farm and Guelph radar test sites under the Spectral measurements using a data Interdepartmental Sursat Program to evalu- processing system were made on several crops ate its suitability for analytical all-weather and crop densities in order to obtain a rapid crop assessment. measurement of leaf area index. A laboratory The soil moisture estimation component of version of a microprocessor-based system for a wheat yield model was improved by testing measuring soil moisture was completed and a statistical procedures to simulate soil water report on the description of the unit was uptake by plant roots, taking into account root written. density. A site was set up at the Central Water extraction patterns were obtained Experimental Farm to obtain measurements under several soil textures and environmental related to latent heat and frost depth to growing conditions for application in testing provide data for modeling soil temperatures an evapotranspiration model to clarify for snow-covered and snow-free areas. changes in leaf water potential with respect to atmospheric and soil water conditions. Agroclimatic resources. Computer map- Scientific and technical papers were also ping of various agroclimatic variables for the published on overwintering of nursery plants Canadian Great Plains was carried out. The in containers, on litter decomposition, on climatic data was mapped at a scale nonlinear least square analysis, and on de- I: I 000 000 for the Great Plains Region (18 scription of an open-path CO, analyzer that sheets). A model for assessing general winter will be used to measure the rate of growth of survival conditions for alfalfa across Canada crops directly. LAND RESOURCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 69 PUBLICA nONS Research Levesque, M.; Dinel, H.; Marcoux, R. 1980. Evalu- ation des criteres de differenciation pour la Achuff, P.; Coen, G. M. 1980. Subalpine Cryosolic classification de 92 materiaux tourbeux du soils in Banff and Jasper national parks. Can. Quebec et de I'Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci. J. Soil Sci. 60(3):579-582. 60:4 79-486. Ballantyne, A. K. 1980. Ameliorating effect of Mack, A. R.; Brach, E. J.; Rao, V. R. 1980. dolomite on soils that had received heavy Changes in spectral characteristics of cereal applications of potassium refinery dust. Can. J. crops with physiological development. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:23-29. Plant Sci. 60:411-417. Ballantyne, A. K.; Anderson, D. W.; Stonehouse, Mathur, S. P.; Levesque, M. 1980. Relationship H. B. 1980. Problems associated with extract- between acid phosphatase activities and de- ing Fe and Al from Saskatchewan soils by composition rate of twenty-two virgin peat pyrophosphate and low speed centrifugation. materials. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:141-143. 11 :151-162. Coote, D.; Hore, F. R. 1979. Contamination of McKeague, J. A.; Guertin, R. K.; Valentine, K. W. shallow groundwater by an unpaved feedlot. G.; Belisle, J.; Bourbeau, G. A.; Howell, A.; Can. J. Soil Sci. 59:401-412. Michalyna, W.; Hopkins, L.; Page, F.; Bres- son, L. M. 1980. Estimating illuvial clay in Dejong, R.; Shaykewich, C. F.; Reimer, A. 1980. soils by micromorphology. Soil Sci. 129:386- The calculation of the net radiation flux. Arch. 388. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol. Ser. B 28:353-363. McKeague, J. A.; Protz, R. 1980. Cement of duric horizons, micromorphology and energy disper- Dejong, R.; Shaykewich, C. F.; Reimer, A. 1980. sive analysis. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:45-52. The net radiation flux and its prediction at McKeague, J. A.; Shcldrick, B. H. 1980. Micro- Pinawa, Manitoba. Agric. Meteorol. 22:217. morphology and energy dispersive X-ray anal- 225. ysis of features of a soil from Vancouver Desjardins, R. L.; Chong, C. 1980. Unheated Island. Soil Sci. 130:258-263. environments for overwintering nursery plants McKeague, J. A.; Wang, C. 1980. Micromorphol- in containers. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:895-902. ogy and energy dispersive analysis of ortstein Desjardins, R. L.; Ouellet, C. E. 1980. Detcrmina- horizons of Podzolic soils from New Brunswick tion of the importance of various phases of and Nova Scotia, Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. wheat growth on final yield. Agric. Meteorol. 60:9-21. J. 22: 129-136. McKeague, J. A.; Wolynetz, M. S. 1980. Back- ground levels of minor elcments in somc Dumanski, J.; Marshall, I. B.; Huffman, E. C. Canadian soils. Geoderma 24:299-307. 1979. Soil capability analysis for regional land use planning-a study of the Ottawa urban Morita, H.; Levesque, M. 1980. Monosaccharide fringe. Can. J. Soil Sci. 59:363-379. composition of peat fractions based on particle size. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:285-289. Dumanski, J.; Pawluk, S.; Vucetich, C. G.; Lindsay, J. D. 1980. Pedogenesis and tephrochronology Morita, H.; Levesque, M.; Mills, G. F. 1980. The of loess derived soils, Hinton, Alberta. Can. J. deoxy-sugars and other neutral monosaccha- Earth Sci. 17:52-59. rides derived from Riverton Manitoba organic soil profiles. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:211-217. Dyer, J. A.; Baier, W. 1979. An index for soil moisture drying patterns. Can. Agric. Eng. Tarnocai, C. 1980. Summer temperatures of Cryo- 21:117-118. solic soils in the northcentral Keewaten, N.W.T. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:311-327. Dyer, J. A.; Baier, W. 1979. Weather-based estima- tion of field workdays in fall. Can. Agric. Eng. Tinker, R. W.; Brach, E. J.; LaCroix, L. J.; Mack, 21 :119-122. A. R.; Oushinsky, G. 1979. Classification of land use and crop maturity, types and diseases Dyer, J. A.; Baier, W. 1980. The influencc of zones status by remote reflectance measurements. in budgeting plant available soil moisture. Can. Agron. J. 71:992-1000. Agric. Eng. 22:65-70. Topp, G. c.; Davis, J. L.; Annan, E. P. 1980. Hayhoe, H. N. 1980. Calculation of workday Electromagnetic determination of soil water probabilities by accumulation ovcr subperiods. content: Measurements in coaxial transmission Can. Agric. Eng. 22:71-75. lines. Water Resour. Res. 16:574-582. 70 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 ,r""''''''-'~'",'''''~ Topp, G. c.; Zebchuk, W. D.; Dumanski, J. 1980. Brennan, V.; Buchanan, J.; MacDonald, K. B. The variation of in situ mcasured soil water 1980. Spatial display plot package, use manual properties within soil map units. Can. Soil Sci. and examples. Internal Report. II pp. 60:497-509. British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture. 1979. Valentine, K. W. G.; Chang, D. 1980. Map units in Soil erosion in British Columbia Peace River controlled and uncontrolled legends on some region. Van Vliet, L. J. P., in cooperation with Canadian soil maps. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:51 1- the Peace River Soil Conservation Committee. 516. Chagarlamudi, P.; Schubert, J. S.; Mack, A. R. 1980. Mapping growing conditions of crops Valentine, K. W. G.; Fladmark, K. R.; Spurling, B. from Landsat data. 1980 Machine Processing E. 1980. The description, chronology and of Remotely Sensed Data Symposium. Purdue correlation of buried soils and cultural layers in University (abstract). p. 121 a terrace section, Peace River Valley, British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60: 185-197. Coote, D. R., editor. 1980. CANCID Newsletter, Canadian National Committee on Irrigation Van Vliet, L. J. P.; Mackintosh, E. E.; Hoffman, D. and and Drainage, Agriculture Canada. No. W. 1979. Effects of land capability on apple 15, July. II pp. production in Southern Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci. 59:163-175. Coote, D. R. 1980. Agriculture and water quality in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin/L'Agricul- Van Vliet, L. J. P.; Wall, G. J. 1979. Comparison of ture et la qualite de I'eau dans Ie bassin des predicted and measured sheet and rill erosion Grands Lacs. Can. Agric. 25( I):3-6/7-11. losses in Southern Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci. 59:211-213. Coote, D. R. 1980. Soil degradation in Canada: Assessment of location and extent. Minutes Wang, c.; Rees, H. W. 1980. Characteristics and 2nd Annual Meeting Expert Committee Soil classification of noncemented sandy soils in Survey, Ottawa, Ont., Land Resource Re- New Brunswick. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:71-81. search Institute, Agriculture Canada. pp. 301- 303. Miscellaneous Coote, D. R. 1980. The deterioration of agricultural Acton, D. J. 1980. Nonagronomic soil interpreta- land. Agrologist 9( 4): 12-14. tions. Minutes 2nd Annual Meeting Expert Crown P. H.; Mack, A. R. 1979. Proceedings 8th Committee Soil Survey, Ottawa, Ont., Land Meeting Agriculture Working Group of the Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Canadian Advisory Committee on Remote Canada. pp. 112-127. Scnsing. Nova Scotia Land Survey Institute, Lawrencetown, N.S. 86 pp. Acton, D. F.; Dumanski, J.; Stewart, R. B. 1980. Land resources of the Prairie Provinces for Day, J. H. 1980. Establishment of terms of refer- grain production. Prairie Production Sympo- ence for survey projects. Minutes 2nd Annual sium, Canadian Wheat Board Advisory Meeting Expert Committee Soil Survey, Ot- Committee. tawa, Ont., Land Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. pp. 148-155. Acton, D. F.; Padbury, G. A.; Kraft, S. 1980. A multicategorical classification of agricultural Day, J. H. 1980. Minutes 2nd Annual Meeting land in Saskatchewan: A base for land evalua- Expert Committee Soil Survey, Ottawa, Ont., tion. Minutes 2nd Annual Meeting Expert Land Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Committee Soil Survey, Ottawa, Ont., Land Canada. 305 pp. Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Desjardins, R. L.; Stewart, D. W.; Dwyer, L. M. Canada. pp. 266-292. 1980. Crop-weather analysis-Objective and Baier, W. 1979. Planning for the future in agricul- methodology. Agronomy Abstracts, American tural meteorology. World Meteorol. Org. Bull. Society of Agronomy. 10 pp. 29( I ):21-23. Dumanski, J. 1980. The agricultural land resource. Agrologist 9(5): 15-17. Baier, W.; Mack, A. R.; Shields, J. A. 1979. Crop information systems. Minutes Ist Annual Dumanski, J.; Stewart, R. B. 1980. Crop produc- Meeting Expert Committee Soil Survey, Ot- tion potentials for land evaluation in Canada. tawa, Ont., Land Resource Research Institute, Land Resource Research Institute Technical Agriculture Canada. pp. 50-60. Bulletin, Agriculture Canada. 79 pp. Belisle, J. 1980. Field manual for describing soils. Dyer, J. A. 1980. Fall field workdays in Canada. Ontario Institute Pedology, University of Agrometerology Section, Research Branch, Guelph, Guelph, Ont. Agriculture Canada. Tech. Bull. 92. 60 pp. LAND RESOURCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 71 Dyer, J. A. 1980. Weather risks for harvesting hay Hayhoe, H. N. 1980. Mathematical model of plant at selected sites in Canada. Agrometeorology root systems and soil-water uptake. Proceed- Section, Research Branch, Agriculture ings 2nd International Conference Mathemati- Canada. Tech. Bull. 91. 66 pp. cal Modelling. pp.937-946. Dyer, J. A.; Baier, W. 1980. Weather and farm Hayhoe, H. N. Solar radiation and sunshine dura- field work. Can. Agric. 25( I ):26-28. tion relationship. Agric. Can. Misc. Rep. 20. Dwyer, L. M.; Desjardins, R. L; Stewart, D. W. Hayhoe, H. N.; Sharp, W. R. 1980. Markov chain 1980. Biological observations in a corn field. probability modelling computer program. Agrometeorology Section, Research Branch, Agrometeorology Section, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Misc. Bull. 16.22 pp. Agriculture Canada. Tech. Bull. 89. 58 pp. Dwyer, L. M.; Desjardins, R. L.; Stewart, D. W. 1980. Meteorological factors influencing a corn Hopkins, L.; Smith, R. E. 1980. Organic soil study crop. Agrometeorology Section, Research of the Hadashville area. Canada-Manitoba Branch, Agriculture Canada. Misc. Bull. 17. Soil Survey, Department of Soil Science, 33 pp. University of Manitoba. Rep. No. D38. Eilers, R. G. 1980. Status of soil salinity research in Keng, J. C. W.; Lin, C. 1980. Two straight line Manitoba. Presentation to Saskatchewan Soil approximation of hydraulic conductivity - Salinity Workshop NO.8, 20 Feb. 1980. pressure head function in structured soils. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. Titles and abstracts, Annual Meeting Cana- dian Society of Soil Science, Edmonton, Alta. Eilers, R. G.; Halstead, B. E. 1980. Soils of the pp. 15, 16. Dauphin Area. Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey Report No. D34, Department of Soil Science, Kozak, L. M. 1980. The soils of the Swift Current University of Manitoba. sewage effluent irrigation research project. Energy, Mines, and Resources. 1979. Standard Saskatchewan Institute of Pedology. No. M52. format for the transfer of geocoded informa- tion in spatial data polygon files. Canada Langmaid, K. K.; MacMillan, J. K.; Losier, J. G. Council on Remote Sensing. Prepared by the 1980. Soils of Madawaska County, New Interdepartmental Spatial Data Transfer Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Committee. Canada Centre for Remote Sens- Agriculture and Rural Development, Box ing, Ottawa, Ont. Res. Rep. 79-3. 63 pp. 6000, Fredericton, N.B. Fraser, W. R.; Veldhuis, H.; Mills, G. F. 1980. Levesque, M. 1980. Report on organic soil condi- Soils of the Bird River - North Shore Lac du tioners prepared from mixed wood bark. Sub- Bonnet Area. Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, mitted to Domtar Co. in Cornwall, Ont. Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba. Soils Rep. Nos. D29 and D30. 50 Levesque, M.; Mathur, S. P. 1980. Uptake of pp. and map. copper by oats grown on a muck soil containing high level of Cu, and on mixtures of the muck Fraser, W. R.; Veldhuis, H.; Mills, G. F. 1980. with various mineral sublayers. 1980 Meeting Whiteshell project-Preliminary maps, legend, Ontario Vegetable Research Committee and interpretations. Canada-Manitoba Soil (Dec.). Survey, Department of Soil Science, Univer- sity of Manitoba. Rep. No. D40. Levesque, M.; Morita, H.; Schnitzer, M.; Mathur, S. P. 1980. The physical, chemical, and mor- Garron, L. 1980. Status of the operational yield phological features of some Quebec and On- model used in forecasting cereal crop yields for tario peats. Land Resource Research Institute, the Canadian prairies. Agrometeorology Sec- Agriculture Canada. Publ. 62. 70 pp. tion, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Internal Rep. 38. 20 pp. MacDonald, K. B. 1980. Development of basic Geib, P. c.; Crown, P. H.; Mack, A. R. 1980. levels of output from the soil performance and Bibliography on application of remote sensing management. File of CanS IS. Minutes 2nd and aerial photography to agricultural crops, Annual Meeting Expert Committee Soil Sur- soil resource and land use. Supplement to vey, Ottawa, Ont., Land Resource Research 1978. Agrometeorology Section, Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. pp. 294-300. Branch, Agriculture Canada. 130 pp. MacDonald, K. B.; Leuty, R. 1980. Map interpre- Halstead, R. L.; Dumanski, J. 1980. A strategy for tations and computerized extended legends. agricultural land resource research for Minutes 2nd Annual Meeting Expert Commit- Canada. Special Publication Canadian Com- tee Soil Survey, Ottawa, Ont., Land Resource mittee Land Resource Service, Agriculture Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. pp. Canada. 31 pp. 255-264. 72 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 IP'- f Mack, A. R. 1980. Operational applications for Agriculture. NCR.59 Technical Committee on analysis of agricultural crops and cultural Soil Organic Matter. Ottawa, Ont. practices. Proceedings 6th Canadian Sympo- sium Remote Sensing, Halifax, N.S. 5 pp. McKeague, J. A. 1980. Checking the composition of soil nodules by SEM-EDXRA. Agron. Mack, A. R. 1980. Remote sensing data-system Abstr. 193. developments in Agriculture: Selected highlights by Agriculture Canada. Presented McKeague, J. A. 1980. Citation classic. Curr. to the Federal-Provincial Committee Agric. Contents 11(16):14. Stat. (Mar.). Agrometeorology Section, Re- search Branch, Agriculture Canada. Internal McKeague, J. A. 1979. Taxonomic classification. Rep. 15.21 pp. Minutes 1st Annual Meeting Expert Commit- tee Soil Survey, Ottawa, Ont., Land Resource Mack, A. R. 1979. Report on the Working Group Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. pp. on Agriculture. The 1979 Report of the Cana- 33-37. dian Advisory Committee on Remote Sensing. Energy, Mines, and Resources. Sect. 5.1. 7 pp. McKeague, J. A.; Tarnocai, c.; Nowland, J. L.; Wang, Dumanski, J.; Shields, J. A. 1980. Mack, A. R. 1980. Use of land resource and c.; Letter to the editor. Can. Geogr. 24(2): 195. meteorological satellite data for agriculture. Review paper presented at Atmospheric En- Michalyna, W. 1980. Soil criteria and water quality vironment Service Workshop on Agmet, Uni- for evaluating irrigation suitability in Mani- versity of Guelph. Internal Rep. 37. 32 pp. toba. Proceedings Manitoba Agronomists An- Mack, A. R.; Garron, L. H. 1979. Summary of the nual Conference, University of Manitoba (lO- 1977-78 contracts for research into the devel- 1I Dec.). opment of a crop information system. Report I. Agrometeorology Section, Research Branch, Michalyna, W. 1980. Soils of the Glenboro area Agriculture Canada. Misc. Bull. 13.27 pp. and interpretations for agriculture, engineering and recreation uses. Canada-Manitoba Soil Mack, A. R.; Halstead, R. L. 1980. Remote sensing Survey, Department of Soil Science, Univer- developments in agriculture in Canada. A sity of Manitoba. Rep. No. D24. review paper prepared for Tripartite (UK, USA, Canada) discussions on research in Michalyna, W. 1980. Use and management inter- agriculture. Agriculture Canada. 40 pp. pretations of soil survey information. Paper presented at Soil, Land Use and Soil Classifi- Mack, A. R.; King, G. J. 1979. Improving Cana- cation Seminar, Agriculture Extension Center, dian information on world crop statistics. The Brandon, Man. (II Dec.). crop information system based on remotely sensed and weather data. A summary of Michalyna, W.; Holmstrom, D. 1980. Soils of the presentations made at a seminar on the Crop Killarney study area. Canada-Manitoba Soil Information System-A review. King, G. J., Survey, Department of Soil Science, Univer- ed. Commodity Market Analysis Division, sity of Manitoba. Rep. No. D22. Policy, Planning, and Economics Branch, Agri- culture Canada. 144 pp. Michalyna, W.; Holmstrom, D. 1980. Soils of the Sandy Lake area. Canada-Manitoba Soil Sur- Mack, A. R.; Shields, J. A. 1979. Thematic digital vey, Department of Soil Science, University of terrain maps (DTM) for crop classification Manitoba. Rep. No. D25. analysis of Landsat data. Proceedings Seminar Digital Terrain Modcls, University of Guelph Michalyna, W.; Podolsky, G. 1980. Soils of the (5-7 Oct.), Guelph, Ont. Tech. Rep. 126-50- Matlock-Gimli-Riverton area. Canada-Mani- 1980. pp. 91-96. toba Soil Survey, Department of Soil Science, Marshall, I. B.; Dumanski, J.; Huffman, E. c.; University of Manitoba. Rep. No. D23. Lajoie, P. G. 1979. Soils, capability and land use in the Ottawa urban fringe. Ontario Minis- Nowland, J. L. 1980. Correlog.: A correlation try Agriculture and Food, Toronto, Ont. On- record. Minutes 2nd Annual Meeting Expert tario Soil Survey Rep. No. 47, 59 pp. (plus Committee Soil Survey, Ottawa, Ont., Land microfiche, three maps, and a land use report). Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. pp. 166-196. Mathur, S. P.; Levesque, M.; Preston, C. M.; Millette, J. A. 1980. Recent progress on Nowland, J. L. 1980. Restoration of urban water investigations of the possible use of moderate bodies. Report to the Subcommittee on Urban amounts of copper for mitigating the excess Terrain Problems, Associate Committee on decomposition and subsidence of some histo- Geotechnical Research, National Research sols. 1980 meeting of the U.S. Department of Council. LAND RESOURCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 73 Nowland, J. L. 1980. Soils and on-site sewage Tarnocai, C. 1980. Report of the subcommittee on systems. Contribution to course on Environ- soil classification. Minutes 2nd Annual Meet- mental Hygiene for the Public Health Inspec- ing Expert Committee Soil Survey, Ottawa, tor, St. John's, Nfld., conducted by Institute of Ont., Land Resource Research Institute, Agri- Public Affairs, Dalhousie University. culture Canada. pp. 68-72. Nowland, J. L. 1980. Soils water regime classifica- Tarnocai, C. 1979. Soil resource inventories: their tion 1980. Minutes 2nd Annual Meeting Ex- methods, approaches and interpretations. Pro- pert Committee Soil Survey, Ottawa, Ont., ceedings Resource Inventory Workshop, Yu- Land Resource Research Institute, Agriculture kon Territory. pp. 111-118. Canada. pp. 36-56. Tarnocai, C. 1980. Soil temperatures of the Inuvik Presant, E. W.; Young, R. I. 1980. Soil map of area area, N.W.T. An interim report. Land Re- annexed by Waterloo Region from Hamilton- source Research Institute, Agriculture Wentworth region. Ontario Ministry Agricul- Canada. 35 pp. ture and Food, Toronto, Ont. Tarnocai, c.; Zoltai, S. C. 1978. Soils of the Northern Canadian peatlands: their charac- Schubert, J.; Shields, J. A.; Chagarlamudi, P.; teristics and stability. Proceedings 5th North Mack, A. R. 1980. Stratification of Landsat American Forest Soils Conference. Young- data by uniform productivity of soils. Machine berg, C. T., ed. pp. 433-448. processing of remotely sensed data and soil survey systems. Buroff, P. G.; Morrison, P. B., Valentine, K., chairman. 1979. Mapping Systems eds. Purdue University. Working Group. A proposed soil mapping system for Canada. Report submitted to Shields, J. A. 1980. Proposed framework for corre- Canada Expert Committee on Soil Survey, lation procedures in Canada. Minutes 2nd Ottawa, Ont., Land Resource Research Insti- Annual Meeting Expert Committee Soil Sur- tute, Agriculture Canada. 60 pp. vey, Ottawa, Ont., Land Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. pp. 156-165. Valentine, K. W. G.; Schori, A. 1980. Soils of the Lac la Hache - Clinton area, British Colum- Shields, J. A.; Goodfellow, C. 1980. Temporal bia. British Columbia Soil Survey, Research analysis of Landsat data for land use mapping. Branch, Agriculture Canada. Rep. No. 25. 118 Machine processing of remotely sensed data pp. (plus soil map and microfiche). and soil survey systems. Burroff, P. G.; Morri- son, P. B. eds. Purdue University. Van Vliet, L. J. P.; Brierley, A.; Green, A. J. 1980. Soils of Valdes, Thetis, Galiano Islands. Soil Shields, J. A.; Sly, W. K. 1980. Aridity indices maps and extended legends. Part of resource derived from soil and climatic parameters. I. folio for Gulf Islands. Terrestrial Studies Perennial crops. Land Resource Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of the Institute, Agriculture Canada. Environment, Victoria, B.C. Sonzogni, W. c.; Chesters, G.; Coote, D. R.; Jeffs, Veldhuis, H. 1980. Soils of the Cranberry-Portage D. N.; Konrad, J. c.; Ostry, R. c.; Robinson, Provincial Park camping area. Canada-Mani- J. B. 1980. Pollution from land runoff. J. toba Soil Survey, Department of Soil Science, Environ. Sci. Tech. 14(2): 148-153. University of Manitoba. Soil Rep. No. D33. Veldhuis, H. 1980. Soils of the Paint Lake Provin- Stewart, D. W. 1980. Using a non-linear least cial Recreational Park. Canada-Manitoba Soil squares method to analyze yield data. The Survey, Department of Soil Science, Univer- program and abstracts of Workshop on crop sity of Manitoba. Soil Rep. No. D32. simulation (4-6 MaL) (abstract). Veldhuis, H. 1980. Soil and vegetation sequences in Stewart, D. W.; Desjardins, R. L.; Dwyer, L. M. the Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T. Proceedings 1980. The crop-weather analysis project objec- 24th Annual Manitoba Soil Science Meeting, tives and methodology. Agrometeorology Sec- University of Manitoba (3-4 Dec.). tion, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Misc. Bull. 18. 10 pp. Wall, G. J.; Dickinson, W. T. 1980. Quantification of soil erosion interpretations for soil resource Tarnocai, C. 1980. Book review: Forest soils- inventories. Minutes 2nd Annual Meeting properties and processes. Armson, K. A. Can. Expert Committee Soil Survey, Ottawa, Ont., Field-Nat. 94:357. Land Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. pp. 134-145. Tarnocai, C. 1980. Canadian wetland registry. Proceedings of a Workshop on Canadian Wet- Wall, G. J.; Dickinson, W. T.; van Vliet, L. J. P. lands. Rubec, C. D. A.; Pollet, F. c., compilers 1979. Agricultural sources of fluvial suspended and editors. Environment Canada, Ecological sediments. Prog. Water Technol. J. II (6):481- Land Classification Series. 12:9-38. 499. LRRII12M 74 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Walmsley, M.; Utzig, G.; Void, T.; Moon, D.; van Wilson, G. 1980. Pedotechnical interpretations for Barneveld, J., editors. 1980. Describing ecosys- soil survey. Minutes 2nd Annual Meeting tems in the field. Resource Analysis Branch, Expert Committee Soil Survey, Ottawa, Ont., Assessment and Planning Division, British Land Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Columbia Ministry of the Environment, Victo- Canada. pp. 146-147. ria, B.C. Technical Paper 2. pp. 223. Wilson, G. 1980. Plants are programmed for Wang, C. 1980. Quantitative approach in soil engineering sense. Ag-Rapport (July-Aug.) mapping. Can. Agric. 25(3): 18-19. Wang, C. 1980. Transect method and its applica- tions. Minutes 2nd Annual Meeting Expert Committee Soil Survey, Ottawa, Ont., Land Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. pp. 197-212. LAND RESOURCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 75 Research Program Service Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF Administration R. TROTTIER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director D. W. FRIEL Administration and Awards W. A. FETTES Branch liaison Graphics C. N. HALCHUK Art and design W. G. WILSON Photography Scientific Information Retrieval P. BEAUCHAMP,B.Sc., M.Sc. Herbicides J. S. KELLEHER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biological control H. S. KREHM, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Fungicides and insecticides C. D. LAING, B.Sc., M.Sc. Inventory Scientific Editing/Text Processing J. A. PERRIN, B.Sc. Head of Section D. M. ARCHIBALD,B.A. Editing S. M. BALCHIN Editing M. M. ELLIS Text processing N. ROUSSEAU, B.A., M.A. Editing S. M. RUDNITSKI, B.Sc. Editing F. SMITH, B.A. Editing A. THOMASSIN,B.A., B.A. (Geog.) Editing J. M. TOMLINSON,B.A., M.A. Editing RESEARCH PROGRAM SERVICE 77 Departures Y. DUPONT, B.A. Editing Resigned December 1980 J. H. FORD Systems Resigned April 1980 H. R. JACKSON Head of Graphics Section Deceased May 1980 C. R. WOOD, B.S.A., M.Sc., B.D. Editing Retired February 1980 78 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION In support of research and development in the Branch, Research Program Service provides a wide range of scientific information, technical, and publication services. In 1980, the Scientific Information Retrieval Section continued to maintain the computerized Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Research (ICAR) and compiled an inventory of pesticide research (author, pesticide, hosts, and pests). The minor use of pesticides program was streamlined and a circular was released in collaboration with the Pesticides Section of Food Production and Inspection Branch. The 1980 Pesticide Research Report was published, as were four issues of the Pesticide Information newsletter. News of happenings in the Research Branch was circulated to all staff members in ten issues of Tableau in 1980, including a tenth anniversary issue. Also, three numbers in Volume 60 of the Canadian Plant Disease Survey were issued. Several scientific visits to and from Canada were coordinated, and the Canada-France exchange program was administered. The programs for operating grants, extramural research grants, and visiting fellowships were also administered. A folder describing the services available from Research Program Service was issued and distributed to all research establishments in October. We were deeply saddened in May by the sudden death of Ross Jackson, Head of the Graphics Section. Ross's never-failing good humor along with his sound administrative and technical advice have been sorely missed. This report is a summary of activities during 1980. Detailed information may be obtained by writing to: Director, Research Program Service, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6. Robert Trottier Director AWARDS AND BRANCH LIAISON The VISitIng fellowships program gives promising young scientists, from all over the Research Program Service continued to world, the opportunity to work with administer the extramural research grants, distinguished researchers in their respective operating grants, visiting fellowships, and fields before embarking on careers in scientific scientific exchange programs during 1980. research. The program is administered by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Under the extramural research grants Council on behalf of Canadian government program, specific research projects are solic- departments and agencies. Research Program ited from university scientists to augment Service acts as liaison between the Council current research programs. The program is and Agriculture Canada. In 1980, there were the responsibility of a departmental commit- 179 applications for fellowships in this depart- tee appointed by the Deputy Minister. In ment. 1980, a total of 73 applications were received. A total of 31 delegations visited Canada during the past year: eleven from France, five from the People's Republic of China, three Operating grants are awarded to individual from Romania, two from Australia, and one researchers at Canadian universities as contri- each from Peru, Zimbabwe, Japan, Rwanda, butions toward the costs of proposed research Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Britain, Denmark, Chile, projects that will be of value to the agricul- Zaire, and the USSR. Two delegations went tural industry. The selection committee con- from Canada; one to Ethiopia and one to sists of three representatives from Agriculture Morocco, Spain, Portugal, and the Canary Canada and seven from faculties of agricul- Islands. ture and veterinary science. In 1980, the Ten issues of Tableau were published, committee received 262 applications. including a tenth anniversary issue. RESEARCH PROGRAM SERVICE 79 GRAPHICS sent to research establishments; 15 parasite species totaling 12 407 insects were sent to A wide variety of services in research eight provinces for release or study, or both. photography and production art and illustra- tion were provided to the Branch and other agencies within the Department. There was a SCIENTIFIC EDITING/TEXT 15% increase in jobs processed over 1979, and PROCESSING as a result, 10% of the job requests were Research Program Service continued to contracted out. Jobs were completed in an help meet the technology transfer require- average of 15 working days, with fewer than ments of the Research Branch by providing I% returned for correction. editorial and text processing services for Because a computerized production report- scientific and technical publications of the ing system was developed in order to improve Branch and Department. In 1980, 26 English planning and control, a monthly detailed and 40 French publications were processed, analysis of jobs completed is now possible. comprising 5800 and 2560 manuscript pages, respectively. Two bilingual publications, com- prising 424 manuscript pages, were published. SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Of the total of 8784 pages completed, 40% RETRIEVAL were for Department publications of interest to growers and the general public, and 60% Information on pesticides and agricultural were for Branch reports and scientific mono- research in Canada continued to be main- graphs intended for research workers in tained in a computerized storage and retrieval universities, industry, and government. system. The information is available to re- Six major books were published during the searchers; funding agencies; provincial, re- year; Parts 7 and 8 in the series The Insects gional, and national research planning and and Arachnids of Canada-Genera des Tri- coordinating committees; and anyone inter- chopteres du Canada and The Plant Bugs of ested in agricultural research. Requests for the Prairie Provinces; Common and Botani- information were answered in an average of cal Names of Weeds in Canada/Noms popu- nine working days. laires et scientifiques des plantes nuisibles du The Summary Data Sheet system for Canada; The Grasses of Ontario; Trees and candidate pesticides was realigned and perti- Shrubs of the Dominion Arboretum; and nent information on 10 new experimental Fougeres du district d'Ottawa. pesticides was included in the Pesticide The editing of some manuscripts was con- Information newsletter, beginning in April tracted out to avoid serious backlogs of work 1980. The procedures for the minor use of and to reduce editorial and production times. pesticides program were streamlined, and a The computerized text processing facilities circular was released in collaboration with the continued to provide support to Branch scien- Pesticides Section of the Food Production and tists. About 90% of the jobs processed were Inspection Branch. for Branch reports and miscellaneous publica- Commonwealth Institute of Biological Con- tions in support of research and development. trol contracts were coordinated and managed The remaining 10% of the work was for for Agriculture Canada and for the Canadian Department publications, where extensive Forestry Service. In 1980, 14 shipments were retyping during the editing cycle was avoided, received from six countries for a total of and where photocomposition was carried out 35 210 specimens. Forty-four shipments were for material already in the computer system. PUBLICATIONS Research Trottier, R.; Herne, D. H. C. 1979. Temperature relationships to forecast hatching of overwin- Trottier, R.; Hagley, E. A. C. 1979. Influence of tered eggs of the European red mite, Pano- temperature and snowfall on codling moth fecundity. J. Environ. EntomoI. 8:1052-1054. nychus ulmi (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Proc. EntomoI. Soc. Ont. 110:53-60. 80 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Trottier, R. 1980. Early warning system for apple Krehm, H. S. 1980. Pre-plant chemical seed pro- pest management in Canada. Eur. Mediterr. tectants registered for use on cereal and Plant Prot. Organ. Bull. 10:253-257. oilseeds. Canadex 110.23. Miscellaneous Trottier, R., editor. 1980. Pesticide information. Anon. 1979. Pesticide research report. Expert Research Program Service, Research Branch. Committee on Pesticide Use in Agriculture. Vol. 2, Nos. 1-4. Research Program Service, Research Branch. 615 pp. Kelleher, J. S., compiler. 1980. The Canadian Williamson, G. D. 1980. Insect liberations in agricultural insect pest review. Vol. 57 (1979). Canada: parasites and predators, 1976. Libera- Research Program Service, Research Branch. tion Bull. No. 40. Research Program Service, 70 pp. Research Branch. 15 pp. RESEARCH PROGRAM SERVICE 81 ATLANTIC REGION ~ REGION DE L'ATLANTIQUE ~ Dr. E. E. Lister Dr. W. B. Collins Mr. J. R. Frappier EXECUTIVE OF THE ATLANTIC REGION L'EXECUTIF DE LA REGION DE L'ATLANTIQUE Director General Directeur general E. E. LISTER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Specialist Specialiste en programmes W. B. COLLINS, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Chief, Finance and Administration Chef, finances et administration J. R. FRAPPIER, B.A. ATLANTIC REGION 85 PREFACE The Atlantic Region, with headquarters in Hali- alfalfa were identified as the most suitable species fax, consists of four research stations, two experi- for direct drilling to restore the legume component mental farms, and one substation. These research in pastures and hay fields, and a major red clover establishments serve the agricultural communities breeding program was established. in New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova In horticultural research low-oxygen storage Scotia, and Newfoundland. In 1980 the Region developments for Mcintosh apples received interna- managed a budget of $19 million and employed 88 tional recognition and are already being put into professionals to carry out its various programs. commercial practice. Two significant variety re- Construction of new facilities at the Kentville leases were made in berry crops, one in strawberries Research Station was substantially completed in and the other in red raspberries. Substantial pro- 1980. The new complex, to be known as the gress was achieved in red-stele control in strawber- Kentville Agricultural Centre, houses both federal ries through a combination of resistance breeding and provincial personnel. Staff of the various and systemic fungicidal drench techniques. Two scientific disciplines are established under one roof new potato varieties were licensed; one was a for the first time in the history of the Station. This yellow-fleshed type with potential significance for arrangement will provide new incentives for strong the export seed market. An effective management team approaches to the major mandates of the strategy package was developed for control of Station. potato leaf roll virus and potato virus Y in suscepti- Research in animal science was highlighted by ble varieties. improvements in the handling and management of A new high-output energy-efficient blanching corn silage, resulting in higher beef production per system was developed in the processing research hectare from beef cattle and improved milk produc- sector through the use of contract research funds. tion from dairy cattle. Swine management studies The new system has functioned so well that nearly produced valuable information leading to the estab- one million kilograms of raw product were pro- lishment of optimum stocking densities. Further cessed through the prototype, with substantial improvements in the efficiency of meat production savings in energy costs. in broiler chickens were established, with concomi- Significant staff changes in 1980 included the tant gains in net returns per bird to the producer. It appointment of Dr. E. E. Lister as Director General was shown that there is an economic advantage to of the newly established Atlantic Region. Dr. W. B. early weaning of lambs and that the feeding level of Collins was named Program Specialist. lactating ewes can be reduced without penalty in late lactation. Further information about our programs may be Key advances in cereal and forage research obtained by writing to the research establishment included the refinement and definition of production concerned or by addressing inquiries to Atlantic procedures to ensure consistently superior yields Region Headquarters, Research Branch, Agricul- and quality in winter wheat and in corn for silage. ture Canada, 1888 Brunswick Street, Suite 708, Twenty-five barley selections were identified with Halifax, N.S. B3J 3J8. high levels of leaf disease resistance. Red clover and E. E. Lister 86 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 PREFACE La region de l'Atlantique, dont l'Administration reinstallation des legumineuses dans les paturages centrale est situee a Halifax, comporte quatre et les prairies de fauche et un important programme stations de recherche, deux fermes experimentales d'amelioration du trene rouge a ete mis sur pied. et une sous-station qui desservent les collectivites Dans Ie domaine de la recherche en horticulture, agricoles du Nouveau-Brunswick, de l'ile-du-Prin- les progres realises dans la conservation des pom- ce-Edouard, de la Nouvelle-Ecosse et de Terre- mes McIntosh en ambiance a faible teneur en Neuve. En 1980, la region disposait d'un budget de oxygene ont suscite beaucoup d'interet a l'etranger $19 millions et son personnel comptait 88 employes et commencent deja a etre mis en exploitation profession nels. commercia Ie. Deux nouvelles varietes importantes La construction des nouvelles installations de la de petits fruits ont ete mises sur Ie marche: une station de recherche de Kentville a ete en grande fraise, et une framboise rouge. D'importants pro- partie achevee en 1980. Le nouveau complexe, qui gres ont ete realises dans la lutte contre la stele portera Ie nom de Centre agricole de Kentville, rouge du fraisier grace a la combinaison de la abrite a la fois les services federaux et provinciaux. selection de varietes resistantes et de la mise en Ainsi, pour la premiere fois de I'histoire de la application de methodes d'epandage de fongicides station, Ie personnel de diverses disciplines scienti- systemiques par arrosage du pied. Deux nouvelles fiques est rassemble sous un meme toil. On espere varietes de pommes de terre ont ete homologuees ainsi encourager la formation d'equipes de recher- dont l'une a chair jaune presente des possibilites che fortes, aptes a mener a bien les principaux d'exportation comme pomme de terre de semence. mandats de la station. On a elabore une strategie efficace pour la lutte La recherche zootechnique s'est distinguee par contre Ie virus de l'enroulement et Ie virus Y, chez les ameliorations apportees a la manipulation et a la les varietes sensibles de pommes de terre. gestion de I'ensilage de mai"s, favorisant une plus Un nouveau systeme de blanchiment a haut forte production de boeuf par hectare et une rendement mais peu exigeant en energie a ete mis amelioration de la production de lail. Les etudes au point par Ie secteur de la recherche industrielle menees sur la gestion des eIevages de porc ont grace a des fonds de recherche contractuelle. Le fourni des renseignements precieux menant a la nouveau systeme fonctionne si bien qu'on a pu determination de densites optimales d'elevage. On a proceder, a I'aide du prototype, au traitement de continue a augmenter l'efficacite de la production pres de I million de kilogrammes de produit brut, du poulet a griller, ce qui a contribue a augmenter tout en realisant d'importantes economies d'energie. les recettes des producteurs. On a demontre qu'il Parmi les principaux changements de personnel existe un avantage economique a proceder au sevrage precoce des agneaux et que la reduction du survenus en 1980, mention nons la nomination de M. niveau de nutrition des brebis en fin de lactation E.E. Lister comme Directeur general de la nouvelle peut se faire sans danger. region de l'Atlantique. M. W.B. Collins a pour sa Parmi les progres des realises dans la recherche part ete nomme Specialiste en programmes. sur les cereales et les fourrages, on compte Ie Pour de plus amples renseignements sur nos perfectionnement et la determination de methodes programmes, priere d'ecrire aux etablissements de de production visant a assurer des rendements recherche concernes ou de s'adresser a l'Adminis- superieurs et une haute qualite du ble d'hiver et du tration centrale de la region de l'Atlantique, Direc- mai"s d'ensilage. Vingt-cinq selections d'orge ont tion generale de la recherche, Agriculture Canada, montre une forte resistance aux maladies des 1888, rue Brunswick, Suite 708, Halifax (N.-E.) feuilles. Le trene rouge et la luzerne se sont averes B3J 3J8. les especes les plus propices au semis direct pour la E.E. Lister ATLANTIC REGION 87 Research Station St. John's West, Newfoundland PROFESSIONAL STAFF H. W. R. CHANCEY, B.S.A., M.S.A. Director Entomology R. F. MORRIS, B.S.A., M.Sc. Head of Section; Vegetable insects Horticulture B. G. PENNEY, B.Sc., M.Sc. Vegetable crops Plant Breeding and Pathology K. G. PROUDFOOT, B.Agr., M.Agr. Head of Section; Potato breeding M. C. HAMPSON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant diseases Agronomy A. F. RAYMENT, B.Sc., M.Sc. Soil fertility and drainage RESEARCH STATION. ST. JOHN'S WEST. NFLD. 89 INTRODUCTION The responsibility center for regional agricultural research in Newfoundland and Labrador is located at St. John's West, 8 km from City Centre. The research program encompasses the reclamation and use of peat soils, potato breeding for resistance to wart disease and the golden nematode, economic insect control, plant disease control, plant nutrition, and vegetable adaptation trials. Rutabaga breeding for resistance to clubroot disease is a further responsibility, together with the design and adaptation of mechanical equipment for cultivating, fertilizing, seeding, and harvesting crops grown on peat soils. Previous reports and reprints of publications can be obtained from: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 7098, St. John's West, Nfld. AlE 3Y3. H. W. R. Chancey Director ENTOMOLOGY evaluation of treatments impossible. An un- usually cool wet growing season may, in part, Cabbage maggot have accounted for this lack of infestation. In experiments at St. John's and Wooddale Lepidopterous caterpillars to determine if cabbage root maggots were developing resistance to organophosphate insecticides, results showed that field popula- Field trials with late cabbage and dwarf tions of the maggot were tolerant of both Essex rape to determine the effectiveness of Dasanit (fensulfothion) and the carbamate pyrethroid insecticides, Ambush, Cymbush, Furadan (carbofuran) at St. John's. However, Decis, Ripcord, and Belmark, together with this trend was not confirmed at Wooddale. Thiodan, were evaluated in field trials as single and double applications to control leaf- Split applications of Dasanit (fensul- eating caterpillars: the imported cabbage- fothion) at both St. John's and Wooddale worm, Pieris rapae (L.); the purplebacked were more effective than equivalent applica- cabbageworm, Evergestis pallidata (Hufn.); tions applied as granules at seeding. Single and the diamondback moth larvae, Plutella applications of granules at both localities were xylostella (L.), at St. John's. The efficacy of ineffective. A split application of Dasanit treatments could not be evaluated because no (fensulfothion) at the recommended rate (5.6 infestation of any of these larvae occurred in kg ailha) gave fairly satisfactory control any of the treated or control plots. (73%) at Wooddale, but only 45% at St. John's. Single applications of granular Dasa- nit (fensulfothion) probably controlled at- Leaftier tacks of first- generation root maggots, but were ineffective for second-generation attack. Ten insecticide treatments, including Am- Usually cool wet weather during the growing bush, Belmark, Ripcord, Decis, Cymbush, season of 1980 may, in part, have accounted and Guthion, were tested for control of the for the short residual effect of single applica- blueberry leaftier, Argyrotoza curvalana tions of granular Dasanit (fensulfothion) at (Kft.), at Witchazel Ridge near Gushue's seeding. Pond Park. All pyrethroid treatments signifi- Five pyrethroid insecticides, Ambush (per- cantly controlled larval populations of the methrin), Belmark (fenvalerate), Ripcord blueberry leaftier, and all were equally as (cypermethrin), C ym bush (cypermethri n), effective as Guthion. Populations in treated and Decis (decamethrin), at two levels of plots were reduced to 0-5 larvae per plot, 5 drench treatments, were evaluated for root days after treatment, whereas larval popula- maggot control on early cabbage. A light tions in the control plots averaged 67. Popula- infestation of root maggots caused only 2.5% tions within plots before treatments varied crop loss in the control plots and made from 35 to 106 larvae. 90 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 PLANT BREEDING AND was shown to be covered by a layer of chitin. PATHOLOGY Labeled isotope uptake and chemical analysis strongly suggested that chitin was manufac- Breeding potatoes for resistance to wart tured early in the sporangial wall. Scanning and the golden nematode electron microscopy revealed that the potato sprout is covered with many necrotic plaques. The wart-resistant selection N 135-671, a It is proposed that these necrotic areas sister seedling of Mirton Pearl, has been influence the causal agent directly through evaluated in trials and demonstration plots sprout exudates or indirectly through the over a 5-yr period. These tests indicate that contiguous microflora. A system was devised this selection, provisionally named Anson, is for supplying debris-free yields of resting of considerable merit, having a high yield of sporangia using sucrose-centrifugation. marketable tubers. Maturity and dry matter content are similar to those of Green Moun- Breeding c1ubroot-resistant rutabagas tain, and when combined with higher resist- ance to late blight and virus infection, it is The New Zealand cultivar Kiri remained believed that Anson could replace this variety. free from clubroot infection in test plots. Roots of Kiri were longer and more tapering As a result of preliminary yield in wart and than were roots of RST lines. Both Kiri and nematode trials, N664-127 has been identified RST are derived from crosses of clubroot- as a promising selection with resistance to resistant Dutch turnips and rutabaga. Com- both pests. Resistance to wart disease derives parisons of roots of three generations of field- from Mira and to the golden nematode from produced seed of RST showed that a marked Wauseon. A yellow-fleshed selection, N682-6, improvement had been made in producing which has attractively shaped tubers of uni- well-colored roots free from side roots. form size, is also resistant to both wart and the golden nematode. In this potato, golden nematode resistance is derived from a selec- tion bred from c.P.c. 1685. PLANT SCIENCE The recently introduced cultivars Trent, Field crops Rideau, and Longlac were severely infected in wart trials, but Yukon Gold was only slightly Cabbage. In previous years, results showed infected; Clairchip and Conestoga were free that yields from transplanted Houston Ever- from infection. green cabbage planted on mineral soil were similar for an early or late planting, but in Infectivity and germination in potato wart 1980 a decline in yields was observed for the disease later planted crops due to a cool wet growing season. Yields for the three planting dates in Work on wart disease was pursued at field, tonnes per hectare were as follows: 21 May- greenhouse, and laboratory levels. In the field, 64.5; 29 May-58.2; and II June-53.5. further evidence was obtained to indicate that Increasing the N level from 224 to 336 kg/ha inorganic ammonium compounds influence by applying a side-dressing at 112 kg/ha the intensity of the disease. A survey was increased the average yield from 46.4 to 58.7 made of private kitchen gardens in an attempt t/ha. Due to similar growing conditions, very to correlate disease intensity with physical early field seeding of Houston Evergreen and biological soil factors. Potato tubers cabbage did not result in large yield increases inoculated and placed in a growth room at as in previous years. Yields for the three various times during the year, showed further planting dates in tonnes per hectare were as evidence of a seasonal factor influencing follows: 21 May-18.4; 29 May-22.4; and disease severity. The tubers were inoculated II June-9.9. Increasing the N level from prior to planting, by introducing tumor pieces 224 to 336 kg/ha by applying a side-dressing to a water column surrounding the rose-end at 112 kg/ha increased the average yield from sprouts. 9.4 to 16.9 t/ha. Evidence was also obtained that showed that when potato sprouts were abrased, the Soil conditioners. Agromax NiPhoKal-1 incidence of potato wart disease increased. and Agromax 17-5-5-GR, received from The relationship of this finding to soil condi- Hungary, were evaluated under greenhouse tions and fungal ingress is being investigated. conditions with oats and lettuce and were The resting sporangium of the causal agent found to have no effect on yields. There was RESEARCH STATION. ST. JOHN'S WEST, NFLD. 91 no effect on lettuce germination, but emer- It has been suspected that a cause for ill gence time of oats was less in one trial than in thrift in lambs grazing on local peatland the control. In a field trial with turnips, pastures could be a molybdenum-induced neither of these products had any effect on copper deficiency. Initial results from a small- yields or times of emergence. plot study on the influence of these elements applied to the soil on plant tissue composition Blueberries show that an application of Mo at 0.4 kg/ha Atrazine at 3 and 6 kg (ai)/ha, dichlobenil on virgin peat will induce close to physiolog- at 4 kg (ai)/ha, and simazine at 3 kg (ai)/ha ically active levels (15 ppm) in the plant. significantly increased yields, but weed con- Though the rate is about five times that trol was only fair. Hexazinone at 1.5 and 3.0 provided in the usual field applications where kg (ai)/ha and dichlobenil at 8.0 kg (ai)/ha the trouble arose, the possibility of toxic significantly reduced yields. accumulations from annual applications is Productivity of native stands of lowbush exceedingly probable. Studies are continuing blueberries was determined at various loca- into the effects of residual and annual mainte- tions on the Avalon and Bonavista peninsulas. nance applications. Mean yields in kilograms per hectare were as Peat drainage. The extremely wet season follows: Little Catalina-I031; Newman's resulted in outstanding crop responses to Cove-nO; Pouch Cove-722; Adams different drainage treatments. Carrots re- Cove-696; St. Joseph's-633; Avondale- sponded in yield and root length to both 251. ridged culture and supplemental slit drain In frequency of burning experiments, re- treatments; best results were obtained from sults in 1980 were similar to those obtained in both techniques together. Although potatoes previous years. Higher yields occurred in the also responded in yield to supplemental first year after burning and declined in drainage and ridged culture treatments, the subsequent years. Yields in the third year effects of the two together were not additive. after burning were similar to those obtained This may be somehow related to the effects of with zero burning. potato culture in increasing aeration as mea- sured by oxygen flux. This latter phenomenon SOIL SCIENCE has now been observed for two consecutive years. Peat soils Machinery. Results of field tests with the Fertility. After 25 yr of peatland develop- peat soil rotoridger-precision seeder designed ment in Newfoundland, substantial tracts at the Memorial University of Newfoundland exist that have been under cultivation for (MUN) gave approximately 75% single-plant more than 10 yr. Fertilizer experiments on emergence with minor occurrence of doubles. permanent grasslands on such 'mature' peat The MUN-designed peat drainage ditcher soils have shown no response to phosphorus performed well, but requires modification to rates over 50 kg p,o,lha. In the past season, improve spoil spreading and to correct rear- however, a significant response was obtained end imbalance. from phosphorus rates between 50 and 66.6 The weed sprayer and transporter devel- kg/ha on a stand of timothy established the oped by MUN for peat soils was highly previous year. In the presence of normal soil satisfactory in field trials for both ridge- and test values for phosphorus for these soils, the level-seeded vegetable crops, whereas the question is raised of the possible influence of commercial carrot harvester adapted by the new high-analysis phosphate (46% P,O,) MUN for use on peat soils will be operational fertilizer on these results. with minor modifications. 92 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 r--~'- I " PUBLICA nONS Research Miscellaneous Hampson, M. C. 1980. Responses of resting sporan- Morris, R. F.; Morry, H. G. 1979. Control of leaf gia of Synchytrium endobioticum to in vitro tier, Argyrotoza curva/ana (Kft.), on blueber- germination treatments. Can. J. Plant Pathol. ries. Pesticide Progress Report. pp. 54-55. 2:76-82. Morris, R. F.; Morry, H. G. 1979. Control of leaf Hampson, M. C. 1980. Pathogenesis of eating caterpillars on cabbage with pyrethroid Synchytrium endobioticum: 2. Effect of soil insecticides. Pesticide Progress Report. pp. amendments and fertilization. Can. J. Plant 108-109. Pathol. 2:148-151. Morris, R. F.; Morry, H. G. 1979. Control of root Hampson, M. c.; Haard, N. F. 1980. Pathogenesis maggots on stem brassicas. Pesticide Research of Synchytrium endobioticum: I. Infection Report. pp. 121-122. responses in potato and tomato. Can. J. Plant Morris, R. F.; Morry, H. G. 1979. Control of leaf Pathol. 2:143-147. eating caterpillars on rape. Pesticide Research Mathur, S. P.; Rayment, A. F. 1977. Influence of Report. pp. 204-205. trace element fertilization on the decomposi- Morris, R. F.; Morry, H. G. 1979. Field tests with tion rate and phosphatase activity of a mesic Dasanit for organophosphate resistance. Pesti- fibrisol. Can. J. Soil Sci. 57:397-408. cide Research Report. pp. 217-219. Morris, R. F. 1980. Notes on the occurrence of the Morris, R. F.; Morry, H. G. 1979. Control of the wharf borer, Nacerdes me/anura (L.), (Cole- sheep blowfly and sheep ked. Pesticide Re- optera: Oedemeridae) in Newfoundland. Can. search Report. pp. 316-317. Entomol. 112:217-218. Morris, R. F.; Morry, H. G. 1980. Vegetable, field Morris, R. F. 1980. Butterflies and moths of crop and other injurious insect pests predomi- Newfoundland and Labrador: The Macrolepi- nating in Newfoundland. Can. Agric. Insect doptera. Agric. Can. Publ. 1691. Supply and Pest Rev. 57:11, 27, 28, 38, 41-42, 44-46, 50, Services Canada. 407 pp., 34 color plates. 52-54. Rayment, A. F.; Hore, F. R. 1976. Hydraulic Rayment, A. F.; Penney, B. G. 1979. The agricul- conductivity and bulk density changes in the tural potential of Newfoundland peat soils. cultivated layer of a Newfoundland peat soil The diversity of peat. Publication of the New- and initial effects of soil amendments. Proc. foundland and Labrador Peat Association. pp. 5th Int. Peat. Congr., Posnan. 1:282-292. 39-50. RESEARCH STATION. ST. JOHN'S WEST, NFLD. 93 Research Station Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island PROFESSIONAL STAFF L. B. MACLEOD, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Director C. B. WILLIS, B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Assistant Director D. A. HUTCHINSON Administrative Officer B. STANFIELD,' B.S.A., M.S.A., M.L.S. Librarian S. R. KNIGHT, B.Sc. Information Officer Forage and Livestock L. S. THOMPSON, B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Head of Section; Insects (forage, cereal, and potato) T. M. CHOO, B.Sc., Ph.D. Breeding (red clover) H. T. KUNELIUS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology and management (forage) J. H. LOVERING,' B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Economics (production) J. A. MAcIsAAC,' B.Sc. Systems engineering P. R. NARASIMHALU, B.Sc., B.V.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Quality and utilization (forage) M. SUZUKI, B.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry and physiology (forage) C. B. WILLIS, B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Diseases (forage) K. A. WINTER, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutrition (cattle) Cereals J. A. MACLEOD, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Nutrition (forage and cereal) A. J. CAMPBELL, B.Eng. Agricultural engineering U. C. GUPTA, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Micronutrients (soil and plant) H. W. JOHNSTON, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Diseases (cereal) R. A. MARTIN, B.Sc., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Diseases (cereal) H. G. NASS, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Breeding (wheat), physiology (cereal) J. D. E. STERLING, B.S.A., M.Sc. Breeding (barley) R. P. WHITE, B.S. (Ed.), M.S., Ph.D. Nutrition and management (corn and potato), soil chemistry RESEARCH STATION. CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I. 95 Horticulture and Tobacco J. A. CUTCLIFFE, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Head of Section; Nutrition and management (vegetable) J. A. IVANY, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S., Ph.D. Weed control (vegetable, potato, and cereal) J. KIMPINSKI, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Nematology J. G. McDoNALD, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.sc., Ph.D. Virus diseases (potato) H. W. PLATT, B.Sc., Ph.D. Diseases (potato) D. C. READ, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide bioactivity, insects (vegetable) J. M. SADLER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil management J. B. SANDERSON, B.Sc. (Agr.) Management and nutrition (potato) 'Seconded from Libraries Division. Finanace and Administration Branch. 'Seconded from Regional Development and International Affairs Branch. 96 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION The Research Station at Charlottetown has Atlantic Region responsibility for research on the production and utilization of livestock feed crops, tobacco, and certain vegetables grown for processing. This report includes brief summaries of some of the research completed in 1980. More detailed information may be obtained from the publications listed or by contacting the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 1210, Charlottetown, P.E.1. CIA 7M8. L. B. MacLeod Director CEREAL AND PROTEIN CROPS Diseases Breeding and testing The cereal crop in Prince Edward Island is damaged severely by the fungal pathogen Oats. The oat line QO 151-103, from the Fusarium roseum (Lk.) emend. Snyder & cross Tarpan/QO 51-41 made at the Re- Hansen f. sp. graminearum and through search Station, Ste. Foy, Que., has superior contamination by its associated mycotoxin, yield and relatively low hull percentage vomitoxin. Spring wheats such as Opal and compared with presently recommended varie- Vernon are particularly susceptible to this ties and is expected to be licensed. head blight whereas other selections or culti- Spring wheat. Application will be made for vars illustrated varying degrees of resistance. licensing the Charlottetown selection A W4 Best control of the disease was obtained by for the Maritime Provinces based on its application to the maturing heads of the superior yield and mildew resistance. fungicides chlorothanil, captofal, triadimefon, or CGA-64250 (Ciba-Geigy) sprays. Vomi- The use of harvest index as a selection toxin levels vary considerably depending on criterion for grain yield in F, populations of the husbandry used to produce the crop and spring wheat grown at two population densi- are generally higher in barley than wheat. ties was investigated. The F4 lines selected in F, for a high harvest index yielded about 9% Intensive cereal production more per plot than F4 lines having a low harvest index in F,. Generally, lines selected Winter wheat. Results of a 3-yr study with at the higher seeding rate yielded more than Lennox winter wheat indicate that high yields lines selected at the lower planting density. of winter wheat can be obtained through the Selection based on high harvest index at low use of multiple levels of N, growth regulators population density can be used to select for lodging control, and fungicides for disease higher yielding plants but was not as effective control. Significant grain yield and N concen- as selection at high population density, which tration responses were obtained with multiple more closely approximates commercial crop N applications in all years and significant densities. grain yield response to fungicides and growth regulators two years out of three. Winter wheat. The feed wheat selection T 1365-216 exceeded Lennox in yield on a 2-, Barley. Studies with the barley growth 3-, and 4-yr average basis. An application for regulator Terpal (BASF) indicate that it is licensing for the Maritime Provinces will be effective in lodging control but yield depres- made by the Ottawa Research Station in sion has been common. 1981. Tillage practices Soybeans. The soybean line AU 3-1-3 has adequate maturity for Prince Edward Island Swathing offers no advantage in either conditions and 40% greater yield potential earlier harvesting or increased yields, com- than Maple Presto. A recommendation has pared with direct-cut combining of small been made for licensing. grains. In some cases swathing resulted in RESEARCH STATION, CHARLOTTETOWN. P.E.1. 97 harvesting delays due to heavy rains that depending on the N rate or harvest schedule soaked the swaths. or both. Nitrate-N concentration in plant tissue was low for 40 and 80 kg N/ha per application but reached 0.45% for the 120 kg/ FORAGE CROPS ha per application under harvest schedule A. Yield distribution within the season was most Management and nutrition uniform for schedule B. A three-harvest schedule with N applied at 80 kg/ha at Winter survival. Frequent occurrence of midwinter thaws is a major cause of winter seeding and after the first and second harvests was suitable management for Promenade injury in the Atlantic Provinces, and two major stress factors associated with midwinter Westerwolds ryegrass in the Atlantic Region. thaws are freeze-thaw cycles and anaerobic Grass silage utilization. Monocultures of environments due to waterlogging or ice Climax timothy (Phleum pratense L.), encasing. Under controlled environments, Lemtal Italian ryegrass, and Aubade and responses of alfalfa to waterlogging in com- Promenade Westerwolds ryegrasses were cut, bination with and without freezing were wilted to about 25% dry matter, in mid-June determined. The effect of growing conditions for timothy and mid-August for the rye- on the waterlogging resistance appeared to be grasses, and were conserved as silages. Sheep greater than the effect of genotype as far as fed ad libitum silage rations consumed an Medicago sativa L., M. media Pers., and M. equal quantity of dry matter on a percent falcata L. are concerned. A greenhouse body weight basis, from either the Lemtal experiment, however, showed that if alfalfa Italian ryegrass or Promenade Westerwolds plants are grown in plastic pails, thus limiting ryegrass silage (1.8%), but the intakes were oxygen supply of the roots in comparison with lower for Climax timothy (1.7%) and Aubade that in the field, for 1 yr or longer, these Westerwolds ryegrass (1.5%) silages. Prome- plants are able to survive flooding for up to 14 nade Westerwolds ryegrass silage contained wk, as long as a part of the top tissue is above the most digestible dry matter (66.7%), the water level. Both greenhouse and field followed by Lemtal Italian ryegrass (64%), plants were damaged severely by a combina- Aubade Westerwolds ryegrass (62.6%), and tion treatment of freezing-waterlogging- Climax timothy (60.4%). Lemtal Italian freezing. It appeared that the resistance to ryegrass yielded about 10% more digestible freezing after waterlogging was the most silage dry matter per hectare compared with important character of alfalfa to survive the other ryegrasses or with Climax timothy. midwinter thaws. The most noticeable meta- bolic change that occurred in alfalfa roots Uptake of residual-applied selenium by during the combination treatment was an timothy and barley. Timothy was harvested accumulation of ethanol. The difference in for 4 yr from plots treated with selenium (Se) ethanol concentration between the plants as sodium selenite at the rates of 1.1 and 2.2 before and after waterlogging may explain the kg Se/ha. Timothy forage and barley grain difference in freezing resistance of plants. without added Se contained only 0.02-0.03 ppm Se and were Se deficient from the animal Annual ryegrass. Promenade Westerwolds nutrition standpoint. At 1.1 and 2.2 kg Se/ha, ryegrass, Lotium multiflorum Lam., was timothy contained adequate Se (>0.1 ppm) grown on fine sandy and light loam soils. for 3 and 4 yr and barley grain for 1 and 2 yr Nitrogen was applied at 40, 80, or 120 kg/ha following application, respectively. after emergence and after both the first and second harvests. The first harvest under Effect of soil fumigation on the nutrient schedules A, B, and C was on 10, 15, and 22 content of forages. The soil fumigant, methyl July followed by the second harvest in 28, 37, bromide, used to kill pathogenic microorga- and 40 days, and the third harvest in 30, 50, nisms in soil prior to crop planting, has been and 37 days after the second harvest, respec- shown also to decrease or increase the availa- tively. The fourth harvest for schedule A was bility of plant nutrients in soil. Experiments 46 days after the third harvest. Mean dry conducted under greenhouse conditions matter yields ranged from 6.26 to 9.03 t/ha, showed that the use of methyl bromide total N in tissue from 2.09 to 2.99%, in vitro increased the Zn, Mn, S, and P content of digestibility of dry matter from 73.3 to 76.3%, timothy and alfalfa. Molybdenum content and dry matter content from 12.1 to 14.1 % also increased, but only in timothy. 98 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Corn management. Increasing the plant 28% and of barley by 18%. Timothy was population of Canadian and European corn killed at this and higher application rates. At varieties from 50 000 to 75 000 plants per the maximum rate tested of 4.5 kg ailha, hectare increased forage yields by 18% in a yields of red clover, barley, alfalfa, winter rye, 2-yr study, but decreased whole plant dry and field peas were reduced by 100, 52, 42, matter from 31.7 to 30.5%. At 100 000 plants 20, and 17%, respectively. Fall rye suffered per hectare the yield increase was only 15.5% greater yield reductions from atrazine car- and whole plant dry matter was reduced to ryover in the previous 2 yr. The effect of 28.6%. Some European hybrids had a tend- atrazine carryover was similar for all 3 yr ency for improved grain yields at 75 000 with the other rotation crops. plants per hectare, whereas the Canadian hybrids tended to decline in yield. Grain Insects and nematodes yields were lowest at 100 000 plants per Alfalfa blotch leafminer. Although the hectare. Grain moisture increased with in- protein concentration of alfalfa leaves de- creasing population. European hybrids tended creased due to infestation by alfalfa blotch to contain less moisture early in the fall, but leafminer, the concentration in the combined dried more slowly than the Canadian hybrids. tissues of leaves plus stems did not decrease In a 3-yr planting date study, mid-May significantly. The concentration of water- planting produced the greatest whole-plant soluble carbohydrates (WSC), however, de- maturity at harvest (31.4%), but a 10% lower creased in both leaf and stem tissues. Since a yield than planting in early June, which gave high WSC content is important in producing only 24.2% dry matter. Planting later than a high-quality silage, special caution may be early June reduced yields and dry matter. necessary to ensure an adequate supply of Total yields and the yields of various plant sugars for making silage from leafminer- parts (except the ears) declined with time infested alfalfa. after the first killing frost on 25 September. Beginning in 1978, parasitic insects known Ear yields increased up to about 24 October. to destroy the alfalfa blotch leafminer in the Leaves and stalk tops dried most rapidly, and leaf yield declined nearly 50% by 14 Novem- larval stage of development were introduced into Prince Edward Island in an attempt to ber. The bottom one-third of the stalk was develop a biological control program against very wet initially (I 5% dry matter) and dried very slowly in comparison to the middle or the this alfalfa pest. Of the three species released, at least one of these, (Nixon), top by 14 November. Dacnusa dryas has become established near Charlottetown. Corn nutrition. A study of soil and tissue nutrient levels in corn grown in Prince Ed- European skipper. A nuclear polyhedrosis ward Island indicated that the crop is gener- virus, found at Normandin, Que., in 1974, ally well managed. The mean soil pH was was released in some Prince Edward Island 6.01 and the mean P, K, Ca, and Mg soil test timothy fields between 1976 and 1979 as a levels all ranked 'high.' Less than 8% of the biological control agent against the European fields had any soil nutrient testing 'low.' The skipper, a destructive pest of timothy. Obser- mean leaf nutrient levels for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, vations in 1980 indicated that the virus was S, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Mo were all within or active in most fields sprayed as well as in above normally accepted sufficient levels, with fields and roadsides not sprayed previously. K ranking very high (2.77%). Overall, only The virus disease, which does not affect Zn appeared to warrant further study based mammals, fish, or other beneficial insects, on a number of low testing fields. should provide an effective means of preven- tive control of the European skipper in Prince Effect of atrazine carryover on crops grown Edward Island, but the level of protection in rotation with corn. Residue carryover in a remains to be quantified. fine sandy loam from atrazine applied preemergence to corn with active ingredient Root-lesion nematodes in alfalfa and timo- (ai) at 1.13 kg/ha had no effect on yield of thy. Numbers of Pratylenchus penetrans winter rye seeded before the corn was har- (Cobb) Filipjev & Stekh. in alfalfa and vested, and of barley, field peas, alfalfa, red timothy, and to a lesser extent P. crenatus clover, and timothy seeded in May of the Loof in timothy, increased substantially as following year. Increasing the atrazine rate to soil temperature increased from 10 to 30°C. 2.25 kg ailha reduced yield of red clover by However, P. crenatus in alfalfa decreased in RESEARCH STATION. CHARLOTTETOWN. P.E.1. 99 number as soil temperatures increased. Mo- against one of substantially lesser profitability bility of P. crenatus in vertical soil columns that involves one cut per year of timothy, an decreased as temperature increased from 9.5 annual nitrogen application at 34 kg/ha, and to 28.5°C. Raising the soil pH in which alfalfa storage of wilted silage in a stack silo, and a was grown from 5.0 to 6.9 increased the stanchion barn, pipeline milker, manure han- numbers of P. penetrans and greatly reduced dled as a solid, and with feed distributed by the numbers of P. crenatus. The numbers of cart. both nematode species in timothy were re- duced significantly as soil pH was increased. The optimum soil pH for movement of P. HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND penetrans was 6.0. P. crenatus moved equally TOBACCO well over a range of 5.0-7.0. Potato management and nutrition Potato nutrition. A study of soil and tissue CATTLE nutrient levels indicated few problems in the Mineral elements in timothy forage potato crop in Prince Edward Island. Soil test levels indicated a mean pH of 5.2 and 'high The average mineral content of timothy plus' P, 'high' K, and 'medium plus' Ca and grown on Prince Edward Island was found to Mg. Literature values on adequate tissue be moderately low to deficient for most of the levels are scarce, but in general, the mean P, minerals studied. Calcium content (0.25%) K, Mg, S, B, Zn, Cu, and Mn levels observed averaged about one-half the mean value in Prince Edward Island appeared sufficient. published for timothy, whereas P content Nitrogen, Ca, and possibly Fe appeared (0.24%) approximated published values. somewhat low depending on the sufficiency Magnesium content (0.11 %) was about one- levels chosen. The possibility of Mo deficiency half of the requirement for dairy and beef requires further interpretation. cattle. Average K content was 2.1 %, but some samples contained 5% or more of K. If these Small whole seed potato production. Pre- high K values were combined with low Ca and sprouting of small whole seed tubers in light Mg in the same forage, this would create a at 15-20°C for 3 wk prior to planting in- grass tetany prone situation. Average S, Mn, creased total average seed yields of three Zn, Fe, and Mo contents of timothy were all varieties (Sebago, Kennebec, and Red Pon- borderline low to deficient. These data indi- tiac) over 2 yr when top killed in early to mid- cate a definite need for careful attention to August. Total yields were increased from 19.6 the mineral supplementation of diets for cattle to 24.0 t/ha and for tubers under 60 mm, on Prince Edward Island, especially Ca, Mg, from 10.9 to 11.7 t/ha. and trace elements. Nitrogen applications above 67 kg/ha did not improve the production of Sebago small Forage-livestock model whole seed tubers. Increasing N rates in- A computer program that models the creased the difficulty, and slowed the rate, of growth, storage, and feeding of a forage and topkilling. Delaying topkilling from 27 Au- cattle housing, the milking, and the manure gust to 10 September increased the total yield handling on dairy farms was used to deter- from 24.8 to 30.5 t/ha, but the bulk of the mine the net benefits of several management increase was in tubers larger than 60 mm. alternatives available. One of the more prof- Six varieties of potatoes grown for seed itable plans for a 30-cow farm includes two were topkilled on either 14 August or 27 cuts per year of timothy, total annual applica- August. The extra 13 days of growth in- tions of N fertilizer at 160 kg/ha, and storage creased the mean total yield from 15.9 to 25.8 of the wilted silage in a horizontal silo with t/ha, and the yield of tubers under 75 mm formic acid added and covered with polyethyl- from 15.9 to 25.0 t/ha. With delayed topkill- ene. The animals in this system are housed in ing, the Superior variety produced the highest a free-stall barn and milked in a double-four yield (31.4 t/ha) and Katahdin the lowest herringbone milking parlor with automatic (15.9 t/ha) yield of tubers under 75 mm. milker detachers. The manure is handled as a Planting small whole Sebago tubers (80- solid. The cows are fed from the silo with a 120 g) did not produce a significantly greater tractor and front-end loader and a feed yield of tubers under 75 mm than did planting wagon. This organization is contrasted 160-240 g tubers cut in half, or 320-480 g 100 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 tubers cut in quarters. Planting small whole carryover in fine sandy loam soils from tubers produced more small tubers than did metribuzin applied preemergence to potatoes planting sets cut from larger tubers. at the recommended rate of 0.5 kg ai/ha did Kennebec potatoes planted at either 15 or not reduce yield of winter rye seeded in 30 em in-row spacings were sampled weekly September of the year of application, and of from 63 to 116 days after planting. The yield barley, red clover, and timothy seeded in May of 41-60 mm tubers increased rapidly from of the following year. At two to three times 60 to 74 days. At the IS-em spacing the yield the recommended rate, metribuzin carryover of 41-60 mm tubers increased rapidly from had negligible effects on yield of these four 60 to 74 days. At the IS-em spacing the yield rotation crops. of 41-60 mm tubers remained fairly constant Potato virology to harvest, whereas at 30 cm the yield of 41- 60 mm tubers declined with time. Yield of The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tubers from 61 to 80 mm increased rapidly (ELISA) was a reliable and sensitive tech- from 74 to 109 days, with close spacing giving nique for diagnosing potato X (PVX), S a greater yield. Tubers over 80 mm appeared (PVS), Y (PVY), and leafroll (PLR V) at 81 days, increasing in yield at about half viruses in foliage of secondary-infected potato the rate of the smaller sizes. The 30-cm plants. This technique was also used success- spacing produced about double the yield of fully to diagnose PYX and PVS in potato the IS-em spacing in this large size. Final tubers. Use of ELISA for the diagnosis of yields at harvest were 22.0, 12.8, and 4.8 t/ha PLRV and PVY in tubers is being developed at the 15-cm spacing, and 19.3, 7.2, and 11.4 for application in seed potato certification. t/ha at the 30-cm spacing for the 41-60, 61- Effect of lime and K on cabbage yields 80, and over 80 mm sizes, respectively. Cabbage yields were increased by 13 and Processing potatoes. No differences in the 7% by applying lime at 6726 kg/ha to soils N requirement of Netted Gems grown for with initial pH levels of 4.8 and 5.3, respec- processing were observed over 3 yr when tively. Yields were affected only slightly by planted after either clover or oats. The added K. Neither the lime nor the K treat- optimum yield response occurred with 67 kg ments affected the quality of samples held in N/ha. With increasing N applications up to refrigerated storage for 6 mo. 202 kg N/ha, tuber specific gravities were reduced. Tobacco nutrition Delayed planting of Netted Gems after Sources of N. Five sources of N produced mid-May by 14 or 28 days reduced both the varying yields and quality of flue-cured to- yield and specific gravity of tubers grown for bacco. The treatment containing 75% NH -N processing over a 5-yr period. Maximum 4 + 25% N0 -N gave the highest yield and yields required up to 134 kg N/ha, with less 3 dollar return per hectare. This ratio will required for later plantings. replace the previous ratio of 50% NH4-N + Effect of metribuzin residue on crops 50% N03-N for commercial tobacco produc- grown in rotation with potatoes. Residue tion on Prince Edward Island. PUBLICA nONS Research Choo, T. M.; Klinck, H. R.; St. Pierre, C. A. 1980. The effect of location on natural selection in bulk populations of barley (Hordeum vulgare Baier, W.; St. Pierre, J. c.; Lovering, J. H. 1980. L.). I. Simply inherited traits. Can. J. Plant Analysis of environmental factors affecting timothy yields. Agric. Meteorol. 23(3-4):319- Sci. 60:31-40. 339. Choo, T. M.; Klinck, H. R.; St. Pierre, C. A. 1980. Choo, T. M. 1980. Doubled haploids for estimating The effect of location on natural selection in additive epistatic genetic variances in self- bulk populations of barley (Hordeum vulgare pollinating species. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. L.). II. Quantitative traits. Can. J. Plant Sci. 22:125-127. 60:41-47. RESEARCH STATION. CHARLOTTETOWN. P.E.1. \01 Choo, T. M.; Reinbergs, E.; Park, S. J. 1980. Sadler, J. M. 1980. Effects of placement location Studies on coefficients of variation of yield for phosphorus banded away from the seed on components and on character association by growth and uptake of soil and fertilizer phos- path coefficient analysis in barley under row phorus by f1ax. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:251-262. and hill plot conditions. Z. Pf1anzenzuecht. Suzuki, M.; Lund, C. W. 1980. Improved gas-liquid 84:107-114. chromatography for simultaneous determina- Cutcliffe, J. A.; Gupta, U. C. 1980. Effects of added tion of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium on leaf tissue silage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28:1040-1041. boron concentration of three vegetable crops. Winter, K. A.; Javed, A. H. 1980. Fish silage as a Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:571-576. protein source for early weaned calves. Can. J. Cutcliffe, J. A.; Munro, D. C. 1980. Effects of Anim. Sci. 60:787-789. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and lime on Miscellaneous yield and maturity of green peas. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:599-604. Arsenault, W. J.; Johnston, H. W. 1980. Tobacco black root rot control studies using soil applied Edgington, L. Y.; Martin, R. A.; Bruin, G. c.; fungicides. Lighter 50( 1):29-31. Parsons, I. M. 1980. Systemic fungicides: A perspective after 10 years. Plant Dis. 64:19-23. Cutcliffe, J. A. 1980. Effect of transplanting date on tomato yields in P.E.I. Canadex 257.20. Gupta, U. c.; Kunelius, H. T. 1980. Effect of molybdenum, lime, and cropping on yield and Cutcliffe, J. A. 1980. Earlier cucumbers. Canadex molybdenum concentration of grass-legume 256.20. mixtures and cabbage. Can. J. Plant Sci. Cutcliffe, J. A. 1980. Seeding rutabagas "on-the- 60: 113-120. f1at" versus "hills." Canadex 250.22. Ivany, J. A. 1980. Effect of weed competition and Cutcliffe, J. A. 1980. Onion production in the weed control programs on rutabaga yield. Can. Maritimes. Can. Agric. 25(3):19. J. Plant Sci. 60:917-922. Cutcliffe, J. A.; Munro, D. C. 1980. Effects of N, P, Ivany, J. A. 1980. EPTC compared with EPTC + K, and lime on pea yields. Canadex 142.20. antidotes for alfalfa establishment. Can. J. Gupta, U. C. 1980. A simplified method for Plant Sci. 60: I049-1 052. determining available boron in soils. Canadex Johnston, H. W.; Ivany, J. A.; Cutcliffe, J. A. 1980. 531. Effects of herbicides applied to soil on fusar- Gupta, U. C. 1980. Boron deficiency symptoms in ium root rot of processing peas. Plant Dis. forage legumes. Canadex 532. 64:942-943. Ivany, J. A. 1980. 1978 Prince Edward Island weed Kimpinski, J.; Willis, C. B. 1980. Inf1uence of crops survey. Canadex 640. in the field on numbers of root lesion and stunt nematodes. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 2:33-36. MacLeod, J. A. 1980. Effects of rate of application and time on N loss from urea applied to Kunelius, H. T. 1980. Effects of nitrogen rates and forages. Canadex 120.10. harvest schedules on yield and quality of McRae, K.; White, R. P. 1980. A procedure for Westerwolds ryegrass grown as a summer combining and evaluation of the performance annual. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:519-524. of forage corn hybrids over years and locations. Mcisaac, J. A.; Lovering, J. H. 1980. A model for Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:320 (abstract). estimating silo losses and costs. Can. Farm McDonald, J. G.; Singh, R. P. 1980. Comparison of Econ. 15(5): I 0-16. ELISA with LA T for the post-harvest indexing Narasimhalu, P. R.; Belzile, R. J.; Brisson, G. J.; of seed tubers for potato viruses X and S. Am. Holtman, W. B. 1980. Adaptation of lactating Potato J. 57:488 (abstract). cows to rations containing urea. J. Dairy Sci. Singh, R. P.; McDonald, J. G. 1980. A chlorotic 63: 1266-1272. mosaic of fall hawkbit (Leantadan autum- nalis). Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 60:47-50. Platt, H. W. 1980. The effects of light intensity and relative humidity on conidiation in Pyrena- Suzuki, M.; McRae, K. B.; MacKenzie, D. N. phara tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. Can. J. 1980. Winter injury of forage legumes, winter Plant Pathol. 2:53-57. cereals, and strawberries in the Maritimes. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:321 (abstract). Platt, H. W. 1980. The effects of windspeed and humidity on conidium liberation of Pyrena- White, R. P. 1980. Planting date studies in a short phara tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. Can. J. season environment. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:321 Plant Pathol. 2:58-64. (abstract). 102 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 White, R. P.; Munro, D. C. 1980. Seed size vs yield Willis, C. B. 1980. Reproduction of root lesion and size distribution on Netted Gem potatoes. nematode species in forage legumes and Canadex 258.22. grasses and yield effects. Canadex 628. Willis, C. B. 1980. Effect of root lesion nematodes White, R. P.; Munro, D. c.; Lelacheur, K. E. 1980. on competitiveness of forage legumes, winter Availability to plants of magnesium from cereals, and strawberries in the Maritimes. different sources. Canadex 540. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:321 (abstract). RESEARCH STATION, CHARLOTTETOWN. P.E.1. \03 Research Station Kentville, Nova Scotia PROFESSIONAL STAFF Administration G. M. WEAVER, B.Sc., Ph.D. Director D. L. CRAIG, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S., Ph.D. Assistant Director, Operations R. G. Ross, D.F.C., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Director, Program K. M. CARTER, B.Comm. Administrative Officer Scientific Support K. B. McRAE, B.Ed., M.S., Ph.D. Sta tistician J. R. MINER,' B.A., M.L.S. Librarian M. L. C. PEVERIL,' B.Sc. Programmer Crops D. L. CRAIG, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S., Ph.D. Head of Section; Plant breeding L. E. AALDERS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetics and plant breeding C. R. BLATT, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Physiology and nutrition R. W. JONES, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal crops physiology I. V. HALL, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ecology and physiology P. R. HICKLENTON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ornamental physiology C. L. RICKETSON, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S., Ph.D. Vegetable physiology Entomology A. W. MACPHEE, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Insect ecology H. J. HERBERT, B.Sc. (Agr.) Pheromones and mites W. T. A. NEILSON, B.Sc., M.Sc. Fruit maggots K. H. SANFORD, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Integrated control programs H. B. SPECHT, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S., Ph.D. Vegetable and field crop insects RESEARCH STATION. KENTVILLE. N.S. 105 Plant Pathology and Pesticide Residues R. G. Ross, D.F.C., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Tree fruit diseases M. G. ANDERSON, B.Sc., Ph.D. Vegetable storage diseases C. O. GOURLEY, C.D., B.Sc. (Agr.) Berry crop diseases K. I. N. JENSEN, B.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. Herbicide physiology E. R. KIMBALL, B.Sc. Residue chemistry C. L. LOCKHART, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Horticultural pathology M. T. H. RAGAB, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Residue chemistry Poultry F. G. PROUDFOOT, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S. Head of Section; Physiology and genetics H. W. HULAN, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutrition and physiology Processing, Distribution, and Retailing R. STARK, B.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Food technology P. D. LIDSTER, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Storage physiology P. A. POAPST, B.Sc. (Agr.) Storage physiology W. G. SIMPSON, B.S.A., M.S. Technological services Tree Fruits A. D. CROWE, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Plant breeding and physiology D. H. WEBSTER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soils and nutrition Experimental Farm, Nappan, N.S. F. W. CALDER, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S. Officer in Charge; Forage crops agronomy J. E. LANGILLE, B.Sc. (Agr.) Agronomy, cereal and forage crops T. A. VAN LUNEN, B.S.A. Swine management and nutrition Departures D. B. CUMMING, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Food technology Transferred to Summerland Research Station, November 1980 R. B. PEVERIL, B.Sc. Programmer Resigned August 1980 106 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 J. R. E. SAWYER, B.Ed., M.L.S. Librarian Resigned May 1980 L. R. TOWNSEND, B.A., B.Sc. Plant physiology Retired December 1979 'Seconded from Libraries Division. Finance and Administration Branch. 'Seconded from Systems and Consulting Division, Finance and Administration Branch. RESEARCH STATION. KENTVILLE, N.S. 107 INTRODUCTION This report highlights the principal research results from the Kentville Research Station and the Experimental Farm at Nappan for 1980. Kentville is the center for research in horticulture, poultry, food technology, and pesticide residues in the Atlantic Provinces. The Experimental Farm at Nappan, 80 km north of Kentville, serves as an associate establishment doing applied and developmental research on the production of cereals, forages, and low bush blueberries, and on the management of livestock. The Atlantic region is characterized by a cool, humid climate and by Podzol soils which sustain a diverse agriculture. Completion of the new office-laboratory complex is expected in the spring of 1981. Occupancy, however, commenced in October 1980, with facilities nearing full operational status at time of reporting. The consolidation of staff in the new center with access to modern facilities for controlled manipulation of scientific experimentation should offer substantial stimulus to establishment programs. Crop physiology research was also augmented significantly with the successful recruitment of cereal and vegetable specialists during the year. Requests for further information or reprints of publications should be addressed to the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Kentville, N.S. B4N US. G. M. Weaver Director BREEDING, NUTRITION, AND Lowbush blueberry breeding. Plants of 16 CULTURE OF CROPS ultraselect low bush blueberry clones were prepared for a 1981 first planting of the Lowbush blueberries advanced regional replicated field trials. The trials are to be evaluated in five areas, namely Seed characteristics. Seed production ba- Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince sed on number of seeds per berry differed in Edward Island, and Maine. four clones of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). Large seeds were more A replicated yield trial of 53 entries plus 10 viable than small seeds. standards was planted at Sheffield in 1980 using an incomplete block design. Plants were Promotion by tryptophan of growth and prepared for a similar trial to be planted in root formation in lowbush blueberry pericarp 1981, and an additional 22 clones were callus cultures. Lowbush blueberry (Vaccin- elevated to replicate field trial status. ium angustifolium Ait.) pericarp callus grew slowly and formed normal tetraploid roots on The first yields were recorded from the 27- Nitsch's medium containing L-tryptophan and entry replicated yield trial set in 1978 and the kinetin. Both growth and rooting depended on 10-entry seedling progeny yield trial also set the levels of these two substances in the in 1978. Fourth harvest yields were also medium. Rooting declined but callus growth recorded from the block planted in 1972. rates changed little over successive subcul- Yields of 15.3 and 14.3 kg per 12-plant plot tures. When tryptophan was replaced by were recorded for clones 70-36 and 70-21, indoleacetic acid, indolebutyric acid, 2,4- respectively. For the first time at Kentville, all dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, or naphtha- low bush blueberry fruit was raked and win- leneacetic acid, callus growth rates increased nowed for yield records in 1980, instead of but no roots formed. Tryptophan medium did being hand picked as has been done in the not support callus growth or induce rooting past. unless the tryptophan was autoclaved with the rest of the medium, thus suggesting that an A total of 30 new selections were made active substance is produced by reaction of from the block of 3336 seedlings planted in the tryptophan with one or more other constit- 1978, and a new block of 4368 seedlings was uents of the medium during heating. set in 1980 for evaluation in 1982. 108 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Grapes Cereals Animo fall rye. This cultivar is well Cultivar testing. Fruit yield and juice adapted to the Annapolis Valley of Nova analysis were obtained from 31 of the 56 Scotia and was found to be superior in grape cultivars on test at Kentville. The cool yielding ability to Kustro, Kodiak, and Puma. weather of May and June delayed flowering Animo has a higher kernel weight than its and thus fruit maturity by 10-15 days. This contemporaries, has good lodging resistance, adverse growing season permitted the identi- and has straw which is shorter than Kodiak or fication of cultivars best suited to the local Puma. environment. Four red wine, three white wine, and two seedless dessert types were identified Field crops as adaptable and useful cultivars for this Yields of forage peas. The first forage pea region. The first local cottage wine industry trial was carried out in 1977 and the respec- was established near Kentville in 1980. Culti- tive yields were: Century 3274 kg/ha, Mi- vars used to establish the industry had been nerva Maple 3126 kg/ha, and Trapper 2610 identified in previous tests conducted at kg/ha. Five varieties were grown in 1978 and Kentville. the leading cultivar was Krupp at 8862 kg/ha followed by Rosakrone at 7544 kg/ha, Mi- Raspberries nerva Maple at 7421 kg/ha, Century at 7212 kg/ha, and Trapper at 4978 kg/ha. Forage Red raspberry breeding. The Kentville peas are considered a highly productive one- seedling selection K70-1l (Southland x harvest crop. Boyne) has been named Nova. Nova has Ornamentals proved to be winter-hardy following 10 yr of plot testing in Nova Scotia plus several years Refining slow-release fertilizer treatments in Prince Edward Island and Quebec. With for containerized plants in soilless mixes. the exception of the cultivar Festival, no Following two consecutive years of study, a cultivar meets the regional requirement of suitable rate and form of slow-release fertil- cane winterhardiness, high fruit yield capabil- izer (isobutylidene diurea, IBDU 31-0-0) has ity, plus fruit quality; Nova appears to meet been determined to sustain growth rates and these requirements, thereby potentially pro- appearance of containerized Ardorra junipers viding a second good cultivar for the region. through one growing season. Plants were grown successfully in a mixture containing three parts sawdust to one part peat with an Strawberries admixture of 380 g pelletized IBDU per bushel. The fine, Par-Ex form of IBDU at the Breeding. Evaluation trials of selections same rate did not provide adequate plant from the Kentville breeding program have nitrogen through the season. In these trials identified four superior selections (K73-2, phosphorus was supplied as superphosphate K75-13, K76-9, K78-4) for inclusion in the and potassium as muriate of potash or fritted 1981 regional test plots. The high-yielding, potassium. Minor elements were also added in large-fruited selection K74-10 has been a fritted form as a medium premix. No visual named Kent and released to the public via differences in plant quality could be found commercial nurseries. between the soluble (muriate) and slow- The breeding program designed to incorpo- release (fritted) forms of potassium. rate field tolerance for the red stele organism Hardiness zone effects on storage of con- (Phytophthora fragariae) has produced selec- tainerized ornamentals under various cover- tions which will be propagated by a local ings. Despite widespread use of storage houses nursery for distribution to commercial grow- covered with white polyethylene for overwin- ers. All crosses made in 1980 included a tering containerized ornamentals, trials con- parent resistant to red stele. Seedling inocula- ducted during 1979-80 indicated that the tion with a strain complex of the red stele method is not always satisfactory for plants organism was carried out at Kentville. The which are important in the Atlantic Region. inoculation survivors (I 478) which were Winter storage of Cotoneaster dammeri in planted in land infested with the red stele plant hardiness zone 6a under white polyeth- organism will be evaluated in 1981. ylene resulted in satisfactory spring quality, RESEARCH STATION, KENTVILLE. N.S. 109 whereas in zone 5a the same treatment caused Rhododendron breeding. Several promising severe leaf browning and damage. The same seedlings were selected in 1980 including species overwintered under flexible 6-mm yellow-flowering types. The white-flowered styrofoam (Microfoam) was undamaged in Kentville seedling selection K74-02 (Cun- either zone. ningham's White X Rhododendron yakusi- Differences in the effectiveness of white manum) was named Minas Snow. polyethylene storage were related to lower root temperatures under zone 5a conditions. Microfoam maintained root temperatures PROTECTION OF CROPS AGAINST significantly above the killing point in both PESTS zones. Juniperus chinensis cv. Pfitzeriana Aurea stored well under white polyethylene or Plant pathology microfoam under 5a or 6a conditions. The choice of storage method for containerized Persistence of captafol applied with foliar ornamentals should take into consideration nutrients during fruit bud development of species characteristics (particularly root har- apple. Adding the foliar nutrients urea and diness) and the winter climate of the storage magnesium sulfate to captafol sprays applied site. to apples with active ingredient (ai) at 2.4 kg/ Effects of carbon dioxide on flowering and 1000 L water at the pink stage of fruit bud vegetative development in Pharbitis nil. development did not affect the persistence and Short-day (SD) photoperiods (8 h light - 16 h redistribution of captafol deposits. Residues dark) caused rapid flowering in Pharbitis were higher on foliage throughout the season plants grown in 0.03 or 0.1 % CO" whereas and on the fruit at harvest when captafol at 6 plants in long-day (LD) conditions remained kg ai/I 000 L was applied at the pink stage of vegetative. At I or 5% CO" however, flower fruit bud development than when it was buds were developed under both the SD and applied when fruit buds were in earlier stages LD photoperiods. Flowering was earliest in of development. plants exposed to SD at low CO, concentra- Apple tions, when floral buds were formed at node 3 Evaluation of fungicides on apple. scab pressure was high, with infection periods or 4. At high CO, concentrations, floral buds frequent throughout the spray season in which did not form until node 6 or 7. Both high CO, light sprays were applied dilute to run-off concentrations and LD photoperiods tended to with a handgun to the cultivars Mcintosh and enhance stem elongation and leaf formation. Cortland. The experimental fungicides Bay- Subsequent experiments on CO, exchange cor 50 WP and CGA-64251 look particularly indicated that the occurrence of flowering under normally noninductive LD photoperi- promising for scab control. Both were very effective in mixtures with captan. Baycor with ods at I or 5% CO, could not be readily the surfactant AL-411 F gave excellent scab explained in terms of higher photosynthetic control but caused a slightly mottled chlorosis rates. It is possible that inadvertently high CO, concentrations in greenhouses producing to foliage. The foliage of trees sprayed with CGA-64251 was crinkled, somewhat leathery, floricultural crops may lead to undesirable and darker green than normal. A test in which effects on plant morphology. these fungicides were applied at 24, 48, and Ornamental cultivar evaluations. Twenty- 72 h following two heavy apple scab infection eight species of ornamental trees and shrubs periods suggests that both act as eradicants or were established in test plots during 1980. after-rain fungicides up to at least 72 h This planting represented the start of an following apple scab infection periods. ongoing evaluation program which will be developed during future years to include Control of twig and blossom blight of locations in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward highbush blueberry with fungicides. Foliar Island, and New Brunswick. The 1980 plant- sprays of Funginex and Ronilan gave signifi- ings were duplicated at the L'Assomption cant control of twig and blossom blight and Experimental Farm, Que. Each year more the mummyberry stage of Monilinia vaccinii- species will be added to the inventory in this corymbosi (Reade) Honey. Funginex was testing network, and evaluations will be more effective than Ronilan in controlling conducted at each location over a minimum twig and blossom blight and its use increased 5-yr period. yields significantly over those of control plots. 110 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Observations on white mold in snap beans. soils indicating that leaching plays a signifi- White mold (caused by Sclerotinia sclerotio- cant role in terbacil dissipation from soils. rum (Lib.) deBary) was a problem in snap Total residues recovered from the upper 25 bean fields where beans had been grown in cm of soils ranged from 6-18% and 16-32% previous years and in the dense weedy areas of of that applied for simazine and terbacil, the fields. In these locations infections ranged respectively. In an oat seedling bioassay, the from 10 to 50% of the plants exhibiting GR,o values were generally one and one-half to disease symptoms. Losses were less than 5% three times higher for simazine than for in the 40 ha surveyed. terbacil in the same soils. Both herbicides were more phytotoxic at pH 7.1 than at pH Observations on storage rots of Mclntosh 5.4. apples in low oxygen storage. The amounts of storage rots were lower in the lower levels of Herbicide residues in lowbush blueberry. oxygen concentrations, particularly in the Lowbush blueberry plants were treated with absence of carbon dioxide. Increasing the asulam, dichlobenil, 2,4-D, pronamide, or concentrations of carbon dioxide from I to 5% simazine at the recommended rates. The area decreased the amount of rots in the higher was burned before regrowth began in the concentrations of oxygen. following spring. No residues of herbicides were detected in the berries 2 yr after Insect pests application. Control of blueberry thrips with per- Persistence of dinitramine and trijiuralin methrin. the effect on yield. and the residue in in soils. Persistence of two dinitroaniline fruit. Permethrin at 0.4 kg ai/ha controlled herbicides in two loamy sand soils of the blueberry thrips (Frankliniella vaccinii Mor- Somerset and Berwick series was found to be gan). There was no plant damage, and crop greater than anticipated. Half-lives of spring- yield was significantly increased. Permethrin applied dinitramine in the Somerset and residues were not detected in berries. Berwick soils was 51 and 72 days, respec- tively, and 126 days for trifluralin in the Pesticide residues Berwick soil. Trifluralin had not dissipated to Asulamfor control of eastern bracken fern the 50% level in the Somerset soil over the in lowbush blueberry fields. Eastern bracken 190-day test period. An indicator plant, fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. Setaria viridis, showed severe stunting when latiusculum (Desv.) Underw.) in fields of grown in soils sampled in late September from lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) was ef- plots treated with trifluralin at 1.0 kg/ha in fectively controlled by spray application of late May. asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate), a sys- Residues of glyphosate and its major temic herbicide. No detectable residue of metabolite in crops as a result of the asulam was found in fruit harvested from preemergence treatment with RoundufJ'1lher- treated plots. Spray applications were at 1.12 bicide. Neither glyphosate nor its metabolite and 2.24 kg/ha. The higher rate was more were found in mature crops of corn, oats, snap thorough than the lower rate in reducing the beans, peas, carrots, or red beets preemer- number of bracken fronds. gently treated with Roundup!!> at 4 kg ailha in Comparative behavior of simazine and 300 L water. Analysis was made by gas and thin-layer chromatography. terbacil in soils. Adsorption of simazine (2- chloro-4,6-bisethylamino-I,3,5-triazine) was 2.3 to 3.7 times greater than that of terbacil (5-chloro-6-methyl-3-t-butyluracil) in the PROCESSING, DISTRIBUTING, same soils, and adsorption of both herbicides AND RETAILING was two to four times greater in the topsoils Applications of surface waxes to sweet than in subsoils. Adsorption was inversely cherries prolongs expected shelf life and correlated with herbicide movement in a reduces disorders resulting from mechanical thick-layer chromatography system. One year damage. Surface damage caused by mechani- after application of 3 kg/ha to field plots, cal injury, stem discoloration and shriveling, simazine residues were highest near the soil and fruit weight loss in sweet cherries surface, whereas terbacil residues increased (Prunus avium L.) are persistent problems with soil depth in the sandy and sandy loam facing Canadian sweet cherry industries. RESEARCH STATION, KENTVILLE, N.S. III Applications of emulsifiable coatings to cher- The development of a new blanching sys- ries have significantly reduced surface disor- tem. Blanching as a commercial process, ders, fruit and stem desiccation, and stem though vitally necessary, tends to be energy discoloration. In addition, wax formulations intensive and high in effluent production, and applied to cherries have enhanced fruit gloss, in many cases significantly reduces the nutri- improved overall appearance of the fruit, and ent content of products. Over a 7-yr period a increased the potential shelf life by 100%. new prototype blancher has been developed which has been demonstrated to reduce Characteristics of frozen strawberries. The energy requirements as much as 10 times physical and chemical characteristics of nu- when compared with conventional procedures. merous strawberry varieties have been exam- Most vegetables tested show ascorbic acid ined for attributes associated with a high- retentions of 85-90% of fresh produce and quality frozen product. Measurements are improvements in retention over water blanch made on the fresh strawberries at the time of processes of up to 52%. Effluent volumes and harvest and on the frozen products after overall loads tend to be significantly reduced. approximately 6 mo of storage at -26°C. Good agreement has been found between Extensive testing has shown the new measurement of color with a Hunterlab color process system provides significant im- difference meter and the judgment of color by provements in the process parameters outlined a taste panel. above while yielding products of high quality that are, in many cases, superior to conven- Fruit maturity and storage parameters tionally processed products. A program is now affect fruit response to low-oxygen atmo- under way to develop the system as a com- spheres. Several fruit and storage parameters mercial entity. A unit capable of blanching have been identified which affect the response peas at 2720 kg/h was tested during the of McIntosh apples (Malus domestica Borkh) processing seasons of 1979 and 1980. to low-oxygen (1.0% 0,) storage atmospheres. Fruit maturity at harvest is critical for The effect of an individual quick blanching optimum low-oxygen storage retention of fruit method on ascorbic acid retention in selected firmness. Immature and overmature fruit will vegetables. Method of blanching (including have accelerated firmness loss in storage. cooling) was found to have a significant effect Postclimacteric fruit are susceptible to inter- on residual ascorbic acid level in peas (P < nal browning in 1.0% oxygen atmospheres. 0.01) and broccoli (P 0.001), but not in cut Similarly, storage temperatures of O°C when < green beans (P 0.05). The separate parts of McIntosh apples are held at 1.0% may > the procedure (heating and cooling) had an predispose the fruit to an internal breakdown additive effect but acted independently of one disorder. Carbon dioxide (0-5.0%) in the storage atmosphere is negatively correlated another. In each case where a difference was with the retention of fruit firmness when observed the experimental procedure (individ- storage oxygen levels are at 1.0% or lower. ual quick blanch - evaporative or air cool) was found to yield a product higher in Low-oxygen storage maintains apple qual- ascorbic acid than the conventionally pro- ity in several cultivars. Recent developments cessed product (water blanch - water cool). indicate that present oxygen levels recom- The practical implication is that adoption of mended for controlled atmosphere (CA) specialized steam blanch procedures or evapo- storage of several apple cultivars (Malus rative cooling will result in improved nutrient domestica Borkh) do not provide for optimum levels in sensitive vegetables (e.g. peas and retention of fruit quality and maximum broccoli) compared with the conventional storage life. Reduction of CA oxygen levels to product. The experiments also indicated that 1.0% or lower has the potential of greatly any contact of heat and water with susceptible enhancing the maintenance of fruit firmness, vegetable materials will cause a marked acidity, juiciness, and overall acceptability of reduction in ascorbic acid levels. For the Golden Delicious, McIntosh, and Cortland vegetables studied, the K-I individual quick apples in storage. McIntosh apples respond blanch system yielded a fully blanched pro- particularly well to low-oxygen atmospheres duct which retained mean ascorbic acid levels and demonstrate the potential for commercial between 82 and 91 % of raw values, depending year-round marketing of this variety. on the specific vegetable. 112 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 ANIMAL SCIENCE Stocking rate for reed canarygrass pasture. It was found that a reed canarygrass sward Cattle grazed rotationally and at a low stocking rate will continue to persist for at least 3 yr. Two Early weaning of beef cows in dry lot. years of continuous grazing nearly eliminated Calves, from half the cows which were the stand in previous experiments. Animal wintered on either an adequate or a low plane gain was not significantly different between a of nutrition, were weaned at about 2 mo of low and high grazing intensity, but the low age and reared on ad libitum creep feed and grazing intensity favored the reed canarygrass hay to the normal weaning age of 200 days. production, with a dry matter yield of 8.87 Calves left with the cows were fed creep feed Mt/ha. ad libitum and had access to forage in the feed bunk. Early weaning did not affect the Use of prostaglandin to synchronize estrus. weights of calves at 200 days of age for cows The main cow herd at Nappan was injected on the adequate level of nutrition, but early with prostaglandin on 2 days 10 days apart weaned calves from the low-plane cows aver- and inseminated twice on the 3rd and 4th day aged 7 kg less than those left with the cows. after the second injection. Less than 50% of Early weaning improved conception rate of tne herd conceived to these inseminations. the cows on the low level of feeding but had Weaning the calves on the day following the no effect for those fed adequately. The most second injection did not improve conception economical feeding program was the low rates at the timed inseminations, but it did plane of nutrition with early weaning. increase conception rates of the cows over the 2-mo breeding season, especially for cows that Effect on animal gain of steam-treating were on a low plane of nutrition prior to grass for silage. Four crops were compared as weaning. unwilted silage for beef cattle weight gain: (a) grass harvested 14-15 June, early head stage, Hogs of 61% digestible in vitro dry matter (OM); Comparison of growing weaner pigs on (b) similar grass, steamed standing, harvested raised decks and on solid flooring. Raised 14-15 June, early head stage of 63% digest- weaner decks are increasing in popularity ible OM; (c) second harvest of grass from across Canada and the United States. same area as a above harvested 22-24 Au- Because of this popularity it was decided to gust, early head stage of 59% digestibility; (d) test this equipment via two experiments, using grass-legume, second harvest on 22-24 Au- a total of 150 weaner pigs. The pigs were gust, early head - early bloom stage of 62% placed on six treatments which compared digestible OM. Steaming of grass in b was weaner decks to floor pens at three stocking accomplished with the Outch thermal unit. densities. Results indicate that performance Animal gains (kilograms per head per day) of pigs in terms of growth rate, feed conver- when silage only was offered were: (a) 0.45; sion, health, and carcass quality is not im- (b) 0.71; (c) 0.47; and (d) 0.71. This repre- proved by the use of weaner decks. It was also sents an increase of 57% in animal gain found that weaner pigs reared in low stocking resulting from steaming a standing grass densities perform better than those kept in sward prior to ensiling, compared with a 30% higher densities. increase obtained by supplementing the con- ventional silage ration with 1 kg of barley per Effect of fish silage supplementation of day. feed on performance of growing-finishing swine. Fish silage in addition to a 16% crude Monensin for beef cows. Monensin, a feed protein ration was fed to 24 pigs from 40 kg to additive approved in Canada for use with 60 kg liveweight. Consumption of fish silage, feedlot cattle, has not been approved for when fed separately from the rest of the breeding animals. In 3 yr of testing with the ration, does not appear to be a viable supple- Nappan beef cow herd, it has proved effective ment for swine rations. Other feeding meth- in improving the efficiency of feed conversion ods will be tested in future trials. and has not shown any detrimental effects on reproductive performance of the cows. In 1 yr Effect of sodium hypochlorite on the when feeding was suboptimal, there was growth of pigs. Water containing 1000 ppm evidence of a beneficial effect on conception sodium hypochlorite was given to 10 barrow rate from feeding monensin. pigs from 4 wk of age to market weight. RESEARCH STATION. KENTVILLE. N.S. 113 Consumption of sodium hypochlorite resulted increased 2S-day liveweights (P < 0.05). The in no measurable effect on growth rate, feed addition of biotin or thiamine significantly conversion, or carcass quality. improved feed conversion (P < 0.05). Mone- The influence of number of animals per tary returns were reduced for those diets pen and presence of free choice minerals on involving multiple additions of vitamins owing to increased feed costs. Total mortality and leg weakness in boars. The feeding of a free- mortality attributed to ADS appeared to be choice mineral mix, and the opportunity for reduced by the inclusion of additional vita- increased exercise, were tested on boars both mins. The inclusion of biotin alone signifi- with and without foot and leg weakness. The cantly reduced total mortality (P < 0.05) and results indicate that neither of the treatments mortality due to ADS (P 0.05). tested have any effect on the feet and legs of < boars. Influence of genotype and diet on general Poultry performance and incidence of leg abnormali- ties of commercial broilers reared to roaster Cooking characteristics and eating quality weight. Two experiments were conducted to of broiler chickens fed squid meal. Meat study the influence of genotype and diet on from frozen broiler chickens that had been fed general performance and incidence of leg diets containing 0 (control), 5, 10, or 15% abnormalities of commercial broiler chickens squid meal was evaluated for its cooking reared to roaster weight. In experiment I a characteristics and eating quality. Ten panel- total of 1960 male day-old chicks of seven ists scored samples for flavor, juiciness, different commercial genotypes were housed tenderness, and off-flavor. Control samples separately in 14 pens (25.64 m') with 140 lost significantly more weight (P < 0.05) birds per pen and fed one dietary regimen. In during cooking than did the 5% squid meal experiment 2, 3000 male day-old chicks of samples. As the level of squid meal in the two commercial genotypes were randomly diets increased, the chicken flavor intensity assigned to 20 pens (13.54 m') with ISO birds decreased slightly but not significantly. Off- per pen, and two replicate pens were fed one flavors were detected in samples from all of the five different dietary regimens designed treatments including the control. The off- to promote rapid, intermediate, or slow flavor of control and 5% squid meal samples growth. was not characterized by the judges, whereas the most common description of the off-flavor Differences (P < 0.05) were observed for the 10% and 15% squid meal samples was among the genotypes tested (experiment I) in 'fishy.' Control samples were significantly less the incidence of mortality, leg abnormalities, liveweight, and feed conversion but not for juicy (P < 0.05) than squid meal and mean monetary returns per bird housed. In significantly less tender (P < 0.05) than either the 5 or 10% squid meal samples. It is experiment 2, significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed among the dietary reg- concluded that up to 10% squid meal can be fed to broiler chickens without significantly imens tested for liveweight, feed conversion, and monetary returns per bird housed. As the affecting cooking characteristics or eating quality of the meat produced. protein content of starters, growers, and finishers decreased, body weight decreased Effect of vitamins on the incidence of but monetary returns improved. Feeding the mortality and acute death syndrome ('jlip- birds beyond 63 days resulted in a substantial over) in broiler chickens. Eight different reduction in monetary returns. A dietary vitamin mixtures were each fed to six repli- regimen which included starter, grower, de- cate pens (150 birds per pen) of day-old Cobb veloper, and finisher with IS, 24, 22, and 14% chicks in a completely randomized design to protein, respectively, resulted in significantly evaluate the effect of biotin, pyridoxine, and better feed conversion and a significantly thiamine singly or in combination and the lower incidence of leg abnormalities. effect of feeding these vitamins in addition to the standard vitamins at two and four times Performance of chicken broilers changed their required level on mortality and incidence from starter tofinisher diets at different ages. of acute death syndrome (ADS) or 'flip-over' A total of 1600 broiler chickens were fed a of broiler chickens. Further additions to the starter diet (24.0% protein and metabolizable standard vitamins and addition of thiamine to energy of 12.45 MJ /kg) and a finisher diet the standard vitamin mixture significantly (15.9% protein and metabolizable energy of 114 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 13.45 MJ/kg) in this experiment. Commenc- per day and from 301 to 425 kcal of metab- ing at 24 days of age, and at daily intervals olizable energy (ME) per bird per day, was thereafter to 33 days inclusive, randomly adequate to support optimum performance. selected pens of birds were switched from The ahemeral light treatment 14L: 13D starter to finisher diets. All surviving birds used from 168 to 448 days had a depressing were slaughtered at 49 days. Although mor- effect on egg production and feed efficiency tality was slightly higher among females, compared with the conventional 24-h-day body weights were numerically heavier when cycle with 14L: 1OD light treatment. The birds were switched from starter to finisher at 14L:13D treatment, however, did result in 28 days of age. However, this was not increased egg size and improved shell reflected in a significant difference in mone- strength. The intermittent light treatments, tary returns (P < 0.05). It is concluded that whether ahemeral or 24-h cycle, resulted in broiler chickens fed diets described herein improved egg weight and shell strength. The may be changed from starter to finisher diets ahemeral intermittent treatment (l0L: over ages ranging from 24 to 33 days without 12D:2L:3D) had the effect of depressing markedly affecting general performance or fertility and hatchability, whereas the 24-h monetary returns. This latter relationship intermittent photoperiod (l0L:9D:2L:3D) may change with different ingredient costs. resulted in fertility and hatchability being equal to or better than with other treatments. The effect of diet, feed withdrawal, and It was concluded that the 24-h intermittent carcass chilling on the live and eviscerated light treatment (1 OL:9D:2L:3D) supported weights of broiler chickens. Nine hundred performance which was equal to or better broiler chickens, which had been reared on six than other light treatments including the 27-h different dietary regimens, were involved in ahemeral day cycles. an experiment to estimate the effect of feed withdrawal for 0, 8, and 18 h prior to The effect of several different photoperiods slaughter. Gains in eviscerated weights during on the performance of meat-parent geno- immersion cooling and holding in an ice pack types. A total of 4700 birds, consisting of four were estimated by weighing eviscerated car- commercial meat-parent genotypes, were used casses prior to their entrance into the ice in two experiments to estimate the effects of water of the cooling tank and after being held several photoperiod treatments. In each ex- in an ice pack for 20 h. Body weights were not periment, the rearing photoperiod treatments significantly affected (P < 0.05) by dietary consisted of (I) a constant 8-h period of light treatments. Compared with the control (0 h), per day and (2) a constant 12.5-h period of body weights were significantly reduced with light per day. In the first experiment birds 8 hand 18 h of feed withdrawal. These weight reared on 8 h of light per day were subjected losses represent a reduction in monetary to three adult photoperiods: (A) increased returns over feed costs of 2.0 and 8.4 cents per from 9 h at 20 wk to 16-h constant photope- bird, respectively. The increase in eviscerated riod at 32 wk, (B) 16-h constant photoperiod carcass weight that occurred during the from 20 wk to end of experiment, and (C) cooling and holding in an ice pack for 20 h intermittent photoperiod 10.5D-2L-2D-9.5L. amounted to 6.9% and 6.5% for male and The group reared on the 12.5-h photoperiod female carcasses, respectively. were subjected to three adult photoperiods: (D) increased from 12.5 h of light per day at The effects of dietary protein levels, ahem- 20 wk to 17 h constant at 32 wk, (E) eral light and dark cycles, and intermittent increased from a 12.5 h of light per day at 20 photoperiods on the performance of chicken wk to 16 h at 22 wk, and (F) changed to broiler parent genotypes. Experimentation 10.5D-2L-9.5L day cycle. Photoperiod treat- was undertaken to estimate the effects of: (I) ments were the same in experiment 2 except two dietary protein levels (13.6 and 15.4%) in that the adult treatments were introduced 1 breeder diets fed to commercial meat parent wk earlier and treatments C and F were genotypes; and (2) six photoperiods involving changed to 9.5D-2L-2D-lO.5L. There were 24-h and 27-h (ahemeral) day cycles with significant genotypic effects for practically all single-stage and intermittent lighting for traits measured except mortality. Photoperi- birds housed in floor pens. It was concluded ods D, E, and F resulted in a significant delay that the 13.6% protein breeder diet, which in sexual maturity compared to A, B, and C. provided 14.8 and 20.9 g of protein per bird Egg production tended to be higher for RESEARCH STATION. KENTVILLE. N.S. 115 treatments A, B, and C, with treatment C sexual maturity, higher egg production, and supporting the best general performance. improved feed efficiency than when diets containing Candle RSM were fed. It is The effect of Nutri-Bond as a pellet binder concluded that RSM can replace a major in chicken broiler genotypes. A total of 1360 portion of the SM in grower and layer diets male and female chickens were fed starter without adverse effects, providing amino acid and finisher diets containing 0, 1, 2, or 3% and nutrition balance is maintained by Nutri-Bond in two separate experiments. A slightly increasing the amount of fishmeal different genotype was used in each experi- added. ment. No significant treatment effects were observed for mortality or feed conversion. The nutritional value of Tower and Candle Body weights in one experiment were lower rapeseed meals for turkey broilers housed when Nutri-Bond was fed. Monetary returns under various lighting conditions. A total of were lower when diets contained Nutri-Bond. 1200 poults were housed in a split-plot arrangement to evaluate four different dietary The nutritional value of rapeseed meal for treatments and three light treatments. Pre- layer genotypes housed in pens. A total of 600 starter and starter diets contained 0 or 10% single-comb White Leghorn (SCWL) pullets Tower rapeseed meal (RSM), Candle RSM, of two commercial genotypes (300 of each) a combination of Tower and Candle RSM were fed soybean meal (SM) or rapeseed (50:50), and 0 or 20% of these RSM treat- meal (RSM) during either or both the grow- ments, respectively. Grower, developer, and ing and laying periods. RSM can replace a finisher diets contained 0 or 30% of these major portion (74%) of the SM of starter and RSM treatments, respectively. The light grower diets without affecting mortality or treatments tested were continuous (23L: 1D), feed consumption adversely. Differences (P < intermittent (4L:2D), and total darkness. 0.05) were observed between the two geno- Tower and Candle RSM, singularly or in types for age at sexual maturity, body weight, combination, when included in turkey diets egg weight, Haugh units, and specific gravity resulted in significantly lower mortality, of eggs, but not for percentage mortality, hen- higher liveweights, improved feed conversion, housed egg production, or feed conversion. higher percentage Grade A carcasses, and Feeding RSM had no effect on body weight at improved monetary returns. There were no 497 days, egg production, feed conversion, or significant differences observed for any of Haugh units, but it significantly (P < 0.05) these traits for turkeys raised under continu- reduced egg size at 497 days and egg specific ous or intermittent lighting or total darkness. gravity. This study indicated that RSM is a There was, however, some indication that the good source of dietary protein for layer turkeys tended to perform better under inter- genotypes housed in pens and that it can mittent lighting. No light x diet interaction replace a major portion of SM in such diets was observed for any of the traits measured, without adverse effects. indicating that the turkeys responded in a The nutritional value of rapeseed meal for similar manner regardless of the diet or light treatment. It is concluded that RSM is a caged layers. A total of 1536 SCWL pullets nutritious and efficacious source of dietary of two commercial genotypes (768 of each) protein for turkey broilers. were fed soybean meal (SM), Tower, or Candle rapeseed meal (RSM) during either Sheep the growing or the laying period or both. RSM can replace a major portion (74%) of Artificial rearing of lambs. The addition of the soybean meal of starter and grower diets a low level of sodium bicarbonate (1 % wt/wt) without adversely affecting mortality or feed to the milk replacer increased daily feed consumption. Differences were observed intake and gain of lambs weaned at I day of between the two genotypes for all traits age when the energy content of the diet was measured during the laying period, except for supplemented with corn oil or corn oil plus mortality. Switching the birds from an SM lactose, but not when lactose only was added. grower diet to a 15% RSM layer diet resulted The addition of I or 2% sodium bicarbonate in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in to the concentrate fed to 56 days of age also mortality. In general, the feeding of Tower increased daily feed intake and rates of gain. RSM during both the growing and laying There was high mortality (40%) among lambs periods resulted in heavier birds, earlier fed a low fat (12% fat) milk replacer with 116 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 supplemental energy supplied by lactose with ewes. In this experiment a standard hay and or without the addition of 1% sodium bicar- grain diet was compared with limited or ad bonate. Mortality was lower (10%) for lambs libitum DAP with long hay. Highest total fed the same replacer with energy supplied by feed consumption and lowest weight loss to corn oil or corn oil plus lactose. Only a limited weaning were obtained by the ewes fed DAP amount of lactose can be digested by the ad libitum. The ewes fed limited DAP con- young lambs. sumed more feed than those fed the hay and grain but had slightly greater weight losses. Cement kiln dust for lambs. In two earlier There were no significant differences in lamb trials the addition of 2% (wt/wt) sodium weights due to the feeding treatment of the bicarbonate or cement kiln dust to mash-type ewes. With the materials used, about 1.4 kg of diets for growing lambs has increased daily DAP were required to equal the energy value gains. In this experiment the addition of 3% of I kg of barley for the ewes. cement kiln dust to pelleted diets containing Early weaning of lambs. Lambs born in either 15 or 45% ground roughage did not February were weaned at either 5-6 or 9-10 give a response. There was little difference in wk of age, and feed consumption was com- the daily gains of lambs fed the 15% roughage pared for both ewes and lambs until 2 wk (0.22 kg) or the 45% roughage diet (0.20 kg) after the late weaning. Early weaning did not but those fed the high roughage consumed result in a large difference in weight gains more feed per day and converted feed to gain (0.22 kg/day early weaned versus 0.24 kg/day less efficiently (9.0 versus 7.4 kg feed per for those late weaned). After weaning, the kilogram of gain). early weaned ewes were fed only long hay and lost weight (0.1 kg/day). The ewes nursing Dehydrated alfalfa pellets for ewes. Pre- lambs were fed slightly more than necessary vious work has shown that dehydrated alfalfa to maintain weight (gain average 0.01 kg/ pellets (DAP) and limited long hay make a day). Feed costs were lower for the early satisfactory diet for pregnant and lactating weaned lambs and ewes. PUBLICA nONS Research Hulan, H. W.; Proudfoot, F. G.; McRae, K. B. 1980. The nutritional value of Tower and Aalders, L. E.; Hall, I. V.; Brydon, A. C. 1980. Candle rapeseed meals for turkey broilers Seed production and germination in four low- housed under different lighting conditions. bush blueberry clones. HortScience 15:587- Poult. Sci. 59: I 00-1 09. 588. Hulan, H. W.; Proudfoot, F. G.; McRae, K. B. Cumming, D. B.; Stark, R. 1980. The development 1980. Effect of vitamins on the incidence of of a new blanching system. J. Can. Diet. Assoc. mortality and acute death syndrome (flip-over) 41 :39-44. in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 59:927-931. Hicklenton, P. R.; Jolliffe, P. A. 1980. Alterations Hulan, H. W.; Proudfoot, F. G.; Ramey, D.; in the physiology of CO, exchange in tomato McRae, K. B. 1980. Influence of genotype and plants grown in CO,-enriched atmospheres. diet on general performance and incidence of Can. J. Bot. 58:2181-2189. leg abnormalities of commercial broilers reared to roaster weight. Poult. Sci. 59:748- Hicklenton, P. R.; Jolliffe, P. A. 1980. Carbon 757. dioxide and flowering in Pharbitis nil Choisy. Plant Physiol. 66: 13-17. Jensen, K. I. N.; Kimball, E. R. 1980. Persistence of dinitramine and trifluralin in Nova Scotia, Hulan, H. W.; Proudfoot, F. G. 1980. The nutri- Canada. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. tional value of rapeseed meal for layer geno- 24:238-243. types housed in pens. Poult. Sci. 59:585-593. Larmond, E.; Hulan, H. W.; Proudfoot, F. G. 1980. Hulan, H. W.; Proudfoot, F. G. 1980. The nutri- Cooking characteristics and eating quality of tional value of rapeseed meal for caged layers. broiler chicken fed squid meal. Poult. Sci. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:139-147. 59:2564-2566. RESEARCH STATION, KENTVILLE. N.S. 117 Lidster, P. D.; Forsyth, F. R.; Lightfoot, H. J. 1980. Webster, D. H. 1980. Response of compact subsoils Low oxygen and carbon dioxide atmospheres to soil disturbance. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:127- for storage of McIntosh apples. Can. J. Plant 13 J. Sci. 60:299-301. Webster, D. H.; Brown, G. L. 1980. Trunk growth Lidster, P. D.; Muller, K.; Tung, M. A. 1980. of apple trees as affected by crop load. Can. J. Effects of maturity on fruit composition and Plant Sci. 60: 1383-1391. susceptibility to surface damage in sweet cherries. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:865-871. Miscellaneous Lidster, P. D.; Tung, M. A. 1980. Effects of fruit Bubar, J. S.; Langille, J. E. 1979. Observations on temperatures at time of impact damage and "Wallace" trefoil. Lotus Newsl. 10:8-9. subsequent storage temperature and duration Crowe, A. D. 1980. Containment pruning in inten- on the development of surface disorders in sive, medium density orchards. Compact Fruit sweet cherries. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:555-559. Tree Int. Dwarf Fruit Trce Assoc. 13:91-96. Looney, N. E.; Lidster, P. D. 1980. Some growth Crowe, A. D.; Embree, C. G. 1980. Putting it all regulator effects on fruit quality, mesocarp together-System 155. Compact Fruit Tree composition and susceptibility to postharvest Int. Dwarf Fruit Tree Assoc. 13:146-150. surface marking of sweet cherries. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 105: 130-134. Crowe, A. D.; Swain, H. 1979. Observations on Neilson, W. T. A.; Knowlton, A. D.; Whitman, R. pollination and fruit set in 1979. N.S. Fruit J. 1980. Capture of apple maggot adults on Grow. Assoc. Annu. Rep. 116:55-62. Pherocon, Rebell, and sticky sphere traps. J. Cumming, D. 8.; Stark, R. 1980. Canada develops Econ. Entomol. 73. new steam blancher. Food Process. Ind. (U.K.) Nickerson, N. L. 1980. Promotion by tryptophan of 49:60-62. growth and root formation in low bush blue- Cumming, D. 8.; Stark, R. 1980. New blancher berry pericarp callus cultures. Can. J. Bot. conserves energy, yields high quality products. 58:881-885. Food Prod. Manage. (U.K.) 103:18-19. Proudfoot, F. G. 1980. The effects of dietary Experimental Farm, Nappan. 1980. Research Sum- protein levels, ahemeral light and dark cycles, mary 1979. and intermittent photoperiods on the perform- ance of chicken broiler parent genotypes. Hall, I. V.; Aalders, L. E.; Craig, D. L. 1978. Poult. Sci. 59: 1258-1267. Propagation of lowbush blueberries. Research Station, Kentville, N.S. II pp. Proudfoot, F. G.; Hulan, H. W. 1980. The effect of diet, feed withdrawal and carcass chilling on Hall, I. V.; Aalders, L. E.; Lockhart, C. L.; the live and eviscerated weights of broiler Jackson, L. P.; Wood, G. W.; Delbridge, R. W. chickens. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:461-464. 1979/1980. Lowbush blueberry production/La production du bleuet nain. Agric. Can. Publ. Proudfoot, F. G.; Hulan, H. W. 1980. Performance 1477.39 pp./42 pp. of chicken broilers changed from starter to finisher diets at different ages. Can. J. Anim. Hall, I. V.; Aalders, L. E.; Brydon, A. c.; Spicer, Sci. 60:799-80 I. M. A. 1977. Rooting lowbush blueberry cut- tings. Canadex 235.2 J. Proudfoot, F. G.; Hulan, H. W. 1980. The effect of nutri-bond as a pellet binder in chicken broiler Hall, I. V.; Aalders, L. E.; Nickerson, N. L. 1979. diets. Poult. Sci. 59:659-66 J. Increasing selected clones of low bush blue- berry. Canadex 235.20. Proudfoot, F. G.; Hulan, H. W.; McRae, K. B. 1980. The effect of several different photoperi- Hicklenton, P. R. 1980. Consider your climate ods on the performance of meat-parent geno- when winter storing containerized shrubs. types. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:21-3 J. Nursery Notes 1:1-2. Ross, R. G.; Gaul, S. O. 1980. Persistence of Hicklenton, P. R. 1980. New media/fertilizer captafol applied with foliar nutrients during combinations for producing containerized fruit bud development of apple. J. Plant Pa- shrubs. Nursery Notes 1:3. thol. 2. Hicklenton, P. R. 1980. Growth regulator may help Townsend, L. R.; McRae, K. B. 1980. The effect of in increasing salt tolerance. Nursery Notes 1:3. the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin on yield and on nitrogen fractions in soil and tissue of Hulan, H. W.; Proudfoot, F. G. 1979. Low protein corn (Zea mays L.) grown in the Annapolis in grower and finisher diets affects growth and Valley of Nova Scotia. Can. J. Plant Sci. feed efficiency of fryer roaster turkeys. Turkey 60:337-347. World 54:16-18. 118 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Hulan, H. W.; Proudfoot, F. G. 1980. Adding Lidster, P. D. 1980. Low oxygen storage for vitamins may reduce incidence of 'flip-over'. McIntosh apples. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers Feedstuffs 52(36): 17-18. Association Annual Report 117. In press. Hulan, H. W.; Proudfoot, F. G. 1980. Newer Proudfoot, F. G,; Hulan, H. W. 1980. Broiler rapeseed varieties can replace soybean meal. monetary returns not affected by fat source. Poult. Dig. 39: 152. Poult. Dig. 39:416. Hulan, H. W.; Proudfoot, F. G. 1980. Three-stage feeding speeds roaster growth. Poult. Dig. Proudfoot, F, G.; Hulan, H. W. 1980. More 'fines' 39:527. hurt broiler weights. Poult. Dig. 39:510. Jensen, K. I. N.; Bandeen, J. D. 1979. Triazine Proudfoot, F. G.; Hulan, H. W. 1980. 'Flip-over resistance in annual weeds. Maize. Ciba-Geigy disease' less with intermittent light. Poult. Dig. Tech. Monogr., Basel, Switzerland. pp. 55-57. 39:525. Jensen, K. I. N.; Palfrey, G. D. 1980. Spring and summer weed control in strawberries. Agdex Proudfoot, F. G.; Hulan, H, W. 1980. Effect of high 232/641. pre-lay calcium diet on shell quality. Poult. Dig. 39:527. Jensen, K. I. N.; Palfrey, G. D. 1980. Late-summer and fall weed control in strawberries. Agdex Research Station, Kentville, 1978. Annual Report 232/641.03. 1977. Khera, G. S.; Crowe, A. D. 1980. Use of economic criteria for selecting apple orchard systems for Research Station, Kentville, 1979. Annual Report Eastern Canada. Planning and Economics 1978. Branch and Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 178 pp. Sanford, K. H.; Whitman, R. J. 1980. Gaining experience with the synthetic pyrethroids. Langille, J. E. 1980. Forage peas show promise as Nova Scotia Fruit Growers Association An- an annual forage crop. Canadex 125.34. nual Report 117. In press, Lidster, P. D. 1980. The new low oxygen storage system shows good potential for commercial Stark, R.; Hall, I. Y,; Hendrickson, P. A. 1978. The application. National Apple Conference Pro- partridgeberry of Newfoundland. Canadex ceedings. 4 pp. 230. RESEARCH STATION, KENTVILLE, N.S. 119 Research Station Fredericton, New Brunswick PROFESSIONAL STAFF c. S. BERNARD, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director L. W. GARBER, B.A., M.Ed. Administrative Officer D. B. GAMMON,' M.A. Library Area Coordinator N. TANIGUCHI,' B.L.S. Librarian D. A. YOUNG, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Officer in Charge, Benton Ridge Environmental Quality and Soils T. L. CHOW, B.Sc., Ph.D. Soil hydrology R. R. KING, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Residue chemistry A. A. MACLEAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil chemistry and environmental quality G. R. SAINI, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil physics Animal Nutrition and Livestock Feeds P. L. BURGESS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Dairy cattle nutrition R. S. BUSH, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Calf nutrition R. E. MCQUEEN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Rumen microbiology J. W. G. NICHOLSON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Meat animal nutrition Potatoes R. H. BAGNALL, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Virus epidemiology and resistance G. BOITEAU, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Potato insect ecology M. C. CLARK, B.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry of disease resistance W. K. COLEMAN, B.Sc., Ph.D. Potato physiology H. DE JONG, B.A., M.S., Ph.D. Diploid breeding and genetics of potato W. A. HODGSON, B.Sc., M.Sc. Late blight of potato A. R. McKENZIE, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Tuber-borne pathogens of potato C. D. McLEOD, B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc. Agricultural mechanization engineering RESEARCH STATION. FREDERICTON. N.B. 121 G. C. MISENER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Potato harvesting and storage engineering R. P. SINGH, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Virus diseases of potato G. C. C. TAl, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Quantitative genetics of potato T. R. TARN, B.Sc., Ph.D. Cytogenetics of potato D. A. YOUNG, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Potato breeding and genetics Small Fruits C. D. McLEOD, RA.Sc., M.A.Sc. Agricultural mechanization engineering G. W. WOOD, B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Blueberry pests Departures W. B. COLLINS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Potato physiology Promoted to Program Specialist (Atlantic Region), 25 August 1980 C. F. EVERETT, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Weed control Retired 30 December 1980 G. R. JOHNSTON, B.Sc., M.S.A. Potato breeding and evaluation Retired 29 December 1980 M. E. MACGILLIVRAY, B.A., M.Sc., Potato insect ecology, aphid D.Sc., F.E.S.C. physiology Retired 26 December 1980 Senator Herve J. Michaud Experimental Farm J. M. W AUTHY, B.Sc. Superintendent; Forage and cereal crops P. V. LEBLANC, B.Sc., B.S.A. Vegetables M. LUFFMAN, B.Sc. Fruits 'Seconded from Libraries Division. Finance and Administration Branch. 122 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION The Fredericton Research Station is the main potato research center for the Research Branch of Agriculture Canada. Scientists of diverse disciplines concentrate their efforts on breeding, pathology, pest management, physiology and nutrition, and handling and storage procedures. While our research continues to support the industry in the Canadian market, it is now being called upon to provide new technology for the production of high-quality seed potatoes for export, including new cultivars to meet the special needs of importing countries. The livestock program deals with cattle and sheep, and our researchers are in close collaboration with workers at the Nappan Experimental Farm of the Kentville Research Station. The vegetable and berry crops program is receiving more emphasis since the acquisition of the Michaud Experimental Farm in 1978. Extensive field trials were commenced in 1980. The environmental quality program has a broad spectrum of activities, dealing as much with maintaining the quality of the agricultural land base as with preventing cultural practices from polluting either the soil, the waterways, or the crops. In 1980, four of our colleagues departed; Dr. C. F. Everett, G. R. Johnston, and Dr. M. E. MacGillivray retired, and Dr. W. B. Collins accepted a new challenge as Program Specialist (Atlantic Region) in Halifax. The present report deals briefly with some of our recent research results. More complete information is available from the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Box 20280, Fredericton, N.B. E3B 4Z7. c. S. Bernard Director ANIMAL NUTRITION AND whereas nitrogen retention was markedly LIVESTOCK FEEDS increased by formaldehyde treatment. Al- though no differences in milk production were Formaldehyde-treated protein supplements detected, formaldehyde treatment of the soybean meal favorably altered the rumen Formaldehyde treatment has been em- fermentation pattern and reduced ammonia ployed as a method to increase the rumen nitrogen levels. bypass of protein supplements and possibly enhance the utilization of the large amount of Plasma J3-carotene levels in dairy cows nonprotein nitrogen in grass silage. Twenty- J3-Carotene has been linked with reproduc- four cows were divided into two groups and tive performance in dairy cows. Twenty-four fed ad libitum total mixed rations (13% crude cows in early lactation were randomized into protein) composed of grass silage and concen- three groups to monitor plasma J3-carotene trates in a 60:40 ratio on a dry matter basis by levels over a 16-wk period on three different weight for 8 wk. The protein supplement for forage feeding programs. Group A was pas- each concentrate consisted of untreated or tured, group B was fed grass silage, and group formaldehyde-treated soybean meal. The C was fed timothy grass hay that had been group fed untreated soybean meal had higher stored for approximately 12 mo. In addition to (P <0.05) total daily dry matter intake (19.0 the forages, the cows received a barley-based versus 18.1 kg per cow) but the level of milk concentrate fed in proportion to milk produc- production and percentages of milk fat, tion. Jugular blood samples were collected protein, and lactose were not affected by the. and analyzed at 14-day intervals. treatment. Formaldehyde treatment signifi- All cows had been fed grass silage for cantly (P <0.0 I) reduced rumen acetate and several months prior to the trial. Plasma propionate levels as well as the percentages of J3-carotene levels at the beginning of the trial rumen ammonia nitrogen and blood urea. averaged 10.4 JLg/mL. Levels in cows on The digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen pasture increased continuously and averaged by sheep fed the two rations were similar, 13.2 JLg/mL of plasma, whereas levels in cows RESEARCH STATION. FREDERICTON. N.B. 123 receiving silage declined during the 1st mo of Ratio of potatoes to hay for silage feeding, then remained constant at 7.3 p.g/ mL. Levels in cows fed stored hay dropped Good silage can be made from 5:2 or 3:1 sharply after I mo and averaged only 1.9 p.g/ ratios of potatoes to hay, but producers would mL of plasma during the last 2 mo of study, like to use a higher ratio to use more potatoes which is below the level of 3-5 p.g/mL and to increase the energy content of the suggested for optimum dairy cow fertility. silage dry matter. We compared ratios of 3: I and 5: 1. There was considerable seepage from the silo containing the 5: I silage, but both Acidification of milk for calf feeding silages were well preserved and readily ac- cepted by beef cattle. Ten animals were fed on Newborn calves were fed whole milk (C), each of (l) 3: I silage plus 2.5 kg concentrate, or whole milk treated with formalin (F), (2) 5: I silage plus 2.5 kg concentrate, or (3) propionic acid (PA), or formic acid (FA) to 5: I silage plus 0.5 kg concentrate. meet ad libitum consumption. The C group Silage dry matter consumptions were 6.81 b, consumed the most milk and grew fastest 6.53b, and 7.32" kg/day for treatments I, 2, while on milk. They also used milk more and 3; weight gains averaged 0.94b, 1.12", and efficiently, consuming 10.2 kg/kg of growth, 0.86b kg/day. Treatment 3, because of the versus 11.5 (F), 11.6 (PA), and 11.6 (FA). more economical use of supplement, gave the There was little difference among the four highest return over feed costs. It was con- groups in consumption of calf starter or cluded that 5: I ratio of potatoes to hay is chopped timothy hay before or after weaning. satisfactory for silage but does lead to some After weaning, the C group grew slowest, seepage from the silos. The optimum ratio of whereas the FA group grew fastest. Although potato to hay for silage is about 4: 1. this is not an economical feeding program, it did demonstrate that restricted intake and Weight loss of cattle on turnout to pasture growth before weaning may be compensated by superior feed efficiency after weaning. When cattle are turned out to pasture in the spring they can lose up to 20% of body Densely seeded corn for silage weight in the first few days. It has been suggested that the transition causes an in- Dense-seeded (200 000 seeds per hectare) creased excretion of potassium resulting in a was compared with normal-seeded (56 000) reduction of body water content. corn for dry matter production and weight Twenty-seven heavy yearling cattle were gains of animals fed the silage. Densely grouped by three's and assigned to: (l) seeded corn gave 16% higher dry matter yield remain indoors on haylage and supplement, (9710 versus 8350 kg/ha), lower grain yield (2) pasture with a control supplement at 1.0 (1760 versus 2230 kg/ha), lower dry matter kg/day, or (3) pasture with a supplement content of the ear (30.6 versus 39.5%), and containing potassium at 1.0 kg/day. At lower silage dry matter digestibility by sheep slaughter it was found that approximately (60.7 versus 65.8%). Beef cattle fed the half the weight loss on turnout to pasture was normal silage consumed more dry matter per accounted for by changes in gut fill. The other day (4.2 versus 4.0 kg) and gained signifi- half was carcass weight loss. The supplemen- cantly faster (1.14 versus 1.06 kg/day). Based tal potassium did not have any apparent on the feed conversion figures obtained, beneficial effect on the weight changes. without making allowance for the contri- bution of the supplement fed, the densely Mineral content of New Brunswick forages seeded silage would support more beef pro- Over 500 samples of forages were collected duction per hectare (2092 versus 1825 kg). in New Brunswick in each of 1978 and 1979 Bird damage to the ears of corn grown for and analyzed for nine minerals of nutritional silage is a serious problem. About 30% of the significance. The samples were separated into grain from the ears of the corn in both of the grasses, legumes, and weeds and each fraction above seeding treatments was removed by was analyzed separately. Of the nine minerals birds. However, because the grain made up a assayed, only potassium and iron were present smaller percentage of the total dry matter in amounts adequate for ruminant animals in with the densely seeded corn, dry matter loss most New Brunswick forages. Calcium and to birds was less with this treatment. magnesium were adequate in legumes but not 124 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 in grasses. Minerals that require supplemen- 72 h, using duplicate bags in one cow on one tation include sodium, phosphorus, zinc, or two different weeks, respectively, for wheat copper, and manganese. A mixture of com- straw was :t 2.1 and :t 1.7; for alfalfa hay, mercial trace mineralized salt and dicalcium :t 1.0 and :t 1.0; for timothy hay, :t 1.0 and phosphate should supply adequate mineral :t 0.7. With this nylon bag technique, two supplementation. No major differences were bags used at the same time (week) with one found in mineral content of forages from cow gave acceptable SEM for DM and NDF different areas of the province. digestibility for forage evaluation. Transformations of potato glycoalkaloids by rumen microorganisms POTATO BREEDING The increased use of cull potatoes and of Predicting performance of potato clones in wastes from processing plants for animal feed different environments and renewed interest in the potential feeding value of potato vines prompted an investi- It is difficult to carry out international trials gation into the fate of potato glycoalkaloids in of potato clones because of the problems ruminant animals. Incubation of potato gly- involved in raising quantities of disease-free coalkaloids with rumen microorganisms re- seed and delivery to collaborators. Several sulted in initial hydrolysis to the alkaloid biometric models were examined for predict- solanidine. A substantial portion of the solani- ing performance of potato clones in different dine was then reduced to the 5,6-dihydro environments. Most promising was the send- analog 5j3-solanidan-3j3-01. No evidence of ing of a small group of genotypes (10) as subsequent esterification with fatty acids or controls to all regions for trial. The average metabolism of the nitrogen moiety was yield of the controls in a trial serves as a detected. measure of productivity, namely an environ- mental index, for that region. The main group Improved nylon bag technique reduces of clones was tested in a few chosen regions, variation in evaluating forages and the data for each clone regressed on the Forage samples may be enclosed in bags environmental indexes to establish a regres- made of indigestible nylon fabric and several sion equation. This equation was then used to of them suspended in the rumen of one predict performance of the clone in regions fistulated animal to be removed as required. where it had not been tested. Yield data of an The extent and rate of digestion of many international series of trials sponsored by the forages can then be determined with only a International Potato Center and Agriculture few fistula ted animals. A newly standardized Canada were used for testing the prediction technique includes use of a standard mesh model. The accuracy of prediction appears to nylon-monofilament fabric, presoaking the be satisfactory for most of the testing sites. bags, careful rinsing after removal from the Utilization of diploid germ plasm in potato rumen, and uniform treatment of the animals. genetics Variance components of digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and neutral-detergent fiber Diploid potato germ plasm is being used (NDF) were determined for three forages both to broaden the genetic base of the when run in triplicate bags for both 48 and 72 breeding population and in potato genetics h durations and repeated on two different research. In a genetic study on tuber russeting weeks. This plan was repeated in each of four on the diploid level, progenies from crosses fistula ted cows. where neither, one, or both parents were The variance between cows, different classified as 'russet' were analyzed. The weeks, and triplicate bags was exceptionally observed segregation ratios fit a hypothesis of low. As expected there was more extensive complementary action by three independently digestion and lower variation after 72 h than segregating dominant genes. It is possible, after 48 h. The components of variance were therefore, that progenies from nonrusset used to calculate the expected standard errors parents will contain some russet clones when, of the mean (SEM) digestibilities for several among both parents, all three complementary combinations of numbers of animals, bags, genes are present. The genotypes of several and weeks of replication. For example, the russet and nonrusset clones have been expected SEM for DM digestibility (%), after determined. RESEARCH STATION. FREDERICTON. N.B. 125 An Andigena population changed by mass POTATO ENTOMOLOGY selection Monitoring arthropod fauna on potatoes in New Brunswick Andigena potatoes adapted to long days, and selected for disease resistance, have been Potato fields in 10 New Brunswick counties crossed at Fredericton with Tuberosum culti- were sampled in 1979 and 1980 for different vars to exploit the heterosis of the F, hybrids. arthropod fauna. Particular note was made of native predators and parasites that might be In the meantime the base Andigena popula- useful in biological control. Five sampling tion, first obtained as true seed from the 1968 techniques were compared. Populations of and 1969 crops at the Scottish Plant Breeding Diptera and Hymenoptera were best moni- Station, has been subjected to five cycles of tored by yellow pan traps. Ground cloth and recurrent mass selection. In each cycle at sweep net sampling were equally satisfactory Fredericton 25-30% of a single-hill popula- for the Hemiptera and most families of tion was selected for haulm type and vigor, Coleoptera. Nocturnal arthropods such as and intercrossed using cut stems, labeled for Carabidae, Staphylinidae, and Araneidae identification, and bulked pollen. At harvest, were best monitored by pitfall traps, although 20-40% of the cutting 'mother' plants in the the dispersal of the flying species could be field were selected for maturity, yield, and followed with the yellow pan traps. Visual tuber type. Seed that had set on the cut stems observation of arthropods provided a further of these clones was used to make up the next qualitative assessment of populations. generation. Thus a cycle was completed in 12 Arthropod populations were at highest mo with no overlapping of generations and levels in late July to early August. Only very little selfing. There were five cycles of nocturnal insects and spiders were present in such selection. Some true seed from each large numbers throughout the season. Spiders generation was saved for later comparison. were more numerous than other predator groups. Six species of primary parasites and In 1977 some of the Scottish seed and seed four species of hyperparasites were reared in from each Fredericton generation were the laboratory from potato-infesting aphids. planted in the greenhouse. After a multiplica- Though relatively scarce, these parasites were tion stage in the field in 1978, cultivars from found in July and August, almost exclusively these six groups were compared in field trials on Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), the during 1979 and 1980. Early plant vigor aphid most abundant during this period. increased markedly between the parental and first generation, whereas haulms improved in maturity only in the last two generations. POTATO PATHOLOGY Rhizomes were less persistent in attachment to tubers in the later generations in the 1979 Physalis angulata as local lesion test plant trial, but showed no differences among gener- for potato virus A ations in 1980. Total yield increased almost Further testing has revealed that Physalis 30% (663 g to 850 g per hill) from parental to angulata is the more useful of three Physalis fifth generation, reflecting an increase in species reported as local lesion hosts for tuber number but little change in mean tuber potato virus A (PV A). It grows rapidly and weight. During the five cycles of selection, produces large smooth leaves over a period of tuber dormancy was shortened. This resulted several months. Local lesions developed in 4-5 in increased sprouting in storage and need for days on detached leaves and 7-10 on intact sprout-removal before planting and, in turn, plants. Unlike P. j/oridana, P. angulata does more stems and tubers, effectively maintain- , not react with distinct local lesions to potato ing the small tuber size. virus X (PVX); and it is not necessary to detach leaves to avoid lesions due to potato To correct these deficiencies, superior virus Y (PVY). These two viruses do eventu- clones are being used as to start a new ally cause systemic mosaic symptoms, so on selection program, with more emphasis on intact plants, all suitable leaves should be early bulking, tuber size, and longer used for testing on one occasion. In compara- dormancy. tive tests, accuracy of P. angulata diagnosis of 126 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 PV A was equal to enzyme-linked immunosor- susceptible. Although all of the 32 'standard' bent assay (ELISA). Local lesion production cultivars were not present in the plot every of P. angulata was not significantly affected year since 1968, there was always a sufficient by varying the light intensity between 2476 number to provide a mean percentage of and 6458 Ix or the temperature between 15° infection for each of the four classes. There and 25°C. was considerable fluctuation in the overall level of infection from year to year, but the Effect of sprays on the detection of PVA relative order of the group means, a, b, c, and and PVY by ELISA d, has been maintained without exception for Assay of PV A and PVY by ELISA was not each year, 1968-1979. There were many affected by a number of agricultural sprays. A additional cultivars in the plot each year. fungicide (chlorothalonil), an insecticide Most of these can be assigned to a particular (methamidophos), and an oil emulsion were group on the basis of 3 yr of testing, not each applied at 2-wk intervals, from 4 July, to necessarily in succession. 50 plants of Netted Gem potatoes infected Potato leaf roll virus with PYA or PVY. A fourth plot was sprayed with water. Foliage samples were collected on A separate trial to evaluate cultivar resist- four occasions, between 8 July and 24 August. ance to the potato leaf roll virus (PLR V) has been maintained since 1971. Data for 4 yr Control of PVY by mineral oil sprays (1973-1976) was used to separate 21 culti- Control of PVY by oil sprays varied from vars into four groups similar to those used for 34 to 64% in trials during 1979 and 1980. PVY, above. And here, too, the means of each Degree of control depended largely on concen- group have maintained the relative order a, b, tration of the oil, but to a lesser extent on rate c, and d for the years 1971-1979. and pressure of application. There was no Unlike PVY, the overall levels of infection significant difference between eight commer- in the PLR V plot have followed two clear cial oil formulations. trends: an increase from moderate in 1971 to No significant phytotoxic effect resulted a maximum in 1973 and a decline each year from applications of Corntrol OilQj),except to a very low level in 1977, followed by a when a combination of high oil concentration slight increase in 1978 and 1979. The trend in (3% water emulsion) and rate of application our trial appears to have anticipated by a year (2240 L/ha) was used. or two the leaf roll 'epidemic' in the New When fungicides were mixed with oil or Brunswick commercial crop in the early applied immediately after oil, more phytotox- 1970's. icity occurred than when they were applied 24 h later than oil. Fentin hydroxide was the Latent bacterial ring rot most phytotoxic, followed by chlorothalonil, It has been suggested by European workers captafol, metiram, and mancozeb in that that Corynebacterium sepedonicum may re- order. main at subclinical levels (latent) in potatoes There were no significant differences for several years before producing symptoms between oil deposits on leaves exposed to typical of bacterial ring rot (BRR). In two natural rainfall and those sheltered by plastic field experiments, one near Fredericton and sheets or on leaves exposed to 3 cm versus I the other near Bologna, Italy, symptoms were cm of artificial rain. Nor did timing of the expressed within a single growing season artificial rain have any significant effect. when infected symptomless tubers were used as seed. Seed for both trials was derived from Resistance to potato virus Y a table-stock field of the cultivar Kennebec, Since 1968, we have maintained field diagnosed in 1979 as positive to BRR. The exposure plots to evaluate resistance to PVY stem ends of 3000 healthy-appearing tubers in potato cultivars. We used healthy seed of were tested individually for the presence of C. the cultivars on trial and PVY -infected seed sepedonicum by latex agglutination; approx- between plots. On the basis of data collected imately 10% of those found to be latex over 5 yr (1972-1976), we separated 32 positive were checked and verified by either or 'standard' cultivars into four groups by means both the Gram stain and immunofluorescence of cluster analysis: (a) resistant, (b) moder- microscopy. Virtually 100% of the 'Iatent- ately resistant, (c) susceptible, and (d) very infected' tubers produced plants or tubers or RESEARCH STATION. FREDERICTON. N.B. 127 both with definite visible symptoms. Symptom the New Brunswick Agriculture Information severity ranged from slight wilting of the Service. plants and small initial external lesions on the An alternative method of forecasting was daughter tubers to complete wilting and early developed based only on hourly weather data death of the plants with no tuber production. from Environment Canada weather offices. Records of late blight occurrence from Agri- Immunoreactive component from potato culture Canada sources and weather data tubers infected with BRR covering a 24-yr period were compared by A heat-stable, nondialyzable component statistical analysis. A significant relationship was isolated by ethanol precipitation and existed between blight occurrence and two column chromatography from aqueous ex- factors: the duration of rainfall and the tracts of tubers infected with C. sepedonicum. opacity of cloud cover. Other data considered An analysis of crude extracts, based on their included amount and frequency of rainfall, capacity to cause flocculation of latex beads rain index, amount of cloud cover, duration of sensitized with antibodies to C. sepedonicum, fog, and dew point temperatures. gave titers of up to 300 000. Prolonged Thiabendazole residues on potato tubers digestion of the purified latex-positive compo- nent with pronase at 60°C had no effect on its Six months after an initial analysis of 39 reactivity with latex beads. The purified samples of potatoes from nine different farms material was also devoid of any absorption where tubers had been sprayed with thiaben- spectrum in the ultraviolet and gave a neg- dazole (1979 report), 10 duplicate samples ative reaction with ninhydrin. Preliminary from four of these farms were reexamined. attempts to elicit the production of antibodies Two of the new samples showed evidence of to the purified component were indeterminate. storage blight. Thiabendazole analysis of Elution of the immunoreactive material these two samples revealed 0.52 and 0.64 ppm from Bio-gel columns (P-200) as monitored of tuber weight, respectively, considerably less by the anthrone reaction and the latex test than the 3 ppm considered necessary for showed that the active component was present control. exclusively in the void volume. Sedimentation analysis in sucrose density gradients also attested the high molecular weight of the SMALL FRUITS latex-positive component: It cosedimented with a marker tRNA as a single, discrete Yellow sticky traps for monitoring band. Hydrolysis with dilute HCI followed by blueberry maggot adults paper chromatography revealed three major Although there is considerable evidence sugars with Rf values corresponding to ara- that adults of the blueberry maggot are binose, galactose, and glucose. attracted to yellow sticky traps, these com- A component identical in its properties and mercially available traps are not being recom- composition was also isolated from cell-free mended for general use. Field trials have filtrates of C. sepedonicum grown in asceptic shown only weak correlation (r = 0.357) shake cultures. between trap collections and level of fruit infestation, and fly activity may be missed in Potato late blight forecasting some fields. Except where infestations were Computer programs developed at Frederic- heavy, traps were not sufficiently effective in ton were used to provide New Brunswick detection of early emergence of flies to be potato growers with forecasts on the probabil- useful in the timing of insecticide ity of late blight occurring within a 2-wk applications. period, an index of how favorable conditions Leaftiers-a new threat to blueberry were for disease development, and advice on production spray schedules. The programs made use of temperature and humidity data obtained from Infestations of leaf tiers (Tortricidae and both Environment Canada weather offices and Gelechiidae) are becoming more common in weather stations in growers' fields together lowbush blueberry fields, particularly in sec- with disease incidence reports from potato ond-crop or neglected fields. There are at least inspectors of the Plant Quarantine Division. five species that infest blueberry. Two species Forecasts were issued twice a week through cause damage by feeding within the fruit buds 128 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 in early spring, and all species cause losses by weight) by means of a modified solvent defoliation. Greatest losses have occurred in partition and gas chromatographic technique. Newfoundland where burning is irregular. In During the postharvest period in cold second-crop fields in New Brunswick in 1980, storage, 'free' ABA increased. The rate and there was an average fruit bud loss of over duration of this increase was proportional to 10%. the length of the tuber dormancy period in the three cultivars. When tubers were held at a Control of blueberry thrips constant 21°C, sprout elongation rates were inversely proportional to initial 'free' ABA Effective control of blueberry thrips, concentrations. As sprouting progressed, 'free' Frankliniella vaccinii Morgan and Cati- ABA declined two- to three-fold. Small nathrips kainos O'Neill, was obtained in amounts of 'bound' ABA were detected small plot trials with single applications of methidathion with active ingredient (ai) at I during this period. kg/ha or the synthetic pyrethroids Ambush Evaluation of the plant growth regulator and Pounce at 0.07 kg ai/ha. The treatments ErgostimQj) were applied on 22 May when blueberry ErgostimQj), reputed to increase tuber set sprouts were less than 10 mm high. The number of infested plants was reduced by and yield in potatoes, had no significant effect 93%. There was no significant difference in when applied twice during early tuberization number of thrips per infested shoot, between (0.35 L/ha) to plants of the moderate yielding treated and untreated plots. Thus, the insecti- cultivar Fundy. Nor did it have beneficial cides had no effect on thrips survival after effect on the higher-yielding cultivars Netted they had moved into the foliage. Gem and Superior. Factors considered were marketable yield, dry matter, size distri- Evaluation of vine pulling bution, shape, and harvest index. Vine pulling by a commercial machine was evaluated by measuring tuber discoloration, SOILS desiccation of stems and leaves, stems missed and rerooted, and tubers exposed. Tuber Effects of compacting peat soils on carrot discoloration was low in each 4 yr, including production 1978 when significant discoloration was noted Compaction of New Brunswick organic in tubers of plants killed by means of a soils by rolling before or before and after chemical desiccant. Vine killing of several seeding of carrots increased water-holding cultivars by machine pulling was rated 89- capacities and resulted in improved germina- 98% for leaves and 79-98% for stems. Tubers tion, but did not increase marketable yield exposed amounted to 0.13-0.81 t/ha. A except where water table was lowest, namely number of the surviving stems rerooted, at 90 cm below the surface. Improved germi- though they were actually separated from nation over water tables of 70 and 80 cm their tuber progeny. below the surface was probably offset by decreased aeration of the compacted peat. Bulk densities of surface soils (0-7.6 cm) J POTATO PHYSIOLOGY AND CROP were 0.176 and 0.178 g/cm , respectively, for MANAGEMENT once- and twice-compacted seedbeds, against 0.137 g/cmJ for uncompacted control seed- Tuber dormancy and changes in abscisic beds. The saturated hydraulic conductivities acid of the compacted surface soils were 8-10 The levels of abscisic acid (ABA), one of times less than control soils. Compacted soils the growth-inhibiting hormones known to retained 20-25% more water than controls at have an important role in dormancy, were a matric water potential of -80 cm of water. monitored for 5 mo after harvest in tubers of During the growing season compacted surface three potato cultivars that exhibited a short soils (0-3 cm) contained 6% more water than (Sebago), intermediate (Kennebec), and long control samples, and within the same compac- (Nooksack) dormancy period. Levels of 'free' tion treatments the soil 70 cm above the water and 'bound' (i.e. alkali hydrolyzable) ABA table had 12% more moisture than that 90 cm were determined (micrograms per gram fresh above the water table. RESEARCH STATION, FREDERICTON, N.B. 129 PUBLICA nONS Research Tai, G. C. c.; De Jong, H. 1980. Multivariate analysis of potato hybrids. I. Discrimination Boiteau, G. 1980. A white color morph of the between tetraploid-diploid hybrid families and Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decem- their relationship to cultivars. Can. J. Genet. (Say). Can. Entomo!. 112:975. lineata Cyto!. 22:227-235. Boiteau, G.; Bradley, J. R., Jr.; Van Duyn, J. W. Tai, G. C. c.; Tarn, T. R. 1980. Multivariate 1980. Bean leaf beetles: temporal and macro- analyses of potato hybrids. II. Discrimination spatial distribution in North Carolina. J. Ga. between Tuberosum-Andigena hybrid families Entomo!. Soc. 15:151-163. and their relationship to their parents. Can. J. Boiteau, G.; Bradley, J. R., Jr.; Van Duyn, J. W. Genet. Cyto!. 22:279-286. 1980. Bean leaf beetle: seasonal history of the Young, D. A.; Clark, D. J.; Tai, G. C. C. 1980. An overwintering population in Eastern North information storage and retrieval system for Carolina. J. Ga. Entomo!. Soc. 15:138-151. potato breeding data. Am. Potato J. 57:21-32. Bush, R. S.; McQueen, R. E.; Nicholson, J. W. G. Miscellaneous 1980. Chemical changes in bovine colostrum preserved with formalin or by fermentation. J. Bagnall, R. H. 1980. Potato virus S. [In Spanish). Dairy Sci. 63:464-470. Hooker, W. J., ed. Compendio de enfer- medades de la papa. Centro Internacional de la Bush, R. S.; Nicholson, J. W. G. 1980. Effects of Papa, Lima, Peru. pp. 104-106. ammonium perchlorate on the growth of Hol- stein calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:791-793. Bernard, c.; Fahmy, M.; McQueen, R. E.; Crober, D. 1980. Animal germ plasm in North Amer- Coleman, W. K.; Huxter, T. J.; Reid, D. M.; ica. Symposium on Agriculture in the year Thorpe, T. A. 1980. Ethylene as an endoge- 2000. Macdonald College (Mar.). nous inhibitor of root regeneration in tomato leaf discs cultured in vitro. Physio!. Plant. Boiteau, G. 1980. Some factors affecting the control 48:519-525. of potato virus Y by mineral oil sprays. Joint Meeting Entomological Society of Quebec and King, R. R. 1980. Analysis of potato glycoalkaloids Entomological Society of Canada, Quebec City by gas-liquid chromatography of the alkaloid (abstract). p. 62 components. J. Assoc. Off. Ana!. Chern. 63: 1226-1230. Boiteau, G. 1980. Researcher tells growers to examine fields before spraying. Pfizer Potato King, R. R. 1980. Additive Pummerer initiated Grower (Apr.). functionalization of allylic methyl groups in acrylic acid derived systems. J. Org. Chern. Burgess, P. L. 1980. The use of buffers in dairy 45:5347-5350. rations. Canadex 410.52. Kogan, M.; Waldbauer, G. P.; Boiteau, G.; East- Burgess, P. L. 1980. Rye grain for Maritime man, C. 1980. Sampling bean leaf beetles on livestock and poultry. Farm Focus 8(9)(8 soybean. Kogan, M.; Herzog, D., eds. Sam- Oct.). pling methods of soybean entomology. Burgess, P. L. 1980. Anim. Prod. Pointers: 243 Springer-Verlag, N.Y. pp. 201-236. Protec: a new additive for dairy rations; 257 Nicholson, J. W. G. 1980. Feeding and nutrition of Winter feeding of dairy goats; 262 Energy young lambs. Church, D. c., ed. Practical levels in swine rations. nutrition. Digestive physiology and nutrition of Burgess, P. L.; Nicholson, J. W. G. 1980. Effect of ruminants. 2nd ed. Vo!. 3. suboptimal nitrogen levels into total mixed Saini, G. R.; Grant, W. 1980. Long-term effects of rations for dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. intensive cultivation on soil quality in the 60:517 (abstract). potato-growing areas of New Brunswick Burgess, P. L.; Nicholson, J. W. G. 1980. Yield and (Canada) and Maine (USA). Can. J. Soil Sci. feeding value of densely planted corn for 60:421-428. silage. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60 (abstract). Singh, R. P.; Drew, M. E.; MacGillivray, M. E. Bush, R. S. 1980. Cement kiln dust in livestock 1980. A note on Virazole as a systemic steri- rations. News and Features, Agric. Can., lant for aphids (Aphididae). Can. Entomo!. 1873:9-10. 112:633-636. Bush, R. S. 1980. Anim. Prod. Pointers: 242 Calf Singh, R. P.; McDonald, J. G. 1980. A chlorotic starter and grower rations; 244 Cement kiln mosaic of fall hawkbit (Leontodon autum- dust for ruminant rations? 248 Twelfth annual nalis). Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 60:4. Maritime cattlemens' field day; 256 Why do 130 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 animals need minerals? 259 Calf scours; 260 Misener, G. C. 1980. Developments for potato The need for water by animals. machinery. Proceedings Extension Potato School, Maine. pp. 28-30. Bush, R. S.; McQueen, R. E.; Nicholson, J. W. G. 1980. Metabolism of colostrum during fermen- Misener, G. c.; McMillan, 1. P. 1980. Potato tation or chemical preservation. J. Dairy Sci. planters-seed placement. Canadex 742. 62 (Supp!. I ):228 (abstract). Nicholson, J. W. G. 1980. Out of the dark. News Bush, R. S.; Nicholson, J. W. G. 1980. Effect of and Features, Agric. Can. 1900:5-7. ammonium perchlorate on growth in rumi- nants. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:573 (abstract). Nicholson, J. W. G. 1980. Anim. Prod. Pointers: 239 Reducing costs of beef calf production; Bush, R. S.; Nicholson, J. W. G.; Macintyre, T. 240 Processing low-quality roughage for cattle; M.; McQueen, R. E. 1980. Candle and Tower 241 Creep feeding beef calves; 245 Foods of canol a meals in lamb, sheep, and beef steer animal origin; 250 Keeping feed potatoes rations. 6th Progress Report, Canol a Council through the summer; 252 Feeding whole grain of Canada. Pub!' 57. pp. 210-214. to cattle and sheep; 253 Quebec heavy veal program; 254 A new bulletin on problem feeds; De Jong, H.; Tai, G. C. c.; Johnston, G. R.; 255 Light control to boost animal production. Russell, W. A.; Proudfoot, K. G. 1980. Yield potential and genotype-environment interac- Nicholson, J. W. G.; McQueen, R. E. 1980. Anim. tion of tetraploid-diploid (4x-2x) potato hy- Prod. Pointers: 261 What to do with moldy brids. Am. Potato J. 57:475-476 (abstract). feed grain. MacGillivray, M. E. 1980. Aphids. [In Spanish]. Nicholson, J. W. G.; McQueen, R. E. 1980. Hooker, W. J., ed. Compendio de enfer- Problem feeds for livestock and poultry in medades de la papa. Centro Internacional de la Canada. Agric. Can. Pub!' 1701. 19 pp. Papa, Lima, Peru. pp. 142-143. Nicholson, J. W. G.; McQueen, R. E. 1980. McDonald, J. G.; Singh, R. P. 1980. Comparison of Tetraploid red clover silage and monensin for ELISA with LA T for the post-harvest indexing growing beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 51 (Supp!. of seed tubers for potato viruses X and S. Am. 1):385 (abstract). Potato J. 57:488-489 (abstract). Nicholson, J. W. G.; McQueen, R. E.; Burgess, P. McKenzie, A. R.; Lawrence, C. H. 1980. Leak, 1. 1980. Effect of cold on digestibility of watery wound rot. [In Spanish]. Hooker, W. chopped or pelleted hay by sheep. Can. J. J., ed. Compendio de enfermedades de la papa. Anim. Sci. 60:571 (abstract). Centro Internaciona1 de la Papa, Lima, Peru. pp.54-55. Nicholson, J. W. G.; Misener, G. c.; McQueen, R. E. 1980. Preservation and feeding of potato- McQueen, R. E. 1980. Anim. Prod. Pointers: 246 hay mixtures ensiled in winter. Can. J. Anim. Additives for better silage; 249 Cut forage Sci. 60 (abstract). crops early; 251 Silo filler's disease; 258 Sam- pling farm feeds for analysis. Saini, G. R. 1980. Strengthened plant roots bore McQueen, R. E. 1980. Silage additives. Canadex into dense soi!. Crops and Soils Mag. 32(8):5- 400.62. 6. McQueen, R. E. 1980. It pays to cut early. Saini, G. R. 1980. Pedogenetic and induced com- Canadex 120.50. paction in agricultural soils. Agric. Can. Re- search Station, Fredericton, N.B. Agriculture McQueen, R. E.; Bush, R. S.; Nicholson, J. W. G. Canada. Tech. Bul!. I. 32 pp. 1980. Variability of forage digestion in nylon bags suspended in the rumen. Can. J. Anim. Saini, G. R. 1980. Erosion-the problem, predic- Sci. 60 (abstract). tion and challenge. Atlantic Plant Food Educa- tion Seminar Sum. pp. 18-25. McQueen, R. E.; Reade, A. F. 1980. Changes in composition and digestibility of poplar by Saini, G. R.; Chow, T. 1. 1980. Rainfall distri- fungal fermentation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. bution and potato production in New Bruns- 60:571-572 (abstract). wick. Can. Agric. 25(2):23. McQueen, R. E.; Seoane, J. R.; Nicholson, J. W. Singh, R. P. 1980. Viroid discovery. Letter to the G.; McRae, K. B. 1980. Effect of urea phos- Editor. Plant Dis. 64:418. phate, urea-form or urea on rumen and blood ammonia. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:572 Singh, R. P. 1980. Viroid discovery. Letter to the (abstract). Editor. Plant Dis. 64:964. RESEARCH STATION. FREDERICTON, N.B. 131 Singh, R. P.; Fernow, K. H. 1980. Potato spindle Wood, G. W. 1980. Fenitrothion movement in air. tuber viroid. [In Spanish]. Hooker, W. J., ed. Environmental surveillance in New Brunswick Compendio de enfermedades de la papa. Cen- 1978-1979. Effects of spray operations for tro Internacional de la Papa, Lima, Peru. pp. forest protection. Department of Forest Re- 123-125. sources, University of New Brunswick. p. 68. Wood, G. W. 1980. Review of pollination and forest Tarn, T. R. 1980. Potato genetic resources and the spraying. Environmental surveillance in New United States Potato Introduction Project. Brunswick 1978-1979. Effects of spray opera- Plant Gene Resourc. Can. Newsl. 9: 1-2. tions for forest protection. Department of Forest Resources, University of New Bruns- Wood, G. W. 1980. Management of low bush wick. p. 36. blueberry insects. Proceedings 4th North American Blueberry Research Workshop Con- Wood, G. W. 1980. Pollination surveys in blueberry ference (1979). pp. 170-174. fields, 1979. Environmental surveillance in New Brunswick 1978-1979. Effects of spray operations for forest protection. Department of Wood, G. W. 1980. Bee toxicology from feni- Forest Resources, University of New Bruns- trothion aerosols. Environmental surveillance wick. p. 40. in New Brunswick 1978-1979. Effects of spray operations for forest protection. Department of Young, D. A. 1980. New development in potato Forest Resources, University of New Bruns- breeding. Proceedings 8th Annual Meeting wick. p. 60. Prairie Potato Council. pp. 14-20. 132 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 QUEBEC REGION ~ REGION DU QUEBEC ~ Mr. J.-J. Jasmin Dr. R. Bouchard Mr. J. R. Frappier EXECUTIVE OF THE QUEBEC REGION L'EXECUTIF DE LA REGION DU QUEBEC Director General Directeur general J.-J. JASMIN, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Program Specialist Specialiste en programmes R. BOUCHARD, B.A., B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chief, Finance and Administration Chef, finances et administration J.R. FRAPPIER, B.A. QUEBEC REGION 135 PREFACE La regIon du Quebec compte trois stations de varietes de ble et une d'orge ont ete homologuees, recherche et trois fermes experimentales. Ces soit Anka et Casavant pour Ie ble et Sophie pour etablissements ont comme mission de desservir I'orge. On a realise des progrcs importants au I'ensemble de I'industrie agricole du Quebec. En niveau de I'inoculation de la luzerne et de la survie 1980, Ie budget de la region etait de $11 millions des plantes a I'hiver. avec un personnel scientifique de 76 chercheurs et Les recherches fruitieres sont orientees vcrs la un efTectif total de 300 personnes. Jusqu'en aout pomme, la fraise, la framboise et Ie bleuet. Les 1980, Ie Quebec faisait partie de la region adminis- activites de la station de Saint-Jean sont suivies de trative de l'Est. La province est maintenant consti- tres pres par les hortieulteurs du Sud-ouest quebe- tuee en une region administrative distincte posse- cois qui y re~oivent un support technique constant. dant sa propre administration. Les perspectives d'avenir de ces productions sont L'agriculture de la region repose sur les produc- tres interessantes. Quelques projets touchent la tions animales et son potentiel de production production de la prune et de la poire. La region fourragere diete en grande partie I'evolution de ses assume egalement la responsabilite du programme industries. Actuellement, il y a une augmentation national de gestion des sols organiques. La station constante des productions cerealieres et horticoles. de recherches de Lennoxville a mis au point un La production laitiere demeure la premiere produc- systcme integre pour la production de veaux lourds tion agricole du Quebec. Toutefois, la stabilisation a partir de veaux males issus du cheptel laitier. Plus de la production nationale de lait force les agricul- de 35 000 veaux seront engraisses jusqu'au poids de teurs a diversifier leurs produits vcrs de nouveaux 165 kg scion un programme d'alimentation «aux seeteurs. La production porcine est la deuxieme en grains» par de nouveaux producteurs au Quebec. importance dans la region et Ie Quebec se classe au On a entrepris un programme de recherches en premier rang au niveau national. floriculture a la ferme experimentale de L'Assomp- Dans les difTerents etablissements de la region, tion. Les fermes experimentales de Normandin et on poursuit II programmes de recherches qui ont de La Pocatiere, en plus de fournir un support de trait a la productivite des sols, aux cultures cereal ie- recherches a la station de Sainte-Foy, sont actives res et horticoles, et aux productions ani males. Les dans les seeteurs prop res a I'agrieulture de leur recherches sont orientees vers la solution de proble- milieu geographique. mes que les producteurs agricoles de la region Les programmes de recherches realises en sta- rencontrent tout en tenant compte des aspects de tions sont appuyes par un programme dynamique complementarite avec les programmes nationaux. de recherches a contrat qui permet a I'industrie La qualite des fourrages joue un role important agricole de s'engager dans Ie secteur de la recherchc dans I'economie de la production du lait et de la et du developpement et dans la prise en main de la viande etant donne I'impact des fourrages sur solution de leur problCme technologique. I'utilisation des supplements fabriques a partir de II est possible de rejoindre Ie personnel du bureau cereales qui doivent etre importes de I'exterieur. La regional en s'adressant a Agriculture Canada, station de Sainte-Foy vient d'homologuer un culti- Direction genera Ie de la recherche, 3194 chemin var de luzerne appele Apica qui possede des Sainte-Foy, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, G I X I R4. caracteres superieurs de rusticite. Deux nouvelles J.-J. Jasmin RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 136 PREFACE The Quebec Region comprises three research and one of barley (Sophie) have been released. stations and three experimental farms. These estab- Significant progress has been made in alfalfa lishments are designed to serve the whole of inoculation and the winter survival of plants. Quebec's farm industry. In 1980, the Region's Fruit research is centered on apples, strawber- budget amounted to $1 I million. The scientific staff ries, raspberries, and blueberries. The activities of consisted of 76 researchers, and total staff num- the Saint-Jean Station are watched closely by bered 300. Until August 1980, Quebec belonged to horticulturists in southwestern Quebec, who receive the Eastern Region. The province now forms a the Station's continuous technical support. The separate region with its own administration. prospects for these crops are very attractive. A few Agricultural activity in the Region is based on projects concern the production of plums and pears. livestock production, and the Region's forage pro- The Region also assumes responsibility for the duction potential dictates to a great extent the national organic soils management program. The development of its industries. The production of Lennoxville Research Station has developed an grain and horticultural crops is constantly increas- integrated system for heavy-calf production using ing. Dairy production remains the leading agricul- bull dairy calves. New producers in Quebec are tural industry in Quebec. However, the stabilization expected to fatten more than 35 000 calves to a of domestic milk production is forcing farmers to weight of 165 kg under a grain-feeding program. A diversify into new areas with their product. Hog floriculture research program has been undertaken production is the second most important industry in at the L'Assomption Experimental Farm. The the Region, and Quebec ranks first in the country as experimental farms at Normandin and La Pocat. a whole. iere, in addition to supporting research at the The Region's various establishments are carrying Sainte-Foy Station, are active in projects specific to out 11 research programs, centering on soil produc- the agriculture of their geographic areas. tivity, grain and horticultural crops, and livestock The research programs carried out in the stations production. Research is geared to solving problems are supported by a dynamic contract research faced by farm producers in the Region, while taking program, which enables the farm industry to into account national programs. become involved in research and development and Forage quality plays an important role in the to take charge of its technological problems. milk and meat production economy, because it affects the need for supplements (which are manu- The staff of the regional office may be contacted factured from imported grains). The Sainte-Foy by addressing inquiries to: Agriculture Canada, Station has just released an alfalfa cultivar called Research Branch, 3194, chemin Sainte-Foy, Sainte- Apica, which has superior hardiness characteristics. Foy, Quebec, G I X 1R4. Two new varieties of wheat (Anka and Casavant) J.-J. Jasmin QUEBEC REGION 137 Station de recherches Lennoxville, Quebec CADRES PROFESSION NELS Administration Y. MARTEL, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Directeur H. ROULEAU Agent d'administration Productions ani males J. DUFOUR, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de section; physiologie de la reproduction A.M. B. DE PASSILLE, B.Sc., M.Sc. Etiologie, porcs M.H. FAHMY, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique, moutons P. FLIPOT, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutrition, bovins B. LACHANCE, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Nutrition, jeunes ruminants G. LALANDE, B.A., B.S.A. Regie, bovins de boucherie G. PELLETIER, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiologie animale G. Roy, B.SA, M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique, bovins Productions vegetales et sols J.L. DIONNE, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Chef de section; fertilite des sols G. BARNETT, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Regie, legumineuses et ma"is W. MASON, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Regie, graminees A. PESANT, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Physique des sols Depart R. BOUCHARD, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutrition, bovins laitiers Promu Specialiste en programme au Bureau regional STATION DE RECHERCHES. LENNOXVILLE. QUEBEC 139 AUX ETUDES L. GUILBAULT, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.E.A. (Nut.) Physiologie de la reproduction D. PETITCLERC, B.Sc., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Physiologie de la lactation S. POMMIER, B.Sc., M.Sc. Specialiste en viandes 140 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION La station de recherches a Lennoxville concentre ses efforts sur la production animale, notamment I'evaluation des croisements de bovins, I'amelioration des systemes d'alimentation des vaches laitieres, les techniques d'elevage de jeunes ruminants et I'amelioration de la prolificite des races de moutons au Quebec. On poursuit egalement des recherches en productions vegetales et en sols dans Ie but de developper des pratiques culturales susceptibles d'augmenter les rendements du maYsensilage et des fourrages. On peut obtenir des renseignements plus complets en ecrivant directement aux chercheurs a l'adresse suivante: Station de recherches, Agriculture Canada, c.P. 90, Lennoxville (Quebec) JIM 123. Yvon Martel Directeur PRODUCTIONS ANIMALES observe une forte amelioration de la digestibi- lite du foin de mil recolte au debut de I'epiai- Bovins laitiers son en comparaison de celui recolte en fin de f1oraison. Le calcium etait Ie seul nutriment Qualire du foin de mil et quantite de ou la difference entre les deux foins n'etait pas moulee sur la performance de la vache laitie- significative. reo On a evalue I'effet de deux stades de maturite du foin de mil et de deux niveaux du L'efficacite de I'utilisation de I'energie bru- concentre dans la ration de vaches en lacta- te etait de II % plus elevee pour la ration au tion sur I'ingestion et la digestibilite de diffe- foin 1 que celie au foin 2. L'ingestion d'ener- rents nutriments et sur la production et la gie digestible de la ration au foin 1 etait plus composition du lait. L'allocation journaliere elevee d'environ 50 MJ par jour que de celie du concentre etait faite soit au taux de I kg du foin 2. Les vaches recevant Ie foin 1 et Ie pour 4 kg de lait produit par jour ou de I kg concentre au niveau de 1 pour 4 ont consom- pour 6 kg. Le foin I en etait au debut de me une quantite plus elevee d'energie digesti- l'epiaison a la recolte qui a eu lieu a la mi-juin ble sans produire plus de lait. Cette consom- tandis que Ie foin 2 en etait a la fin de la mation s'est traduite en un gain corporel plus f1oraison lorsque recolte au debut de juillet. eleve des vaches soit 45 kg pour celles de ce Le foin hache etait Ie seul fourrage et etait groupe contre 32 kg pour celles des trois servi a volonte. Les pourcentages de la protei- autres groupes. ne brute (12,4 contre 7,8%) et de la ligno- Les resultats indiquent donc que Ie stade de cellulose (39,8 contre 41,4%) demontrent qu'il maturite du foin de mil s'avere tres important existait une difference assez importante entre dans la valeur nutritive du fourrage pour la les foins. vache laitiere. La digestibilite des nutriments On ne retrouvait aucune difference dans la est meilleure et la production laitiere est production totale du lait entre les deux ap- optimale. ports du concentre. Les performances des vaches recevant Ie foin I ont ete de 15 a 35% Influence du niveau d'energie de la ration superieures (P < 0,05) a celie du foin 2. Ceci sur la production et la composition du lait. etait surtout vrai pour la production du lait L'effet des niveaux d'energie durant les perio- corrige a 4% de matiere grasse et ajuste pour des pre-partum et post-partum sur la produc- Ie nombre de jours en lactation (17,3 contre tion et la composition du lait a ete mesure 12,7 kg/jour). Aucune difference significative chez 90 vaches laitieres. Durant la periode de n'a ete enregistree pour les pourcentages du tarissement, qui etait d'environ 60 jours, les gras et de la proteine. vaches recevaient de I'ensilage d'herbe a vo- La qualite du foin a eu un effet significatif lonte et des concentres dosant 14% de protei- sur les coefficients de la digestibilite apparente nes. Les quantites de concentres allouees par des nutriments tandis que les niveaux du vache etaient 0,25 et 0,75% du poids vif de concentre n'en ont eu aucun. Nous avons I'animal pour les groupes bas (8) et haut (H) STATION DE RECHERCHES. LENNOXVILLE. QUEBEC 141 respectivement. Durant la periode de lacta- alimentaire etait 8% meilleur pour les veaux tion, les vaches etaient alimentees avec 4,5 kg abattus a un poids plus leger. Les veaux de foin, de I'ensilage de maYs a volonte et des nourris au maYs entier ont Me significative- concentres dosant 18% de proteines. Les ment (P < 0,0 I) plus efficaces que les veaux quantites de concentres, pendant les 112 pre- nourris au concentre (2,84 contre 3,07). Le miers jours de lactation, etaient les suivantes: rendement de la carcasse a ete significative- 0,25% (B), 0,75% (M) du poids vif de I'ani- ment (P < 0,0 I) plus eleve pour les veaux a mal et a volonte (H). A partir du 112c jour l'aliment lacte que pour les veaux au grain jusqu'a la fin de la lactation, les con centres (56,4 contre 53,8%). La viande des veaux etaient donnes sur une base de production nourris d'aliments d'allaitement a ete plus laitiere journaliere. Les vaches recevaient I pale (P < 0,0 I) que la viande des veaux au kg de concentre pour chaque 4 kg de lait grain (66,7 contre 48,2 unites). Les veaux produit. abattus a un poids plus leger avait une colora- Les niveaux de concentres durant la peri ode tion du muscle plus pale (P < 0,01) que ceux pre-vel age n'ont pas eu d'influence significa- abattus plus lourd (58,8 contre 50,0 unites). tive sur la production laitiere et sur la compo- L'introduction de grain dans les dietes a sition chimique du lait. Par contre, une aug- reduit respectivement de 37 et 46% Ie COllt de mentation des niveaux du concentre durant la l'alimentation des veaux abattus au poids de periode post-partum a favorise significative- 88 et 108 kg de carcasse. ment non seulement une plus grande produc- tion laitiere mais aussi une augmentation des Bovins de boucherie quantites produites de proteines et de gras. La production laitiere a augmente de 12 et 23% Possibilite de gemellage grace a une ration en augmentant les niveaux du concentre. Les riche en energie avant une alimentation au rendements en proteines et en gras etaient de P.M.S.G. chez la taure. Nous avons essaye de 16 et 30% plus grands pour les niveaux M et produire des ovulations multiples limitees (de H respectivement. Les pourcentages de pro- deux a quatre corps jaunes) chez les taures, en teines et de gras du lait ne variaient pas de les alimentant avec une nourriture riche ou fajon significative entre les traitements. La pauvre en energie, pendant un cycle oestral, et duree de la lactation a varie entre 256 jours en leur injectant une faible dose de P.M.S.G. pour les vaches alimentees au haut niveau du au 16e jour de ce cycle. Nous avons obtenu des concentre durant la periode pre-velage et au ovulations multiples chez 52% des 19 taures bas niveau durant Ie post-partum (groupe croisees laitieres x boucheres, auxquelles on HB) et 302 jours pour celles du groupe HM. avait injecte 1200 V.I. de P.M.S.G. La rela- A partir de ces resultats, il n'est pas necessai- tion du nombre de taures qui ont ovule entre re de suralimenter les vaches durant les 60 deux et quatre follicules par rapport a celles jours precedant Ie velage. L'addition de con- qui en ont ovule un et plus de quatre a ete plus centres a la ration devrait donc se faire durant elevee (P < 0,05) chez les taures ali men tees la periode de lactation. avec un regime riche en energie que chez celles nourries avec un regime pauvre. Durant Alimentation du veau lourd d'abattage la periode de 36 a 96 h apres l'injection de nourri d'aliments d'allaitement ou de grains. P.M.S.G. et avant l'oestrus, la concentration On a mesure les effets de trois modes d'ali- de E,-17 {3 fut moindre chez les taures ayant mentation du veau sur Ie tau x de croissance, un follicule en croissance se developpant et un l'efficacite alimentaire et les caracteristiques corps jaune que chez celles en ayant deux (P de la carcasse a 88 ou 108 kg. Vne premiere < 0,01). Les taures ayant plus de deux diete consistait exclusivement en un aliment follicules se developpant en corps jaunes ont d'allaitement; la deuxieme etait un aliment eu plus de E,-17 {3 que celles qui eventuelle- d'allaitement jusqu'a 5 semaines et du con- ment en formaient deux (P < 0,01). De plus, centre du debut jusqu'a l'abattage; et la chez les taures ayant plus de deux follicules, troisieme diete etait un aliment d'allaitement -Ia concentration de E,-17 {3 augmentait regu- jusqu'a 5 semaines, du concentre du debut lierement jusqu'a au moins 96 h apres I'injec- jusqu'a 8 semaines et par la suite du maYs tion de P.M.S.G., tandis que chez les taures entier et un supplement proteique-mineral- ayant un ou deux corps jaunes, la concentra- vitamine jusqu'a I'abattage. Les traitements tion se stabilisait a 60 h apres l'injection. La alimentaires n'ont pas eu d'effet significatif (P concentration de progesterone Mait plus faible > 0,05) sur Ie gain quotidien. L'efficacite chez les taures qui developpaient plus de deux 142 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 corps jaunes que chez celles en ayant un ou aux difficultes de velage etaient la circonfe- deux (P < 0,05). rence du nez et de la tete qui etaient, respecti- vement, de 1,3 et 1,6 cm de plus que chez les ['influence de l'ouverture pelvienne et de la veaux nes sans difficulte de velage (P < 0,0 I). taille du veau sur les difficultes de velage de vaches croisees. On a utilise, dans deux expe- L'intervalle moyen entre Ie velage et la riences, 164 vaches croisees representant huit premiere chaleur a ete de 88,0 jours et Ie croisements issus de taureaux Charolais, He- nombre moyen d'inseminations par concep- reford, Limousin et Maine-Anjou et de vaches tion a ete de 2,3 apres un velage difficile, soit Holstein et Ayrshire pour etudier les diffi- 14 jours (P < 0,05) et 0,4 insemination de cultes de velage a la premiere et deuxieme plus (P < 0,05) qu'apres un velage sans mise-bas. Les vaches croisees etaient saillies difficulte. la premiere fois a 12 mois par un taureau Angus, un taureau Limousin, ou un taureau Chianina representant, respectivement, un pe- Moutons tit, moyen et grand format. Pour la seconde mise-bas el1es etaient saillies par deux tau- reaux de grand format, soit Ie meme Chianina Parametres genetiques de la date d'agnela- et un Simmenta1. Le but de I'etude etait de ge chez les moutons D.L.S. Nous avons com- mesurer l'influence de la morphologie de la mence, en 1965, un programme de selection mere et de son veau sur I'incidence des diffi- ovine de sujets croises, en combinant des cultes de velage. genes de la race Dorset d'Australie et des Au premier velage, il a fallu assister 23,1% races Leicester et Suffolk du Canada. Nous de toutes les parturitions, sans toutefois y avions comme objectif de creer une nouvelle detecter de difference parmi les groupes gene- race ayant une longue saison d'accouplement tiques; alors qu'au deuxieme velage 4, 12, 20 et pouvant se reproduire en tout temps de et 36% (P < 0,05) d'assistance fut necessaire l'annee. Nous avons utilise un seul critere de aux croisements ou Ie pere de la vache appar- selection, c'est-a-dire, un index base sur la tenait aux races Limousin, Charolais, Here- date de parturition des deux premiers agnela- ford et Maine-Anjou respectivement. Les va- ges consecutifs aux peri odes d'accouplement ches qui ont eu des difficultes de velage a qui s'etendent entre juin et novembre. On chacune des deux mises-bas avaient une ou- selectionnait, d'une part, en ligne directe chez verture pelvienne plus petite a la premiere les males, puisqu'on n'utilisait que les beliers saillie, a 150 et 270 jours de la premiere issus des brebis les mieux quotes et, d'autre gestation que celles qui n'ont pas eu de diffi- part, en ligne indirecte chez les femelles, culte. Le rapport entre I'ouverture pelvienne et Ie poids de la vache etait toujours plus petit puisqu'on ne selectionnait que les brebis de la pour les vaches necessitant des assistances aux meilleure moitie de la population gardee pour deux velages consecutifs. un troisieme agnelage. On a recueilli des Les vaches dont I'ouverture pelvienne etait donnees sur environ 1300 brebis qui represen- normale et dont Ie premier ou deuxieme taient quatre generations de selection. Nous velage etait difficile avaient des veaux qui nous sommes servis de differentes methodes pesaient environ 5 kg de plus a la naissance pour calculer la repetabilite et I'heritabilite de que celles dont les velages etaient faciles. La la date d'agnelage. taille du pere du veau augmentait, au premier Nous avons trouve une correlation pour la velage, I'incidence des difficultes de velage (P < 0,05), de 24 et 21 points pour les taureaux date d'agnelage de 0,33, 0,25 et 0,13, respecti- de grand et moyen format respectivement par vement, entre Ie premier et Ie second, Ie rapport au taureau de petit format. Les veaux premier et Ie troisieme, et Ie deuxieme et Ie males de la deuxieme parite ont necessite troisieme agnelage. Nous avons estime I'heri- quatre fois plus d'assistance a la naissance tabilite a 0,14 chez les demi-freres paternels que les veaux femelles (P < 0,05). Les et a 0,43 chez les demi-freres maternels. La premieres et secondes parturitions ont necessi- correlation entre 86 paires de freres a donne te respectivement 54,2 et 13,8% d'assistance une heritabilite estimee de 0,70. On a aussi chez les vaches qui avaient ete saillies les deux estime a 0,40 :t 0,07 l'heritabilite obtenue de fois par Ie meme taureau Chianina (P < la regression entre-peres de 693 paires de 0,05). Les dimensions du veau les plus reliees mere-fille. STATION DE RECHERCHES, LENNOXVILLE, QUEBEC 143 PRODUCTIONS VEGET ALES ET bilans particuliers des producteurs visites ap- SOLS puient ces observations. En effet, les bilans calcules prouvent que Ies engrais sont retenus Pollution et agriculture dans Ie bassin de par les sols ou utilises par les plantes qui la riviere Saint-Fran/ois. La station de re- doivent puiser a meme les reserves plutot cherches a Lennoxville a poursuivi une etude moyennes du sol les complements a leurs pour evaluer la teneur en azote, phosphore et besoins. Ceci indique donc que les fertilisants potassium dans les cours d'eau du bassin de la peuvent difficilement atteindre les cours d'eau riviere Saint-Franjois et pour preciser l'im- puisqu'ils sont captes soit par les cultures soit plantation de l'agriculture dans la pollution par les sols. L'etude demontre de plus que les des eaux du bassin par ces elements. De mai a engrais organiques doivent entrer dans les novembre 1979, 69 sites ont He visites six fois preoccupations des chercheurs agricoles de chacun. En plus des echantillons d'eau, on a fajon a etablir leur niveau d'efficacite une fois recueilli des echantillons de sol et de plantes appliques au sol. Les producteurs, avec une chez quelques cultivateurs de la region afin de information d'appoint, pourraient tirer les pouvoir etablir un bilan. On a aussi echantil- avantages de ces engrais peu coiiteux tout en lonne Ie fond des rivieres de maniere a suivre evitant d'alterer I'environnement. Enfin, il est Ie cycle de ces elements. Les analyses chimi- demontre une fois de plus qu'il est urgent de ques effectuees (N total, N-NO" P total et K) construire des usines de filtration dans les sur chacun des echantillons d'eau ont permis centres urbains et au niveau des industries d'etablir la condition des eaux du bassin pour ameliorer la qua lite des cours d'eau qui Saint-Franjois en fonction de la variabilite servent trop souvent d'egouts a del ouvert. spatiale (evolution des concentrations de la source a I'embouchure) et de la variation Evaluation de la qualite du mars-ensilage temporelle (mensuelle). Des resultats com ple- au eours de sa maturation. L'evolution de la menta ires ont ete de plus obtenus du ministere teneur en glucides non-structuraux (total des Richesses naturelles, des bureaux regio- nonstruetural earbohydrates- T.N.C) a He naux de Rock Forest et de Nicolet (MAPAQ) suivie chez des cultivars de ma"is hiitifs, et en consultant l'annexe de statistiques du moyens et tardifs, pendant une periode s'eta- ministere de l'Agriculture du Quebec. lant de la mi-aoiit a la fin de septembre. La Les resultats obtenus demontrent une aug- teneur en T.N.C des tiges et des feuilles a mentation significative des concentrations en chute de son niveau initial de 30% a une elements nutritifs dans les eaux de la Saint- teneur inferieure a 10% tard a I'automne. Au Franjois pour les secteurs urbains de Sher- cours de la meme peri ode Ie T.N.C moyen brooke et de Drummondville. La region du lac des epis s'est accru de 60% a 70% en fin de Saint-Pierre, plus precisement entre Saint- septembre. Cependant, Ie contenu en T.N.C Joachim et Saint-Elphege, contient des quan- a regresse graduellement a son niveau initial tites de phosphore et de potassium plus ele- suite a une gelee mortelle. La teneur en vees que celles observees a Drummondville. T.N.C des tiges et des feuilles a augmente Par contre, la riviere Saint-Franjois en amont jusqu'au debut de septembre mais a diminue de Sherbrooke contient les plus basses concen- graduellement pendant Ie reste de la saison. trations en N, P et K. Cette region a caractere Chez les cultivars moyens et tardifs, ces agricole, recreatif et forestier surtout ne sem- diminutions ont ete plus que compensees par ble pas deteriorer ses eaux par les applications les accroissements de rendements en T.N.C d'engrais vu la teneur faible en P. des epis qui se sont continuees jusqu'aux Le bilan des elements nutritifs pour Ie dernieres gelees mortelles. La teneur en bassin Saint-Franjois demontre c1airement T.N.C des epis et Ie rendement total en que les engrais azotes et potassiques epandus T.N.C des cultivars hiitifs ont atteint leur en 1979 ne couvrent pas les prelevements des optimum apres Ie stade piiteux-dur, au debut cultures, c'est-a-dire que Ie sol a dii fournir de septembre. une certaine quantite d'azote et de potassium. On a poursuivi cette experience pendant Pour les engrais phosphates, I'application fai- trois ans et on a observe une variation conside- te en 1979 correspond a 2,5 fois les preleve- rable du niveau de T.N.C d'annee en annee. ments. Mais les sols acides retiennent forte- Ces niveaux etaient bas chez tous les cultivars ment la majeure partie de ce phosphore qui en 1979, annee pendant laquelle Ie ma"is- s'est transforme en une forme insoluble. Les ensilage a souffert d'une pauvre fermentation. 144 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 PUBLICA nONS Recherche Beauchemin, K.; Lachance, B.; St-Laurent, G. 1980. Performance of heavy calves fed milk- Bouchard, R.; Lachance, B.; Roy, G. 1980. Addi- replacer or grain. J. Anim. Sci. 51 (Suppl. tion of dry skim milk to whole milk in vealer I ):344. (Resume) rations. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:535-537. Beauchemin, K.; St-Laurent, G.; Lachance, B. Bouchard, R.; Laflamme, L.F.; Lachance, B.; Roy, 1980. Alimentation et regie du veau lourd G.L. 1980. Levels of protein and fat and type d'abattage nourri d'aliments d'allaitement ou of protein in vealer rations. Can. J. Anim. Sci. de grains. Journees de recherche bovine, 60:523-530. Drummondville, 17-18 septembre 1980. c.- P.A.Q., MAPAQ. (Resume) Dionne, J.L. 1980. Effet du magnesium et du pH du Carrier, F. 1980. Agriculture contre azote, phos- sol sur la luzerne cultivee en serre dans trois phate, potassium dans Ie bassin Saint-Franjois. types de sol du Quebec. Can. J. Soil Sci. Agric. Can., station de recherches, Lennoxvil- 60:275- 284. Ie, Quebec. 206 p. Fahmy, M.H.; Macintyre, T.M; Chancey, H.W.R. Chesnais, J.P.; Batra, T.R.; Darisse, J.P.F.; Hick- 1980. Date of lambing and reproductive per- man, c.G.; Lee, A.J.; McAllister, A.J.; Roy, formance of Newfoundland and "DLS" breeds G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Winter, K.W. 1979. Com- of sheep raised under extensive management in parison among eight strains of bulls for the Nova Scotia. J. Anim. Sci. 51 (5): I078-1 086. milk production of their daughters. J. Dairy Sci. 62 (Suppl. I): 186. (Resume) Pelletier, G.; Bouchard, R. 1978. Evaluation de la feverole et du pois traites ou non-traites a la Chesnais, J.P.; McAllister, A.J.; Batra, T.R.; Daris- formaldehyde comme source de proteines pour se, J.P.F.; Hickman, c.G.; Lee, A.J.; Roy, la vache laitiere. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 58:659- G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Winter, K.A. 1980. Foun- 669. dation animal performance in the National Dairy Breeding Project. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Potvin, N.; Bergeron, J.-M.; Genest, J. 1978. Com- 60:560. (Resume) paraison de methodes de repression d'oiseaux s'attaquant au mars fourrager. Can. J. Zoo I. Dionne, J.L. 1980. En sols acides, les plantes meu- 56:40-47. rent d'intoxication. Bull. Agric. (fevrier):56. Dionne, J.L. 1980. La luzerne demande aussi du Vinet, c.; Bouchard, R.; St-Laurent, G.J. 1980. magnesium. Bull. Agric. (mars):79, 82 et 85. Effects of stage of maturity of timothy hay and concentrate supplementation on performance Dionne, J.L. 1980. La reaction du sol en relation of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. avec la croissance des vegetaux. Pages 19-33 60:511-521. dans: Rapport de la journee d'information sur la chaux agricole, Saint- Hyacinthe, 18 octobre Divers 1979. c.P.V.Q., MAPAQ, Agdex 534. Barnett, G.M. 1980. Les consequences agronomi- Dufour, J. 1980. Pour des brebis plus prolifiques. ques. Pages 139-187 dans: Colloque sur les Bull. Agric. Uanvier): 116-117. fumiers, 9 octobre 1980. c.P.V.Q., MAPAQ. Dufour, J. 1980. Quand les brebis produiront a l'annee longue. Bull. Agric. (aout):32,34-35. Batra, T.R.; McAllister, A.J.; Chesnais, J.P.; Daris- se, J.P.F.; Lee, A.J.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Dufour, J.J.; Adelakoun, V.; Matton, P. 1980. Pro- Winter, K.A. 1980. Comparison of several pu- babilite accrue de gemellite par une ration reline bull groups for reproductive traits and riche en energie servie avant une stimulation a calving ease of their daughters. J. Dairy Sci. 63 la PMSG, et des concentrations hormonales (Suppl. I ):97-98. (Resume) stero'idiennes lors d'ovulations simples, doubles et multiples chez les bovills de boucherie. Jour- B. de Passille, A.M. 1980. Le comportement du nees de recherche bovine, Drummondville, 17- porcelet. Pages 41-51 dans: Symposium de la 18 septembre 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. production porcine: L'efficacite dans les mater- (Resume) nites, Quebec, 22 mai 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. Dupuis, G.; Rony, D.; Flipot, P.; Lalande, G. 1980. Utilisation des fientes de poules et pomme de Beauchemin, K.; Lachance, B.; St-Laurent, G. terre dans l'alimentation des bouvillons. Jour- 1980. Carcass study of heavy veal calves fed nees de recherche bovine, Drummondville, 17- milk-replacer or grain. J. Anim. Sci. 51 18 septembre 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. (Suppl. 1):344. (Resume) (Resume) STATION DE RECHERCHES, LENNOXVILLE, QUEBEC 145 Fahmy, M.H. 1978. Une lignee de porcs resistants Lachance, B. 1980. 1973-1980. Projets de recher- a l'anemie? Bull. Agric. (mars): 124-126. che sur Ie veau. Nouvelles de la recherche (fevrier). 4 feuillets. Fahmy, M.H. 1979. La truie hybride rechappe plus de porcelets. Bull. Agric. (avril):40. Lachance, B.; Beauchemin, K. 1980. Digestibilite du mars entier (rond). Hebdo veau I (37):2. Fahmy, M.H. 1979. Research review. Sheep Can. Mag. 4(1 ):40. Lachance, B.; Beauchemin, K. 1980. Veaux de grain-au mars entier (rond). Hebdo veau I Fahmy, M.H. 1979. Research review. Sheep Can. (36):2. Mag. 4(3):36. Lachance, B.; Bouchard, R.; Roy, G. 1980. L'in- Fahmy, M.H. 1979. Research review. Sheep Can. ftuence de la qualite du foin et des aliments Mag. 4(4):46-47. d'allaitement sur les performances des genisses Fahmy, M.H. 1979. The performance of eight laitieres de la naissance a 4 mois. Journees de breeds of swine in crossbreeding. West. Hog J. recherche bovine, Drummondville, 17-18 sep- (Winter):36. tembre 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. (Resume) Fahmy, M.H. 1980. Bientat au Canada, les races Lachance, B.; St-Laurent, G. 1980. Finis, les ovines Romanov et Bleu du Maine. Bull. Agric. «veaux de lail> d'autrefois. Bull. Agric. (mars):98 et 101. (aoiIt):59, 62 et 89. Fahmy, M.H. 1980. Quelles races utiliser dans Ie Lalande, G. 1980. Doit-on faire veler les genisses croisement des porcs. Bull. Agric. (jan- destinees a la boucherie avant de les abattre'? vier):60P-61 P. Bull. Agric. (septembre):32 et 34. (Publie sous Ie nom de G. Roy). Fahmy, M.H. 1980. Research review. Sheep Can. Mag. 5( I ):46-47. Lalande, G. 1980. Ensilage de mars et ensilage de luzerne, deux aliments qui se completent. Bull. Fahmy, M.H. 1980. Research review. Sheep Can. Agric. (janvier):35-36 Mag. 5(3):43. Lalande, G.; Dufour, JJ.; Flipot, P. 1980. Perfor- Fahmy, M.H.; Cossette, M. 1980. Les petits sont mance bouchere et economique des taures de elimines par les gros. Bull. Agric. (mai): lOP, boucherie primipares destinees a I'abattage. 12Pet14P. Journees de recherche bovine, Drummondville, 17-18 septembre 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. Fahmy, M.H.; Cossette, M. 1980. Pour ameliorer (Resume) ses chances d'avoir de grosses portees a sevrer. Bull. Agric. (mars):24P et 26P. Lee, AJ.; McAllister, AJ.; Batra, T.R.; Chesnais, Flipot, P.; Genest, J.; Mason, W. 1980. Moins de J.P.; Darisse, J.P.F.; Harris, D.L.; Roy, G.L.; viande a l'acre en semant Ie mars plus dense. Vesely, J.A.; Winter, K.A. 1980. First lacta- Bull. Agric. (avril): 130 et 133. tion performance in pureline and crossline dai- ry cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:561. (Resume) Flipot, P.; Mason, W.; Lalande, G. 1980. Effet du stade de maturite des herbages sur les perfor- Lee, A.J.; McAllister, AJ.; Batra, T.R.; Chesnais, mances des taurillons Hereford. Journees de J.P.; Darisse, J.P.F.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; recherche bovine, Drummondville, 17-18 sep- Winter, K.A. 1980. Breed group differences for tembre 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. (Resume) growth in pureline foundation phase of the National Dairy Cattle Breeding Project. J. Fournier, L.; Roy, G.L. 1980. Amelioration de la Anim. Sci. 51 (Suppl. 1):122. (Resume) productivite par les croisements. Pages 49-57 dans: Symposium production viande bovine: La McAllister, A.L.; Batra, T.R.; Chesnais, J.P.; Da- productivite de I'entreprise vache-veau, 17 risse, J.P.F.; Emsley, J.A.; Lee, AJ.; Nagai, J.; avril 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Winter, K.A. 1978. The National Cooperative Dairy Cattle Bree- Jubinville, J.; Bouchard, R.; Bruneau, Y.; Dionne, ding Project. Agric. Can., Anim. Res. Inst., -J.L.; Perron, M.; Roy, G. 1978. P:i.turage, ou Tech. Bull. I. 46 p. non. Aspect technique et economique. Pages 35-45 dans: Symposium bovins laitiers: C'est MAPAQ (en collaboration). 1979. Guide d'etablis- une question de regie, Quebec, 28 septembre sement: elevage specialise: veau de lait, veau de 1978. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. grains, veau d'embouche (type laitier ou croi- se). Editeur officiel, Quebec. 115 p. Lachance, B. 1980. Est-il possible de produire du veau 10urd en sante? Bull. Agric. (septem- MAPAQ (en collaboration). 1979. Viande bovine. bre):118, 119 et 122. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. Agdex 420. 146 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 MAPAQ (en collaboration). 1980. Guide d'etablis- Pesant, A. 1980. Comment notre luzerne s'accom- sement: elevage specialise: veau de !ait, veau de mode de cet hiver pas comme les autres. Bull. grains, veau d'embouche (type laitier ou croi- Agric. (mars): I0 et 12. se). Editeur officiel, Quebec. 100 p. Pesant, A. 1980. La luzerne s'en tire assez bien. MAPAQ (en collaboration). 1980. Mouton. c.- Bull. Agric. (avril):6. P.A.Q., MAPAQ. Agdex 430. Pesant, A. 1980. La motoneige laisse des traces. Mason, W. 1980. Les ruminants prCferent-ils une Bull. Agric. (fevrier):64, 66, 69-70. variete de mil une autre? Bull. Agric. a Pesant, A. 1980. Les dangers de la culture du ma'is Uuin):6. en sols accidentes. Bull. Agric. (avril): 141. Matton, P.; Adelakoun, V.; Dufour, JJ. 1980. Ni- Pesant, A.; Mehuys, G.; Dube, A. 1980. L'erosion veau de la progesterone plasmatique et luteale du sol par I'eau au Quebec. Pages 62-74 dans: et secretion «in vitro» de progesterone par Ie 8c Colloque de Genie rural: Erosion et conser- corps jaune suite une stimulation au HCG a vation des sols. Universite Laval, Quebec. dans Ie cas de retention placenta ire. Journees de recherche bovine, Drummondville, 17-18 Plante, c.; Martin, R.; Fillion, R.; Lachance, B. septembre 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. 1978. La genisse laitiere: productrice de de- (Resume) main. Pages 47-63 dans: Symposium bovins laitiers: Cest une question de regie, Quebec, Maurasse, c.; Matton, P.; Dufour, J.J. 1980. Ef- 28 septembre 1978. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. fects of feeding regimes on ovarian follicular population in heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 51 (Suppl. Rony, D.D.; Dupuis, G.; Pelletier, G. 1980. Repon- 1):302-303. (Resume) ses de digestibilite avec des moutons et perfor- mance de bouvillons alimentes avec des fourra- Maurasse, c.; Matton, P.; Dufour, JJ. 1980. In- ges conserves en silo-presse et en silo-tour. fluence du niveau alimentaire accru pendant Journees de recherche bovine, Drummondville, une courte periode sur Ie developpement folli- 17-18 septembre 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. culaire chez la vache. Journees de recherche (Resume) bovine, Drummondville, 17-18. septembre 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. (Resume) Roy, G.L. 1980. Des lactations artificielles? Bull. Agric. (avril): 133-134. Parent, G.; Fahmy, M.H.; Pelletier, N. 1980. L'uti- lisation judicieuse du potentiel genetique des Roy, G.L.; Dionne, J.L.; Pelletier, G.; Genest, J. brebis. Pages 23-37 dans: Symposium sur la 1980. Paturage versus ensilage pour la produc- production ovine: Une priorite oubliee, novem- tion de lail. Journees de recherche bovine, bre 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. Drummondville, 17-18 septembre 1980. c.- P.A.Q., MAPAQ. (Resume) Pelletier, G.; Dunnigan, J. 1980. Effects of gluco- corticoids on the development of digestive en- Roy, G.L.; McAllister, AJ.; Batra, T.R.; Chesnais, zymes of the abomasal mucosa and pancreas in J.P.; Darisse, J.P.F.; Lee, A.J.; Vesely, J.A.; the newborn dairy calf. J. Anim. Sci. Winter, K.A. 1980. Calving ease and repro- 51 (Suppl. 1):388. (Resume) duction in pureline and crossline dairy cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:560-561. (Resume) Pelletier, G.; Roy, G.; Dionne, J.L.; Genest, J. 1980. Comparaison de differents systemes Winter, K.A.; McAllister, AJ.; Batra, T.R.; Ches- d'alimentation pour la vache laitiere. Journees nais, J.P.; Darisse, J.P.F.; Emsley, A.B.; Lee, de recherche bovine, Drummondville, J 7-18 AJ.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A. 1980. Heifer septembre 1980. C.P.A.Q., MAPAQ. growth in pureline and crossline dairy cattle. (Resume) Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:560. (Resume) STATION DE RECHERCHES, LENNOXVILLE, QUEBEC 147 L. COUTURE, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Maladies des cereales C. RICHARD, B.SC., M.Sc., D.Sc. Maladies des legumineuses J. SANTERRE, B.A., B.SC., M.Sc. Nematologie Sols C. DE KIMPE, B.A., Ing. Chim. et Ind. agr., Chef de la section; genese D.Sc. D. ISFAN, B.Sc., Ph.D. Chimie et fertilite M. LAVERDIERE, B.sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Pedogenese et mineralogie J. ZIZKA, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Fertilite Economie J.V. LEBEAU,' B.S.A., M.Sc. Rentabilite des bovins laitiers Ferme experimentale, La Pocatiere J.E. COMEAU, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Regisseur L. BELZILE, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Plantes fourrageres A. FREVE, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Pommes de terre R. RIOUX, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Herbicides et malherbologie Ferme experimentale, Normandin J.P.F. DARISSE, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Regisseur; bovins laitiers et cereales R. DRAPEAU, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Plantes fourrageres Depart Y. MARTEL, B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Chimie et fertilite des sols Promu Directeur de la station de recherches a Lennoxville CHERCHEUR INVITE H. ANTOUN, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Ecologie du Rhizobium 150 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 ETUDIANTS Etudiants a la maitrise ANDRE BOUCHARD Biologie des mauvaises herbes (patron, J.M. Deschenes) MICHEL GERMAIN Regie des plantes fourrageres (patron, J.M. Deschenes) CLAUDEL LEMIEUX Ecologie des mauvaises herbes (patron, J.M. Deschenes) YVES POL YNICE Ecologie des jacheres (patron, J.M. Deschenes) LOUIS VEZINA Physiologie (patron, R. Paquin) BENOiT LANDRY Biochimie (patron, A. Comeau) YVES DION Amelioration et pathologie (patron, A. Comeau) vegetale JACQUES SURPRENANT Phytopathologie (patron, C. Richard) DANIELLE PREVOST Microbiologie (patron, L. Bordeleau) JOHANNE STEVEY Biochimie (patron, L. Bordeleau) CAROLE LAFRENIERE Microbiologie (patron, L. Bordeleau) RENEE SAUVAGEAU Microbiologie (patron, L. Bordeleau) SERGE LABERGE Microbiologie (patron, L. Bordeleau) Etudiant au doctorat ESAM SEDDYK Pedogenese, chimie du sol (patron, C. De Kimpe) 'Detache de la Direction genera Ie des affaires financieres et administratives, Division des bibliotheques. 'Detache de la Direction generale de la commercialisation et de l'economie. STATION DE RECHERCHES. SAINTE-FOY, QUEBEC 151 INTRODUCTION La station de recherches de Sainte-Foy et ses fermes experimentales de La Pocatiere et Normandin forment un imposant groupe d'etablissements voues au progres de I'agriculture de l'est du pays et surtout du centre du Quebec, du Bas Saint-Laurent et du Saguenay-Lac-Saint- Jean. Les principaux interets de recherches portent sur les plantes fourrageres, les cereales et les sols. On poursuit egalement d'importants travaux de recherches en genetique des ovins et des bovins laitiers de meme qu'en horticulture aux fermes de La Pocatiere et de Normandin. On compte parmi les principales realisations de la station I'homologation de trois varietes d'avoine, l'homologation d'une variete d'orge en collaboration avec I'universite Laval et I'homologation d'une quatrieme variete d'avoine en cooperation avec la station de recherches a Charlottetown. La decouverte d'une nouvelle souche de Rhizobium meliloti a egalement revolutionne Ie domaine des inoculants pour la luzerne au Quebec. A l'automne 1981, un nouveau cultivar de luzerne sera homologue. Ce dernier offre une bonne resistance aux maladies et aux conditions hivernales nefastes. Des renseignements plus complets sont disponibles en vous adressant a: Station de recherches, Agriculture Canada, 2560 boulevard Hochelaga, Sainte-Foy (Quebec) G I V 2J6. S.J. Bourget Directeur LES PLANTES La selection pour la resistance au ftetris- sement bacterien s'est poursuivie. Les plants Les I(~gumineuses fourrageres resistants selectionnes en 1979 du cv. Grimm De nouveaux cultivars de luzerne soumis furent soumis a des croisements, et des pepi- aux essais d'evaluation ont ete proposes au nieres de discordance furent etablies a La comite des herbages du c.P.V.Q. pour etre Pocatiere et a Normandin en vue de develop- inclus dans les recommandations. Un cultivar per de nouvelles populations. experimental cree a la station a Sainte-Foy, Une methode, mise au point pour la selec- SQ Syn-2, selectionne pour la survivance a tion de luzerne resistante au pourridie fusa- l'hiver, a montre 10% plus de persistance que rien, est maintenant utilisee pour la selection Ie cultivar (cv.) Iroquois, 14% plus que Ie cv. des cultivars Angus, Iroquois, Saranac AR et Saranac et 20% plus que Ie cv. Thor. Un Titan. Le progres realise par deux cycles de champ a ete etabli a la ferme experimentale a selection chez ces quatre cultivars sera evalue. Indian Head (Sask.) pour la production de L'evaluation du degre de resistance a cette semence de selectionneur. L'homologation de maladie, realisee chez 12 cultivars et 2 li- ce cultivar sous Ie nom Apica a reju I'appro- gnees, montre une difference entre les culti- bation du comite canadien d'experts en plan- vars quant au niveau de resistance a cette tes fourrageres. Un second cultivar experi- infection. Cette resistance semble fortement mental, Mn Syn-2, egalement soumis aux reliee au potentiel de survivance a l'hiver des memes essais a montre beaucoup de vigueur cultivars. et une bonne survivance a l'hiver. Son evalua- L'evaluation au champ de la resistance a la tion sera poursuivie. tache leptosphaerulinienne a revele une tres L'evaluation de lots de semence de luzerne legere augmentation chez la descendance de vendue dans Ie commerce et en provenance plants selectionnes, comparativement a une d'Australie et d'Argentine a revele que ces population non selectionnee a cette fin. luzernes ne persistaient a peu pres pas sous La selection pour la resistance a la tige nos conditions. Une mise en garde fut emise noire a rapporte jusqu'ici 122 plants montrant aux producteurs. de la resistance. Au cours du printemps, plus de 200 plants L'enquete sur Ie ftetrissement verticillien de luzerne furent preleves dans les champs n'a pas revele la presence de cette maladie au fortement endommages par l'hiver pour cons- Quebec en 1980. tituer une nouvelle pepiniere de plants qui Les etudes d'inftuence reciproque de I'infec- serviront dans de futurs croisements. tion et de la resistance au froid montrent 152 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 d'une part que Ie pourridie et Ie fletrissement dommages causes par les gelees tardives. fusarien affectent l'endurcissement au froid L'humidite des sols argileux ne varie que de de la luzerne, d'autre part que les degats 24 a 35% au cours de I'automne. La luzerne causes par Ie gel est un facteur important dont les racines sont prises dans la glace a dans la penetration des champignons dans la -2°C resiste trois semaines a ce traitement, Ie racine et Ie developpement de la maladie. ble d'hiver, une semaine. II y a correlation entre I'accumulation de la Mauvaises herbes. Les etudes sur la biolo- proline dans les collets de la luzerne et la gie de l'ortie royale montrent que: a) Ie poids resistance a la gelee a I'automne jusqu'a la sec par plant est fonction du moment d'appa- perte du feuillage ainsi qu'au printemps. La rition de celui-ci, les plants hatifs etant les perte du feuillage arrete l'accumulation de la plus lourds; b) Ie poids sec et la quantite de proline et du pourcentage de la matiere seche graines produites par plant varient de fa)on des collets. Le dosage de la proline ne peut inversement proportionnelle a la densite de la cependant etre utilise comme mesure de la population; c) les plants tardifs produisent resistance au gel, mais pourrait etre utilise davantage de graines par unite de poids sec dans un programme de selection. La proline que les individus hatifs; I'effort de reproduc- s'accumule dans les collets maintenus a 1°C, tion serait donc plus grand chez les plants meme si Ie feuillage est a 20°C. Le contraire tardifs; d) les individus tardifs, bien qu'en n'est pas vrai. Apres une semaine d'endurcis- apparence plus chetifs, atteignent la maturite sement, la proline ne s'accumule plus dans les au meme moment que les plants hatifs, ils collets separes des parties aeriennes et main- completent donc leur cycle vital en un temps tenus a 1°C pendant deux semaines. Cepen- plus court que les hatifs; e) la production de dant elle continue a s'accumuler dans ces matiere seche par unite de surface augmente parties aeriennes apres separation. de fa)on constante jusqu'au moment de la Au chapitre de la teledetection, Ie radar et floraison, peu importe la densite. la photo infrarouge ont ete compares. L'infra- Les resultats d'essais d'herbicides dans les rouge a permis d'etablir des concordances melanges fourragers montrent qu'aucun des avec la temperature des sols. herbicides utilises ne donne un controle sat is- faisant, a I'exception du 2,4-DB et du TF- Physiofogie de fa resistance. Une methode 1169 en melange. de germination des plantules de luzerne a ete mise au point en conditions aseptiques en Fixation d'azote. Nous avons determine presence de Sisthane, un fongicide systemi- qu'il n'existe pas de lien genetique direct entre que. Des plantules agees de 2 jours peuvent I'activite du nitrate reductase chez Rhizo- etre endurcies de cette falton. bium meliloti et son activite nitrogenasique La gelee favorise Ie developpement de la en symbiose avec la luzerne. Cependant, I'ef- pourriture des racines et de la fletrissure ficacite symbiotique a fixer de I'azote est en fusarienne, et ces maladies reduisent la resis- correlation avec I'efficacite metabolique des Rhizobium en systeme heterotrophe en cultu- tance a la gelee de la luzerne. re pure. Le soufre et Ie niveau d'azote mineral La resistance au gel de 16 lignees de dacty- influencent la nodulation et la fixation dans Ie Ie est en correlation avec leur resistance a systeme luzerne-Rhizobium. Nous avons aus- I'hiver. si identifie I'antifongique endomycine, produit Biochimie de fa resistance. Le sucrose sta- par un actinomycete, dans Ie systeme ecologi- bilise directement la fixation de la phosphata- que pour controler la fusariose chez la se acide aux membranes cellulaires au cours luzerne. de l'endurcissement au gel du ble d'hiver. Les methodes d'ultragel rapide des tissus et de La survivance Ii l'hiver coupes cryogeniques au moyen de microtomes Influence du climat. L'endurcissement au cryostatiques ont ete etudiees dans Ie but gel de la luzerne est en relation etroite avec d'observer directement des plants geles par I'abaissement de la temperature de I'air. La congelation programmee ou ramenes du plante continue a s'endurcir sous la neige. Le champ en hiver. Une methode enzymologique, maximum de resistance est atteint entre jan- Ie dosage de la phosphatase acide, est en vier et mars. La perte de resistance commence bonne voie d'etre mise au point pour la selec- a la disparition de la neige, depend de la tion genetique de plantes qui resistent au gel. temperature de I'air et du sol, et s'echelonne Quand la plante s'endurcit au gel, les pro- sur quatre a six semaines ce qui empeche les teines qu'elle elabore sont de plus en plus STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINTE-FOY, QUEBEC 153 resistantes a I'hydrolyse par les enzymes de la des grains, Ie pourcentage d'ecale et sa tole- plante non endurcie. Un pic d'hydrolyse des rance a Septoria sont ameliorees. Elle fera proteines provenant de plantes endurcies, l'objet d'une homologation en 1981. apres 2 a 3 jours de desendurcissement, sug- Resistance aux maladies. Une importante gere que certaines proteines synthetisees par source de resistance au virus de la jaunisse la plante sont essentielles au maintien de la nanisante de l'orge (V.J.N.O.) a ete identifiee resistance au gel. dans la variete Norrland. Les efforts visent a Les cereales transferer cette resistance dans les varietes adaptees a nos conditions de croissance. Amelioration du ble. Deux nouvelles varie- Les especes voisines de nos cereales com- tes de ble ont ete homologuees en 1980, soit munes font l'objet de recherches intensives Ankra et Casavant. Ces varietes sont promet- pour trouver d'autres genes majeurs de resis- teuses pour I'agriculture quebecoise. Ankra tance au V.J.N.O. La production d'antise- est une variete adaptee a toutes les regions; rums specifiques au V.J.N.O. permet une son rendement est superieur a ceux de Opal et identification rapide et efficace de la presence de Glenlea tandis que sa maturite, sa hauteur, du virus dans une plante. son poids de 1000 grains, sa densite et la force Les recherches effectuees sur les maladies de sa paille sont intermediaires entre ceux de fongiques ont permis d'identifier I'immunite Opal et de Glenlea. La variete Casavant offre de OA421.7 a la rouille tandis que Fiddler est un rendement de 3% superieur a Laval 19 et resistant. Le developpement de la tache septo- de 8% superieur a Concorde; ces deux varietes rienne de I'avoine et de la rayure reticulee de ont un meilleur rendement qu'Opal. De plus, l'orge est moindre dans des melanges 50% son grain est lourd et dense, sa paille a la d'avoine et 50% d'orge. Le fongicide Q-5177 force de celle de Concorde et elle arrive a est Ie plus valable chez I'orge et I'avoine pour maturite 2 jours plus tard. Ie controle des Fusarium spp. La variete Laval 19 a ete inscrite dans les Biologie et ecologie des mauvaises herbes. recommandations du Conseil des productions Les regions 04 et 12 du Quebec ont fait I'objet vegetales car son comportement dans 18 sites d'inventaire et d'evaluation de pertes en 1980. d'essais pendant deux ans a demontre sa Les resultats sommaires demontrent un faible superiorite sur les temoins deja recommandes taux d'utilisation d'herbicides, l'importance au Quebec. des antecedents culturaux sur les populations de mauvaises herbes et aussi I'importance du Amelioration de forge et de favoine. Une chiendent, des mauvaises herbes a feuilles nouvelle variete d'orge, Sophie, a ete homolo- larges et des graminees vivaces dans les guee en 1980. Elle provient d'un effort con- champs de cereales. joint de la station a Sainte-Foy et de l'univer- site Laval. Cette variete offre un rendement de 2% superieur aux temoins et elle est de 4 LES SOLS jours plus tardive. Ses caracteristiques en font une candidate ideaIe pour les melanges cerea- La fertilite Iiers avec des varietes de ble et d'avoine, telles Amendements organiques. Une experience Casavant, Lamar et Manic, dont les maturites a ete menee en serre pour etudier l'effet d'un sont plus tardives. compost fait de sciure de bois et de lisier de Deux lignees evaluees en 1980, QB179.95 pores sur les rendements du mil. L'equivalent et QB513.IOI, semblent tres prometteuses car d'une application de 224 t/ha de compost sur elles ont donne un rendement de 7% superieur un loam sablo-graveleux Saint-Andre a fait au meilleur temoin sur une paille plus forte passer les rendements resultant de 3 coupes de tout en etant 2 jours plus hlltives. mil de 3,5 g/pot pour Ie traitement temoin a Pour l'avoine, les varietes Manic et Oxford 12,3 g/pot. Lorsque Ie compost seul a ete ont ete recommandees aux agriculteurs par Ie utilise comme milieu de culture, Ie rendement Conseil des productions vegetales du Quebec. a ete de 22,0 g/pot. Dans les Maritimes, la Iignee QO 151.103, La valeur fertilisante d'un compost fores- produite a la station a Sainte-Foy, est une tier a ete comparee a celle du fumier de vache amelioration substantielle car toutes les ca- dans une experience en serre sur Ie sol Ka- racteristiques importantes, telles Ie rende- mouraska. Des doses de 0, 100, 200, 400 et ment, la force de paille, la grosseur et Ie poids 800 kg N/ha ont ete ajoutees au sol. La plante 154 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 temoin est Ie mil. Pour la premiere coupe faite sont les valeurs de Al dans I'oxalate qui sont sur les pots ayant Ie compost, les rendements Ie mieux reliees au pH NaF. Le developpe- decroissent de 3,78 a 2,28 g/pot pour les pots ment des profils est relie a la composition ayant re9u 0 et 800 kg N/ha, alors que pour la mineralogique et a la migration plus ou moins deuxieme coupe, les rendements diminuent de rapide des complexes organo-metalliques. 2,41 a 1,88 g/pot. Apres la deuxieme coupe, il Pour les 13 sols, Ie taux d'absorption du y a eu addition d'engrais et lors de la troisie- phosphore varie de 23 a 397 {JogPig de sol me coupe, les rendements ont augmente de dans les horizons A, de 301 a 1578 {JogPig de 6,9 a 8,46 g/pot pour les doses de 0 et 800 kg sol dans les horizons B et de 71 a 296 {JogPig N/ha sous forme de compost. Dans Ie cas du de sol dans les horizons C. Ces valeurs sont sol ayant re9u des doses croissantes de fumier reliees a Alo et Alp dans les horizons A, a Alp de vache, il y a eu un effet positif lors des trois et Corg dans les horizons B et a (AI + Fe)o coupes. Ainsi, lors de la premiere coupe, les dans les horizons C. valeurs augmentent de 3,78 a 5,37 g/pot pour Les valeurs de la capacite d'echange de la les doses de 0 et 800 kg N/ha, les rendements matiere organique passent de 168 meqll 00 g passent de 2,41 a 3,60 g/pot pour ces memes dans I'horizon A, a 293 meql I00 g dans doses lors de la deuxieme coupe et enfin lors I'horizon B et a 138 meq/100 g dans I'horizon de la troisieme coupe, rna is apres addition C. Les valeurs ont He comparees a celles d'engrais, de 6,90 a 9,02 g/pot pour Ies obtenues pour les sols gleysoliques de basses memes quantites de fumier. Les rendements terres. Elles sont plus elevees a cause d'un obtenus avec Ie fumier de vache sont dans plus grand degre de transformation de la tous les cas superieurs a ceux obtenus avec Ie matiere organique. Pour la fraction argileuse, compost forestier. les valeurs moyennes de la C.E.C. dans les horizons A, B et C sont de 76, 40 et 53 meql La pedogenese 100 g. Elles sont plus elevees dans I'horizon A a cause de la presence de mineraux 21 I Sols a texture legere. L'effet du modelage gonflants a charge elevee. des champs en planches sur I'heterogeneite des proprietes des sols a ete evalue dans six Mise en culture des sols. Des melanges de champs de mais en monoculture. L'epaisseur sols, en proportions diverses, ont He effectues de I'horizon Ap varie de 15 a 41 cm. La a partir d'horizons L-H, Ae, Bhf et Bf de teneur en matiere organique varie de 10 a 250 deux sols podzoliques, afin de simuler I'effet t/ha et influence la densite apparente et reelle du labour a differentes profondeurs. Les me- du sol. La teneur maximale en eau disponible langes ainsi obtenus au depart avant tout entre 33,3 kPa et 1,5 MPa dans les horizons amendement possedent les caracteristiques Ap est comprise entre 0,5 et 4 cm d'eau. Pour suivantes: I'ensemble des champs, les rendements en • pH (H,o) de 3,79 a 4,85 grain varient de 1626 a 10 231 kg/ha. A • carbone organique de 2,4 a 31% I'interieur d'un champ, les differences attei- • cations echangeables (K, Ca, Mg) de 0,15 a gnent cependant 74%. Les rendements les plus 11,82 meqllOO g eleves ont ete observes sur les sites eleves, • phosphore assimilable de 45 a 580 kg/ha moyens ou intermediaires des planches et ne • azote total de 0,12 a 1,36% peuvent etre expliques de maniere satisfaisan- • Fe et Al (dans dithionite) Fed de 0,22 a te par I'heterogeneite du sol. 3,52%; Aid de 0,06 a 1,70% Le travail entrepris sur les sols sableux • Fe et Al (dans oxalate) Feo de 0,14 a 3,00%; d'origine eolienne et deltaique, et dont il avait Alo de 0,05 a 2,46% deja He question dans Ie rapport precedent, a .Fe et Al (dans pyrophosphate) Fep de 0,13 a ete poursuivi. On a ajoute trois autres series 2,24%; Alp de 0,04 a 1,84% de sols. Sur les treize profils Hudies, neuf ont Les melanges ont ete subdivises avant ete classes dans I'ordre podzolique et quatre d'etre amendes a pH 5,5 dans certains cas, dans I'ordre brunisolique. pour etre ensuite incubes a une temperature Cependant, pour 12 profils, la valeur du pH de 40°C au taux de saturation, ou mis en pot mesure dans NaF est superieure a 10,2, qui pour semis d'orge. Un dispositif experimental est la limite pour les sols podzoliques. Diver- destine a tenir compte des parametres a etu- ses formes d'aluminium ont donc ete identi- dier (melange, chaulage, fertilisation) a ete fiees dans les solutions de dithionite-citrate- mis au point et une premiere recolte a ete bicarbonate, oxalate et pyrophosphate. Ce obtenue. STATION DE RECHERCHES. SAINTE-FOY. QUEBEC 155 Les rendements en grain varient de 0,14 a Ie BAS 9052 en 1979 a l'etablissement. Sur 15,86 g/pot pour Ie sol Laurentide et de 0 a les semis de 1980, a la premiere coupe, la 20,25 g/pot pour Ie sol Leeds. Les rendements couverture de la luzerne etait de 52% dans Ie les plus eleves correspondent aux melanges les temoin et de 97% lorsque Ie chiendent a ete plus riches en matiere organique. reprime avec Ie BAS 9052 ou Ie TF 1169. En septembre, la couverture de la luzerne etait de Proprietes physiques des sols. L'analyse 35% dans Ie temoin et de 93% dans les statistique des proprietes physiques de 21 sols parcelles traitees avec les herbicides. du Quebec a montre que la matiere organique a un effet significatif sur les proprietes suivan- Biologie et ecologie des mauvaises herbes. tes: densite reelle des particules, retention Un inventaire des mauvaises herbes presentes d'eau a 33,3 kPa et 1,5 MPa, limites de dans les prairies de premiere annee de produc- liquidite et de plasticite, densite maximum tion dans Ie comte de Kamouraska a ete mene lors de la compaction et minimum lors du en 1980. Le chien dent, la ceraiste vulgaire, Ie tassement, teneur en eau pour Ie maximum et plantain majeur et la stellaire gramino"ide Ie minimum de densite. D'autre part, Ie conte- etaient presents dans tous les champs visites. nu en argile a un effet significatif sur la Le chiendent etait la mauvaise herbe la plus retention d'eau a 33,3 kPa et 1,5 MPa, I'indi- importante avec une densite de 224 plants par ce de plasticite, les pourcentages d'agregats metre carre. stables dans l'air et dans l'eau, les densites Dans Ie ma"is a ensilage, 52 especes de maximum et minimum en compaction et tas- mauvaises herbes ont ete denombrees. Le sement, sur la conductivite hydraulique satu- chiendent est la mauvaise herbe la plus impor- ree au minimum de tassement. tante (29 tiges par metre carre) suivi de la prele des champs (27 tiges par metre carre). Les autres especes relativement importantes FERME EXPERIMENT ALE sont la setaire glauque, la vesce jargeau, Ie LA POCA TIERE pissenlit, Ie chenopode blanc, Ie pied-de-coq et l'ortie royale. Les cereales Regie du semis. En semis direct, l'etude du Biologie et ecologie des mauvaises herbes. degre d'etablissement de quatre especes four- Un inventaire des mauvaises herbes presentes rageres effectuee en periode de secheresse sur dans les cultures cerealieres du comte de trois types de sol a ete variable. Sur Ie loam Kamouraska a debute en 1980. Cent six graveleux Saint-Andre, Ie mil et Ie trefle champs ont ete visites et 120 especes de rouge se sont les mieux implantes, la luzerne mauvaises herbes identifiees. Les especes re- s'y est tres peu implantee et Ie brome pas du trouvees dans plus de 50% des champs sont Ie tout. Sur l'argile Kamouraska, c'est Ie trefle chiendent, la vesce jargeau, Ie chenopode rouge qui s'est Ie mieux etabli, suivi de la blanc, l'ortie royale, Ie pissenlit, la stellaire luzerne et du mil, avec une absence quasi gramino"ide, la renouee liseron et la spargoute. totale du brome. Sur l'argile Du Creux, la Le chiendent etait present dans 90% des meilleure espece a ete Ie mil suivi de pres par champs avec une densite moyenne de 39 tiges Ie trefle rouge, puis de la luzerne et finalement par metre carre. du brome dont la presence a ete encore une Regie. L'azote dans l'orge a quadruple la fois tres faible. II semble que Ie brome soit phytomasse du chenopode blanc alors que l'espece la moins apte a s'implanter en semis celie de la spargoute et de l'ortie royale a ete direct. peu affectee. Le propanil (1,0 kg/ha), Ie Regie de coupe. Les semis de trefle rouge metribuzin (0,3 kg/ha) et Ie diclofop-methyl du printemps de 1978 soumis differents (0,7 kg/ha) ont assure une excellente repres- a regimes de coupe ont subi au cours de I'hiver sion de la setaire glauque dans l'orge. 1979-1980 des dommages tres serieux. Sur Les plantes fourrageres I'argile Kamouraska la destruction du semis a ete complete. Les resultats obtenus sur Ie Chiendent. La repression du chiendent a loam graveleux Saint-Andre ont montre que ameliore I'etablissement et la persistance du la survie du cultivar Hungaropoli etait supe- trefle rouge et de la luzerne. En 1980, la rieure celie de Lakeland. couverture des legumineuses etait de 35% a dans la parcelle temoin et de 88% dans la Besoins en azote. Les besoins en azote des parcelle ou Ie chiendent avait ete reprime avec graminees fourrageres peuvent etre satisfaits 156 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 soit par des applications d'engrais azotes soit Greenville, Lanark et Pipestone ont ete les en les cultivant en presence de legumineuses. plus sensibles a la criblure des feuilles. Le mil et la luzerne ont ete semes selon Les poiriers plantes en 1944 ont donne de differents modes de semis et ont re<;u des doses bons rendements (221,3 kg/arbre) et c'est variables d'azote mineral. Le rendement de la Phileson qui a produit Ie plus (302,0 kg/ luzerne pure a ete legerement influence par arbre). les applications d'azote peu importe Ie mode de semis. La reponse du mil pur aux applica- tions d'engrais azotes a ete lineaire. Toutes les FERME EXPERIMENTALE associations mil-luzerne ont repondu faible- NORMANDIN ment aux applications d'azote mineral. Les cereales Les pommes de terre Ble de printemps. Un peu plus de 3200 selections d'epis ont ete faites dans du mate- Le buttage a la levee a Les herbicides. riel en generations F, a F, et elles viennent reduit I'activite du metolachlor d'un mois. s'ajouter aux 9 lignees en essais preliminaires, L'activite de I'EPTC n'a pas ete reduite. Le aux 26 observations avancees et aux 21 en buttage a la levee a fait augmenter les mau- essais cooperatifs et qui ont ete identifiees vaises herbes surtout entre les rangs par pour leur precocite et leur rendement en rapport au buttage au debut de la f1oraison. grain. Quelques selections ont produit plus Plusieurs herbicides, tels que I'alachlor et Ie que Ie groupe temoin, ce qui laisse prevoir des metolachlor, donnent une excellente repres- possibilites d'homologation a court terme. sion des graminees annuelles lorsqu'appliques Le ble Glenlea est moins exigeant en fumu- avant la levee. Apres la levee, nous avons re azotee que Ie ble Opal, d'apres les resultats obtenu des resultats tres prometteurs avec Ie de 3 ans. En effet, son rendement a ete Ie plus diclofop-methyl, Ie BAS 9052 et Ie TF 1169. eleve a la suite d'un apport de 90 kg/ha de N Les defanants. II est encore difficile de fractionne a parts egales au semis et au prevoir les effets des defanants d'annee en tallage, alors qu'Opal a mieux repondu avec annee. Leur activite est reduite par une fertili- 120 kg/ha de N apportes aux memes periodes. sation elevee en azote. L'ethephon n'a pas Les deux cultivars ont produit plus de grain a reussi a corriger cette situation. la suite de ce mode de fertilisation qu'a des taux superieurs ou inferieurs de N au semis Selection de lignees. L'essai avance d'adap- seulement ou en application fractionnee. La tation et I'essai d'adaptation auront quatre et qua lite du grain n'a pas ete affectee par les onze lignees provenant des Iignees selection- taux et periodes de fumure. nees a La Pocatiere en 1979 et 1980. En 1980, L'orge. Les rendements de l'orge cv. Lau- 1579 nouvelles lignees provenant de Frederic- rier ont ete de 2605 et 2970 kg/ha pour des ton (N.-B.) et selectionnees au stade de qua- taux de semis respectifs de 130 et 90 kg/ha; Ie tre buttes (F,) ont ete plantees sur deux sols. taux de semis Ie plus eleve a fait diminuer la A I'arrachage, 162 lignees ont ete selection- production de 12,3% par rapport au taux nees. normal. L'essai hat if effectue en collaboration avec L'influence de quatre epoques de labour, les stations provinciales a permis de tester 22 soit Ie 15 aout, 15 septembre, 15 octobre et 15 lignees. Les resultats de rendement et de mai, n'a pas ete significative sur la production croustille compares aux quatre temoins ont de l'orge cv. Loyola, mais Ie labour de prin- permis de determiner les meilleures (7) a La temps a fait diminuer la qualite du grain par Pocatiere. rapport aux labours de fin de saison. Par Les arbres fruitiers. Les pommiers ont ailleurs, il y a eu augmentation de la biomasse produit des fruits de tres bonne qualite en de mauvaises herbes annuelles avec Ie retard 1980. Les meilleurs rendements sont obtenus des dates de labour et une diminution paralle- lorsque la greffe est faite I'annee apres l'im- Ie des vivaces. La densite des mauvaises her- plantation du porte-greffe. bes etait de 121, 119, 79 et 98 plants par metre carre respectivement, pour les dates Les pruniers ont eu une tres bonne f1oraison mentionnees. mais les f1eurs ont avorte entrain ant des ren- dements pratiquement nuls (quelques fruits La regie de la gourgane. Depuis 1978, on a par arbre). De plus, les cultivars Crescent, demontre que sous nos conditions climatiques STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINTE-FOY, QUEBEC 157 il est preferable de semer la gourgane entre Ie six cultivars a augmente progressivement jus- 10 et Ie 20 mai, car plus t6t, la production de qu'au stade de la grenaison. La plus haute graines diminue de 400 kg/ha et, apres Ie 20 production annuelle a ete atteinte chez la mai, la diminution atteint 900 kg/ha par f1eoleet Ie brome lorsque la premiere coupe a rapport a la periode precitee. ete prelevee au stade de la f1oraison. Chez Ie dactyle, il n'y a pas eu de difference significa- Des observations sur la production de grai- tive dans les rendements totaux du stade de la nes et certaines donnees meteorologiques ont montaison au stade de la grenaison. La protei- ete faites dans Ie but d'etablir une correlation ne brute, les matieres grasses et les cendres possible entre production et facteurs climati- ont baisse, et la fibre brute a augmente gra- ques, entre autres, la pluviometrie et la duellement avec l'avancement en age des nebulosite. plantes. Tous les cultivars, en vieillissant, contenaient de moins en moins de phosphore L'exp/oitation de trois graminees jourrage- et de potassium. En regie generale, les varia- res. On a etudie l'influence de cinq stades de tions dans les teneurs en calcium, sodium, fer, croissance durant trois annees sur les rende- cuivre, manganese et zinc n'etaient pas reliees ments et les compositions organique et mine- aux stades de croissance. A l'interieur de rale des f1eoles Climax et Drummond, des chaque espece, il n'y a eu que quelques diffe- bromes Saratoga et Canadien et des dactyles rences significatives entre les cultivars au Hercules et Rideau. Au premier cycle de point de vue rendement et composition vegetation, Ie rendement en matiere seche des chimique. PUBLICATIONS Recherches De Kimpe, CR.; Laverdiere, M.R. 1980. Elfet du drainage souterrain sur quelques proprietes de Antoun, H.; Bordeleau, L.M.; Gagnon, C 1980. sols argileux du Quebec. Can. J. Soil Sci. Identification d'un isolat d'actinomycete par la 60:83-96. caracterisation partielle d'un antibiotique qu'il produit. Phytoprotection 61 :79-87. De Kimpe, CR.; Laverdiere, M.R. 1980. Amor- phous material and aluminum interlayers in Antoun, H.; Bordeleau, L.M.; Prevost, D.; Lachan- Quebec Spodosols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. ce, R.A. 1980. Absence of correlation between 44:639-642. nitrate reductase and symbiotic nitrogen fixa- tion efficiency in Can. J. Rhizobium meli/oti. Deschenes, J.M. 1980. Status of Canada thistle Plant Sci. 60:209-212. (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) in pastures and Boivin, B. 1980. A Survey of Canadian herbaria. hayfields in Eastern Canada and recommenda- Universite Laval. Quebec. 187 p. tions for its control. Proc. Can. Thistle Symp. Mars 1980. p. 187-193. Bolduc, R. 1980. Une methode enzymologique a appliquer pour la selection de plantes resistan- Deschenes, J.M.; St-Pierre, CA. 1980. Elfets des tes au froid. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 1303-1308. temperatures du sol, des dates de semis et des mauvaises herbes sur les composantes de ren- Bordeleau, L.M.; Lalande, R.; Antoun, H. 1980. dement de l'avoine. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:61- Oxygen and mannitol consumption of Rhizo- 68. bium meli/oti in relation to symbiotic nitrogen fixation efficiency. Plant Soil 56:439-443. Dostaler, D.; Pelletier, GJ.; Couture, L. 1980. Dynamique de la tache helminthosporienne de Bullen, M.R. 1980. A photo box for the analysis of canopy in layers. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:771- l'orge: densite d'inoculum et opportunite des inoculations. Phytoprotection 61: 19-25. 772. Couture, L. 1980. Assessment of severity of foliage Isfan, D. 1979. Nitrogen rate-yield precipitation diseases of cereals in cooperative evaluation relationship and N rate forecasting for corn tests. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 60(1 ):8-1 O. crops. Agron. J. 71: I045-1 051. Darisse, J.P.F.; Gervais, P.; St-Pierre, J.C 1980. Page, F.; De Kimpe, CR.; Bourbeau, G.A.; Rom- Influence du stade de croissance sur Ie rende- pre, M. 1980. Formation d'horizons cimentes ment et la composition chimique de deux culti- dans les sols sableux du delta des rivieres vars de la fleole des pres, du brome et du Manicouagan et Outardes, Quebec. Can. J. dactyle. Nat. Can. (Quebec) 107(2):55-62. Soil Sci. 60: 163-175. 158 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Paquin, R.; Ladouceur, G. 1980. Efficacite des Divers images radar et infrarouge thermique, et de la photo couleur infra rouge pour l'inventaire des Batra, T.R.; McAllister, AJ.; Chesnais, J.P.; Daris- cultures. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 1077-1085. se, J.P.F.; Lee, A.J.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Winter, K.A. 1980. Comparison of several pu- Paquin, R.; Mehuys, G. 1980. Influence of soil reline bull groups for reproductive traits and moisture on cold tolerance of alfalfa. Can. J. calving ease of their daughters. J. Dairy Sci. 63 Plant Sci. 60:139-147. (Suppl. 1):97 (Resume). Belzile, L. 1979. Degre de realisation du potentiel Paquin, R.; Pelletier, H. 1980. Influence de I'envi- de productivite des terres agricoles (fourrages ronnement sur l'acclimatation au froid de la et cereales) du comte de Kamouraska. Servo luzerne (Medicago sativa Pers.) et sa resistan- Can. Faune. 20 p. ce au gel. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 1351-1366. Belzile, L. 1979. Evaluation de cultivars de dactyle Paquin, R.; St-Pierre, J.c. 1980. Endurcissement, pour Ie Quebec. Bull. c.P.V.Q. 12 p. resistance au gel et contenu en proline libre de la f1eole des pres (Ph/eum pratense L.). Can. J. Belzile, L. 1980. Le rendement du dactyle seme Plant Sci. 60:525-532. dans l'argile de Kamouraska. Can. Agric. 25(3):21-22. Richard, c.; Guibord, M.O'C. 1980. Relationship of alfalfa blotch leafminer with spring black Belzile, L. 1980. Winter survival on alfalfa (1978- stem. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:265-266. 79) at La Pocatiere. dans: Ouellet, C.E. Survey report on the winter survival of alfalfa (1978- Richard, c.; Michaud, R.; Freve, A.; Gagnon, C. 79). Agrometeorol. Sect., Land Resour. Res. 1980. Selection for root and crown rot resistan- Inst., Res. Branch, Agric. Can., Ottawa Misc. ce in alfalfa. Crop Sci. 20:691-695. Bull. 14. Belzile, L. 1980. Compte-rendu du voyage du comi- Rivard, R.; De Kimpe, C.R. 1980. Proprietes de te des herbages du c.P.V.Q. dans les Mariti- quelques sols riches en gravier dans la region mes. 12 p. de Quebec. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:263-273. Belzile, L; Desjardins, R. 1979. Revue de litteratu- Rioux, R.; Comeau, J.E. 1980. Influence des syte- re sur l'etablissement des plantes fourrageres. mes de culture sur la croissance et Ie rende- c.P.V.Q. 134 p. ment des pommes de terre. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:591 -598. Bolduc, R. 1979. Technique pour l'echantillonnage des cultures dans Ie sol gele. Can. Agric. St-Pierre, C.A.; Dubuc, J.P. 1980. Le ble d'autom- 24(4):19-21. ne pour border les parcelles d'orge. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:273-275. Chesnais, J.P.; McAllister, AJ.; Darisse, J.P.F.; Lee, A.J.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Winter, Surprenant, J.; Richard, c.; Guibord, M.O'C.; Ga- K.A. 1980. Milk, protein and fat yield during gnon, C. 1980. Etude de quelques aspects de the first three lactations of foundation phase l'evaluation des pertes dues aux maladies chez cows in the National Cooperative Dairy Cattle la luzerne. Phytoprotection 61: 1-8. Breeding Project. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci. Annu. Meet. (Resume). Werner, P.A.; Rioux, R. 1979. Agropyron repens. dans: Mulligan, G.A. (ed.). La biologie des Chesnais, J.P.; Batra, T.R; Darisse, J.P.F.; Hick- mauvaises herbes du Canada, communications man, c.G; Lee, A.J.; McAllister, AJ.; Roy, I a 32. Agric. Can. Publ. 1693. Ottawa. p. G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Winter, K.A. 1979. Com- parison among eight strains of bulls for the 266-280. milk production of their daughters. J. Dairy Willemot, C. 1979. Chemical modification of lipids Sci. 62 (Suppl. 1):186 (Resume). during frost hardening. dans: Lyons, J.M.; Comeau, A. 1980. Un ennemi meconnu des cerea- Graham, D.; Raison, J.K. Low temperature les: Ie virus de la jaunisse nanisante de l'orge. stress in crop plants. Academic Press, New Le meunier quebecois, avril 1980, p. 14 et 18. York. p. 411-431. Comeau, A. 1980. La resistance au virus de la Willemot, C. 1980. Sterols in hardening winter jaunisse nanisante de l'orge chez Avena steri- wheat. Phytochemistry 19:1071-1073. lis. Bull. des Ressources phytogenetiques du Canada (PGR) no 8, avril 1980, p. 6-7. Willemot, c.; Pelletier, L. 1980. Effect of light and temperature on linolenic acid levels and frost Comeau, J.E.; Rioux, R. 1980. Les pommes de resistance of winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. terre, faut les connaitre. Bull. Agric., mars 60:649-656. 63:20-25. STATION DE RECHERCHES. SAINTE.FOY. QUEBEC 159 Couture, L. 1979. Evaluation de traitements de Gaudette, A.; Zizka, J. 1980. Valeurs fertilisantes semences chez !'orge. Pestic. Res. Rep. 1979, des excrements d'animaux a la ferme. Colloque p.464-465. sur les fumiers, c.P.V.Q. Saint-Hyacinthe, 9 octobre 1980, p. 4-32. Couture, L. 1979. Evaluation de traitements de semences chez l'avoine. Pestic. Res. Rep. 1979, Hope, H J. 1980. The use of proteases to detect p.491-492. frost hardiness associated changes in protein synthesis by winter wheat seedlings. Proc. Couture, L. 1980. Melanges cerealiers et maladies. CSPP 20:23. Can. Agric. 25(2): 18-20. ' Lee, AJ.; McAllister, AJ.; Batra, T.R.; Chesnais, Deschenes, J.M. 1980. The effect of various herbici- J.P.; Darisse, J.P.F.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; des including BAS-9052, Bentazone, TF-1169 Winter, K.A. 1980. Breed group differences for and 2, 4 - DB on weed control for the establi- growth in pureline foundation phase of the shment of a mixture of alfalfa and timothy. National Cooperative Dairy Cattle Breeding G.N.C. Eastern Canada, p. 29-31. Project. Abstr. 72 Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. p. 122. Deschenes, J.M. 1980. TF-1169 and Agral 90 on plots heavily infested with quack grass. Com. Lemay, F.; Rioux, R. 1980. Inventaire des mauvai- d'experts sur la malherbologie de l'est du ses herbes, comte de Kamouraska, 1980. Com. Canada, p. 335. d'experts sur la malherbologie, Rapport de recherches, p. 603. Deschenes, J.M. et al. 1980. Mauvaises herbes, renseignements generaux sur la repression. Lemieux, c.; Morriset, P.; Deschenes, J.M. 1980. c.P.V.Q. Agdex 640, 35 p. Patrons de mortalite dans des populations ve- getales pures et mixtes a haute densite, Ann. Drapeau, R. 1979. Evaluation de cultivars de trefle ACFAS. Mai. rouge et de trefle blanc. Bull. c.P.V.Q. 12 p. McAllister, A.J.; Batra, T.R.; Chesnais, J.P.; Daris- Drapeau, R.; Laliberte, C. 1979. Resuitats d'essais se, J.P.F.; Lee, A.J.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; en plantes fourrageres a Normandin. Ferme Winter, K.A. 1980. The Canadian dairy cattle experimentale, Agric. Can., Normandin, Que- selection and crossbreeding project. Nordic bec. 41 p. Symposium on Crossbreeding in Dairy Cattle. Edinburgh. Drapeau, R. 1980. Winter survival of alfalfa (J 978-79) at Normandin. dans: Survey report Michaud, R. 1979. Evaluation de cuitivars de luzer- of the winter survival of alfalfa. Misc. Bull. 4, ne pour Ie Quebec. Rapport du c.P.V.Q., 69 p. Agrometeorol. Sect., Land Resour. Res. Inst., Agric. Can., Ottawa. Michaud, R. 1980. Attention aux luzernes sans nome Bull. Agric., fevrier 1980, p. 56 et 61. Dubuc, J.P. 1980. Rapport d'amelioration de l'orge. Groupe du Quebec, janvier, 168 p. Michaud, R.; Richard, c.; Willemot, c.; Freve, A. 1979. Breeding for root and crown rot in alfal- Dubuc, J.P. 1980. Rapport d'amelioration de l'avoi- fa. Comptes rendus de la "Third Eastern Fora- ne. Groupe du Quebec, janvier, 166 p. ge Improvement Conference", Ottawa, p. 44. Dubuc, J.P. 1980. Catalogue des stocks genetiques. Paquin, R. 1979. Use of the synthetic aperture Station de recherche, Agric. Can., Ste-Foy, radar in assessment of winter damages to crops Quebec, 17 p. and as a tool for crop identification. Proc. Agric. Working Group, Can. Adv. Com. on Dubuc, J. P. 1980. Document d'analyse de la situa- Remote Sensing 8:21-22. tion des programmes d'amelioration, Ie marche et son potentiel versus l'implication des compa- Paquin, R. 1980. Les plantes survivront-elles a gnies en amelioration des cereales, Comite des l'hiver de 1979-80? Nouvelles de la recherche cereales (C.P.V.Q.), septembre, 5 p. 80.03.03.2F; La Terre de Chez Nous 51(2):14; Le Meunier quebecois 14(7):9. Freve, A. 1979. Mise au point d'une methode de selection de la luzerne pour la resistance au Paquin, R. 1980. Influence of environment upon Fusarium roseum var. acuminatum. These de acclimation and frost resistance of alfalfa. maitrise, universite Laval, Quebec. 74 p. Proc. CSPP, Univ. of Calgary, juillet 14-17, p. 3. Freve, A. 1980. Essais regional hiitif 1979. p. 19-22, dans: Banville, GJ. ed. Rapport annuel 1979 Paquin, R. 1980. Crop classification study using des essais regionaux de pommes de terre au SAR. dans: The airborne SAR project, a com- Quebec. Station de recherches sur la pomme ponent of the Canadian SURSAT program by de terre, Les Buissons, comite du Saguenay. Intera Environments Consultants Ltd. Report Mars. ASP-80-1 :42. 160 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Richard, c.; Willemot, C. 1980. La luzerne malade Rioux, R. 1980. Onze rapports sur des essais de plus endommagee par Ie froid? Bull. Agric. differents herbicides sur plusieurs mauvaises Mars, p. 85-87. herbes et plantes cultivees. Com. d'experts sur la malherbologie, Rapport de recherches, p. 15, Rioux, R. 1980. Nuisibilite du chiendent dans l'or- 38-39,206,225-226,244,349-350,403,432. ge. Phytoprotection 61: 114. Turnbull, J.E.; Munroe, J.A.; Darisse, J.P.F.; Wil- Rioux, R. 1980. Interference des mauvaises herbes son, G. 1979. Should silo foundations be placed dans les pommes de terre. Phytoprotection below frost? ASAE Paper no. 79-4506, ASAE 61:120. Winter Meet., New Orleans. STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINTE-FOY, QUEBEC 161 Station de recherches Saint-J ean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec CADRES PROFESSION NELS CB. Au BE, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Directeur M. HUDON, L.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. (Ent.) Directeur adjoint Y. BONNEAU Services administratifs R. THERIAULT, B.Sc., Doc.lng. Genie agricole Support scientifique I. WALLACE, B.A., M.L.S.' Bibliotheque Cultures fruitieres G.L. ROUSSELLE, B.A., B.sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de section; genetique L. BERARD, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiologie de la senescence N.J. BOSTANIAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Acarologie-entomologie L.J. COULOMBE, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Phytopa thologie R.L. GRANGER, B.Sc., B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiologie M. LAREAU, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Gestion des cultures R.O. PARADIS, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Ecologie de la [aune entomologique I. RIVARD, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Ecologie et controle de la faune entomologique Cultures maraicheres P. MARTEL, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de section; toxicologie G. BELAIR, B.Sc. Nematologie A. BELANGER, B.Sc., Ph.D. Chimie des pesticides D. BENOIT, B.Sc., M.Sc. Malherbologie R. BERNIER, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.)' Gestion des cultures J.A. CAMPBELL, B.A., B.Ed., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chimie des sols M.S. CHIANG, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique R. CRETE, L.S.A., M.Sc. Phytopa thologie J. MILLETTE, B.Sc. (Agr. Eng.), M.Sc. Hydrologie L. PARENT, B.S.A., M.Sc. Physique des sols STATION DE RECHERCHES. SAINT-JEAN. QUEBEC 163 B. VIGIER, B.Sc. (Agr.) Gestion des cultures Ferme experimentale, L'Assomption P.P. LUKOSEVICIUS,Diplomlandwirt, M.Sc., Ph.D. Surintendant N. ARNOLD, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Physiologie M. DUPRE, B.A., B.S.A. Protection M. LAMARRE, B.Sc. (Agr.) Phytotechnie I.S. OGILVIE, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique Depart J.J. JASMIN, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Directeur Promu Directeur general au Bureau regional de la Region du Quebec GOUVERNEMENT DE LA PROVINCE DE QUEBEC Protection des vergers M. MAILLOUX, B.S.A., M.Sc. Entomologie 'Detach" de la Direction generale des affaires financieres et administratives, Division des bibliotheques. 'Actuellement en Ha'ili sur un projet de I'ACDI. 164 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION Ce rapport resume les principaux resultats de recherches obtenus a. la station de recherches a. Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu et a. la ferme experimentale de L'Assomption. Saint- Jean est responsable de la recherche sur Ie ma'is, les legumes, les fruits et les petits fruits ainsi que sur la gestion des sols organiques et poursuit ses travaux a. Sainte-Clothilde, Frelighsburg, L'Acadie et Farnham. La region de Saint-Jean, situee au sud de Montreal, est caracterisee par la presence de sols organiques et mineraux dont une partie est situee en bordure des Appalaches, ce qui favorise une agriculture variee. La ferme experimentale de L'Assomption, situee a. quelque 80 km au nord de Saint-Jean, est responsable de la recherche sur Ie tabac, les plantes ornementales et I'amelioration du ma'is; la ferme a. L'Assomption possede du terrain a. Lavaltrie pour ses travaux sur Ie tabac. L'annee 1980 a ete marquee par I'attribution de contrats a. des conseils pour preparer les plans du nouvel edifice laboratoire-bureau qui devrait etre termine en 1983. Ce rapport donne les grandes lignes de nos realisations en 1980. Ces realisations sont caracterisees par des progres substantiels dans I'amelioration des cruciferes et du tabac, la gestion du ma'is et la protection des arbres fruitiers et des legumes. Pour de plus amples renseignements sur nos realisations, pour des tires-a.-part de nos publications, vous pouvez communiquer avec la station de recherches, Direction generale de la recherche, Agriculture Canada, Saint-Jean-sur- Richelieu, c.P. 457, Province de Quebec, 13B 6Z8. Claude B. Aube Directeur ARBRES FRUITIERS Evaluation de cultivars Poiriers. A Frelighsburg, en 1980, des poi- Conduite des pommiers nains et semi-nains riers de 11 ans provenant de cultivars ou selections Krol Sobiesky, Beaute Flamande, Phileson, Enie, Miney, Moe, Meney, 066- A Frelighsburg, on trouve les cultivars 0361, Patten, 0-301 et Pa'iersmith ont rappor- McIntosh et Spartan greffes sur M9, M7, te respectivement 54, 50, 38,4, 29,6, 26,S, Ottawa 3 et M26 qui composent des pom- 22,8, 16,2, 5,2, 5,0 et 1,5 kg en moyenne par miers plantes a. 740, 1480 et 2960 unites par arbre. Cet automne a. La Pocatiere, des poi- hectare. Ces arbres formes en «cloche etroi- riers ages de 20 ans provenant de cultivars te», «palmette oblique», «palmette de Van Favorite de Clapp, Beurre Bosc et Bartlett Roechoudt» et «cone de plein vent» ont donne donnent respectivement une moyenne de 76, leur quatrieme recolte en 1980. 28,4 et 9,6 kg par arbre tandis que d'autres poiriers ages de 36 ans provenant de cultivars Cette annee, les plus hauts rendements Phileson, Miney, Favorite de Clapp, Menie, proviennent d'arbres de Spartan/Ottawa 3 0-291 ont une recolte de 287,9, 264, 196,1, plantes a. 2960 unites par hectare et formes en 157,8 et 48,8 kg en moyenne par arbre. Dans cloche etroite. Cette combinaison qui permet Ie but d'evaluer 25 nouveaux cultivars, des d'obtenir un benefice net de $3438/ha atteint parcelles de poiriers sont plan tees a. Frelighs- presque Ie seuil de rentabilite avec un rende- burg et Rockburn cette annee. ment de 23 051 kg/ha. La combinaison Spar- tan/M9 a. 2960 unites par hectare en cloche Pruniers. L'hiver de 1979-1980 s'est avere etroite est la deuxieme en importance. Son l'un des plus destructeurs des pruniers de la rendement est de 20 424 kg/ha. Par contre, region de Frelighsburg. Ainsi dans un verger McIntosh/M9 en palmette de Van Roechoudt experimental de 3 ans contenant 30 cultivars a. 740 pommiers par hectare avec un rende- et selections, 10 ont subi de tres graves pertes ment de 555 kg/ha est la combinaison la par Ie froid. Aucun de ces arbres n'a encore moins rentable. Les pommiers de Spartan en commence a. rapporter. Dans un autre verger cone de plein vent a. 1480/ha donnent une experimental compose de pruniers de 5 ans a. moyenne generale de 13 500 kg/ha. La Pocatiere, les cultivars et selections qui STATION DE RECHERCHES. SAINT-JEAN. QUEBEC 165 commencent a rapporter cette annee sont: produit insecticide. Comme la dose leta Ie de Reine Claude, Damas Bleue, V-33024, Brad- dimethoate pour les abeilles est estimee a 95 shaw, V-33028, Early Italian et Grosse Bleue. ng par ouvriere, un taux de 3 a 5 ppm de cet Les quatre premiers se mont rent particuliere- insecticide dans Ie nectar des fieurs serait ment precoces et rapportent une moyenne de considere comme fatal aux abeilles butineu- 3 a 5 kg par arbre. ses. En consequence, pour proteger ces insec- tes pollinisateurs, I'emploi de ce produit en Griottiers. Frelighsburg, des arbres de 10 A periode pre-fiorale sur les pommiers devrait se ans provenant de cultivars Marasca di Os- faire au moins une semaine avant l'eclosion theim, Montmorency, Suda Hardy, North des fieurs, c'est-a-dire normalement avant Star et English Morello rapportent respective- l'apparition du bouton rose. ment une moyenne de 33,4, 29,3, 28,9, 16,6 et Par ailleurs, une etude effectuee dans un 4,1 kg par arbre. Le cultivar North Star se verger experimental a Frelighsburg a perm is montre tres sensible au mildiou. Les deux de demontrer la grande importance des insec- cultivars dont les noyaux des fruits s'enlevent tes pollinisateurs (abeilles domestiques et Ie mieux sont Marasca di Ostheim et abeilles sauvages) pour l'obtention d'une re- Montmorency. colte commercialement rentable et de deter- Protection des pommeraies miner l'infiuence de certains facteurs abioti- ques, comme la temperature, l'humidite Maladies. Chacun des sept differents pro- relative, Ie vent, et autres, sur l'activite de ces grammes de fongicides appliques en eradica- precieux auxiliaires. tion a six reprises au cours de la saison ont reussi a reprimer suffisamment la tavelure sur Ie feuillage des pommiers, mais seuls Ie Bay- PETITS FRUITS core 50 WP utilise aux taux de 1,2 et 1,6 kg/ ha et Ie CGA 64251 10WP a 1,0 kg/ha ont pu Bleuet. Meme apres un hiver sans neige et fournir plus de 95% de fruits sains a la recolte. des temperatures minimum atteignant -26°C, Dans une autre serie d'essais, ces deux memes la productivite de la plupart des cultivars de produits ont manifeste un pouvoir d'eradica- bleuet en corymbe a I'essai s'est accrue en tion de la maladie comparable a celui du 1980 pour atteindre des rendements allant fongicide Easout 70WP. jusqu'a 25 000 kg/ha. Les cultivars Bluecrop, Blueray et Berkeley s'averent toujours les plus Insectes. Observee sur Ie pommier surtout productifs. Les observations cytologiques de au printemps, la punaise terne s'attaque alors plusieurs clones indigenes de bleuet en corym- aux bourgeons. Les degats sur les fruits plus be ont revele que ces derniers etaient tetra- tard dans la saison seraient attribuables prin- plo'ides, mais que certains semblaient posseder cipalement aux larves de la punaise de la une certaine instabilite a ce niveau. pomme et de la Iygide du pommier ainsi que, a un moindre degre, a celles de Heterocordy- Framboise. Le cultivar Festival s'est encore Ius malinus (Reuter) et de la punaise de la avere Ie plus productif suivi de 70-11, 69-4 molene. Toutefois, l'imputation des piqures a (selection de Kentville), Matsqui et Haida. une espece de punaise en particulier demeure Newburg, Ie cultivar Ie plus repandu au Que- souvent difficile. bec, a ete Ie moins productif. Le courbage des Appliques aux stades du pre-bouton rose et tiges durant I'hiver, la production bis-annuel- du calice, les pyrethrino'ides Ambush, Bel- Ie, I'irrigation et l'apport de fumier n'ont pas mark et Ripcord se sont ave res egalement modi fie de fa90n significative la productivite efficaces pour reduire simultanement les de- de Willamette, Newburg et Festival. Les gats des punaises et du charan90n de la prune traitements de fertilisation a l'azote ont ete les sur les pommes, mais Ie fait d'effectuer une seuls a contribuer a une augmentation des troisieme application 2 semaines apres Ie rendements. calice n'a pas ameliore la repression des pu- naises. Suite a l'application du dimethoate sur des LEGUMES pommiers Cortland au stade du bouton rose Amelioration genetique des cruciferes, pour prevenir Ies degats de la punaise terne resistance Ii la hernie sur les bourgeons a fruit, Ie nectar extrait des fieurs 5 et 6 jours apres Ie traitement conte- Deux lignees, issues d'une troisieme genera- nait respectivement 5,20 et 3,32 ppm du tion de retrocroisements entre Ie rutabaga, 166 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 PREFACE The Western Region, with headquarters in Sas- Common cattle grubs were controlled on a large katoon, consists of 15 research stations, four experi- ranch with systemic insecticides and sterile male mental farms, and eight substations. These research warble fly releases. A computer simulation model establishments serve the agricultural community was developed that can estimate losses in productiv- throughout the Prairie Provinces and British Co- ity of cattle infested with horn flies. lumbia. In 1980 the Region managed a budget of A new tissue culture medium that is selective for $44 million and employed approximately 350 pro- dwarf growth habit in apple trees will aid in fessionals and 885 subprofessionals in carrying out breeding new apples. its research programs designed to solve a broad Food quality and processing research resulted in range of agricultural problems. a better definition of factors influencing quality of Long-term studies showed that restoration of the fruit leathers, as well as the development of a stem- productivity of eroded soil with legume crops and jacketed extruder for fruit snack bars and an fertilizers was only partly successful and that zero improved drum drier for fruit purees. tillage was helpful in reducing erosion, conserving Electrical stimulation of beef carcasses showed soil moisture, and reducing energy requirements for potential for improving tenderness when storage crop production. conditions were properly controlled. Perhaps most significant in forage crop breeding Contracting out of research is increasing and was the licensing of Norgold, the world's first low- becoming more closely related to in-house research coumarin, yellow sweetclover. Also licensed were programs. During 1980-1981, 13 research stations Heinrichs alfalfa, Clarke intermediate wheatgrass, were involved in 62 contracts for a total expenditure Nova sainfoin, Elbee Northern wheatgrass, and of $1 350 000. Major contract research areas were Peace alfalfa. The alfalfa breeding program at irrigation, drainage, and desalination; energy utili- Lethbridge was redirected in response to the survey zation and conservation; beef; supportive research findings that the disease verticillium wilt is spread- and development; protection; and processing ing in Western Canada. Two strains of Rhizobium technology. me/i/oti were released to legume-inoculant The Western Region is strengthening research in manufacturers. new energy sources and energy conservation by The cereal breeding programs in the Western recruiting two energy engineers to develop an in- Region continue to have a significant impact on the house research program and to assist in administra- industry. Five cultivars of hard red spring wheat tion of energy contracts on crop residues for fuel that were developed at the Winnipeg Research and feed, heat exchangers for drying grain and Station since 1965 were sown on 73% of the total heating livestock buildings, use of solar collectors area planted with wheat on the prairies in 1980. and waste heat in greenhouses, alternate fuels, and Breeding programs in 1980 produced Columbus energy conservation in meat processing plants and hard red spring wheat, Norbert two-row barley, restaurants. Johnson six-row barley, Fidler oats, Musketeer Staff changes within the Region in 1980 included winter rye, and Manor buckwheat. the appointment of new directors to the research Ochre, the first public cultivar of condiment stations at Brandon (Dr. B. H. Sonntag), Kamloops yellow mustard, was licensed by the Saskatoon (Dr. J. D. McElgunn), Lacombe (Dr. D. E. Wal- Research Station. Significant progress was made in dern), Morden (Dr. D. K. McBeath), Saskatoon research on control of diseases, insects, and weeds (Dr. J. R. Hay), and Winnipeg (Dr. D. G. Dorrell). in oilseed crops. Research showed that canola meal At Lethbridge Research Station, Dr. T. G. Atkin- can economically substitute for soybean meal in son was appointed Assistant Director. At Western broiler chicken and turkey diets when it costs less Region Headquarters, Dr. W. N. MacNaughton than 63% of soybean meal. Canola meal was also transferred from the Brandon Research Station to found to be a satisfactory replacement for soybean become Assistant Director General. Upon the meal in swine growing-finishing diets at levels up to transfer of Dr. D. E. Waldern to the Lacombe 15% of the diet. Research Station, Dr. D. M. Bowden took up the Further definition of the response of F, beef cows position of Program Specialist. Dr. B. H. Sonntag to various environments was obtained. The influ- left the position of Economist to become Director at ence of differences in summer grazing conditions on the Brandon Research Station. relative productivity of various types of crossbred Further information about our programs may be cows was demonstrated. Recommendations were obtained by writing to the research establishments formulated for use of rangelands in British Colum- concerned or by addressing inquiries to Western bia, to aid both beef cattle producers and wildlife Region Headquarters, Research Branch, Agricul- managers. The finding that rate of initial digestion ture Canada, Room 600 Federal Building, 101- is an important factor in the bloat-causing tenden- 22nd Street East, P.O. Box 9241, Saskatoon, Sask. cies of forage legumes will aid in developing bloat- S7K 3X5. safe alfalfa cultivars. A. A. Guitard 270 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 EXECUTIVE OF THE WESTERN REGION L'EXECUTIF DE LA REGION DE L'OUEST Director General Directeur general A. A. GUITARD, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Director General Directeur general adjoint W. N. MACNAUGHTON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Specialist Specialiste en programmes D. M. BOWDEN, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Contracts Specialist Specialiste en contrats H. C. KORVEN, B.E., M.Sc. Chief, Finance and Administration Chef, finances et administration P. B. GRIFFITH Manager, Information Services Gerant, services de ['information J. J. MCCONNELL, B.S.A., M.A. Seconded from Information Services. Ottawa Detache des Services d'information (Ottawa) WESTERN REGION 269 Dr. A. A. Guitard Dr. W. N. Dr. D. M. Bowden Mr. H. C. Korven MacNaughton f.'.""'~'~';;;; ,et "" ~!,,' -.,.". ~ Mr. P. B. Griffith Mr. J. J. McConnell WESTERN REGION ~ REGION DE I10UEST ~ Miller, S. R. 1980. Research Report, Smithfield Pree, D. J.; Herne, D. H. c.; Phillips, J. H. H.; Experimental Farm 1979. Vol. 7, 52 pp. Roberts, W. P. 1980. Plum curculio. Agex No. 80-030. Miller, S. R. 1980. Research results on apple production systems. The Grower 30( I):8-9. Pree, D. J.; Herne, D. H. c.; Phillips, J. H. H.; Olthof, T. H. A.; Potter, J. W. 1980. Nematodes Roberts, W. P. 1980. Scale insects on peaches. can damage your potato crop. Cash Crop Agdex No. 80-031. Farming 41(3):26-28. Pree, D. J.; Herne, D. H. c.; Phillips, J. H. H.; Pree, D. J.; Herne, D. H. c.; Phillips, J. H. H.; Roberts, W. P. 1980. Peach tree borers. Agdex Roberts, W. P. 1980. Pest management pro- No. 80-032. gram for peaches. Agdex No. 80-026. Pree, D. J.; Herne, D. H. c.; Phillips, J. H. H.; Pree, D. J.; Herne, D. H. c.; Phillips, J. H. H.; Roberts, W. P. 1980. Comstock mealy bug on Roberts, W. P. 1980. Oriental fruit moth. peach. Agdex No. 80-033. Agdex No. 80-027. Pree, D. J.; Herne, D. H. c.; Phillips, J. H. H.; Stevenson, A. B. 1980. Monitoring carrot pests in Roberts, W. P. 1980. Oblique-banded leaf Holland Marsh. The Grower 30(5):9. roller. Agdex No. 80-028. Voisey, P. W.; Mohr, W. P. 1979. Quality control Pree, D. J.; Herne, D. H. c.; Phillips, J. H. H.; test for tomato juice viscosity. Engineering and Roberts, W. P. 1980. Mite pests of peaches. Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Agdex No. 80-029. Canada. Report No. 7820-1-97. 40 pp. 266 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Chiba, M.; Veres, D. F. 1980. High performance O'Sullivan, J.; Reyes, A. A. 1980. Effects of soil liquid chromatographic method for simulta- fumigation, rotation, and nitrogen on yield, neous determination of residual benomyl and petiole NOJ-N, and verticillium wilt of pota- methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate on apple toes. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 105:809-812. foliage without cleanup. J. Assoc. Off. Ana!. Chern. 63: 1291. Pree, D. J. 1979. Toxicity of Phosmet, Azinphos- methyl and Permethrin to the oriental fruit Dias, H. F.; Allen, W. R. 1980. Characterization of moth and its parasite Macrocentrus ancyli- the single protein and two nucleic acids of vorus. Environ. Entomo!. 8:969-972. peach rosette mosaic virus. Can. J. Bot. Pree, D. Hagley, E. A. Simpson, C. M.; 58:1747-1754. J.; c.; Hikichi, A. 1980. Resistance of the spotted Elliot, W. M.; Kemp, W. G. 1980. Flight activity of tentiform leafminer Phyllonorycter blancar- the green peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphidi- della (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) to insecti- dae) during the vegetable growing season at cides in southern Ontario. Can. Entomo!. Harrow and Jordan, Ontario. Proc. Entomo!. 112:469-474. Soc.Ont. 110:19-28 (1979). Reyes, A. A. 1980. Pea root rot development and Hagley, E. A. C. 1978. Integrated pest manage- associated pathogens in Ontario fields. Plant ment-insecticides and natural predator popu- Dis. 64:392-393. lations on apple. Proc. Entomo!. Soc. Ont. Sullivan, J. A.; Christie, B. R.; Potter, J. W. 1980. 109:9-21. Inheritance of northern root-knot nematode resistance in alfalfa. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:533- Hagley, E. A. c.; Bronskill, J. F.; Ford, E. J. 1980. 537. Effect of the physical nature of leaf and fruit surfaces on oviposition by the codling moth, Townshend, J. L.; Dirks, V. A.; Marks, C. F. 1980. Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Temperature moisture and compaction and Can. Entomo!. 112:503-510. their effects on the diffusion of ethylene dibro- mide in three Ontario soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. Hagley, E. A. Pree, D. J.; Holliday, N. J. 1980. C; 60:177-184. Toxicity of insecticides to some orchard carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Can. Ento- Townshend, J. L.; Potter, J. W. 1980. Population mo!. 112:457-462. behaviour of Meloidogyne hapla under four forage legumes in microplots. Can. J. Plant Ingratta, F. J.; Olthof, H. A. 1980. The influence of Sci. 60:293-295. saprophagous nematodes on the production of Agaricus brunnescens (bisporus). Mushroom Trottier, R.; Hagley, E. A. C. 1979. Influence of Sci. X (Part 11):397-405. temperature and snowfall on codling moth fecundity. Environ. Entomo!. 8:1051-1054. Johnson, P. W.; Potter, J. W. 1980. Winter survival of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incog- Trottier, R.; Herne, D. H. C. 1980. Temperature nita and M. hapla) under selected host crops in relationships to forecast hatching of overwin- southern Ontario. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:203- tered eggs of the European red mite, Pano- 207. nychus ulmi (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Proc. Entomo!. Soc. Ont. 110:53-60 (1979). Kerr, E. A.; Kerr, E. L.; Patrick, Z. A.; Potter, J. W. 1980. Linkage relations of resistance to Miscellaneous Cladosporium leaf mold (cf-2) and root-knot Fisher, R. W. 1980. Grape spray equipment can nematodes (Mi) and new gene for leaf mold change with variety. The Grower 30(2):26-27. resistance (cf-I I). Can. J. Genet. Cyto!. 22: 183-186. Johnson, P. W. 1980. Researchers wage war against tree fruit nematodes. The Grower 29( II ):8. Leuty, S. J.; Pree, D. J. 1980. The influence of tree population and summer pruning on productiv- Leuty, S. J.; Miller, S. R. 1980. Thinning tree ity growth and quality of peaches. J. Am. Soc. fruits. Agdex No. 80-005. Hortic. Sci. 105:702-705. McGinnis, A. J. 1980. Grapevine disease experts Northover, J.; Ripley, B. D. 1980. Persistence of convene. Can. Fruitgrower 36(9):20. chlorothalonil on grapes and its effect on McGinnis, A. J. 1980. World renowned grapevine disease control and fruit quality. J. Agric. Food disease experts convene. The Grower 30(9):12. Chern. 28:971-974. McGinnis, A. J. 1980. Vineland-1980 in review. Olthof, T. H. A. 1980. Screening rye cultivars and The Grower 30(10): 12. breeding lines for resistance to the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Can. J. Menzies, D. R. 1980. Sprayer maintenance and Plant Sci. 60:281-282. calibration a must. The Grower 30(8):9. RESEARCH STATION, VINELAND STATION, ONT. 265 collector was simulated and used as a heat material for field evaluation, propagation source for drying the bed. The system design employing asceptic tissue culture techniques was optimized on the basis of air mass flow has been attempted. At present, meristem rate and peak temperatures. cultures of MAC 9, MAC I, M 26,0-3, and P 22 have been successfully sterilized and the cultures have undergone shoot multiplication. EXPERIMENTAL FARM, Techniques for sterilization, multiplication, SMITHFIELD,ONT. rooting, and transfer to the greenhouse pot- ting soil have been developed for three Vegetables rootstocks-MAC 9, M 26, and P 22. Evaluation of tomatoes for concentrated Mechanical pruning of Mcintosh apple strained product. Juice made from six culti- trees. McIntosh (VC-309) apple trees on MM vars covered the entire range in consistency 106, M. robusta 5, and OH 3 rootstocks were from very thick to very thin. Consistency and planted in 1971 at a 5 X 3 m spacing. Trees solids, two properties of the juice, were were trained to a central leader system until usually indicative of these properties in the 1975 after which the only annual pruning puree. However, viscosity and insoluble solids carried out was with a sickle bar mower in are involved in a major way in determining early June to form a pyramid-shaped hedge- the consistency of both juice and concentrate. row. There was some indication that the concentra- The accumulated production from the tion process affects cultivars differently. mechanically pruned trees was increased by 16 to 40%, depending upon the rootstock Instrumental evaluation of tomato pro- vigor, and fruit color was reduced in the ducts. Instruments used to measure differ- central portion of the rows relative to those ences in consistency of juice or puree included pruned in the traditional manner. A system the Bostwick Consistometer, Ottawa texture was tested whereby the well-colored fruit measuring system with back extrusion cell, from the outer and upper part of the canopy Brookfield viscometer, Effiuxtube, and Can- was harvested for the fresh market and the non-Fenske viscometer. With minor varia- fruit in the central portion of the row was tions, depending on the instrument, these shaken and marketed for juice. objective methods picked out variety and Growing apples for juice. A mature or- harvest differences that corresponded well chard containing McIntosh, Delicious, and with subjective ratings. Red Spy apple trees has been managed as a The Ottawa texture measuring system with juice block for seven seasons. Because of the back extrusion cell and modular signal condi- minimum spraying and pruning programs, tioning system effectively measured the grain- total production has decreased with time. iness of tomato juice samples. The method has Problems have been encountered with spotted potential applications in both research and tentiform leafminers, mullein thrips, spring- industrial quality control. feeding caterpillars, and apple maggots that Fruits required corrective action. Loss of major limbs due to the heavy cropping has reduced Propagation of apple rootstocks by tissue the fruiting area of these standard trees. A culture. A series of rootstocks from Poland, review of the production and management Ottawa, Russia, Michigan, and Vineland have costs shows that the orchard would have been collected and placed in a nursery to returned a profit to the grower most seasons; establish stool beds. To obtain sufficient 1980 was an exception. PUBLICA nONS Research Anderson, R. V.; Townshend, J. L. 1980. Variations of the first head annule in Canadian popula- Akitt, D. G.; Bown, A. W.; Potter, J. W. 1980. Role tions of Pratylenchus penetrans (Nematoda: of ethylene in the response of tomato plants Pratylenchidae) from three host plants. Can. J. susceptible and resistant to Meloidogyne in- Zoo I. 58: 1336-1340. cognita. Phytopathology 70:94-97. 264 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 occurred under drying conditions and was Interaction between pea root rot pathogens. associated with virus particle disruption. The When the three pathogens were introduced virucidal effects of soil dewatering were more singly into the soil before planting peas (cv. closely related to evaporation per se than to Little Marvel), P. ultimum was the most moisture levels. destructive to peas and R. solani was the least damaging. When F. solani and P. ultimum Vegetable crops were introduced into the soil together, root rot more severe than that caused by either Synergism between cucumber mosaic virus organism alone resulted. Likewise F. solani and soil fungi relative to sudden wilt of and R. solani in the soil together resulted in greenhouse cucumbers. Synergism between root rot more severe than that caused by soil fungi, particularly Pythium spp., and either fungus alone. When three pathogens cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in the sudden were present together in the soil, however, wilt disease of greenhouse cucumbers in severity of root rot was no greater than that Ontario was demonstrated. At both 10° and caused by the combination of F. solani and P. 20°C cucumber plants simultaneously inocu- ultimum. lated with Pythium and CMV suffered greater mortality than did those inoculated with either the fungus or virus alone. At 30°C CONTRACT RESEARCH no death occurred. Although CMV-Rhizoc- Mechanization tonia and CMV-Fusarium combinations caused mortality in greenhouse cucumbers at Electrostatic orchard sprayer. An electro- 10°C, it was much less extensive than that static orchard sprayer, modified and evalu- caused by the CMV-Pythium combination. ated under contract, was shown to improve deposition in the top canopy of 3-m-high Allium viruses in Ontario. Elongated flex- apple trees (cv. Mcintosh) by 85% over a uous virus particles about 725 nm long and conventional sprayer, with no improvement in stiff rod-shaped particles about 30 nm in the bottom canopy. The ratio of top-to-bottom length with a noticeable central core were canopy deposition was 0.97 with the electro- detected in leaf dips of diseased garlic and static unit and 0.51 when sprayed onions, respectively, from southern Ontario. conventionally. Infected garlic seedlings were severely stunted Sprayboom height control-design crite- with noticeable chlorotic striping of the ria. Four boom suspension systems, compris- leaves; affected onions were not stunted, but ing a range of designs currently used commer- showed mild chlorotic leaf striping. The cially, were evaluated both over a test track symptoms induced by the onion virus on a and over a variety of crops in southern limited host range and its particle size indi- Ontario. Dynamic stability was monitored cate a similarity to TMV. The garlic virus using ultrasonic sensors with the spray tank remains unidentified, but it has been trans- both full and empty, and with three types of mitted mechanically to onion and certain tires. Chenopodium species. Neither virus has been reported before from these plants in Canada. Energy conservation Product drying. Sodium bentonite, in inti- Antagonists of the pea root rot pathogens. mate mixtures with corn, oats, wheat, and Ten species of microorganism antagonistic to peanuts, was assessed as a desiccant suitable pea root rot pathogens Fusarium solani for an on-farm low-energy drying system. (Mart.) App. & Wr. f. sp. pisi (F.R. Jones) Corn was dried from 25% to 16% moisture Snyd. & Hansen, Rhizoctonia solani Kiihn, content (wet bulb) in 44 h with no apparent and Pythium ultimum Trow were cultivated rise in temperature. After drying, the bento- on agar at 22°C. Three of them proved nite was easily separated from the product inhibitory to growth of all three pathogens. with a fan mill. Four others were inhibitory to two pathogens, either F. solani and R. solani or R. solani and Zeolite heat storage for solar grain drying. P. ultimum, but not the other combination. A mathematical model of a zeolite bed was Three organisms proved antagonistic to the developed and refined to evaluate the bed's growth of only one pathogen, either F. solani, performance as a heat-storage medium to be R. solani, or P. ultimum. used for grain drying. A cylindrical parabolic RESEARCH STATION, VINELAND STATION, ONT. 263 Host-parasite relationships around some sprayed vines 2 yr after spraying ceased, whereas around adjacent unsprayed Reaction of peach rootstocks to root-lesion vines there were 50-100 nematodes per litre. nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans. With 21 One year later most of the sprayed vines were peach rootstocks (including four commer- infested, although the numbers of nematodes cially available cultivars) tested in the green- were generally similar to those of the previous house, differences were demonstrated in rate year. of nematode increase, total number of nema- todes per plant at termination of the study, and number of nematodes in the soil and roots. With an initial inoculum of 2800 PLANT DISEASES nematodes per kilogram of soil, final soil Fruit crops populations ranged from 6400 to 18 300 per kilogram and total populations ranged from Botrytis bunch rot of grapes. Benomyl- II 200 to 32 800 per year-old tree. Nematode resistant Botrytis cinerea Persoon was identi- infection reduced growth, total fresh and dry fied in five of nine vineyards examined in shoot weights, and fresh root weight. None of 1979. In 1980, a combination of the two the currently available rootstocks appears to fungicides benomyl and captan was applied be resistant, but two Chinese introductions, five times to three of the vineyards possessing Chui Lum Tao and Tzim Pee Tao, are low levels of resistance and it gave substantial promising sources of nematode tolerance. protection. Of the infections that developed, however, most were benomyl-resistant, indi- Paratylenchus projectus on forage leg- cating rapid development of resistance and The pin nematode, umes. Paratylenchus the failure of the benomyl-captan combina- reduced forage yields of alfalfa, project us, tion to prevent it. birdsfoot trefoil, red clover, and white clover Iprodione and vinclozolin were superior to by reducing seedling stands; with birdsfoot captan, benomyl + captan, and chlorotha- trefoil and red clover there was also a lonil for the prevention of bunch rot. Results decrease in weight per surviving plant. from a series of spray programs show that the Birdsfoot trefoil, however, was the only crop critical period for protection of Gamay Beau- that showed an inverse relationship between jolais and Chardonnay was between post- forage yield and nematode inoculum density. bloom and early bunch closure. Fungicides Over a 2.5-yr period, nematode numbers applied after July have little if any effect on decreased consistently under alfalfa, in- severity of the disease at harvest in early creased consistently under clover, and re- October. mained static or declined after the first year's increase under red clover and birdsfoot trefoil. Dissemination of tobacco mosaic virus In contrast to other nematode species in from infested soil. Contamination of green- northern climates, the numbers of the pin house-grown plants used for virus indexing of nematode did not decline during the winter fruit trees with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) under favorable hosts. was associated with infested potted soil. It was shown that virus dissemination occurred Control by splashing during watering. Aerial Control of dagger nematodes in grape soils movement of the virus over distances of at with a systemic nematicide. The dagger least 160 cm was demonstrated. The virus was nematode, Xiphinema americanum, is a vec- adsorbed to leaves from rolling water droplets. tor of tomato ringspot virus in vineyards. The Soil to which virus particles were adsorbed systemic nematicide, oxamyl, which translo- also adhered to leaves and induced infection if cates basipetally from foliar application, was the leaves were rubbed. TMV was reversibly tested as a control chemical on virus-suscepti- adsorbed to soil at low concentrations of ble grapes. After four foliar sprays of oxamyl Ca + + and Mg + + relative to those of K + and with active ingredients at 1.12 kg/ha in 450 L Na + and was desorbed at high ionic concen- water per season for two seasons, no dagger trations. It appears, therefore, that colloid- nematodes were found in soil samples from cation-virus binding is largely responsible for around individual vines after the second adsorption. Optimum virus recovery from soil season; about 75 nematodes per litre of soil occurred near pH 6, and binding to soil were present in the unsprayed checks. Trace increased as the pH was either raised or infestations (five or less per litre) were found lowered. Rapid inactivation of TMV in soil 262 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 In this experiment, as in the one commenced two-spotted mite, Tetranychus telarius, and in 1979, predator-prey ratios adequate for the ERM to rise. control did not occur until late in the season, and propargite sprays were necessary as early Control of the carrot weevil. in 1980, as 6 August to protect the trees. In both phosmet was registered for control of the seasons, either difolatan or captan was ap- carrot weevil on carrots, where previously no plied for scab control, and three applications effective insecticide had been available for of either phosmet or azinphos-methyl were use. A trial at the Holland Marsh in 1978 needed to control codling moth and apple demonstrated the efficacy of two applications maggot. These pesticides caused minimal of phosmet with active ingredients at 1.1 kgl harm to the A. fallacis mites. In contrast, in ha. In 1980 efficacy of phosmet under com- both years the pyrethroid permethrin, applied mercial conditions was confirmed. When the prebloom to control spotted tentiform leaf- insecticide was used on five farms infested miner, caused high mortality in the predator with carrot weevil, the carrots were harvested population and contributed to the failure of with negligible damage. the predator to provide adequate mite control. Chemical control Mites developing resistance to cyhexatin. In 1980, ERM was exceptionally troublesome NEMATODES in Ontario apple orchards, and numerous instances of control failure with cyhexatin, an Ecology important acaricide, were reported. Tests showed that a mite population from an apple orchard in the Ruthven region of southwest- Winter survival of root-knot nematodes in ern Ontario had a low level of resistance southern Ontario. In a peach orchard, the (threefold) to cyhexatin when compared with southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne a standard laboratory strain. General resist- incognita, overwintered successfully in a ance to the organotin acaricides will consti- moderate winter, but failed to survive a tute a serious problem for Ontario subsequent severe winter. This species failed fruitgrowers. to survive below the frost line in a moderate winter under alfalfa (a poor host), but some Evaluation of acaricides and insecticides survived a severe winter under red clover (a for integrated pest management. The pyre- good perennial host), and tomato (a good throids permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvaler- annual host). By comparison, during both ate, and AC 222705 (Cyanamid Canada Inc.) winters the northern root-knot nematode, were more toxic to the predator A. fallacis Meloidogyne hapla, survived well under than to its prey, ERM. Populations of ERM alfalfa, red clover, and tomato at soil depths were higher in plots treated with either of 0-90 cm. permethrin or cypermethrin in both apple and peach orchards than in comparable plots Anhydrobiosis in Pratylenchus penetrans. treated with azinphos-methyl, phosmet, or Anhydrobiosis, the phenomenon of survival phosalone. The herbicide paraquat used in through the loss of body water in a dehydrat- IPM programs was moderately toxic to A. ing environment, was observed in P. penetrans fallacis. when either Vineland silt or Fox sandy loam Control of the spotted tentiform leafminer. was dried. The anhydrobiotes form tightly Methomyl, a systemically active material coiled spirals. The anhydrobiotes developed as recommended for control of larvae of the the soil was air dried. The numbers increased spotted tentiform leafminer proved to be an logarithmically from 15/50 g of soil on day 0 effective ovicide. No hatch occurred when the to 500/50 g on day 18; soil moisture declined spotted tentiform leafminer eggs were treated exponentially from 10-12% to 2% during the 1, 3, or 5 days after deposition. Effective same period. The number of anhydrobiotes control was also obtained with any of six remaining alive declined over this period. The synthetic pyrethroid compounds when appli- passage of P. penetrans to the anhydrobiotic cation coincided with first egg deposition for state was similar in the two soils. Anhydrobio- both first and second generations. All treat- sis was more rapid, however, in fast-dried soils ments, however, caused populations of the but fewer anhydrobiotes survived. RESEARCH STATION, VINELAND STATION, ONT. 261 Carbaryl spray deposits. A rapid colori- were damaged by OFM and plant bugs were metric method was developed to measure not a serious problem. Results of the studies deposits of the insecticide carbaryl on foliage with several synthetic pyrethroid insecticides of fruit trees. Analyses take less than 3 min during the last several years indicate that they per sample when 50 or more samples are give excel1ent control of pest insects, but they processed together. A 5-cm2 disc punched adversely affect predacious mites. Hence from a leaf constitutes the sample. Carbaryl is outbreaks of European red mite (ERM), extracted and hydrolyzed by methanolic Panonychus ulmi (Koch), can be expected if NaOH, then coupled with p-nitrobenzenedia- pyrethroid compounds are used extensively. zonium tetrafluoroborate, which produces a Pest management in carrot fields. A simple spectrum of colors ranging from red to blue. method for monitoring the carrot weevil early Within a range of 0.5-10 JLg/cm2 of leaf in the season before the carrot crop is suscep- surface or 0.25-5.0 JLg/mL of alkaline solu- tible to attack would enable growers to tion, the absorbance obeys the Beer-Lambert determine whether an insecticide is needed for law at 580 nm. This method meets the its control. Hence a potential monitoring demand of field entomologists who need an procedure was tested. In late May, before the unsophisticated method that can be used by new crop of carrots had emerged, 10-cm the nonchemist. Such analyses can be used to sections of mature carrot root were partly judge whether another spray application is buried in soil in commercial carrot fields, at or required after a heavy rainfal1 or to check the near sites where carrot weevil injury had been distribution of spray deposits on the target. In reported the previous year. Overwintered addition, semiquantitative determinations can adult weevils oviposited in the root sections. be made anywhere simply by using a series of The carrot sections were examined every 3 or color standards. 4 days, and oviposition punctures were readily identified with a hand lens. In heavy infesta- tions, al1 root sections contained up to five INSECTS AND MITES oviposition punctures per day. Based on the number of punctures, growers were advised to Integrated pest management spray at five of the six sites monitored; Pest management in apple orchards. excel1ent control of carrot weevil was obtained Azinphos-methyl failed to control the spotted at al1 sites. tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancar- della (Fabricius) in some apple-growing areas Ecology of southern Ontario in 1980. Leafminer Establishment of beneficial mites in apple populations from these areas proved to be orchards. The predacious phytoseiid mite, resistant to the insecticide and showed cross Amblyseius fallacis Garman, was released in resistance to phosmet with partial cross apple orchards in 1979 to determine its resistance to diazinon. Irrespective of resist- capacity to control ERM. In 1979, either 10 ance to azinphos-methyl, al1 leafminer popu- or 50 A.fallacis mites were released per apple lations were highly susceptible to the syn- tree (cv. Red Delicious) in early July when thetic pyrethroids permethrin, fenvalera te, ERM averaged 0.04 active stages per leaf. A and cypermethrin, and to methomyl. Endosul- satisfactory predator-prey ratio of 1:5.5 was fan was less toxic than the latter insecticides, not reached until the end of August, at which whereas phosalone was not toxic to either time foliage injury was rated moderate to resistant or susceptible populations. Good severe on most of the release trees. During the leafminer control was obtained by applying 1980 season, A. fallacis was detected in either permethrin when eggs were first de- release trees as early as 5 May and as late as tected on the foliage or methomyl when 50% 24 September. The predators reached their egg hatch had occurred. maximum population level of 0.3 per leaf Pest management in peach orchards. A between 6 and 14 August, but again there series of fact sheets, Pest management pro- were too few to control ERM. gram for peach insects, was prepared and In 1980, either 25 or 50 A. fallacis mites released for use by growers and extension were released per apple tree (cv. McIntosh) workers. Effective control strategies for most on 15 July. The number of A. fallacis found insect pests of peach are outlined. Pest control at weekly intervals during the season was was general1y excel1ent in 1980; few peaches directly proportional to the number released. 260 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION Integrated pest management (lPM) programs for apple, peach, and carrot crops were again used extensively by Ontario growers. The spotted tentiform leafminer continued to be a serious problem in apple orchards. Although leafminers can be readily controlled with synthetic pyrethroids, these compounds decimate the predacious mite populations. Without predators in the orchards, miticides are required to avoid mite damage to the trees. There is evidence also that the European red mite is developing tolerance for the available miticide cyhexatin, which will further aggravate the mite problem. The seventh meeting of the International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine was successfully staged at Niagara Falls and managed by local staff. Unfortunately, Dr. H. F. Dias, who had done the early planning and organizing, died 5 wk before the conference. He was a world renowned grapevine virologist and had served this Station for 16 yr. Evidence has been accumulated that tobacco mosaic virus is spread on plants in greenhouses by splashing of contaminated soil particles during watering. This phenomenon explains the appearance of virus symptoms on test plants, where none should exist. Although none of the 21 peach rootstocks tested proved resistant to nematodes, two introductions from China appear to be likely sources of tolerance. Objective measurement with specific instruments on juices and purees prepared from several tomato lines generally agreed with the subjective ratings of the human senses. This report presents in capsule form some of the significant research results obtained in 1980. For more information on these or other research projects, or for reprints of published papers, please write: Director, Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Vineland Station, Ont. LOR 2EO. A. J. McGinnis Director PESTICIDES When the phosmet concentration was varied but the P:D ratio was kept constant, low Application mortalities due to sparse deposits could be Evaluation of spray coverage. The effect of avoided by increasing the phosmet concentra- spraying water on residues of phosmet in tion. peach trees was evaluated by both bioassay Phytotoxicity of captan-phosmet mixtures and residue analysis. Phosmet at 1.12 kg/ha to peach foliage occurred under many com- failed to provide adequate control of first binations of temperature and humidity. Dried instar oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapho- deposits became phytotoxic when placed in a litha molesta (Busck), within 3-5 days after higher temperature, high-humidity envi- the water treatment; at higher rates (2.24 and ronment. 4.20 kg/ha) control was achieved for longer periods after the water treatment. At the 1.12 kg/ha rate, water application on the day of Fate of oxamyl. It has been the general pesticide application significantly reduced the view that oxamyl does not move in soil. To phosmet residues, but had little effect if test this concept, bare peach seeds were applied when the phosmet residues were coated with oxamyl and planted in sterilized either 3 or 6 days old. soil in clay pots (5 cm diam). After 1 wk The relationship between first instar mor- oxamyl was found in the soil surrounding the tality of OFM and visual coverage ratings was seed and also in the clay pots after pulveri- established for pesticide to fluorescent dye zation. Intact oxamyl constituted 96% and (P:D) ratios of 5, 8, and 11, with phosmet at 52% of the total residue (oxamyl + oxime) in 4000 ppm. The deposit ratings were underes- the soil and pots, respectively. There was still timated at mortalities 2:: 70% for the P:D no evidence of oxamyl degradation on the ratio of 11, but not for ratios of 8 and 5. seed 3 wk after planting. RESEARCH STATION, VINELAND STATION, ONT. 259 Experimental Farm, Smithfield, Ont. S. R. MILLER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Superintendent; Plant physiology and biochemistry W. P. MOHR, B.S.A., M.sA, Ph.D. Food processing N. J. PARKS, B.Sc. Vegetable management Departures R. W. FISHER, B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Pesticide application Retired September 1980 T. R. DAVIDSON, B.Sc., M.Sc. Fruit virology Retired December 1980 H. F. DIAS, Eng. Agr., Ph.D. Section Head; Fruit virology Deceased July 1980 A. J. MCGINNIS, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Director Retired December 1980 VISITING SCIENTIST A. B. BROADBENT Insect toxicology Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council EXTENSION SERVICES2 J. T. WARNER, B.Sc. Fruit and vegetable crops 'Seconded from Libraries Division. Finance and Administration Branch. 'Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Trenton, Ont. 258 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Research Station Vineland Station, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF A. J. MCGINNIS, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Director M. CHIBA, B.Sc., D.Sc. Residue chemistry D. R. MENZIES, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Agricultural engineering E. N. A. McMILLAN Administrative Officer N. GIBSON-MACDoNALD,' B.A., M.A., M.L.S. Librarian Entomology E. A. e. HAGLEY, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Fruit pest management R. W. FISHER, B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Pesticide application D. H. e. HERNE, B.A., M.sA, Ph.D. Acarology D. J. PREE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Toxicology e. M. SIMPSON Pesticide evaluation A. B. STEVENSON, B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Vegetable pest management R. J. M. TRIMBLE, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Bioclimatology Nematology P. W. JOHNSON, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Chemical control T. H. A. OLTHOF, Ing., B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Host-parasite relations J. W. POTTER, B.S.A., M.sA, Ph.D. Nematode ecology J. L. TOWNSHEND, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Le. Nematode ecology Plant Pathology H. F. DIAS, Eng. Agr., Ph.D. Section Head; Fruit virology W. R. ALLEN, B.A., Ph.D. Fruit virology T. R. DAVIDSON, B.Sc., M.Sc. Fruit virology W. G. KEMP, BA, M.A. Vegetable virology J. NORTHOVER, B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Le. Fruit mycology A. A. REYES, B.S.A., M.sA, Ph.D. Vegetable mycology RESEARCH STATION. VINELAND STATION, ONT. 257 Voldeng, H. D. 1980. Short season soybeans in Meeting. Cereal Foods World 25:510 Canada. Agri-book 6: 12-14. (abstract). Warren, F. S. 1980. Forage production of corn and sunflower mixtures. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 1377- Wood, P. J.; Fulcher, R. G. 1980. Specificity in the 1382. interaction of polysaccharides with direct dyes, Wood, P. J.; Fulcher, R. G. 1980. Applications of a chemical basis for the histochemicallocalisa- the interaction of direct dyes with polysaccha- tion of cereal f3-glucans. American Associa- rides, in particular cereal f3-glucans. American tion of Cereal Chemists 65th Annual Meeting. Association of Cereal Chemists 65th Annual Cereal Foods World 25:534 (abstract). RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 255 Gochnauer, T. A. 1980. The impact of infectious Parups, E. V. 1979. House plant with a potential diseases on the productivity of the honey bee (Siningia). Can. Florist 74( 19):38-4 I. colony. Pimentel, D., ed. Pest management. Handbook series in agriculture. Boca Raton, Parups, E. V. 1980. Pinocchio asters as pot plants FL.: CRC Press. for mass market outlets. Can. Florist 75(7):38- 39. Harcourt, D. G. 1980. Insect pest management. Part I. Population analysis of pest situations. Parups, E. V. 1980. Observations at the Second lOlA. 18 pp. International Symposium on post-harvest physiology of cut flowers. Can. Florist Harcourt, D. G. 1980. Insect pest management. 75(17):14-20. Part II. Research on major insect pests of alfalfa in Argentina. lOlA. 20 pp. Parups, E. V. 1980. Pacific chrysanthemum-a new potential pot plant. Can. Florist 75(20):48-50. Harcourt, D. G.; Aragon, J. 1980. Warning system for the alfalfa caterpillar. lOlA. 6 pp. Parups, E. V. 1980. Perspectives of development of floricultural industry in Canada. Proceedings Keller, W. A. 1980. Factors influencing microspore Floralies Symposium. Montreal, Que. embryogenesis in Brassica spp. anther cul- tures. Davies, D. R.; Hopwood, D. A., eds. The Poon, N. H.; Altosaar, I.; Fulcher, R. G.; Wood, P. plant genome. Norwich: The John Innes Char- J. 1980. A histochemical study of rapeseed. ity. 243 pp. American Association of Cereal Chemists 65th Annual Meeting. Cereal Foods World 25:519. Keller, W. A. 1980. In vitro production of haploids in crop plant from microspores. Can. J. Genet. Poon, N. H.; Fulcher, R. G.; Altosaar, I. 1980. Cyto!. 22:667 (abstract). Rapeseed microchemistry. Proceedings of a Symposium on the analytical chemistry of Keller, W. A. 1980. Plant tissue culture research rapeseed and its products. 8 pp. activity in Canada. Proceedings Canadian Agricultural Research Priorities Symposium, Prentice, R. M.; Harcourt, D. G. 1980. Integrated International Development Research Centre pest management in agricultural pests in Manuscript Reports, IORC-MR33. pp. 119- Canada. Tripartite discussions on research in 142. agriculture. 30 pp. Keller, W. A. 1980. The role of anther pre- Seaman, W. L. 1980. Ergot of grains and grasses. conditioning in the in vitro induction of micro- Agric. Can. Pub!' 1438. spore embryogenesis in Brassica spp. Canadian Setterfield, G.; Douglas, G. c.; Keller, W. A. 1980. Society Plant Physiology, Annual Meeting. Somatic hybridization in Nicotiana. Canadian Calgary, Alta. (abstract). Federation Biological Science, Annual Meet- Loiselle, R. 1979. Progress in the Canadian plant ing, St. John's (abstract). genetic resources program. 1978 Barley News!. 22:84-85. Simmonds, J. A. 1980. Seed treatments for im- proved seedling establishment of Impatiens. Loiselle, R. 1980. Plant Gene Resour. Can. News!. Can. Florist 75(9):32-34. 6:1-17. Simmonds, J. A.; Beauchamp, M. 1980. Begonia Loiselle, R. 1980. Plant Gene Resour. Can. News!. sutherlandii-untapped potential in hanging 9:1-17. baskets. Can. Florist 75(5):38-40. Loiselle, R. 1980. Canadian Barley Genetic Re- Svejda, F. 1980. David Thompson rose. Canadex sources Inventory/lnventaire canadien des 28333. ressources genetiques de I'orge. Central Office for the Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Svejda, F. 1980. John Franklin rose. Landscape Ottawa Research Station, Research Branch, Trades 2(2):32. Agriculture Canada. PG RC-80-1. 206 pp. Svejda, F. 1980. Breeding winterhardy and remon- Loiselle, R. 1980. Canadian Tomato Genetic Re- tant roses. Proceedings Floralies Symposium. sources Inventory/Inventaire canadien des Montreal, Que. ressources genetiques de la tomate. Central Svejda, F. 1980. Breeding winterhardy, remontant Office for the Plant Gene Resources of and disease resistant roses. Proc. Can. Soc. Canada, Ottawa Research Station, Research Hortic. Sci. 19:46-47. Branch, Agriculture Canada. PGRC-80-3. 142 pp. Svejda, F. 1980. Researchers examine hardiness leve!. Am. Rose Mag. 25(24):4-6. Murray, B. E. 1980. Analyses of meiotic metaphase in haploid progeny from haploid (Rocket 4) x Voldeng, H. D. 1979. Soybeans in Canada-past, diploid (Natasja) crosses in flax. Can. J. present and future. Fats and oils in Canada, Genet. Cyto!. 22:672 (abstract). annual review. 10 pp. 254 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Simmonds, J. A. 1980. Increased seedling establish- Fedak, G. 1979. Source of meiotic abnormalities in ment of Impatiens wa/lerana in response to barley-wheat hybrids. Wheat Information low temperature or polyethylene glycol seed Serv.50:10-11. treatments. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:561-569. Fedak, G. 1980. Progress in the production of Svejda, F. 1980. John Franklin rose. Can. J. Plant intergeneric hybrids involving Triticum. Sci. 60:1053-1054. Wheat Newsl. 26:55. Svejda, F.; Bolton, A. T. 1980. Resistance of rose Fedak, G. 1980. Coordinators report-chromosome hybrids to three races of Diplocarpon rosae 7. Barley Genet. Newsl. 10:72. Wolf. Can. J. Plant Patho!' 2:23-25. Fedak, G.; Armstrong, K. C. 1980. Hybrids Svejda, F.; Rondald, W. 1980. Forsythia Northern between (Hordeum vulgare x (T. aestivum) Gold. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:1057-1058. x Secale cereale). Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 21 :561 (abstract). Miscellaneous Fedak, G.; Armstrong, K. C. 1980. Cytogenetics of Armstrong, K. C. 1980. Cytogenetics of the genus trigeneric hybrids between (Hordeum vulgare Bromus (Section Pnigma). Proceedings Grass X Triticum aestivum) X Secale cereale. Can. Breeders Work Planning Conference, Utah J. Genet. Cyto!. 22:622 (abstract). State University, Utah. Fedak, G.; Loiselle, R.; Fejer, S. O. 1979. Massey Basu, P. K. 1980. Existence of chlamydospores of barley. Barley News!. 22;9. Phytophthora megasperma as soil survival and primary infective propagules. American Phyto- Fejer, S. O. 1980. Powdery mildew resistance and pathological Society - Canadian Phytopatho- barley yield in Eastern Canada. Barley Newsl. logical Society Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, 23:66A-B. MN. (abstract). p. 117. Fejer, S. 0.; Jui, P. Y.; Fedak, G. 1980. Seven Boch, R. 1980. Canadian honey crops: Sunflower. single seed descent generations, recurrent Can. Beekeeping 8:94. crossing and selection and bulk breeding meth- ods from a diallel cross of Hordeum vulgare. Burrows, V. D. 1979. Large seeded hull-less oats. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 21 :561 (abstract). Oat News!. 30:64. Fulcher, R. G. 1980. Oat morphology and micro- Burrows, V. D. 1979. Hull-less oat with few surface chemistry. Lockhart, H., ed. Oats: a mono- hairs on groat. Oat News!. 30:65. graph. Chapter II. Barrington, IL.: Quaker Oats Co.; pp. 17-67. Buzzell, R. I.; Voldeng, H. D. 1980. Inheritance of insensitivity to long daylength. Soybean Genet. Fulcher, R. G. 1980. The microchemistry of the News!. 7:26-29. wheat kernel. Symposium on the development of the wheat kerne!. American Association of Clark, R. V. 1979. Irrigation and the kernel weight Cereal Chemists 65th Annual Meeting. Cereal of oats. Oat News!. 30:66. Foods World 25:525. Clark, R. V.; Burrows, V. D. 1979. The influence of Fulcher, R. G.; O'Brien, T. P. 1980. Fluorescence herbicide on Septoria development. Oat microchemistry of cereal bran constituents: News!. 30:67. Methods for niacin, amines, lipids, and pro- Clark, R. V.; Seaman, W. L. 1979. Leaf blotch teins. American Association of Cereal Chem- symptoms in barley. Barley News!. 23:62. ists 65th Annual Meeting. Cereal Foods World 25:519. Craig, I. L.; Fedak, G. 1980. Wild barley (Hordeum L.) collected by Agriculture Fulcher, R. G.; Wong, S. I. 1980. Inside cereals-a Canada in Turkey, Iran, and Greece. Barley fluorescence microchemical view. Inglett, G.; Genet. News!. 10:11-13. Munck, L., eds. Cereals for food and bever- ages-Recent progress in chemistry and tech- Craig, I. L.; Fedak, G. 1980. Wild barley collected nology. Chapter 1. Academic Press. pp. 1-26. in Turkey, Iran, Greece, Argentina, and Chile. Presented to Joint Annual Meeting, Canadian Fulcher, R. G.; Wood, P. J. 1980. Microchemical Society of Microbiologists, Genetics Society of differentiation of cell wall constituents in Canada. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 22:659 cereals and cereal products. American Associ- (abstract). ation of Cereal Chemists 65th Annual Meet- ing. Cereal Foods World 25:520. Douglas, G. c.; Keller, W. A.; Setterfield, G. 1980. Production of somatic hybrid Nicotiana rus- Gochnauer, T. A. 1980. Varroa disease of the honey tica + N. tabacum L. plants by protoplast bee: a threat to Canadian beekeeping. Can. fusion. Can. J. Genet. Cyto!. 22:660 (abstract). Beekeeping 8: 120. RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA. ONT. 253 when applied on 15 August was 3943 kg/ha, 30 September. The rate of N application compared with 5203 kg/ha when applied on for each test was 120 kg/ha. PUBLICA nONS Research Guppy, J. C. 1980. A comparison of development and fecundity in North American and Euro- Armstrong, K. C. 1980. The cytology of tetraploid pean populations of the cereal leaf beetle, Bromus inermis and the co-colchicine induced Oulema melanopus (Coleoptera: Chrysomeli- octoploid. Can. J. Bot. 58:582-587. dae). 1979 Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 110:75- Basu, P. K. 1980. Production of chlamydospores of 78. and their possible Phytophthora megasperma Harcourt, D. G.; Binns, M. R. 1980. Sampling role in primary infection and soil survival. Can. techniques for the soil-borne stages of Agro- J. Plant Pathol. 2:70-75. myzajrontel/a (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Great Boch, R.; Shearer, D. A.; Shuel, R. W. 1979. Lakes Entomol. 13: 159-164. Octanoic and other volatile acids in the man- dibular glands of the honeybee and in royal Harcourt, D. G.; Ellis, C. R.; Guppy, J. C. 1980. jelly. J. Apic. Res. 18:250-253. Distribution of Microctonus aethiopoides, a parasitoid of the alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Bolton, A. T. 1980. Effects of temperature and pH Curculionidae) in Ontario. 1979 Proc. Ento- of soilless media on root rot of poi nsettia mol. Soc. Ont. 110:34-39. caused by Pythium aphanidermatum. Can. J. Plant Pat hoI. 2:83-85. Hargin, K. D.; Morrison, W. R.; Fulcher, R. G. 1980. Triglyceride deposits in the starchy Bolton, A. T. 1980. Control of Pythium aphanider- endosperm of wheat. Cereal Chern. 57:320- matum in poinsettia in a soilless culture by 325. Trichoderma viride and a Streptomyces sp. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 2:93-95. Limonti, M.; Harcourt, D. G. 1979. Dispersion pattern of white-fringed beetles (Coleoptera: Brach, E. J.; Fejer, S. O. 1980. Holographic Curculionidae) in alfalfa. Ser. 5, Rev. Invest. interferometry to differentiate the morphology of various cereal crops. Phyton 38:37-47. Agric.14:1-12. Childers, W. R.; Dickson, W. D. 1980. Bytown Red Loan, C. C. 1980. Oedemopsis scarbricula in Clover. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 1041-1 042. British Columbia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumoni- dae, Tryphoninae). Nat. Can. 107:11-14. Clark, R. V. 1980. Comparison of spot blotch severity in barley grain in pure stands and in Loan, C. C. 1980. Leiophron maculipennis (Hyme- mixtures with oats. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 2:37- noptera: Braconidae, Euphorinae) a parasite of 38. Diaphnocoris chlorionis (Heteroptera: Miri- dae) in eastern Ontario. Nat. Can. 107:49-50. Fedak, G. 1980. Production, morphology and meio- sis of reciprocal barley-wheat hybrids. Can. J. Murray, B. E. 1980. Diploid F,s from haploid x Genet. Cytol. 22: 117-123. diploid crosses in flax (Unum usitatissimum). Fedak, G.; Armstrong, K. C. 1980. Production of Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 22:591-596. trigeneric (barley x wheat) x rye hybrids. Theor. Appl. Genet. 56:221-224. Murray, B. E. 1980. Analysis of meiotic metaphase in haploids and F,s of haploid x diploid flax Fedak, G.; Loiselle, R.; Fejer, S. O. 1980. Massey (Unum usitatissimum). Can. J. Genet. Cytol. barley. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:277-278. 22:597-605. Fejer, S. 0.; Fedak, G. 1980. Growth and develop- Parups, E. V. 1980. Effect of morphactin on certain ment of cultivars and hybrids of spring barley plant growth substances in bean roots. Physiol. under controlled day length and temperature. Plant. 49:281-285. Z. Pflanzenziiecht. 85:140-147. Parups, E. V. 1980. Gibberellins in photoperiodi- Gochnauer, T. A.; Burke, P. W.; Benazet, J. 1979. cally treated chrysanthemums cv. Improved Large-scale fumigation with ethylene oxide of Indianapolis White. Phyton 39:121-126. honeybee combs contaminated with Bacillus larvae. J. Apic. Res. 18:302-308. Simmonds, J. A. 1980. Increased seedling establish- Gochnauer, T. A.; Margetts, V. J. 1980. A rapid ment of Impatiens wal/erana in response to method for concentrating Nosema apis spores. maximized germination rates. Can. J. Plant J. Invertebr. Pathol. 36:278-280. Sci. 60:259-264. 252 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Exchanges method; with N applied at 75 kg/ha in 1979 the yield was 4852 kg/ha and in 1980 the Activities of the Plant Gene Resources yield was 7160 kg/ha. Both plant height and Office in connection with exchanges of genetic lodging were increased when the nitrogen rate stocks and cultivars in 1980 involved 275 such was increased from 25 kg/ha to 50 kg/ha. exchanges with individuals in 39 countries, for Applications of N at 75 and 100 kg/ha did a total of 9500 accessions. Over 4800 genetic not significantly increase lodging and plant stocks and cultivars were introduced from 16 height over those obtained from applications countries. of N at 50 kg/ha. In both 1979 and 1980, barley maturity was hastened by a few days EXPERIMENTAL FARM with the addition of N at 50 and 75 kg/ha. KAPUSKASING, ONT. The method of applying urea did not affect any of the agronomic characteristics except Cereal management the total grain production per hectare. A small trial was started in the spring of 1979 and repeated in 1980 to compare two sources of nitrogen, ammonium nitrate and EXPERIMENTAL FARM urea, at four levels of concentration (25, 50, THUNDER BAY, ONT. 75, 100 kg/ha). Grain yields for both years were not significantly different as a result' of Crop management the two sources of nitrogen. In 1980, a N level Winter survival of red clover varieties in of 50 kg/ha was sufficient to obtain the best northern Ontario. Five cultivars of red clover grain yield, whereas in 1979, a N level of 75- (Lakeland, Ottawa, Florex, Redland, Prosper- 100 kg/ha was required. I) were seeded on 7 May 1977 and were A study was initiated in the spring of 1979 established well enough by the fall of 1977 to and repeated in 1980 to examine four rates of harvest one crop in that year. The stand went urea nitrogen (at 25, 50, 75, 100 kg/ha) on into winter in excellent condition, but severe spring-sown Keystone barley. These rates icing conditions in January 1978 killed most were applied in four different methods: broad- legumes. The cultivars Florex, Prosper-I, and cast over the soil immediately after seeding; Ottawa managed to survive, producing good broadcast over the soil immediately after yields that year. For 1977-1979, the total seeding, and harrowed lightly; banded in with mean yields of the three cultivars was 7295 the seed at seeding; and banded to the side of kg/ha. After the winter of 1979-1980, only the seed (5 cm laterally and 2.5 cm deep). In two of the cultivars revealed significant both years, the grain yields increased with N persistence and resistance to winter injury. In applications of up to 50 kg/ha. Increasing the their 4th yr of cropping, only Florex and nitrogen level from 25 to 50 kg/ha resulted in Prosper-I remained with stands of 75%. The 1015 kg/ha more grain in 1979 and 660 kg/ha combined yields of Florex and Prosper-I for more grain in 1980. the only cut taken in 1980 was 6013 kg/ha, In 1979, the grain yields from applications mainly because of poor precipitation in May of N at 75 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha were 4277 and June. Now in their 4th yr, the cultivars kg/ha and 4222 kg/ha, respectively. In 1980, Florex and Prosper-I continue to show per- the grain production with applications of N at sistence to winter injury and to retain a better 75 and 100 kg/ha was 6392 kg/ha and 6776 stand than Lakeland, Ottawa, and Redland. kg/ha, respectively. In both years, there was a significant grain-yield advantage when the The effect of fall applications of nitrogen urea was side banded, when compared with applied to bromegrass. orchardgrass. and the other three methods. In 1979, side- timothy. Significant differences were noted in banding urea resulted in a grain-yield in- yields when N was applied at 15-day inter- crease of 338 kg/ha over the average of the vals, from I August to 30 September. The three methods of application. In 1980, a highest reponse to N when applied to brome- similar application method resulted in a grass and orchardgrass occurred when it was grain-yield increase of 494 kg/ha. The highest applied on 15 August. The most favorable grain yields of the test in both years were time for application of N to timothy was 30 obtained by the side-banding application September. The dry-matter yields for timothy RESEARCH STATION. OTTAWA, ONT. 251 Plant breeding long upper leaf blade. These growth traits may find use in cultivar selection. Rosa. A new winter-hardy, repeatedly flowering rose with attractive double red Evaluation of a large number of cultivars flowers and excellent shrub, named John for turf quality was continued. Franklin, was released for commercial pro- duction. Two seedlings of Rosa rugosa Arboretum and plant evaluation Thunb., obtained from seeds collected near More than 100 cultivars of geranium, Abashiri, Japan, showed resistance to the Pelargonium X hortorum L.H. Bailey, were twos potted spider mite when compared with raised from seed and evaluated. Cultivars Red the f10ribunda cultivar Arthur Bell. Express and Encounter Salmon received the The rose selections U04, an everblooming top ratings. Among the evaluated dahlia bedding rose, and LI5 and L 72, hardy climb- cultivars, Coltness hybrids, Verdi Mix, Mi- ers, were propagated and grown for trial gnon Ideal Bedding Mix, Redskin, and Rigo- plantings. Selection indexes were established letto were the best. from points assigned for winter survival, In the arboretum, a start was made on length of flowering, flower production, resist- propagating all the Philadelphus, Deutzia, ance to diseases, and general ornamental and Forsythia, with a view to renewing the features. existing collections and including several new Seedlings of R. rugosa obtained from Bar cultivars. New selections of Ginkgo, Malus, Harbor, Maine, showed great genetic diver- and Populus were planted in the early winter. sity; the inheritance of the flower color and fertility are being investigated. Weigela. The aim of the breeding program is the development of winter-hardy shrubs PLANT GENE RESOURCES with purple foliage. Parent plants have been Plant gene information obtained from crosses of the winter-hardy cultivar Dropmore Pink with the purple Genetic-resources inventories of Canadian foliage cultivar W. rosea purpurea. These barley, tomato, and wheat were published in parents produced seedlings with improved 1980. These are computer-produced lists of winterhardiness and intensely purple colored cultivars and genetic stocks classified under foliage. The observed segregation ratios sug- various traits specific to each crop. Descrip- gested that purple foliage is controlled by one tions for over 3700 stocks of barley, tomato, pair of genes. Three chimeras with variegated alfalfa, wheat, and oats have been obtained to foliage were found. date, with close to 1350 of these in 1980. Selection of winter-hardy, floriferous, and Another 2225 stocks of barley, oats, corn, disease-resistant Forsythia cultivars is contin- sunflower, and tobacco were listed by plant uing, and seven new selections have been breeders under the trait-inventory program obtained. The Philadelphus breeding pro- initiated last year. gram is being phased out, concluding the selection of winter-hardy, low-growing, pur- Conservation ple-center flowering plants. Under Canada's partIcIpation in the pro- Turf gram of the International Board for Plant A red fescue strain, Saltol, which is tolerant Genetic Resources for the preservation of of road salt (NaCl), was selected. This strain international collections of millet and oats, will find application in roadside and similar collections of pear millet, Pennisetum ameri- locations exposed to salt applications in canum (L.) Leeke, from Somalia, Cameroon, winter. and the Sudan were received for long-term Eighteen cultivars of Poa pratensis L. were conservation at the Plant Gene Resources grown in different day-length and tempera- Office. A duplicate of the U.S. Department of ture environments, relating these conditions to Agriculture's World Oats Collection was also stem shading and cultivar selection. Day obtained. Seed of almost 59 000 stocks of length and temperatures affected the growth; various plant species is preserved at present in cultivars that produced long stems had many the seed stores that include 54 m3 at 4°C and nodes and a short upper leaf blade, whereas 20% relative humidity and 64 m3 at -20°C short-stemmed cultivars had few buds and a with no humidity control. 250 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Plants were regenerated in callus cultures at 15°C, the photoperiodic control was lost derived from immature inflorescences of and a day-neutral response was demonstrated. triticale, Triticum crassum (Boiss.) Aitch. & An earlier and stronger flowering response Hensl., and from T. crassum x Hordeum was associated with this loss of photoperiodic vulgare L. cv. Bomi intergeneric hybrids. All control at a low temperature. T. crassum regenerates had 35 chromosomes Streptocarpus nobilis C.B. Clarke could be rather than the expected number of 42. induced to flower in response to one inductive Several aneuploids were identified among the short day. Explants from photoinduced leaves triticale regenerates, whereas the T. crassum produced flower buds when cultured in non in- x H. vulgare regenerates usually had the ductive photoperiods. This indicates that amphiploid chromosome number (2n = 28). floral-determining factors are stable for some Colchicine treatment of amphiploid calluses time within the leaf. When explants were prior to induction of morphogenesis resulted cultured in inductive photoperiods, the flow- in the identification of some mixoploid regen- ering response was amplified. The in vitro erates with the amphidiploid chromosome induction of the floral stimulus was demon- number. strated when explants taken from non induced Eggplant. Leaf explants of Solanum leaves produced flower buds in inductive melongena L. (eggplant) cultured on medium photoperiods. The system is being used to with high auxin levels (10 mg/L I-naphtha- investigate both the induction of the floral leneacetic acid) underwent callus prolifera- stimulus and the factors that affect its action. tion, followed by the development of somatic embryos. Frequency of embryogenesis was Pathology influenced by auxin type and concentration, and by the nitrogen source in the medium. Transfer to hormone-free media resulted in Experiments showed that when greenhouse plant regeneration in 25% of the embryos. rose cultivars Samantha and Promise Me were grown on their own roots in soil inocu- lated with Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) ORNAMENTALS Fitzp. and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, reduc- tion in growth of 20% and reduction in flower Floriculture yield of 20-30% resulted. None of the plants died or showed symptoms other than limited Propagation, growth, and yield of roses stunting. In a survey in Ontario these two grown from cuttings in rock-wool propagation fungi were isolated from roses grown on blocks were investigated. The yield of blooms different rootstocks in five out of eight green- was considerably larger than that obtained by houses. the conventional growing methods, but the quality was lower. The method may permit It was established that P. aphanidermatum increase in yields of flowers, planning of is highly pathogenic on carnations, but that production peaks to coincide with peak de- there is resistance to it in several cultivars of mand times, and more efficient usage of chrysanthemums. greenhouse space. A strain of R. solani, isolated from poinset- Comparative growth and growth-parameter tia plants at Ottawa, did not produce visible analysis of chrysanthemums grown at warm symptoms when inoculated onto the roots of or low split night temperatures showed no poinsettia. Cuttings taken from these plants 6 detrimental effects of those parameters. wk after inoculation failed to root and were Dwarf Pinocchio asters and Chrysanthe- found to be infected with the fungus. The mum pacificum L. were evaluated as potential fungus was isolated from the inoculated pot plants. mother plants 10 wk after inoculation, at Impatiens hybridus L. cv. Starburst is one which time they were still symptomless. of the economically important New Guinea cultivars, but the environmental control of A clone of Poa annua L. obtained from flowering in these plants is poorly understood. Manitoba proved to be immune to anthrac- When grown at 25°C, a quantitative short- nose caused by Colletotrichum graminicola day response was demonstrated. Flowers in an (Ces.) Wils. in several tests under controlled 8-h photoperiod were initiated 2 wk earlier conditions. A clone from Ontario also exhib- than those in 18-h photoperiods. When grown ited a high degree of resistance to the disease. RESEARCH STATION. OTTAWA, ONT. 249 of these two factors could be readily distin- A tissue-culture method was developed for guished. Freezing alone killed plants but did maintaining and propagating anther-derived not produce blackish lesions, which were lines of B. campestris L. in a vegetative typical of root rot caused by pathogen. condition. The procedure involved axial bud Disease development was not specifically culture on hormone-free media in 8-h photop- enhanced by cold exposure applied (-5°C for eriods at 15°C. The technique was applied to 48 h). A definite relationship between freez- B. napus and B. oleracea as a method of ing injury and Phytophthora root rot was not maintaining and cloning haploid lines. evident in terms of alfalfa yield (shoot num- ber or top weight). Superficial brown spots on Interspecific hybridization roots or internal streaks could be ignored Somatic hybridization. Chloroplast protein when assessing cold injury or root rot yield. analysis of 14 Nicotiana rustica L. + N. Ten soybean cultivars and lines (Altona, tabacum L. somatic hybrids was performed AU3l3, BD 22115-13, Evans, K 357-1, via isoelectric focusing. Plastid segregation Maple Arrow, Maple Presto, McCall, Por- occurred in all lines with 11 plants carrying tage, and PI 153-293) were tested to charac- N. rustica chloroplasts and three carrying N. terize resistance or susceptibility to bacterial tabacum chloroplasts. Most somatic hybrid blight (Pseudomonas glycinea Coerper) un- lines yielded viable seed when backcrossed der field conditions. Of these, Evans was the with either of the parental species. Alkaloid most resistant and PI 153-293 the most analysis revealed that the hybrids were highly susceptible, and the remaining cultivars were variable, having a range of alkaloid levels that in the intermediate range (closer to Evans). was greater than that identified for the The method of inoculation should be less parental species. drastic than the conventional use of airbrush; Plants were regenerated from stem and leaf otherwise many promising strains for the ex plants and from calluses of several N. short season areas may be classified as suscep- rustica + N. tabacum somatic hybrid lines. tible and may be neglected. It is highly In certain lines cytological stability was probable that the pathogen survives in the evident, but in others chromosome elimination field over the winter months and initiates occurred during regeneration. infection in the following spring. Sexual hybridization. Postpollination pla- cental culture resulted in the recovery of GENETIC ENGINEERING viable embryos and plantlets from the crosses N. rustica x N. tabacum, N. rustica x N. Experimental haploidy glutinosa L., and N. rustica X N. sylvestris L. Maximal plantlet yields were obtained by Brassica spp. A number of factors influ- culturing placentas 3 days postpollination on encing micros pore embryogenesis in anther a hormone-free medium containing 4% su- cultures of B. oleracea L. (broccoli) cv. Green crose. Cytological evaluation revealed a stable Mountain were identified. Short-term high- amphiploid chromosome number in all regen- temperature pretreatments (45°C, 1 h + erates. Additional evidence for hybridization 40°C, 3 h) of the buds prior to anther culture was obtained from morphological and iso- increased embryo yield. Elevated levels of zyme analysis. auxin in the anther culture medium also stimulated embryogenesis. Several hundred In vitro morphogenesis plants were regenerated directly through embryo culture or through shoot induction in Cereals. Factors influencing callus induc- hypocotyl explants. Approximately 50% of the tion and plant regeneration from immature regenerates were haploids. embryos of three triticale cultivars (Rosner, The potential for haploid production in four Beagle, Welsh) were identified. Genotype, winter B. napus L. cultivars (Herkules, Jet embryo age, and culture-medium composi- Neuf, Ligiora, Rapora) was evaluated. Max- tion, including auxin type and concentration, imal embryo yields were obtained when influenced both callus growth and morpho- anthers were initially cultured at 35°C for 2 genesis. Cytological abnormalities, including days, followed by incubation at 25°C. In aneuploidy as well as chromosome structural Herkules, more than 1000 embryos were changes, were identified in approximately obtained per 1000 anthers. 10% of the regen era tes. 248 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Corn Soybeans Breeding. Eight new hybrids qualified for Breeding. The intermediate maturity line licensing in provincial trials: OX599, OX643, AU313 (OT80-1) has been evaluated for 4 yr and OX646 in Manitoba and OX647, OX651, in short-season areas throughout Canada. It OX652, OX661, OX673 in Ontario. Applica- matures 5 days before Portage, yields 10% tions from companies have been received for more, and has higher seed oil and protein seed production and marketing rights for all levels. Seed supplies have been increased for of them. Those qualifying in Manitoba tests licensing and release in 1981. High-podded, represent significant progress in developing pure line selections from the crossing program still earlier maturing hybrids for short-season were evaluated for yield and for other agro- areas. nomic characteristics. Six selections produced A release list of 26 inbreds was established. yields equal to standard cultivars of compara- Eighteen of these, Plant Gene Resources ble maturity and carried the lowest pods 5 cm (PGR) Nos. 8390-8407, are for general higher off the ground. The study was com- breeding use. They range in maturity from pleted of the photoperiodic response of 14 2600 to 3500 corn heat units. The remaining cultivars and lines at day lengths from 12 to eight, PGR Nos. 8863-8870, have shown 24 h. some resistance to corn borer, and their use Flowering and pod formation of Maple will likely be limited to breeding programs Presto was delayed only 5-6 days even under concerned with this character. a 24-h photoperiod. Other lines showed Modifications to improve efficiency were marked delay in flowering normally associ- made to equipment that was developed to ated with soybeans. Studies indicated that the measure root strength in corn. Further testing flowering of certain lines may not be delayed of six inbred lines showed that all differed by long photoperiods, but pod set and matur- significantly in the force required to pull them ity may be affected. vertically out of the ground. Agronomy. The herbicide metribuzin is Agronomy. Plant population or density is widely used in soybean production in Ontario. known to affect yield of corn silage. At Some evidence indicated that soybean culti- Ottawa, maximum yields of dry matter were vars varied greatly in tolerance for me- obtained, generally, with populations of about tribuzin, with early maturing cultivars often 51 000 plants per hectare. Information on suffering severe injury. In a 2-yr study, six yield of digestible dry matter (DDM) was cultivars and several breeding strains were obtained over a 3-yr period by growing three sprayed preemergence with metribuzin at five representative corn hybrids at seven popula- rates in a split-plot arrangement. Approx- tion densities. Green yield, moisture content, imately 4 wk after spraying, the cultivar dry yields, and digestibility were measured to Vansoy showed severe phytotoxicity ratings; permit the calculation of DDM yield. The Maple Presto and some strains had moderate three hybrids, early, medium, and late matur- ratings; and Maple Arrow, McCall, Evans, ing, responded similarly. The pattern of and Beechwood showed little evidence of performance is consistent each year, though damage even at rates up to 0.56 kg/ha. All actual yield levels were variable. Dry-matter entries other than Vansoy exhibited consider- yield peaked at about 51 000 plants per able recovery in ratings made 4 wk later, and hectare and then decreased between 58 000 for these entries yield was not significantly and 65 000 as ear development was inhibited, reduced by any of the rates of metribuzin before rising again as plant numbers in- used. The study indicated the importance of creased to 72 000, producing more vegetative determining the herbicide tolerance of strains material. Yield of digestible dry matter early in the breeding program, particularly tended to follow the same pattern within a where early maturity is essential. narrower range, so that there was only a small variation in populations above 44 000 plants Pathology per hectare. With these hybrids, populations higher than 44 000 were not effective in Effects of cold exposure and of inoculation producing higher yields of digestible dry with Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler f. matter. The cost advantage of requiring less sp. medicaginis Kuan & Erwin on young seed for such a plant density is an important alfalfa plants were studied under controlled consideration. conditions. Symptomatologically, the effects RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 247 occurred during the larval and prepupal haylage management. In the Atlantic prov- stages. inces, Salvo will be used for early hay. A new synthetic (O-C high digestibility) of Champ Honey bees origin out yielded its parent by 30 kg/ha in a four-station Ontario provincial trial. Labelle Behavior and physiology. Honey bees in a 23, a climax maturity broad-leaved strain, swarm distinguish and prefer their own queen was the highest yielder of the Labelle strain in over a foreign one. They attack, but rarely tests in Ontario and the Maritimes. A new kill, the foreign queen. However, continuous high-digestibility five-clone synthetic was feeding of artificially scented syrup to worker established in 1980. bees over a few days gradually diminishes their ability to discriminate between queens. Orchardgrass. A new synthetic of Rideau Moreover, when artificial Nassanoff phero- orchard grass with higher yield and greater mone is released from a capillary dispenser winterhardiness out yielded the check cultivar near a foreign queen, she is preferred even to Kay by approximately 100 kg/ha in a two- a familiar queen. station Ontario provincial test. Several volatile fatty acids, including hex- anoic, octanoic, and oct-2-enoic acids, occur Alfalfa in the mandibular glands of worker bees. The main objectives in alfalfa breeding These acids contribute to the antibiotic activ- have centered on yield, Phytophthora root rot ity of royal jelly. (Prr) resistance, and selection for better nitrogen fixation. Disease. Honey bee larvae killed by Ameri- Four synthetics were formed and tested for can foul brood disease emit an odor composed of one or more volatile sulfides and volatile yield and Prr resistance. Synthetics I and 2 equaled the check Angus in total dry-matter fatty acids, including the valerie acid series. yield but were twice as resistant as Apollo to Cultures of the causative agent, Bacillus Prr. Seed of these two synthetics was in- larvae White, emit odors of similar composi- creased, and they will be entered in regional tion. The cultures produce hydrogen sulfide from cysteine and from sodium thiosulfate, trials for possible release as new cultivars. but not from cystine, methionine, or glutathi- In another study, performance of some Prr- one. resistant and Prr-susceptible cultivars was determined under artificially inoculated field Larvae killed by Ascosphaera apis (Maas- conditions. Yields of both resistant and sus- sen ex Claussen) Olive and Spiltoir, the ceptible cultivars were reduced after inocula- organism causing chalkbrood disease, are very tion; however, the resistant cultivars outy- rapidly disinfected by exposure to ethylene ielded the susceptible ones. The resistant oxide vapor. Colonies were infected by a cultivars exhibited less winterkill due to fewer minimum of 10'-109 spores fed in a pollen- plants infected by Phytophthora megasperma sucrose cake; evaporation of citral vapors in Drechsler. A total of 400 clones from different the hive suppressed such infection but did not genetic backgrounds were selected as possibly control a preexisting infection. possessing Prr resistance, which might con- tribute to new cultivar development. Dry-matter production, plant height, pro- FORAGE CROPS tein content, and in vitro digestibility (IYD) were measured in Ist- and 2nd-yr plantings of Grasses six cultivars grown under potato leafhopper Timothy. There continues to be a high infestation with or without methoxychlor priority on improved cultivars with a wide treatment for control of the pest. All treated range of maturity, high forage and seed plots yielded more dry matter than did the yields, and an increasing percentage of digest- untreated plots. Plant height and protein ibility and protein content. Salvo, an ex- content were higher and IYD was lower in the tremely early high-yielding cultivar, was treated plots. All cultivars were susceptible to licensed in 1980. There was 1450 kg of leafhopper infestation; however, Angus was breeder and foundation seed available for the least affected. Leafhopper injury was seeding in the spring of 1980. Salvo is headed season specific and damage carry-over from out by 8-10 June, which makes it extremely one season to another occurred, but the extent valuable in mixtures for alfalfa-timothy was less than that from one cut to the next. 246 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 1"1, which suggests that the species is hexaso- expanded to document survival between gen- mic for one and tetrasomic for one erations. Ecological life tables showed that a chromosome. new parasitoid of the adult stage, the wasp Microctonus colesi Drea, has spread into Bromus cytogenetics Ontario to impose further stability to popula- tion oscillations in the weevil. Pooled data for The karyotypes from species and interspe- five locations showed that the spring brood of cific hybrids of the section Pnigma suggests M. aethiopoides Loan attacked and sterilized that the section can be divided into two a sufficient number of overwintered adults to groups differing in chromosome size. The reduce oviposition by 30%. Disease destroyed group with the largest chromosomes (almost 75% of the feeding larvae, but mortality of entirely New World species) consists of short- cocooned stages from the combined effects of lived perennial to annual species that are disease and parasites was only 29%. Nearly highly self-fertile and are mainly diploids. one-third of the emerging adults contained The group with the smaller chromosomes larvae of M. colesi, and 27% of the remainder (almost entirely Old World species) consists were attacked by the summer brood of M. of long-lived perennials that are generally aethiopoides during the 'feed up' period. cross-fertile and are mainly polyploids. Generation survival to the onset of hiberna- Flax. Results from haploid x diploid tion averaged 8%. This points to lower crosses in flax indicated potential for selecting populations for 1981. genetic stocks by combining the twinning, A thermal summation model was developed meiotic pattern and the haploid-producing for predicting seasonal development of alfalfa traits from Rocket 4 with the fiber trait of in the Quinte area. Analysis of weather and Natasja and the rust resistance of Dufferin growth patterns for 6 yr showed that the first among F, haploid-diploid twins from haploid crop reaches the bud stage following the (Rocket 4) x diploid (Natasja) and from accumulation of 320 degree-days above 5°C haploid (Rocket 4) x diploid (Dufferin) (DO ) from 1 April, and should be harvested crosses. In the haploid (Rocket 4) x diploid betw~en 360 and 510 DO, for maximum yield (Natasja) cross, the hybrid haploids had a of protein. The following equation accounts distinctive meiotic pattern that resembled an for 98% of the variation in growth: height (in anaphase II disjunction of the haploid chro- centimetres) = 0.215x - 4.754, where x is the mosome complement, resulting in the develop- number of heat units> 5°C. ment on nonviable spores and low seed set from intracrossed twins. This contrasted with Alfalfa blotch leafminer. In an attempt to the Rocket haploid-meiotic pattern in which describe the factors and processes that govern equal anaphase disjunction of sister chro- population trends in the alfalfa blotch l~a~- matids resulted in viable spores and the miner, Agromyza frontella (Rond.), statIstI- potential to produce seeds in haploid x cally reliable sampling procedures were devel- diploid crosses. Crosses with Dufferin as the oped for two life-history stages. For prepupae, pollen donor produced a response in the population estimates are based on counts of haploids and the Fls similar to that of mature larvae that drop from the alfalfa Natasja. Segregation ratios in the F, indi- canopy into 22 x 22-cm pans containing cated simple inheritance for the regulation of ethylene glycol. For pupa ria, estimates are the meiotic pattern in haploids and complex based on the contents of quadrats of soil 16 x inheritance for the twinning trait. Selection is 16 cm in area and 5 cm deep. Analysis of in progress for rust-resistant fiber-type lines, sampling variability showed that 40 pans and with the twinning trait for utilization as 50 quadrats per field, respectively, give ade- genetic stocks in plant breeding. quate precision for numerical estimates of intensive population studies. The pattern of counts for both stages is overdispersed but ENTOMOLOGY conforms to the negative binomial distri- bution. Population dynamics and pest management Life-table data from two plots at Ottawa Alfalfa weevil. Studies aimed at developing showed that survival rates, egg to adult, a province-wide management strategy for the varied from 0.5 to 4.8%, decreasing in each of alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.), were the three generations. Critical mortalities RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 245 the two diseases was identified in four culti- will be an effective way in which to achieve vars using both yields and kernel weights. A recombination and hence gene transfer third field experiment showed that Laurent between chromosomes of wheat and barley. was tolerant of crown rust and that it pro- In an effort to produce addition lines of rye duced higher seed yield, kernel weight, and in barley, the wild rye species Secale vavilovii percent of protein than did Fidler and Hud- L. was crossed onto tetraploid Betzes to give a son, both of which have major genes for hybrid with 21 chromosomes, 14 from barley, resistance. and seven from rye. Selfing the hybrid or Barley and oats mixture tests continued to repeated backcrossing to barley should pro- show in yield and kernel weight that leaf duce progeny with the entire complement of disease development was lower in most mix- 14 barley chromosomes with additions of tures (eight cultivar combinations) compared single rye chromosomes. with solid stands of each component. Hordeum gene pool. During a 1980 expedi- Physiology and morphogenesis tion, approximately 550 accessions of wild A new fluorescent marker was isolated, and cultivated barley were collected from the purified, and adapted for routine microscopic Canary Islands, Morocco, Portugal, and detection of major cereal lipid reserves. The Spain. During this expedition the maximal marker is capable of differentiating neutral variability in cultivated barley was observed lipids from other significant lipid residues in in Morocco in the Anti Atlas Mountains at situ, with a sensitivity approaching 1O-15g. elevations of 3218 km and in river valleys of Using this and a range of fluorescent markers the Sub Sahara, where apparent land races for other important seed reserves, comprehen- are still being grown. The Hordeum gene pool sive analyses of wheat and oats grain mor- at ORS now consists of 26 wild species in phology have been completed. Similar tech- addition to approximately 650 accessions of nology has been developed for rapid detection cultivated barley. Studies on the 360 acces- of leaf-borne fungal pathogens, industrial sions of H. bulbosum L. collected in Turkey, grain fractions, and cereal fibers. Iran, and Greece showed that all are tetra- ploid with considerable variation in morphol- ogy, whereas the 50 accessions from Spain CYTOGENETICS have the diploid chromosome number. Studies on previously undescribed wild species from Wide crosses in cereals Argentina and Chile indicate that they are all Barley-wheat hybrids were produced by diploids. crossing the wheat cultivars Koga and Chi- nese Spring onto barley cultivars Emir, Chromosome banding Bonus, and Betzes. Chiasma frequencies in A modified C-banding technique was devel- the hybrids ranged from 0.60 in the Emir X oped that produces bands on the B-genome Chinese Spring combination to 3.60 in Bonus and on chromosomes 4 and 7 of the A genome x Koga, indicating that the background of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring, genotype has a profound effect on chromo- following a normal Feulgen preparation. some pairing in the hybrids. Chromosomal C-Banding on the meiotic chromosomes of the location of genes in Chinese Spring promoting trigeneric hybrids of barley x wheat x rye crossability with Betzes barley was deter- revealed that rye chromosomes paired less mined by crossing the entire series of 21 often with barley and wheat chromosomes Chinese Spring - Hope substitution lines (0.27 per cell) than with nonhomologous rye (where chromosomes of the noncrossable chromosomes (0.073). The majority of pairing variety Hope were substituted for chromo- configurations (1.91 per cell) probably in- somes of Chinese Spring) onto Betzes barley. volved wheat homologues. By this means, the major genes for crossabil- ity were located on Chinese Spring chromo- Brassica cytogenetics somes 5A, 5B, and 50. Only those varieties of wheat carrying these three genes are cross able The maximum pairing in haploids of B. with barley. Chinese Spring wheat carrying campestris L. was 31 + 2" + I III, which the Ph mutant when crossed onto Betzes suggests that the species is hexasomic for one barley raised the chiasma frequency in the and tetrasomic for two other chromosomes. hybrids from 1.8 to 8.5, indicating that this Haploids of B. oleracea L. formed 41 + 1II + 244 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 lines that were soft-low, 33 that were hard- valuable selections were made; earlier selec- high, and 61 lines having the noncommercial tions from similar programs reached the final combinations. stages of testing. Competition tests between three early and three late cultivars grown Pathology. Province-wide surveys showed under two-row spacings showed some high that winter survival of winter wheat was interaction effects, with some mixture superi- excellent throughout the growing area in ority from closer row spacing. Ontario. Lack of snow cover during much of the winter prevented damage from snow Oats molds, and moderate winter temperatures resulted in little cold injury, despite the lack Breeding. The ORS oats breeding program of insulating snow. is directed toward improving oats as both a Symptoms of barley yellow dwarf virus feed and food grain. ORS cultivars Sentinel (BYDV) appeared in early summer, 1980, in and Scott continued to outperform recom- winter wheat plots and fields in the Ottawa mended cultivars in many areas of Eastern Valley. The early appearance of the disease Canada. A new day-length insensitive culti- indicated that the plants became infected the var, OA366, continues to perform well in previous fall, when aphid populations were official tests and it may be licensed in 1981- unusually high. Fortunately, aphid popula- 1982. It shows promise as a milling oat for the tions were generally low in 1980, so that there food industry and as a feed oat to be grown in was little further spread of the disease in pure stand or in mixtures with barley. Major wheat. These observations suggest that winter advances have been made in the breeding of wheat most likely provides an overwintering lodging resistant dwarf-type oats that com- reservoir of BYDV from which the disease bine high yield and good seed size. Several could spread to spring-seeded cereal crops. advanced semidwarf lines (PGR 9887 to In mid season unusually high levels of root 9920) have been made available to oats rot and take-all occurred in central and breeders. The superior large-seeded hull-less eastern Ontario. Leaf rust and powdery oats referred to in the Research Branch mildew were locally important. Report /979 continue to perform well in Wet weather during harvest caused unprec- Ontario, and whole groats of some of these edented levels of sprouting in most areas of lines have been evaluated in the preparation Ontario and also favored the development of of human food (rice substitute) by the Kempt- Fusarium spp. on the spikes. In some areas ville College of Agricultural Technology (P. Fusarium was accompanied by the production Johnston). An awned hull-less strain has been of mycotoxins, particularly vomitoxin. bred, and the awn makes it easy to separate unthreshed kernels from naked kernels. A Barley prototype dormant cultivar (OA499) has been produced and is being evaluated on a farm Breeding. Two ORS cultivars, Massey and scale in eastern Ontario as part of a technol- Vanier, continue to be the highest-yielding ogy transfer project. six-rowed feed barleys in Ontario and they are resistant to smut, mildew, and scald. Two new Pathology. The oats crop in eastern On- selections, OB294-1 and OB339-1, show real tario and western Quebec suffered severe promise of reaching cultivar status in 1981 damage from crown rust (Puccinia coronata and 1982, respectively. Both have outstanding Cda. f. sp. avenae Eriks.) in 1980. Field yield performance combined with resistance tolerance and disease-loss tests employing to lodging. The two-rowed feed barley OB440 maneb fungicide to control leaf diseases performed well again and this strain combines showed that losses from natural infection by high yield with good protein content. Greater crown rust amounted to 40% in seed yield and emphasis is being placed on two-row barley 20% in kernel weight. The tolerance test breeding, and five new promising selections compared 45 cultivars and further showed were promoted to advanced official tests. that inoculation with septoria (Septoria av- Consistent negative correlations were found enae Frank f. sp. avenae) caused little addi- between mildew resistance and yield under tional loss in yield, and mean kernel weight mildew-free conditions in barley. In a recipro- was increased over natural infection because cal winter x spring barley hybridization of the supplemental irrigation provided to program, no heterosis was found in the F6, but induce septoria development. Tolerance for RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 243 INTRODUCTION The Ottawa Research Station (ORS) is the major center for plant breeding in eastern and central Ontario as well as for western Quebec. It is the major center for ornamentals research in the Research Branch. The Canadian Plant Gene Resources is a national program, and a small unit is engaged with studies of behavior and pathology of honey bees. In addition, the Station is charged with numerous service functions and the management of the entire Central Experimental Farm. The breeding programs are supported by multidisciplinary research, including plant genetics and somatic cell genetics, cytogenetics, plant physiology and pathology, entomology, cytochemistry, and morphogenetics. Agronomy provides important information for improved crop management, and a quality laboratory services all the breeding programs. The scope of landscape architecture includes the beautification of the campus of the Central Experimental Farm, the planning of the annual chrysanthemum show, and landscape planning for Agriculture Canada buildings across the country. The Experimental Farm at Kapuskasing continues to conduct experiments on crop production and on beef-cattle management for northwestern Quebec and northeastern Ontario. The Experimental Farm at Thunder Bay is engaged in crop production for northwestern Ontario. One of the more outstanding accomplishments was the licensing and release of the soft, white, pastry-quality winter wheat cultivar, Gordon, and the early maturing timothy cultivar, Salvo. A number of short-season corn hybrids received support for licensing, and a split- temperature management study of greenhouse chrysanthemums was completed, resulting in energy savings. The crop disease loss program was terminated and a genetic engineering program was initiated. Several professionals retired during the year: Dr. Walter Childers, forage grass breeder and Chief of the Forage Section, after 42 yr; Dr. Vic Wallen, plant pathologist and Chief of the Crop Disease Loss Section, after 35 yr; Dr. Tom Burnett, economic entomologist, after 42 yr; and Mr. Bill Cordukes, turf research scientist, after 35 yr of service. This report summarizes some of the more important research results from the Station in 1980. Further information can be obtained from the publications listed at the end of this report. Reprints of the research publications and copies of the report are available on request from the Ottawa Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6. Tibor Rajhathy Director CEREAL CROPS Genetics. Kernel hardness and protein content have an important influence on mill- ing yield and baking quality. Ninety-nine F, Wheat lines from the winter wheat cross Lennox (medium-hard kernels, high protein) x Breeding. A high-quality soft white winter Stadler (soft kernels, low protein) showed no wheat for Ontario, line 0-45-4, was licensed in genetic linkage between the two characteris- 1980 under the name Gordon, and released tics (r = -16), in spite of a reported correla- through the SeCan Association. Gordon is tion of r = 40 among commercial cultivars. especially well adapted to central Ontario The latter presumably resulted from selecting (Test Area 2), where it outyielded the ORS either soft types with low protein or hard cultivar Fredrick, the most widely grown types with high protein, whereas the soft, cultivar in Ontario, by 7.6% over 4 yr. Gordon high-protein and hard, low-protein types has better winter survival than Fredrick but lacked commercial acceptance and were dis- lower hectolitre weight and weaker straw. carded. The Lennox-Stadler cross gave 21 242 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 VISITING SCIENTISTS C. NAKAMURA, B.Sc., M.sc., Ph.D. Cereal tissue culture From 1979 to 1981 A. L. CARPENA, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Plant gene resources From October to November 1980 Graduate students G. DOUGLAS, B.SC. (Agr.) Somatic hybridization S. GLEDDIE, B.Sc. Somatic hybridization 'Seconded to Research Branch Headquarters. 'On educational leave. Guelph University, Guelph, Ont.. from September 1980 to August 1981. RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 241 Forage Crops L. S. DONOVAN, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Head of Section; Corn breeding P. K. BASU, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant diseases L. DESSUREAUX,' B.A., B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Alfalfa genetics M. A. FARIS, B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D. Legume breeding W. R. McELROY,' B.SC., M.Sc. Grass breeding H. D. VOLDENG, B.S.A., M.sc., Ph.D. Soybean breeding F. S. WARREN, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Agronomy Genetic Engineering W. A. KELLER, B.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Cell genetics B. L. A. MIKI, B.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular biology S. J. MOLNAR, B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cell genetics Ornamentals E. V. PARUPS, M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Physiology and floriculture A. T. BOLTON, B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pathology S. NELSON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Nursery research J. A. SIMMONDS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Floriculture F. J. SVEJDA, Ph.D. Plant breeding Experimental Farm, Kapuskasing, Onto J. G. PROULX, D.V.M. Superintendent; Crop management and evaluation Experimental Farm, Thunder Bay, Ont. J. WILSON Superintendent; Crop management and evaluation Departures T. BURNETT, B.S.A., Ph.D. Entomology Retired June 1980 W. R. CHILDERS, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S., Ph.D. Head of Section; Grass breeding Retired December 1980 W. E. CORDUKES, B.Sc., M.Sc. Turfgrass Retired December 1980 V. R. WALLEN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Aerial Retired July 1980 photogra phy-methodology 240 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Research Station Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF T. RAJHATHY, Ing. Agr., M.Sc., D. Agr. Sci., Director F.R.S.C. J. G. R. LOISELLE, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant gene resources of Canada B. W. JABLONSKI, B.L.A. Landscape Architect R. PORTEOUS Administrative Officer Cereal Crops V. D. BURROWS, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Oat breeding V. CLARK, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology S. O. FEJER, Ing. Agr., Dr. Sc. Tech. Barley breeding R. G. FULCHER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Morphogenetics and grain quality D. R. SAMPSON, B.Sc., A.M., Ph.D. Wheat breeding W. L. SEAMAN, B.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat pathology Cytogenetics G. FEDAK, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Cereal cytology K. C. ARMSTRONG, B.S.A., Ph.D. Brome cytology I. L. CRAIG, B.S. Haploidy-Hordeum cytology B. E. MURRAY, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Haploidy-flax cytology Entomology D. G. HARCOURT, B.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Population dynamics R. BOCH, Dr. Rer. Nat. Physiology and behavior of bees T. A. GOCHNAUER, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Pathology of bees J. C. Guppy, B.S.A., M.S. Population dynamics C. C. LOAN, B.A., M.S., Ph.D. Population dynamics RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 239 Nuttall, V. W.; Bonn, W. G. 1980. Breeding white Tu, J. C. 1979. Anthracnose of white beans. spine pickling cucumbers for disease resist- Canadex 142.630. ance. 25th Annual Meeting Canadian Society of Horticultural Science, Edmonton, Alta. Tu, J. C. 1980. Benomyl-resistant biotypes isolated (a bstract). from the delta race of Colletotrichum linde- Phillips, D. R. 1980. The control of yellow nut muthianum. Bean Improv. Coop. 23: 17-18. sedge in vegetables. Grower 30(3): 16-17. Quamme, H. A. 1979. Heritability and effec- Tu, J. C. 1980. Hyperparasitism of Gliocladium tiveness of selection for fire blight resistance in virens on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Bean 1m- young pear seedlings inoculated in the green- provo Coop. 23:16-17. house. Proceedings Eucarpia fruit section symposium on tree fruit breeding, Angers. pp. Warwick, S. I.; Marriage, P. B. 1980. Differential 73-81. growth and response to atrazine in resistant Tan, C. S. 1980. Estimating crop evapotranspira- and susceptible populations of Chenopodium tion for irrigation scheduling. Can. Agric. album in relation to geographical location. 25(4):26-29. Botany 80. Proceedings Botanical Society of America/Canadian Botanical Association Tan, C. S. 1980. Influence of irrigation and plant (abstract). density of yield, plant water status and evapo- transpiration of processing tomatoes. Agron. Abstr.72:16. Weaver, S. E. 1980. Pigweeds. Agdex 642. RESEARCH STATION. HARROW. ONT. 237 Tu, J. C. 1980. Occurrence and identification of a Bonn, W. G. 1980. Monitoring of epiphytic Erwinia flexuous rod virus from a mosaic complex of amylovora and the incidence of fire blight of white beans in southern Ontario. Phytopathol. apple and pear in southwestern Ontario. 2nd Z.99:163-174. International Society of Horticultural Science Meeting on fireblight, Kiel-Schilksee, West Tu, J. C. 1980. The ontogeny of the sclerotia of Germany (abstract). Colletotrichum coccodes. Can. J. Bot. 58:631- 636. Buzzell, R. I.; Buttery, B. R.; Broich, S. L.; Palmer, R. G. 1980. The inheritance and evolution of Tu, J. c.; Aylesworth, J. W. 1980. An effective flavonol glycosides in Glycine max (L.) Merr. method of screening white (pea) bean seedlings Bot. Soc. Am. Misc. Ser. Publ. 158:18. (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for resistance to Colle- totrichum /indemuthianum. Phytopathol. Z. Buzzell, R. I.; Buttery, B. R.; Shibles, R. M. 1980. Flavonol classes of cultivars in maturity groups 99:131-137. OO-IV. Soybean Genet. Newsl. 7:22-26. Tu, J. c.; Holmes, T. M. 1980. Effect of alfalfa mosaic virus infection on nodulation, forage Buzzell, R. I.; Hamill, A. S. 1980. Increasing yield, forage protein, and overwintering of phytophthora-rot severity in field screening. alfalfa. Phytopathol. Z. 97: 1-9. Soybean Genet. Newsl. 7:30-31. Tu, J. c.; McNaughton, M. E. 1980. Isolation and Buzzell, R. I.; Voldeng, H. D. 1980. Inheritance of characterization of benomyl-resistant biotypes insensitivity to long day length. Soybean Genet. of the delta race of Colletotrichum /inde- Newsl. 7:26-29. muthianum. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:585-589. Layne, R. E. C. 1980. 'Harogem' apricot. Fruit Warwick, S. I.; Hamill, A. S.; Marriage, P. B. Var. J. 34:20. 1980. Response of different growth forms of Layne, R. E. C. 1980. Physiological and genetic Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass) to herbicides factors affecting winterhardiness of tree fruits applied before or after emergence. Can. J. in Ontario. Proceedings Agrometeorology Plant Sci. 60:947-952. workshop on climatic variability and cold damage to peaches and grapes in Ontario. pp. Warwick, S. I.; Weaver, S. E. 1980. Atrazine resistance in Amaranthus retroflex us (redroot 27-28. pigweed) and A. powe//ii (green pigweed) Layne, R. E. C. 1980. Prospects of new hardy peach from southern Ontario. Can. J. Plant Sci. rootstocks and cultivars for the 1980's. Com- 60: 1485-1488. pact Tree Fruit 13: 117-122. Weaver, S. E.; Cavers, P. B. 1980. Reproductive Layne, R. E. c.; Fulton, J. M.; Tan, C. S. 1980. effort of two perennial weed species in different Influence of irrigation and tree density of habitats. J. Appl. Ecol. 17:505-513. growth and yield of peach. HortScience 15:393 (abstract). Weaver, S. E.; McWilliams, E. L. 1980. The biology of Canadian weeds. 44. Amaranthus Layne, R. E. c.; Tan, C. S. 1980. Effect of retroflexus L., A. powe//ii S. Wats. and A. irrigation and tree density on yield, tree water hybridus L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 1215-1234. status and available soil moisture in the soil profile of peach. Agron. Abstr. 72: 13. Weiser, C. J.; Quamme, H. A.; Proebsting, E. L.; Burke, M. J.; Yablonsky, G. 1979. Plant Liptay, A. 1979. Home vegetable growing. Agric. freezing injury and resistance. Barfield, B. J.; Can. Publ. 1059. Gerber, J. F., eds. Modification of the aerial environment of crops-I 979 . Marriage, P. B. 1980. Response of Canada thistle to herbicides in relation to the growth stage of Miscellaneous plants. Proceedings Canada thistle symposium. pp.67-75. Anderson, T. R. 1980. Incidence of phytophthora root-rot of soybeans in Essex County, Ontario McClanahan, R. J. 1980. Why has integrated in 1979. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 60(2,3):33-34. control practice in the greenhouse levelled off in Canada? Bull. West Palaearctic Reg. Sect. Aslam, M.; Buttery, B. R. 1980. Anaerobic in vivo 3:141-144. reduction of nitrate by plant leaves lacking in extractable nitrate reductase activity. Midwest McClanahan, R. J. 1980. Biological control of Section, American Society of Plant Physiology Liriomyza sativae on greenhouse tomatoes. (abstract). Bull. West Palaearctic Reg. Sect. 3:135-140. Bolton, E. F.; Dirks, V. A. 1980. Deep tillage not Nuttall, V. W. 1980. Melon production possible in the answer to soil compaction. Canadex 510. Ontario. Grower 29( 12): 13-14. RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 236 Colwell, H. T. M. 1979. Effects of changes in Lesage, S. 1980. Effect of cupric ions on the selected production variables on crop returns, analysis of ethylenebis (dithiocarbamate) resi- costs and margins for machine harvest produc- dues in tomato juice. Tech. Commun. J. Assoc. tion of pickling cucumbers. Can. Agric. Eng. Off. Anal. Chern. 63:143-145. 21:135-140. Lesage, S. 1980. Reduction of the formation of Dirks, V. A.; Anderson, T. R.; Bolton, E. F. 1980. ethylenethiourea from ethylenebis (dithiocar- Effect of fertilizer and drain location on inci- bamates) by cupric ions in aqueous media. J. dence of phytophthora rot in soybean. Can. J. Agric. Food Chern. 28:787-790. Plant Pathol. 2:179-183. Levin, D. G.; Laing, J. E.; Jaques, R. P. 1979. Dirks, V. A.; Bolton, E. F. 1980. Regression Transmission of granulosis virus by Apanteles analyses of grain yield of corn, level of leaf glomeratus to its host Pieris rapae. J. Inver- NPK and soil conditions in a long time rotation tebr. Pathol. 34:317-318. experiment on Brookston clay. Can. J. Soil Sci. Liptay, A.; Muehmer, J. K. 1980. Evaluation of 60:599-611. baby carrot cultivars and their growth patterns Dirks, V. A.; Friesen, G. H. 1980. Tolerance of in southwestern Ontario. Can. J. Plant Sci. fresh market transplanted tomatoes to me- 60:911-915. tribuzin applied at various dates after trans- Marriage, P. B.; Quamme, H. A. 1980. Effect of planting. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:757-761. weed control in the winterhardiness of the bark and wood of young peach trees. HortScience Elliott, W. M. 1980. Monitoring annual flight 15:290-291. patterns of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Homoptera: Aphididae), in south- Marriage, P. B.; Warwick, S. I. 1980. Differential . ern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 112:963-968. growth and response to atrazine between and within susceptible and resistant biotypes of Elliott, W. M.; Kemp, W. G. 1980. Flight activity Chenopodium album L. Weed Res. 20:9-15. of the green peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphidi- dae) during the vegetable growing season at McKenney, D. J.; Shuttleworth, K. F.; Findlay, W. Harrow and Jordan, Ontario. Proc. Entomol. I. 1980. Nitrous oxide evolution rates from Soc.Ont. 110(1979): 19-28. fertilized soil: Effects of applied nitrogen. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:429-438. Foott, W. H.; Teich, A. H.; Elliott, W. M. 1980. Infestation of Macrosiphum avenae and Rho- O'Sullivan, J.; Colwell, H. T. M. 1980. Effect of palosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) on harvest date on yield and grade distribution winter wheat in Essex County, Ontario. Proc. relationships for pickling cucumbers harvested Entomol. Soc. Ont. 110(1979):61-63. once-over. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 105:408- 412. Francis, T. R.; Hamill, A. S. 1980. Inheritance of maize seedling tolerance to alachlor. Can. J. Smith, B. C. 1980. Population changes of the Plant Sci. 60:1045-1047. northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and corn yield losses in south- Gaynor, J. D. 1979. Phosphorus loadings associated western Ontario. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. with housing in a rural watershed. J. Great 110(1979):85-91. Lakes Res. 5:124-130. Tan, C. S.; Fulton, J. M. 1980. Ratio between Jarvis, W. R. 1980. Epidemiology. Coley-Smith, J. evapotranspiration of irrigated crops from R.; Verhoeff, K.; Jarvis, W. R., eds. The floating Iysimeters and class A pan evapora- biology of Botrytis. pp. 219-249. tion. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 197-201. Jarvis, W. R. 1980. Taxonomy. Coley-Smith, J. R.; Teich, A. H. 1980. Germinating immature winter Verhoeff, K.; Jarvis, W. R., eds. The biology of wheat seed. Cereal Res. Commun. 8:495-499. Botrytis. pp. 1-18. Townshend, J. L.; Dirks, V. A.; Marks, C. D. 1980. Temperature, moisture and compaction and Jarvis, W. R.; Thorpe, H. J. 1980. Effects of nitrate their effects on the diffusion of ethylene dibro- and ammonium nitrogen on severity of fusar- mide in three Ontario soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. ium foot and root rot and on yield of green- 60:177-184. house tomatoes. Plant Dis. 64:309-310. Tu, J. C. 1980. Gliocladium virens, a destructive Jaworski, C. A.; Phatak, S. c.; Liptay, A. 1980. mycoparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Phy- Differential cultivar responses of tomato trans- topathology 70:670-674. plants to ethephon. HortScience 15:647-648 Tu, J. C. 1980. Incidence of root rot and overwin- Layne, R. E. C. 1979. 'Harogem' apricot. Hort- tering of alfalfa as influenced by rhizobia. Science 14:758-759. Phytopathol. Z. 97:97-108. RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT. 235 that a tree density of 536 trees per hectare progenies of a reputed P.fauriei clone crossed was preferable to the traditional density of with P. communis clones. Several selections 266 trees per hectare because yields could be have been made. increased by up to 74.6%, even without Hardiness tests were conducted on an array irrigation. The main advantages of irrigation of cultivars. P. ussuriensis and P. ussuriensis were the beneficial effect on tree growth and x P. communis hybrids were considerably an improved yield in the first three years of more cold resistant than commercial cultivars. production. There was little benefit from One of these clones, Ure, has been used in the irrigation thereafter. breeding program as a source of the coldhar- The influence of irrigation and tree density diness for new scion and rootstock cultivars. on stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, It was demonstrated that Bartlett had an and available moisture in the soil profile were unique type of flavor, which was associated investigated during the 1978, 1979, and 1980 with high levels of decadienoate esters. Ten growing seasons. The results indicated that cultivars and selections have been found with water status in nonirrigated trees was similar a high decadienoate ester level and a flavor to that of irrigated trees. Measurements of similar to Bartlett. These have been placed in available moisture in the soil profile suggested cultivar trials and have been used as a source that the extensive root systems of peach trees of Bartlett-like flavor in the breeding pro- were able to withdraw water from subsoil to gram. avoid moisture stress and resultant loss in Three rootstock clones, namely OHF 69, yield when trees were 6 yr and older. 87, and 51, produced higher early yields than Pear Bartlett seedling and Quince A in trials conducted with the scion cultivars Bartlett Breeding and cultivar testing. Two pear and HW602. Efforts are being made to selections, HW602 and HW603, have pro- propagate them for extended trial. duced high-quality fruit, remain resistant to fire blight, and are being considered for release. Three fire blight selections, namely HW606, HW607, and HW608, which have MISCELLANEOUS fresh fruit and processing quality similar to Bartlett, the main pear cultivar grown in Grape crown gall Ontario, have been placed in advance trials. A new cultivar from Purdue, Honeysweet, was Crown gall (Agrobacterium radiobacter pv. determined to be fire blight resistant and has tumefaciens) strains from 'vinifera' grape potential as a storage pear for the early winter cultivars from southwestern Ontario vine- market. yards were determined to belong to biotype 3 Psylla resistance was observed in the pear according to the currently accepted scheme. collection and seedling orchard. Twelve culti- Several of them were sensitive to agrocin 84. vars were observed to be resistant. Honey- Contrary to the published reports, evidence sweet was the only resistant cultivar of Pyrus was obtained by testing the sap from infected communis derivation that has commercial vines that crown gall may not be systemic in potential. Psylla resistance was dominant in 'vinifera' grapes. PUBLICATIONS Research Bonn, W. G. 1980. Incidence and severity of bacterial speck of tomato in southwestern Ontario in 1979. Plant Dis. 64:586-587. Anderson, T. R.; Patrick, Z. A. 1980. Soil vampyrellid amoebae that cause small perfora- Bonn, W. G.; Dirks, V. A. 1980. Response of apple tions in conidia of Coch/iobolus sativus. Soil scions on size-controlling rootstocks to inocula- BioI. Biochem. 12:159-167. tion by Erwinia amylovora. Plant Dis. 64:209- 211. Black, T. A.; Tan, C. S.; Nnyamah, J. U. 1980. Transpiration rate of Douglas fir in thinned Bonn, W. G.; Morand, J. B. 1980. Fire blight of and unthinned stands. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:625- pear: control of shoot blight phase with strepto- 631. mycin. Can. J. Plant Pat hoI. 2:39-41. 234 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 permethrin at 100 ppm was also very effective Peach against vegetable leafminer adults. Breeding. Three cold-hardy, double-flow- ered, ornamental cultivars were introduced and named Harrow Frostipink, Harrow Can- Tree fruits difloss, and Harrow Ribirose. Their flower Apple colors are, respectively, light pink, medium pink, and deepest pink to red. Each blossom Fire blight. The fire blight pathogen [Er- has three to four whorls of five petals each, winia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al.] was instead of a single whorl of five petals, which recovered from 100% of the inoculated leaf is typical of peaches. Each introduction is late scars of both Red Delicious and Idared blooming, about 1 wk later than most peach cultivars in November but from only 90% of fruit cultivars. In controlled freezing tests, the leaf scars of Idared in the following April. each introduction was more cold hardy than Fewer buds had E. amylovora than had the Redhaven peach. Each introduction also has a leaf scars. It was not detected in either leaf good level of field resistance to brown rot (M. scars or buds of Red Delicious in April. fructicola), bacterial spot (X. pruni), and Differences in recovery may be related to the powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca pannosa relative fire blight susceptibility of cultivars. (Wallr. ex Fr.) Lev.]. Twenty-nine peach crosses were made to Apricot improve cold hardiness, disease resistance, productivity, fruit type, and quality. In addi- Two fresh-market cultivars Breeding. tion, 28 freestone and two canning clingstone named Hargrand and Harlayne, respectively, selections were made from previous crosses tested as HW410 and HW407, and ripening using a multiple selection index consisting of in the mid to late season, were introduced in 15 characters. The earliest selection ripened 1980. Although they were intended for the on 21 July and the latest on 8 September. Ontario fresh market, both cultivars have Each selection will be critically tested for shown potential for commercial processing as coldhardiness in 1981 before being considered puree for baby food and for home preser- for regional trials. vation as jam or as canned halves in syrup. In controlled freezing tests, Harlayne has sur- Crown gall. Biological control of crown gall passed and Hargrand has equaled the cold- (Agrobacterium radiobacter pv. tumefaciens) hardiness of Goldcot, the hardy standard, and with Dygall (A. radiobacter strain #84) was therefore should be adapted to regions where monitored in a Harrow peach nursery, all on Goldcot is successfully grown. Both cultivars the rootstock Halford. When the nursery have good field resistance to brown rot, stock was dug out, gall incidence was 13% Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey; peren- among 2379 check trees as compared with 5% nial canker, Leucostoma spp.; and bacterial among 3040 treated trees. It appears that spot, Xanthomonas pruni (E.F. Sm.) Dowson. biological control continues to be effective in The fruits of both cultivars resist skin crack- Ontario. ing in most seasons and do not drop readily even when ripe. They have very firm flesh Orchard management. A combined statisti- with good texture and flavor, and the flesh cal analysis of the first five years of fruit- does not adhere to the pit. The fruits of production data in an experiment of Harken - Hargrand are exceptionally large and moder- Siberian C peach using three levels of irri- ately attractive, and those of Harlayne are of gation (none, 25%, and 50% available soil medium size but brighter and more attractive. moisture) and three tree densities (266, 358, and 536 trees per hectare) revealed that: Nectarine increased tree density was the most important factor favoring increased yield; both total and Breeding. Five new selections were made. marketable yields varied between seasons; The earliest selection ripened I wk before tree density influenced yield more in some Harko and the latest ripened 10 days after seasons than in others; irrigation did not alter Harko. Four new crosses were made to overall yield; in some years, irrigation tended improve coldhardiness, fruit size, flesh firm- to increase total yield but not marketable ness, and quality, from which 752 hybrid yield; and altered tree density did not alter the seeds were obtained. effect of irrigation on yield. It was considered RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT. 233 adversely affected. Because of the high rain- initiation in daughter plants growing under a fall in 1980, this response suggests that long photoperiod. cultivars of tomatoes differ in tolerance for Biotypes of yellow nut sedge show a varied excessive moisture in soil. Yields from tomato response to photoperiod required for tuber plants planted at high density (43 054 plants formation, a varied tuber production poten- per hectare) surpassed yields from medium- tial, as well as a range in the cold hardiness density planting (21 527 plants per hectare) (overwintering capability) of the tubers. by 34% and from low-density planting (10765 plants per hectare) by 101%. Plant- ing in double-row beds at high density re- Greenhouse vegetables sulted in higher yields than did single-row planting. Cucumber Weed competition. The critical period of Powdery mildew. As for field cucumbers, weed competition in transplanted tomatoes is only triforine seems a viable alternative to influenced by row spacing. Tomatoes (cv. benomyl as a control for powdery mildew, Springset) planted in rows 1 m apart had to Sphaerotheca juliginea (Schlecht. ex Fr.) be maintained weed-free for only 24 days, as Poll. compared with 30-36 days for tomatoes Several potential biological control agents planted in rows 2 m apart. At both spacings, a were identified as parasitizing or antagonizing single weeding at day 24 or day 36, respec- S. juliginea, in addition to the parasite tively, resulted in yields comparable to those Ampelomyces quisqualis previously reported. from plots maintained weed-free throughout A Tilletiopsis sp. seems particularly the season. Yields of tomatoes at the narrower promising. row spacing were 50% greater per unit area than yields at the wider spacing at compara- Tomato ble levels of weed control. Foot and root rot. In cooperative work with Dr. E. A. Kerr, Ontario Ministry of Agricul- Yellow nut sedge physiology and control. ture and Food, Simcoe, five lines were identi- The herbicide glyphosate is translocated to fied as resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. and consequently alters the viability of yellow radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker, from nut sedge tubers when it is foliarly applied 2500 selections representing 68 lines. until the latter part of August. With later It proved feasible to wedge-graft the highly applications, the herbicide is not translocated susceptible cv. MRI3 onto the resistant but to as many of the tubers, presumably because the tuber is more mature and the transporta- pomologically poor cv. IRB, without detri- tion system is not as functional. In those ment to yield and with complete escape from tubers wherein a lethal dosage level is not the disease. attained, severe shoot malformation occurs on The straw mulch used by the majority of sprouting. Under similar circumstances for Essex County growers was shown to be a application, the herbicide bentazon has no major site for the multiplication of F. oxyspo- adverse activity on the viability or growth of rum f. sp. radicislycopersici in sterilized tubers from treated plants. ground bed soils. Tomato roots left in the soil appear to be a less important site. Shoot and tuber production by yellow nut The biological control of foot and root rot sedge is highly dependent on the time of field was considerably enhanced by growing lettuce emergence. An advantage of 1 mo in emer- after sterilizing the soil when an infested gence during the first part of the growing tomato crop had been removed, and refraining season may result in an increase of 1000 from sterilizing again before replanting toma- tubers and 100 shoots produced from the toes. Catch crops of cress, mustard, or spinach original plant over that from the later emerg- had no such effect. ing plant. Studies to determine if the factor causing Whitefly control. The synthetic pyrethroid tuber formation is able to travel from a insecticides have proven very toxic to green- mother to a daughter plant and vice versa house whitefly adults. The most toxic was indicated that the translocation is unidirec- fenpropanate (WL4I706, Shell Chemical tional, mother to daughter. Mother plants Co.), followed by permethrin, decamethrin, exposed to a short photoperiod cause tuber and cypermethrin. The registered use of 232 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Tomatoes of thick-stemmed ethephon-treated trans- plants reported in 1979. Anthracnose and early blight. Mixtures of captafol with mancozeb and maneb with Foot and root rot. Though not a problem copper sulfate gave good control of these disease in field crops in Ontario, Fusarium diseases, as did DPX 7331 [DuPont (Canada) oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Ltd.]. A copper hydroxide formulation de- Shoemaker infected all cultivars tested. A pressed yield. granular formulation of dazomet applied as a A forecast of early blight is made regularly pretransplant fumigant enhanced the inci- for the provincial agriphone message for dence of disease in inoculated plants of cv. growers. Veemore, but because of improved growth Charcoal protection from herbicides. To- and adventitious root production, overall yield matoes (cv. New Yorker) were gel-seeded into was significantly improved in fumigated soil. sandy loam soil and covered with 75 mL of anticrustant per site containing 0.5 g of Potato aphid populations and flights. The activated charcoal. This treatment protected number of embryos present in adult potato the tomato seedlings from metrazine applied aphids was tested as a forecaster of population at rates up to 0.50 kg/ha or from metribuzin trends on field tomatoes for 4 yr. In the at 0.375 kg/ha plus chloramben at 1.5 kg/ha, laboratory the embryo count was correlated applied in solution or in granular formula- with subsequent births (P = 0.001), except in tions, as shown by visual observations and young adult wingless aphids. On tomatoes the yields. embryo count was only satisfactory for fore- casting population trends in I of the 4 yr. This Effect of damage to tomato transplants. occurred because adults in the field were An automated bare-root transplanter is being mainly wingless and because the habits of developed in conjunction with the Engineering winged aphids found on the tomatoes differed and Statistical Research Institute. In antici- from year to year; some years they departed pation of mechanical damage to the trans- without breeding and other years they arrived plants, the effects of simulated damage on from outside to breed. Flying populations plant establishment and yield were evaluated. measured with suction traps were extremely Yields were not seriously affected by leaf variable from year to year, and in some years, removal, slitting, or squashing, but were periods of 2 wk without catches occurred in significantly reduced if all the roots of the summer. The long-term annual flight pattern transplants were removed. Thus, the results was a unimodal curve with a peak in August. from these field experiments suggest that Counts of winged aphids arriving on tomato tomato transplants can withstand substantial plants were significantly correlated with physical abuse without reductions in yields at catches in a suction trap. The first winged harvest. adult was trapped on 21 June :t 5 days and Ethephon treatment of Georgia-grown the last on 21 October :t 5 days in 12 yr of transplants. Ethephon (300 ppm) sprayed on suction trapping. tomato transplants 5-10 days before harvest of the transplants is used to abort the initial Water relation and yields. A model that flower cluster or clusters in order that the utilizes sunshine and maximum and minimum plant may become established vegetatively in air temperatures for scheduling irrigation of the field before it has to bear fruit. Ethephon tomatoes was developed from meteorological was observed to also have the effect of data and measurements of evapotranspiration thickening the transplant stem and causing from irrigated tomatoes. Measurements of more root growth than found on the controls. leaf water potential and stomatal conductance There were differences in this response indicated that water status in tomato plants in between cultivars, e.g. the ethephon effect was non irrigated plots was similar to that of plants much more pronounced on the Heinz 2653 in irrigated plots, suggesting that the exten- line than on the Campbell 37. The thicker sive root system (when fully developed) and stems and heavier root growth suggest that high adsorption capacity of the tomato roots ethephon treatment of transplants may result may offset effects of periods of drought. in plants that establish themselves more Yield by one cultivar of tomato (H2653) readily than do untreated transplants, thus was not affected in 1980 by irrigation treat- partly explaining the increase in early yields ments, whereas a second cultivar (C28) was RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT. 23\ Ridge Farm, has the potential to replace November, but differences between the subse- niclofen, which was removed from the market. quent numbers trapped at Harrow and Jordan could not be explained. These results show Cucumbers that although there has been success at both Breeding. Bonus is a new cultivar released sites in recent years in forecasting levels of the from the Harrow pickling cucumber breeding cucumber mosaic virus, which is transmitted program in March 1980. It is a F, hybrid of a to peppers by the green peach aphid, it is gynoecious (all-female flowering habit) seed possible that completely different results can parent and a monoecious pollen parent. Bonus be obtained at the two sites in other years. has resistance to scab, angular leaf spot, and cucumber mosaic virus. It is white-spined, Potatoes strongly gynoecious, and very productive and has good shape, a good L:D ratio (2.9: I), and Flexible spray schedules. In spite of mod- lighter color than commercial cultivars. Bonus erately low insect populations on early pota- is the first of a number of cucumber cultivars toes, three sprays were required to prevent being developed at Harrow for the Ontario damage from potato beetles, flea beetles, pickling cucumber industry. leafhoppers, and aphids. Excellent control of Powdery mildew. Of a number of new aphids by methamidophos and decamethrin fungicides assayed to take the place of provided 10% higher yields than plots treated benomyl, for which tolerance is widespread, with carbofuran, fenvalerate, and acephate, only triforine was effective and not withdrawn which allowed aphid numbers to build up. from consideration by the manufacturer. Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht. ex Fr.) Sweet corn Poll. has hitherto been the only powdery mildew seen on cucurbits in Essex county, but Microbial control of the corn borer. Dam- in 1980, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. was age by larvae of the corn borer was less and found on melons alongside an infestation of numbers of larvae were fewer in plots treated Lamium amplexicaule. Cucumis dispaceus with the microsporidium Nosema pyraustae was found to be resistant to S. fuliginea. than in plots treated with fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide, indicating the potential Scab. Though crop rotation affords the best of the pathogen for control of this pest insect. control of cucumber scab, it was well-control- In addition, 80% of corn borer larvae found in led by chlorothalonil, and a mixture of plots treated with the microsporidium were chlorothalonil and triforine gave yields 11.4% infected by the pathogen and would eventu- better than either by itself. ally die or the female adults would be Peppers infertile, compared with an incidence of 10- 20% in other plots. Semiweekly examinations Insect control. The green peach aphid was of adult corn borers captured in a light trap adequately controlled, and European corn indicated a natural infection rate of 17%; this borer infestations were kept below 2% with all incidence may be sufficient to contribute to sprays tested; however, up to 7.8% of fruits suppression of the population of the pest by were damaged by pepper maggot in treated reducing fecundity. plots. Carbofuran and acephate were the most effective against all three pests. Varietal resistance to first generation Eu- Green peach aphid flights. Flights of the ropean corn borer. Three years of tests have green peach aphid have been monitored for 7 demonstrated marked resistance in five hybrid yr, using suction traps at Harrow and yellow cultivars of early sweet corn in terms of larvae sticky traps in unsprayed pepper plots at per 100 ears at harvest time. Laboratory tests Jordan, Ont. For 6 yr the correlation coeffi- with diets made from corn leaf powder and cients between sites were significant (P=:; direct leaf-feeding measurements did not 0.02). In the 7th yr no intercorrelation of sites support a hypothesis of antibiosis. The ear occurred, and the usual unimodal curve of infestation ranked very closely with stalk numbers of aphids flying did not occur. infestation and ranged from 3.57 to 28.41 Unusually large flights early in the 7th yr at larvae per 100 ears in 17 cultivars in 1980. both sites could be attributed, in part, to Cultivars ranked consistently from year to warm weather in April and in the previous year. 230 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 planted in the field in 32 rows, blight was Winter wheat initially found in only one row, on 5% of the plants. It spread to eight other rows rather Breeding. Winter wheat strains have been late in the season. developed that yield well, especially in south- western Ontario; that are resistant to lodging, The fuscans and nonfuscans strains of to powdery mildew, and to leaf rust; and that blight bacteria were monitored for blight have acceptable quality. The most promising lesions as well as for leaf surface populations line yielded 18% better than Fredrick in of white bean plants inoculated in the field, southwestern Ontario and yielded more than using equal proportions of the two. Although Fredrick in all six test sites representing the a majority of blight lesions contained nonfus- Ontario winter wheat belt. cans, fuscans appeared to increase in leaf surface populations by mid-July. The relative Diseases. Selections resistant to wheat role of the two strains is not understood. spindle streak mosaic and having high yield In greenhouse evaluation of breeding mate- and agronomic acceptability have been devel- rial for resistance to blight, 40 out of 265 oped and entered in the Ontario screening selections were found to possess moderate to test. Fusarium root rot was reduced where higher degrees of tolerance. In field evalua- wheat straw of the preceding wheat crop was tions, 36 out of 65 selections in preliminary removed rather than plowed in. tests and 28 out of 43 selections in advanced Selections are being made from crosses of tests were found to be tolerant, some combin- commercial cultivars with the wheat spindle ing the attributes of determinate growth habit streak-resistant cultivar Halytchanka. A and early maturity of the commercial number of lines perform well when spindle cultivars. streak mosaic is severe. Two lines in the Ontario screening tests performed in a man- Root rot. In greenhouse tests a mycopara- ner similar to Yorkstar but not as well as sitic fungus, Gliocladium virens, reduced other entries. Spindle streak was not a factor Rhizoctonia root rot in white beans. Root rot in these trials. A screening test with spindle severity decreased with increasing concentra- streak mosaic inoculation will be needed to tion of the mycoparasite in the soil. test these lines fully. Viruses. Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) was identified as a serious and widespread disease in southwestern Ontario, HORTICULTURAL CROPS particularly in the Chatham area. It overwin- ters in volunteer clover, vetch, and alfalfa Field vegetables plants; of samples of these plants with mosaic Crucifer crops symptoms collected in early May 1980, 25 of 71 clover, 10 of 64 alfalfa, and 5 of 61 vetch Selectivity of insecticides. A field plot plants harbored BYMV. Aphids transmit it to study demonstrated that microbial insecti- the bean. Cultivars of beans resistant to cides were selective for leaf-eating pests of BYMV were identified, and the genetics of cabbage. Higher numbers of predacious ar- their resistance is being studied. thropods (syrphid larvae, cocci nell ids, and pentatomids) and higher numbers of cabbage- White mold. In 1980 white mold infection worms parasitized by Apanteles glomeratus was first found on 5 August, 10 days after the were found in plots treated with the bacte- apothecia were first noted in the field. Initial rium Bacillus thuringiensis or with viruses of infection was sporadic and the incidence was the cabbageworm and the cabbage looper low (1.7%). In most cases, apothecia could be than in plots treated with chemical insecti- found within 45 cm of an infected plant. The cides (permethrin or methomyl). initial infections were invariably at or near the first branch about 15 cm above the Weed control. Trifluralin (0.75 kg/ha) ground. The disease spread rapidly and incorporated before planting followed by exponentially in susceptible varieties by plant- chloramben (2.0 kg/ha) incorporated at layby to-plant contact until >75% of plants were provided promising weed control and resulted affected 3 wk later. The disease spread more in the production of injury-free cabbage, rapidly within than across the row. The cv. Ex cauliflower, broccoli, or brussels sprouts. This Rico-23 was tolerant. treatment, evolved on the sandy soil on the RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT. 229 with pentafluorobenzyl bromide or m-trifluo- in 1980 for the first time in Ontario. Race 9 romethylbenzyl chloride prior to direct analy- was isolated most often from diseased plants. sis by gas chromatography. The pentafluo- Summary of drainage spacing effects for robenzyl derivative was 14 times more soybeans. Drainage research showed that sensitive than the methyl derivative, whereas drains at 6-m spacing increased average sensitivity of the m-trifluoromethylbenzyl soybean yield by 0.24 t/ha over the conven- derivatives was intermediate. Chromatograms tional 15-m spacing. The l5-m spacing, the of soil extracts were relatively free of interfer- one in most general use in southwestern ence peaks, and 1 g/ha of bentazon could be Ontario, produced intermediate soybean detected without extract cleanup. yields between those obtained on the closest Genetics. A recessive gene, e" was identi- and farthest spacings. This experiment, car- fied as being involved in early maturing ried out on clay soil in Lambton County also soybeans that can flower and set pods under a compared effect of depth and method of 20-h day length. installation of soybean yield. On this basis the The reaction of etiolated soybean hypocot- laser-controlled plow, which made the trench yls to inoculation with zoospores of Phy- and installed the drain in a single operation, tophthora megasperma var. sojae was shown was as good a method of installation as the to vary with race-specific genotype, genetic conventional wheel trencher. The shallower background of the host, and the aggres- depth of drain installation at 70 cm was as siveness of the race. good as deep installation at 96 cm for yield and was more satisfactory, because it required Physiology of annual weeds. Studies on the less energy to install. intraspecific competition of velvetleaf indicate that a late emerging plant offers increased Weed control. Where wheat growth was competition, is a more aggressive plant, and excellent and yields were high, there was no yields more seed than one emerging earlier in growth of relay planted soybeans. Broad- the year. Seed production of both early and leaved weed control was accomplished in this late emerging velvetleaf plants was noticeably crop production sequence, but volunteer reduced where population density was nine wheat was a problem to harvesting matured plants per square metre or more. soybeans. Later emerging jimsonweed plants, like Based in part on research conducted at velvetleaf, appeared to be more aggressive Woodslee, four new herbicide treatments are and to yield more seed than an earlier being recommended for weed control in established plant. Unlike velvetleaf, however, soybeans by the Expert Committee on Weeds. seed production per unit area continued to White beans increase with density. Anthracnose. From the sixth backcross Phytophthora root rot. Based on a survey progeny of Fleetwood, Kentwood, and Sea- of Essex County soybean fields, root rot killed farer, homozygous lines resistant to the delta 0.43 and 0.66% of plants in fields and head- race of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum lands, respectively. All survey fields were (Sacc. & Magn.) Briosi & Cav. were selected planted with cultivars with tolerance for and forwarded to Idaho for seed increase. All phytophthora root rot as recommended for homozygous lines were also screened for this area. Yield loss from this disease was low resistance to the alpha, beta, and gamma in 1980. In certain fields not included in the races of C. lindemuthianum and to races 1 survey, 25-50% plant loss occurred in low, and 15 of the bean common mosaic (BCM) poorly drained areas. It is recommended that virus. Similar resistant genes have also been cultivars with race-specific resistance to the incorporated into Sanilac and Steuben. disease organism be planted in these problem areas. Under conditions favorable to root rot, Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris resistant cultivars have higher yields than pv. phaseoli). In laboratory assays of seed tolerant cultivars. Race-resistant cultivars harvested from blighted plots, using differen- currently available are not resistant to all tial media, only about 0.1 % of symptomless known races of the pathogen; therefore a seeds were contaminated with blight bacteria rotation of cultivars will be necessary to limit as compared with 1.2% infection among development of new races. Race 13 of the discolored seeds; among infected pods, 29% pathogen was isolated from infected soybeans had infected seeds. When such seeds were 228 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 there could be any advantage in growing incorporation could persist longer because of hybrids that are resistant to the first genera- the lower soil moisture content at the surface. tion in an area where the second generation is more important. It was found that there were Weed control. An experiment combining only small differences between hybrids in the cultivation and reduced levels of chemical numbers of first-generation eggs laid and in gave successful weed control. egg mortality. However, the numbers of first- Five additional chemical treatments for generation larvae that reached the pupal stage corn are being recommended by the Expert and the lengths of borer cavities were higher Committee on Weeds, based in part on the in the susceptible hybrid than in the two research results obtained from corn herbicide resistant hybrids combined. There was no trials at Woodslee. evidence that the two hybrids with the least amount of damage were more susceptible to Weed ecology and physiology. Five pig- attack by the second generation. weed species (Amaranth us) differed in their Tests with a corn borer pheromone showed susceptibility to postemergence herbicides in that only very small numbers of moths that field trials. Prostrate pigweed was the most were marked with a fluorescent powder and susceptible species to the herbicides tested. released in the vicinity of pheromone traps Linuron, atrazine, and INT-28 gave good were recaptured. control of all five species. The growth and Soil applications of carbofuran lOG applied development of atrazine-resistant and atra- in the spring at a rate of 1.2 kg/ha to control zine-susceptible populations of two pigweed damage of corn root worm larvae affected species were examined in greenhouse experi- populations of nontarget stages of rootworms ments. Susceptible populations showed and other species. There was a threefold marked decreases in leaf number, leaf weight, increase in number of rootworm eggs per and stem weight after treatment with atrazine kilogram of soil from treated plots compared at 0.5 kg/ha, whereas resistant populations with check plots in the fall and spring tolerated 2 kg/ha. Susceptible populations following treatment. Numbers of arthropods, were considerably more variable in their rootworm adults, and coccinellid adults on growth characters than resistant populations, yellow sticky traps in treated plots exceeded possibly reflecting a narrow genotypic base for those in the check plots in July and August by the latter population. 25%,19-80%, and 18%, respectively. In lamb's-quarters populations resistant Tillage and herbicide persistence. The and susceptible to atrazine, differences in effectiveness of disc or S-tine cultivation to growth characteristics were correlated with incorporate herbicides in Brookston clay soil differences in geographical location and cli- was investigated using chemical and fluores- mate; the northern populations exhibited a cent techniques. Incorporation of the her- greater rate of development, earlier matura- bicides by S-tine cultivator resulted in 45% tion, lower biomass at maturity, and greater volatile loss of low-vapor pressure type her- reproductive effort compared with the more bicides because of shallow incorporation, southerly populations. These growth differ- whereas only 22% of the herbicides were lost ences were maintained when plants were when incorporated by disc. Two incorpora- grown at their reciprocal location. Although tions at right angles with the S-tine cultivator susceptible populations from various geo- reduced volatile losses, but losses were still graphical locations differed in their growth higher than from disc. S-Tine cultivation features, they had the same relative decrease deposited 79% of the herbicide nonuniformly in growth when treated with atrazine. Her- in the top 4 cm of soil, whereas 85% of the bicide-treated individuals of susceptible popu- herbicide was uniformly incorporated in the lations displayed increased variability in top 6 cm with the disc. Fluorescent dye growth character measurements. verified that vertical distribution was better with disc incorporation and also showed that Soybeans it gave more uniform horizontal distribution. Herbicide persistence was unaffected by the Bentazon soil residue analysis. A sensitive type of incorporation implement, but because method for bentazon determination in soil by persistence is dependent upon soil moisture gas chromatography was developed based on content, the lower initial residues from S-tine reaction of bentazon under alkaline conditions RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT. 227 INTRODUCTION The Research Station at Harrow is located in a region with a favorable climate and a long growing season. Fruits, vegetables, and field crops are included in our research programs. The climate in the area is characterized during the growing season by an amount or distribution of rainfall that is often inadequate to meet the needs of all crops in all seasons. During 1980 the season was generally cool and wet. Although some crops were adversely affected and some plant diseases were more prevalent than usual, many crops responded favorably with record or near-record yields. Our research is primarily devoted to solving production problems such as the development of new crop varieties with superior agronomic characteristics; improved insect, disease, and weed control techniques; and improved soil and crop management practices. This report provides brief summaries of results obtained in 1980. Further information can be obtained by writing to: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Harrow, Onto NOR 1GO. W. I. Findlay Acting Director FIELD CROPS Depth of plowing and soil physical condi- tion. Soil physical measurements, which Burley tobacco included air and total pore space and bulk density, indicated that seasonal effects were Weather fleck. Weather fleck caused by much more pronounced on soil tilth than ozone was prevalent on tobacco at the Harrow plowing at different depths within the 30-cm Research Station. Significant differences in layer. During seasons when spring rainfall ozone damage occurred among 14 tobacco was at or below normal, plowing to 30 cm cultivars. Burley I, Harwin, and Ky21 x 10 deep increased the pore space within the 20- were the most tolerant cultivars of those 30 cm soil depth more than plowing to 10 cm currently planted. deep. During seasons with above normal spring rainfall, pore space was not increased Corn within any of the three soil depths by plowing at 10, 20, or 30 cm. Results showed that deep Atrazine degradation. Atrazine treatment plowing was not an effective way of improving of cornfields resulted in the formation of the soil tilth for plant growth on clay soils of 2-hydroxy metabolite in a clay loam soil. The southwestern Ontario. time and method of atrazine application (preplant incorporated, preemergence, poste- Diseases. In an early planting, a cultivar mergence) and the presence of oil-surfactant whose ears developed more rapidly in the 3 wk additives in the herbicide formulation had no after mid-silk had more eventual stalk rot long-term effect on atrazine persistence. than a cultivar whose ears developed at a Postemergence application and the presence more even rate. This probably reflects differ- of additives resulted in a slightly greater ences in hormone balance and consequent initial rate of atrazine degradation. Both nutrient distribution between ear and stalk in atrazine, in less than phytotoxic amounts, and the plant. Stalk rot in late plantings has been hydroxyatrazine persisted into the following more dependent on cultural conditions. growing season and these residues were No head smut was seen in 146 fields absorbed, metabolized, and conjugated by surveyed in early August in Essex County. oats seeded in the spring. Insects. Two single-cross grain corn hybrids Breeding. Numerous requests were filled with resistance to the first generation of a for seed of the Harrow inbred CH663-8. This bivoltine strain of the European corn borer inbred gave testcrosses that were the best were compared with a hybrid that is suscepti- yielding for their maturity with a low amount ble to both generations to observe possible of root lodging, out of 20 inbreds evaluated in differences in the biology of the borer and in the U.S. north central regional uniform test. levels of borer damage, and to determine if 226 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 I. BEN ZE'EV, Ph.D. Insect pathology Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council EXTENSION SERVICES5 J. C. FISHER, B.S.A. Greenhouse and vegetable crops F. KAPPEL, B.SC., M.Sc. Fruit and vegetable crops 'Seconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 'On a transfer of work, the Research Centre, London. Ont.. from April 1980 to September 1980. 'On a transfer of work, the East Mailing Research Station, England, from August 1979 to July 1980. 'On a transfer of work, the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute. England. from August 1979 to August 1980. 'Provided by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT. 225 Plant Pathology W. R. JARVIS: B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Le. Head of Section; Vegetable diseases T. R. ANDERSON, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soybean diseases W. G. BONN, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Bacterial diseases of fruit and vegetables B. N. DHANVANTARI, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Bacterial diseases of vegetables L. F. GATES, B.A., Ph.D. Cereal and corn diseases J. e. Tu, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. White bean diseases Weed Science and Chemistry P. B. MARRIAGE, B.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Weed physiology J. D. GAYNOR, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Environmental chemistry A. S. HAMILL, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Weed science D. R. PHILLIPS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Weed physiology S. E. WEAVER, B.A., Ph.D. Weed ecology Departures J. W. AYLESWORTH, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Officer in Charge, Soil Retired 26 December 1980 Substation, Woodslee, Ont.; White bean breeding H. T. M. COLWELL, B.Agr., M.Sc., Ph.D. Economics Transferred; Regional Development and International Affairs Branch, Ottawa, Ont., December 1980 T. R. FRANCIS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Corn breeding Resigned 30 May 1980 J. M. FULTON, B.Sc., M.S.A., Ph.D. Director Retired 5 December 1980 N. E. B. GIBSON-MACDoNALD, B.A., M.A., M.L.S. Librarian Transferred; Research Station, Vineland Station, Ont., 1 September 1980 S. LESAGE, B.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide chemistry Transferred; Canada Center for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ont., 27 June 1980 V. W. NUTTALL, B.S.A., M.S.A. Vegetable breeding Retired 25 November 1980 VISITING SCIENTISTS M. ASLAM, Ph.D. Plant physiology Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council 224 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Research Station Harrow, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF W. L FINDLAY, B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D. Acting Director D. H. LEE Administrative Officer E. CHAMPAGNE,' M.A., M.L.S. Librarian Crop Science R. L BUZZELL,' B.S., Ph.D. Head of Section; Soybean breeding B. R. BUTTERY, B.sc., Ph.D. Soybean physiology V. A. DIRKS, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Statistics A. H. TEICH, B.A., M.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Winter wheat breeding T. W. WELACKY, B.Sc., B.Sc. (Agr.) Burley tobacco Entomology W. H. FOOTT, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Field crop insects W. M. ELLIOTT, B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Le. Vegetable and fruit insects R. P. JAQUES, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Insect pathology R. J. MCCLANAHAN, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Greenhouse and field vegetable insects B. e. SMITH, B.A. Field crop insects Horticultural and Soil Science R. E. e. LAYNE, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Acting Section Head; Tree fruit breeding E. F. BOLTON, B.S.A., M.s.A., Ph.D. Soil management A. LIPTAY, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Vegetable management A. P. PAPADOPOULOS, M.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. (Hort.) Greenhouse management H. A. QUAMME,' B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Tree fruit breeding e. S. TAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil moisture RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT. 223 White, F. H.; Pandeya, R. S. 1980. Canadian mittee Weeds, Eastern Canadian Section 104 licensed flue-cured tobacco varieties superior to (abstract). new improved varieties. Tillsonburg News, Zilkey, B. F.; Bandeen, J. D. 1980. Herbicide effect Tob. Ed. (7 Mar.). on yield and quality in flue-cured tobacco in 1979. Research Report, Expert Committee Zilkey, B. F. 1980. Evaluation of certain seedling Weeds, Eastern Canadian Section 105 hardening-off techniques on flue-cured tobacco (abstract). production. The Lighter 50( 1):22-24. Zilkey, B. F.; Binns, M. 1980. Effect of leaf Zilkey, B. F. 1980. The effect of herbicides on f1ue- ripeness and genotype on agronomic, physical cured tobacco in Ontario in 1978. The Lighter and chemical measurements of flue-cured to- 50(4):23-25. bacco and tobacco smoke. 34th Tobacco Zilkey, B. F. 1980. Annual weed control in f1ue- Chemists Research Conference (abstract). p. cured tobacco. Research Report, Expert Com- 6. RESEARCH STATION, DELHI. ONT. 221 PUBLICATIONS Research Gayed, S. K. 1980. The pattern of blue mold incidence and spread in the United States and Cheng, H. H. 1980. Darksided cutworm (Lepidop- Canada and losses incurred, 1979. The Lighter tera: Noctuidae): Field evaluation of pyre- 50(3):14-16. throid insecticides for protection of tobacco in Ontario. Tob. Sci. 24:61-63. Gayed, S. K. 1980. How to avoid blue mold in 1980. Can. Tob. Grow. 28(3):22-24. Cheng, H. H. 1980. Toxicity and persistence of pyrethroid insecticides as foliar sprays against Gayed, S. K. 1980. Blue mold of tobacco. Ontario darksided cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Agdex 181/ on tobacco in Ontario. Can. Entomol. 112:451- 632. 456. Pandeya, R. S.; White, F. H. 1980. New varieties to Frank, R.; Braun, H. E.; Stonefield, K. I.; Elliot, J. meet market demand. Can. Tob. Grow. M.; Zilkey, B. F. 1980. Insecticide residues 28( I ):53-54. and metal contents in flue-cured tobacco and tobacco soil of southern Ontario, 1976-1978. Pandeya, R. S.; White, F. H. 1980. Nordel-a new Tob. Sci. 24: 136-140. improved flue-cured tobacco cultivar. The Lighter 50(2): 19-22. Rosa, N. 1980. Sucker control chemicals commonly used in Ontario, 1967-1976. Tob. Sci. 23:9-11. Pandeya, R. S.; White, F. H. 1980. An improved superior breeding line N2-E proposed for Roy, R. c.; Tanner, J. W.; Hatley, O. E.; Elliot, J. licensing as a new flue-cured tobacco variety. M. 1980. Agronomic aspects of peanut (Ara- Tillsonburg News, Tob. Ed. (7 Mar.). chis hypogaea L.) production in Ontario. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:679-686. Rosa, N. 1980. True leaf maturity often different than what is initially observed. Simcoe Re- Townshend, J. L.; Dirks, V. A.; Marks, C. F. 1980. former, Tob. Ed. (21 Feb.). Temperature, moisture and compaction and their effects on the diffusion of ethylene dibro- Rosa, N. 1980. Germination of tobacco seed. Can. mide in three Ontario soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. Tob. Grow. 28(2):72-73. 60:177-184. Rosa, N. 1980. Sucker growth in tobacco and apical Zilkey, B. F. 1980. Effect of seedbed growing dominance. Tillsonburg News, Tob. Ed. (7 medium and number of transplant pullings on MaL). certain agronomic, chemical and physical leaf measurements of flue-cured tobacco in On- Walker, E. K. 1980. Growth media and forking tario. Tob. Sci. 24:21-22. treatments in tobacco greenhouses. Can. Tob. Grow. 28(3):18-20. Miscellaneous Walker, E. K. 1980. Culture of flue-cured tobacco Cheng, H. H. 1980. Apply insecticide properly for seedlings in Todd cells. The Lighter 50(4): 12- best control. Tillsonburg News, Tob. Ed. (7 22. MaL). Walker, E. K. 1980. Guidelines for culture of Court, W. A. 1980. Phenolic constituents influence tobacco seedlings in Todd cells. Tillsonburg tobacco quality. Tillsonburg News, Tob. Ed. (7 News, Tob. Ed. (7 MaL). MaL). Walker, E. K. 1980. Curing with automatic con- Elliot, J. M. 1980. A survey of flue-cured tobacco trols. Can. Tob. Grow. 28:38-40. grown in Ontario in 1979. Levels of some chemical constituents and lamina weight. The Walker, E. K.; Marks, C. F. 1980. Engineering Lighter 50(2): I0-12. studies on flue-cured tobacco, 1979. Report NO.3, Delhi Engineering Research Group and Elliot, J. M. 1980. Chlorine in flue-cured tobacco. Delhi Research Station. Can. Tob. Grow. 28(3):30-31. Elliot, J. M. 1980. Heavy metals in flue-cured Walker, E. K.; Watson, M. C. 1980. Tobacco tobacco. Simcoe Reformer, Tob. Ed. (21 Feb.). irrigation with gun sprinklers. Ontario Minis- try of Agriculture and Food. Agdex 181/565. Elliot, J. M. 1980. Effect of soil pH on tobacco. Tillsonburg News, Tob. Ed. (7 MaL). White, F. H.; Pandeya, R. S. 1980. Relative performance of new flue-cured tobacco varie- Elliot, J. M. 1980. Tobacco production in Prince ties tested, 1977-1979. The Lighter 50(2): 13- Edward Island. The Lighter 50(4):5-9. 18. 220 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Extraction of water soluble acidity disease incidence, and humidity in the kiln accentuated the spread of the damage. Dis- Tobacco quality is normally expressed in ease incidence and damage can be reduced by terms of measurable chemical, agronomic, proper ventilation and air management during and physical parameters. Studies were initi- the first 3 or 4 days of the curing cycle. ated to improve the speed and accuracy of extraction of the soluble acidity. The 16-h Entomology extraction interval for soluble acidity was Aphids. The species of ladybeetles, preda- reduced to 30 min at 50°C with results similar tors of aphids, and the abundance of each to those of the original procedure. A study of species were monitored in tobacco fields. Nine grade samples indicated that water-soluble species of ladybeetles were found in the fields. acidity of Canadian tobacco was similar to Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni was that for U.S. tobacco. In any particular grade most abundant; Coleomegilla maculata lengi. category the soluble acidity decreased with a Hippodamia tridecimpunctata tibialis, and decrease in grade quality. Green grades H. convergens were moderately abundant; H. normally exhibited higher values for soluble glacialis glacialis, H. parenthesis. C. trifa- acidity than their non green associated grades. ciata perplexa, Anatis ocellata, and Anatis quindecimpunctata were found less commonly. TOBACCO PROTECTION Cutworms. Three pyrethroids and three organophosphorus insecticides were applied to Plant pathology winter rye or tobacco seedlings in the field, Blue mold. The potential for the overwin- and the residues on the foliage were bioas- tering of blue mold inoculum in Ontario in the sayed in the laboratory. The pyrethroids, form of oospores in decomposing plant debris namely cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and per- and in soil was investigated. Mature oospores methrin, were more effective and persistent were found in infected bottom leaves that and killed the larvae of Euxoa messoria were in contact with the soil but not in the (Harris) more rapidly than the organophos- upper leaves where the lesions had become phorus insecticides, namely sulfopros, dry and brittle. Oospores were abundant in chlorpyrifos, and trichlorfon. The higher rate the samples in which they were found, but the of cypermethrin and fenvalerate gave a longer structures were found in only a small number period of protection than the lower rate of the of the samples examined. Though oospore-like same materials and both materials were more structures were found in decomposed plant persistent than permethrin. tissue and in soil, bioassays failed to show any Weed control infection. In other parts of the world, oospores of P. tabacina have been found to be dormant Herbicide residues. Residues of diphe- in the soil for periods up to 5 yr; therefore, the namid (N.N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl aceta- negative results from our tests do not demon- mide) ranged from 1.71 mg/kg in the sand strate, absolutely, that oospores cannot act as leaves to 0.16 mg/kg in the tip leaves of fiue- a primary source of inoculum for the disease cured tobacco treated in 1978 and 1979 at the in Ontario. recommended rate of 6.75 kg/ha on a 25-cm band post-transplant. Only trace residues of Air quality and curing of diseased tobacco. the non phytotoxic metabolite 2,2-diphenyl Tobacco infected with Rhizopus arrhizus acetamide were detected. Mean residues of (pole rot) showed an increase in production of diphenamid and N-methyl-2,2-diphenyl acet- CO, and C,H. during curing. C,H. increased amide in cured leaves collected from the three the rate of yellowing of tobacco during the auction exchanges in Ontario in 1976 and initial stage of curing, the effect being most 1977 ranged from 0.01-0.02 and 0.14-0.27 noticeable on diseased tissue, which occurs in mg/kg, respectively. The data support the pockets throughout the kiln. An interaction mechanism of stepwise demethylation of between high CO, and C,H. concentrations, diphenamid in fiue-cured tobacco. RESEARCH STATION, DELHI, ONT. 219 Ripening agents 115 (=3BCF,). The variety has several im- provements long desired in a Canadian f1ue- Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) cured variety, i.e. early maturity, uniform and at rates of 0, 3.2, and 6.4 L/ha was applied to superior grade quality, higher nicotine, and the upper eight or nine leaves of field plants, lower tar-to-nicotine ratio. High total leaf varying in age and fertilizer regimen, 3 days alkaloids and lower tar-to-nicotine ratios are prior to harvest of these leaves. Ethephon the two most salient features of this cultivar decreased grade index and yield, regardless of that influence domestic and export tobacco plant age or fertilizer regimen, reduced the trade. (b) Delgold: developed from the cross percentage of undesirable green grades, and [Hicks Broadleaf x I(Babor x Virginia increased the percentage of undesirable K 115) X Virginia 115 I] x Virginia 115 (gray) grades. The percentage of K grades, (=3BCF,). The most notable characteristics of however, was insignificant with the 3.2-L rate. the cultivar are high yield potential (300-400 Though ethephon tended to darken the base kg/ha higher than the common variety Vir- color of leaves and to produce a higher ginia 115), higher leaf total alkaloids (3.38% percentage of desirable F (dark) grades than for Delgold versus 2.28% for Virginia 115), untreated tobacco, the shift to K grades more and lower tar-to-nicotine ratio. Simultaneous than offset the shift to F grades. gains in yield (10-12%) and leaf total al- kaloids (15-18%) over the most prominent cultivar, Virginia 115, are due to increased GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING vigor (genetic diversity) and transfer of nicotine genes from N. rustica to the N. tabacum genome. New varieties for the Maritimes Two breeding lines developed from Delhi 34 crossed with Virginia 115 and Speight G 7 have been developed for use under the en- CHEMISTRY vironmental conditions in Prince Edward Island. Line 77C 15 (Islangold) is highly resistant to black root rot disease and in the 3 Method for the determination of plant yr of testing has produced a high yield of pigments of flue-cured tobacco orange-colored leaf, good in texture and aroma. The leaf tends to be lower in alkaloids A procedure using high-performance re- and reducing sugars than commercial varie- versed-phase liquid chromatography was de- ties. The line has grown well on farms with a veloped for the analysis of the plastid pig- black root rot problem but may be damaged ments of flue-cured tobacco. The method has somewhat by extreme winds although it has been used for the separation of chlorophyll a, no leaf drop. A low-profile variety, 77C 11 chlorophyll b, pheophytin a, pheophytin b, (Windel), appears 10 be well adapted to areas neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, and carotine. subject to high winds. The leaves are slightly narrower than existing commercial varieties, Effect of N fertilization on nonvolatile but they have a heavy midrib and fairly thick organic, fatty, and amino acids of tobacco lamina, characteristics that provide them resistance to wind shattering. Though al- kaloids are normal, reducing sugars are A comparison was made of four rates of N slightly low. Yield, leaf quality, and black fertilization (0,22.4,44.5, and 67.2 kg/ha) on root rot tolerance are about average without the levels of individual nonvolatile organic, leaf drop. fatty, and amino acids of flue-cured tobacco. Increases in N increased the concentration of Interspecific hybridization the nonvolatile organic acids and amino acids, except oxalic acid and methionine, and de- Successful incorporation of genetic factors creased individual fatty acids, except myristic from Nicotiana rustica L. into N. tabacum L. and linolenic acids. The nonvolatile organic has resulted in the development and release of acids decreased with ascending stalk position the following flue-cured tobacco cultivars. (a) but the reverse was true for the amino acids. Nordel: developed from the cross [Delhi 34 The influence of stalk position on the fatty I(NRT X Delhi 34) Delhi 341] x Virginia acids was not pronounced. 218 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION The Delhi Research Station is the primary center for research on flue-cured tobacco in Canada. Multidisciplinary research projects on the development of new varieties and crop production and crop protection practices are conducted. Emphasis is placed on improving the physical and chemical quality of Canadian flue-cured tobacco from the standpoints of usability by manufacturers, both domestic and foreign, and consumer acceptability and health. An engineering program funded by the Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers' Council and the Ontario Flue-Cured Tobacco Growers' Marketing Board also conducts research at the Station on the reduction of energy use in curing and on the mechanization of harvesting and handling of tobacco. The disease blue mold (Peronospora tabacina Adam.), which caused major losses in 1979, was prevented in 1980 by the use of the fungicide metalaxyl, and no losses were recorded. More extensive summaries of research activities are published in the annual Tobacco Research Highlights, which is prepared for extension workers and growers. Copies of the Tobacco Research Highlights and scientific publications are available from the Delhi Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 186, Delhi, Ont. N4B 2W9. C. F. Marks Director TOBACCO PRODUCTION Gray tobacco Samples of gray K grades from auction Seedling culture exchanges and farms indicated two distinct types of K tobacco, one related to minor Adequate size of tobacco seedlings in Todd element fertility and the other to maturity. cells was attained by frequent addition of The first type, which had a peppery appear- soluble fertilizers containing 50% or more of ance, had higher concentrations of Mn, Zn, nitrogen in the nitrate form. A total of 22.5 g Fe, and Cd and lower concentrations of Ca of actual nitrogen per 100 flats (20000 and Mg than the corresponding lemon or plants) was required at each of 15 applica- orange grades. The maturity-related K to- tions. Fertilization commenced I wk after bacco, which had a gray, spongy appearance, germination in early April and the seedlings had normal levels of minor elements but lower received three applications in April and three total alkaloids and higher reducing sugars. per week in May. At least 40 L of water per 100 flats was required to achieve good Sucker control coverage. A short growing season and a long day Nutrition survey length encourage rapid development of axil- lary buds. This rapid development of axillary buds is referred to as sucker pressure. The On a 32-farm survey, soil P was positively long-chain fatty alcohols provide excellent related to Zn and negatively related to pH control of axillary bud growth when the plants and levels of Ca and Mg in the soil. Soil K are treated prior to or immediately after was positively related to base exchange, total removal of the inflorescence; however, the colloids, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate- high sucker pressure overcomes this control in extractable Mn and Fe in the soil. The 4-5 wk. The application of a systemic growth contents of Fe and Cu in the bottom leaves inhibitor to prevent the development of axil- and N, Cl, and total alkaloids in the upper lary buds when the top leaves are growing leaves correlated positively, and reducing rapidly, which is usually the case under sugars in the bottom and undertip leaves Canadian conditions, also will reduce leaf correlated negatively with soil K. expansion and consequently crop yield. RESEARCH STATION, DELHI, ONT. 217 DELHI ENGINEERING RESEARCH GROUP VACANT Engineer 'Provided by Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. 216 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Research Station Delhi, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF C. F. MARKS, B.Sc., M.S.A., Ph.D. Director Tobacco H. H. CHENG, B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D. Entomology W. A. COURT, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chemistry J. M. ELLIOT, B.S.A., M.S.A. Soil science S. K. GAYED, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology R. S. PANDEYA, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetics and plant breeding N. ROSA, B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant physiology E. K. WALKER, B.S.A., M.S. Plant science F. H. WHITE, B.Sc., M.Sc. Genetics and plant breeding B. F. ZILKEY, B.S.A., M.sc., Ph.D. Plant physiology EXTENSION SERVICES. M. C. WATSON, B.S.A. Tobacco N. W. SHEIDOW, B.Sc. Tobacco RESEARCH STATION, DELHI, ONT. 215 Starratt, A. N. 1979. Proctolin, an insect neuropep- T., eds. Proceedings IV International Soil tide. Trends Neurosci. 2: 15-17. Zoological Colloquium, Uppsala (1976), Can. Field-Nat. 95:122. Starratt, A. N. 1980. Book review: Herbivores. Their interaction with secondary plant metab- Tomlin, A. D. 1980. Earthworm biology. Earth- olites. Rosenthal, G. R.; Hanzen, D. H., eds. worm culture: The myth and the reality. Academic Press, N.Y. 1969. 718 pp. Pestic. Applied Agriculture Program, Continuing Biochem. Physiol. 13:202-203. Education Division, University of Guelph (25 Starratt, A. N.; Steele, R. W. 1980. Proctolin: Oct. 1980). 6 pp. Bioassay, isolation and structure. Miller, T. A., Tomlin, A. D,; Stephenson, G. 1980. The effects of ed. Neurohormone techniques in insects. pesticides on earthworms, Ontario Gold Super- Springer-Verlag, N.Y. intendents Association Newsletter (June). Stdessl, A. 1980. Phytoalexins: A biogenetic per- Ward, E. W. B. 1980. Phytoalexins, potentials in spective. Phytopathol. Z. 99:251-272. disease control. Special Reports to Expert Tomlin, A. D. 1980. Book review: Soil organisms as Committee on Grain Diseases, 3rd Annual components of ecosystems. Lohm, U.; Persson, Meeting, Winnipeg, Man. RESEARCH CENTRE, LONDON, ONT. 213 by high-performance liquid. J. Chromatogr. metalaxyl (Ridomil). Phytopathology 70:738- 193:213-224. 740. Roslycky, E. B. 1980. Fungicidal activity of vorlex White, G. A.; Elliott, W. B. 1980. Inhibition of and accumulation of linuron in a vorlex-linuron electron transport and oxidative phosphoryla- treated soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:651-656. tion in plant mitochondria by gladiolic acid and structurally-related aromatic ortho-dialde- Sharom, M. S.; Miles, J. R. W.; Harris, C. R.; hydes. Can. J. Biochem. 58:9-22. McEwen, F. L. 1980. Behaviour of 12 insecti- cides in soil and aqueous suspensions of soil White, G. A.; Thorn, G. D. 1980. Thiophene and sediment. Water Res. 14:1095-1100. carboxamide fungicides: Structure-activity relationships with the succinate dehydrogenase Sharom, M. S.; Miles, J. R. W.; Harris, C. R.; complex from wild-type and carboxin-resistant McEwen, F. L. 1980. Persistence of 12 insecti- mutant strains of Usli/ago maydis. Pestic. cides in water. Water Res. 14:1089-1093. Biochem. Physiol. 14:26-40. Starratt, A. N.; Stevens, M. E. 1980. Ion-pair high- performance liquid chromatography of the Miscellaneous insect neuropeptide proctolin and some ana- Harris, C. R. 1980. An assessment of pesticide logs. J. Chromatogr. 194:421-423. research projects funded by the Ministry of the Steele, J. E.; Tolman, J. H. 1980. Regulation of Environment through the Ontario Pesticides water transport in the cockroach rectum by the Advisory Committee 1979-1980. Ontario Pes- corpora cardiaca-corpora allata system. The ticides Advisory Committee. 50 pp. requirement for Na +. J. Compo Physiol. 138:357-365. Lazarovits, G.; StOessel, P.; Ward, E. W. B. 1979. Soybean - Phytophthora megasperma var. StOessl, A.; Fisch, M. H.; Arditti, J. 1980. Monoli- sojae interactions. I. Influence of hypocotyl nolein as a selective fungus inhibitor from inoculation site on reaction type and glyceollin Cymbidium orchidaceae. Mycopathologia production. Proc. Can. Phytopathol. Soc. 46. 70(3):131-134. Lazarovits, G.; Stoessel, P.; Ward, E. W. B. 1980. StOessl, A.; Stothers, J. B. 1980. 2-Epi- and 15- Specificity and glyceollin production in the dihydro-2-epilubimin: new stress compounds hypocotyl reaction of soybeans to PhylOphth- from the potato. Can. J. Chem. 58:2069-2072. ora megasperma var. sojae. Wood, R. K. S., ed. Active Defence Mechanisms in Plants. Tolman, J. H.; Steele, J. E. 1980. The control of NATO Advanced Study Institute. glycogen metabolism in the cockroach hindgut: The effect of the corpora cardiacacorpora Miles, J. R. W. 1977. Anthropogenic influences on allata system. Compo Biochem. Physiol. sediment quality at a source. Pesticides and 66B:59-65. PCBs. Proceedings workshop on the fluvial Tolman, J. H.; Steele, J. E. 1980. The effect of the transport of sediment-associated nutrients corpora cardiacacorpora allata system on ox- and contaminants (20-22 Oct. 1976), ygen consumption in the cockroach rectum: Kitchener,Ont. The role of Na + and K +. J. Compo Physiol. Ramsay, R. R.; Ackrell, B. A. c.; Singer, T. 0.; 138:347-355. White, G. A.; Thorn, G. D. 1980. The carboxin Tu, C. M. 1980. Influence of pesticides and some of binding site in Complex I I. 1980 Gordon the oxidized analogues on microbial popula- Conference, New Hampshire. tions, nitrification and respiration activities in Roslycky, E. B. 1978. Microbial response to glypho- soil. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 13-19. sate in soil. Research Report Expert Commit- Tu, C. M. 1980. Influence of five pyrethroid tee Weeds, Eastern Section, 334. insecticides on microbial populations and activ- Roslycky, E. B. 1978. Effect of selected herbicides ities in soil. Mycrob. Ecol. 5:321-327. on nitrification, cellulose decomposition and N 2 Tu, C. M. 1980. Effect of fungicides on growth of fixing bacteria. Research Report Expert Com- Rhizobium japonicum in vitro. Bull. Environ. mittee Weeds, Eastern Section, 335. Contam. Toxicol. 25:364-368. Roslycky, E. B. 1978. Nitrification and cellulose Vardanis, A. 1980. A unique cyclic nucleotide- decomposition in the presence of terbacil. dependent protein kinase. J. BioI. Chem. Research Report Expert Committee Weeds, 255:7238-7243. Eastern Section, 336. Ward, E. W. B.; Lazarovits, G.: Stoessel, P.; Barrie, Roslycky, E. B. 1978. Response to terbacil of S. D.; Unwin, C. H. 1980. Glyceollin produc- actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi in soil and tion associated with control of Phytophthora in cultures. Research Report Expert Commit- rot of soybeans by the systemic fungicides, tee Weeds, Eastern Section, 337. 212 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 PUBLICA nONS Research Hirst, M.; Herne, R. G.; Robinson, J. R. 1980. Morphine in human biological fluids by elec- Bond, E. J. 1980. Sorption of tritiated phosphine by tron-capture gas chromatography. Subst. Alco- various stages of Tribo/ium castaneum hol Actions/ Misuse 1:361-367. (Herbst). J. Stored Prod. Res. 16:27-31. Hoyano, Y.; StOessl, A.; Stothers, J. B. 1980. Bowman, B. T. 1979. Method of repeated additions Biosynthesis of the antifungal sesquiterpene for generating pesticide adsorption-desorption capsidiol. Confirmation of a hydride shift by isotherm data. Can. J. Soil Sci. 59:435-437. 'H magnetic resonance. Can. J. Chem. 58: 1894-1896. Bowman, B. T.; Sans, W. W. 1980. The stability of parathion and DDT in dilute iron solutions. J. Krupka, R. M.; Deves, R. 1980. The reaction of the Environ. Sci. Health B 15(3):233-246. glucose carrier in erythrocytes by halodini- trobenzenes. J. BioI. Chem. 225(5):2051-2055. Broadbent, A. B.; Tomlin, A. D. 1979. Species list Krupka, R. M.; Deves, R. 1980. Evidence for of acari recovered from soil of a Guelph allosteric inhibition sites in the glucose carrier cornfield and a London pasture. Proc. Entomol. of erythrocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Soc.Ont. 110:101-103. 598: 127-133. Chapman, R. A.; Harris, C. R. 1980. Persistence of Krupka, R. M.; Deves, R. 1980. Asymmetric chlorpyrifos in a mineral and organic soil. J. binding of steroids to internal and external Environ. Sci. Health 15:39-46. sites in the glucose carrier of erythrocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 598: 134-144. Chapman, R. A.; Harris, C. R. 1980. Insecticidal activity and persistence of terbufos, terbufos Krupka, R. M.; Deves, R. 1980. The electrostatic sulfoxide and terbufos sulfone in soil. J. Econ. contribution to binding in the choline transport Entomol. 73:536-543. system of erythrocytes. J. BioI. Chem. 255:8546-8549. Chefurka, W.; Zahradka, P.; Bajura, S. T. 1980. The effect of DDT on K + transport in mouse Krupka, R. M.; Deves, R. 1980. The choline liver mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta transport system of erythrocytes, distribution 601 :349-357. of the free carrier in the membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 600:228-232. Deves, R.; Krupka, R. M. 1980. Testing transport Lazarovits, G.; Unwin, C. H.; Ward, E. W. B. systems for competition between pairs of re- 1979. Rapid assay for systemic fungicides versible inhibitors. Inhibition of erythrocyte against Phytophthora rot of soybeans. Plant glucose transport by cytochalasin Band Dis. 64: 163-165. steroids. J. BioI. Chem. 225(24):11870-11874. Lee, T. T. 1980. Effects of phenolic substances on Dumas, T. 1980. Determination of formaldehyde, metabolism of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid acetaldehyde and associated components in in maize stems. Physiol. Plant. 50: 107-112. solution and in vapours by gas chromatogra- phy. J. Chromatogr. 200:206-210. Lee, T. T. 1980. Transfer RNA-peroxidase interac- tion: Inhibition of indole-3-acetic acid oxida- Dumas, T. 1980. Phosphine sorption and desorption tion. Plant Physiol. 66:1012-1014. by stored wheat and corn. J. Agric. Food Lee, T. T.; Starratt, A. N.; Jevnikar, J. J.; Stoessl, Chem.27:337-339. A. 1980. New phenolic inhibitors of the perox- Finkelman, M. A.; Zajic, J. E.; Yardanis, A. 1980. idase-catalyzed oxidation of indole-3-acetic New method of producing protoplast of Au- acid. Phytochemistry 19:2277-2280. Appl. Environ. Micro- reobasidium pu/lu/ans. Lim, K. P.; Yule, W. N.; Harris, C. R. 1980. The bioI. 923-925. toxicity of ten insecticides to third stage grubs Harris, C. R.; Chapman, R. A. 1980. Insecticidal of Phy/lophaga anxia (LeConte) (Coleoptera: activity and persistence of phorate, phorate Scarabaeidae). Phytoprotection 6\ :55-60. sulfoxide, and phorate sulfone in soils. Can. Miller, D. M. 1980. Studies of root function in Zea Entomol. 112(7):641-653. mays. I. Apparatus and methods. Can. J. Bot. 58:351-360. Harris, C. R.; Turnbull, S. A. 1980. Toxicity of some insecticides to insecticide-susceptible Robinson, J. R.; Chapman, R. A. 1980. A compari- strains of onion, cabbage and seedcorn mag- son of analyses by selected ion and electron gots (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) and darksided capture detection of heptafluorobutyry1 deriv- cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can. En- atives separated by gas chromatography and tomol. 112: I029-1 032. ultra violet detection of carbamates separated RESEARCH CENTRE. LONDON. ONT. 211 correlation between solubiltiy and the ratio of water in the spring of 1980. In view of the the LO,. values in moist and dry soils. This relatively short life of this insecticide, the finding provided some insight into the rela- possible cause of the unexpected persistence tionship that exists between the solubility of was investigated. Incubation experiments an insecticide and the amount that its toxicity were carried out using carbofuran-fortified changes between wet and dry soils. The larger water at 200°C and 5°C. Analyses at the the solubility, the less the toxicity changes experimental temperatures indicated a half- between wet and dry soil and, in general, the life of about I wk and 20 wk, respectively. less effective it is as a soil insecticide. These relationships should be most useful in select- Pesticide toxicity and mode of action ing potential soil insecticides. A basic requirement of the effective use of It was shown that the commonly used pheromones in IPM is an understanding of Freundlich adsorption equation had a basic pheromone reception systems in insects. Elec- flaw in its presentation, which produced some trophysiological studies on the European corn anomalous K values. Because regulatory borer antennal response to pheromones con- agencies are beginning to use these K values tinued. Bioelectrical activities in the unit as a reference to judge relative adsorption of sensory dendrite of a sensory hair have often pesticidal compounds, it is important to point been described, but studies on integrated out these anomalies and suggest remedial activities are lacking. Using multiple and measures. A manuscript was prepared on the surface electrodes, some properties of the subject, pointing out the source of the prob- excitable tissue in the antenna were exam- lem and showing typical examples of anoma- ined. It was discovered that the olfactory lous results. The K value, in fact, was not excitation spread through the antenna unidi- actually constant but changed its value de- rectionally, suggesting that the whole antenna pending on the system of units selected. A functions as a single sensory cell dendrite. modified Freundlich equation was suggested Many natural phenolic compounds and the that plots mole fraction as the independent insecticide carbofuran and its metabolities variable rather than concentration. An alter- affect enzymic oxidation of the plant hormone native means of comparing the relative ad- indoleacetic acid (IAA) and the growth of sorption of pesticides was also suggested so plant tissues in vitro. However, whether these that the units of presentation are consistent compounds actually influence the metabolism and a quantitative value can be placed on of IAA in vivo is not known. For the first time, each adsorption system (analogous to the K a dual effect of phenolic compounds and value). metabolites of carbofuran has been demon- strated on the formation of bound IAA and on Ongoing development of our gas chroma- the oxidative degradation of free IAA in plant tography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) cells. These results, together with those assay for residues of carbofuran and its two obtained from the study of structure-activity principal metabolites resulted in the identifi- relationships for regulation of IAA oxidation cation of significant sources of carbamate loss by natural and synthetic phenolic compounds, during sample preparation. These losses were will be useful for further studies of chemical studied and quantitated: carbofuran suffers a regulation of plant growth. 10-15% loss through the acid reflux that is Work continued on determining the mode universally used to hydrolyze plant con- of action of the broad-spectrum herbicide, jugates. Hydroxycarbofuran is relatively sta- glyphosate. Plant-tissue culture techniques ble in the hot acid but may undergo a 65-70% established that glyphosate inhibits chloro- loss, depending on the method of extraction phyll synthesis, accelerates chlorophyll degra- following hydrolysis; ketocarbofuran is not dation in the light, increases the level of IAA- much affected by these same factors. oxidase, interferes with IAA metabolism, and High concentrations of carbofuran were interacts with another plant hormone, cyto- found in the Holland Marsh drainage ditch kinin, on phenolic metabolism. 210 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Further studies have been made of the to Rhizobium meliloti and alfalfa plants than ability of the systemic fungicide Ridomil@ do benomyl and zineb. At practical concen- applied to soybean seedlings to cause a tration levels, effects were minimal and response similar to natural resistance when recovery of the inhibitory effect was rapid. At the seedlings are inoculated with Phytophth- lower concentrations, marked growth stimula- ora megasperma var. sojae. This can be tion was observed with some fungicides. brought about with applications of as little as Studies were completed on the role of soil I ppm to the roots. The phytoalexin glyceollin microorganisms in the degradation of the is produced in these reactions. To determine insecticides phorate and its metabolites (sul- the relative contribution of the phytoalexin fone and sulfoxide) and carbofuran and its and the fungicide to inhibition at the site of metabolites (2-hydroxycarbofuran and inoculation, it was necessary to determine the 3-ketocarbofuran) in sterile and fresh mineral concentration of Ridomil@ in the infected and organic soils. A drastic reduction of soil tissue. A bioassay in which thin-layer chroma- fungi with repeated applications of Vorlex tography is used was therefore developed that and Iinuron resulted in eventual linuron permits the detection of as little as 25 ng of accumulation in muck soil, which was shown the fungicide in the tissue. to be deleterious to the growth of Grand Rapids lettuce under laboratory conditions. Experiments on carbofuran persistence in ENVIRONMENT AL TOXICOLOGY natural and sterile mineral and organic soils showed that carbofuran persisted for 8 wk in Effects of pesticides on nontarget organisms natural loam and for 16 wk in natural muck. Work continued on the effects of pesticides The 3-hydroxycarbofuran, the major metab- on populations of microorganisms and activ- olite found in plants, has not been detected to ities of enzymes in soils. In clay loam soil a any extent in soils. The reason for this became decrease in microbial numbers was observed apparent with the discovery that the 3-hy- with some fungicide and fumigant treatments; droxycarbofuran had disappeared in soil recovery was rapid, however, and stimulatory within I wk. Repeated experiments with effects were evident in many cases. None of incubation of 3-hydroxycarbofuran in natural the pesticides inhibited urease and dehydro- soils showed that it disappeared within 2-3 genase activities. Phosphatase activity was not days with a concomitant reduction of 3-keto- inhibited except in the case of some fumi- carbofuran. The 3-ketocarbofuran disap- gants. A temporary decrease in dehydro- peared in 3 days from natural loam but genase activity was also observed in many persisted for more than 7 days in muck. cases. Enzymic activities in organic soils decreased temporarily after the addition of Environmental studies some pesticides. Activities of most of the soil enzymes were negatively correlated with the A cooperative research project was com- rate of pesticide application during the early pleted on the behavior of fensulfothion, its stages of the experiment. sulfide, and sulfone in soil-water systems. The A collaborative study with the personnel of least soluble sulfide adsorbed the most and Oelhi, Vineland, OMAF, and the chemical desorbed the least on the four adsorbents industry on undefined stunting of tobacco was studied. Although the sulfone was less than completed. Information on the control of field 1/25 as soluble as fensulfothion, correspond- stunting of tobacco was included in the 1980 ing differences in adsorption by the mineral OMAF publication 298. Work continued on soils were not found. In another study, the development of thiram-resistant strains of solubility values for II insecticides were Rhizobium japonicum. These new strains related to LO,o values for crickets in moist were found to be weak in nitrogen-fixation and dry soils. Because of the large differences activity, although growth and adaptation of in inherent toxicity to the crickets (direct thiram-containing media were improved sub- contact), there was not a good correlation stantially by the rhizobia I nuclear conjugation between solubility and toxicity. However, technique. Treatment of alfalfa seeds with when the LO,o values in the soil were cor- five broad-spectrum fungicides was examined rected for their inherent differences in toxicity regarding effect on rhizobial activity and (LO,o moist soil: LO,o contact), an excellent germination. Results showed that captan, correlation between solubility and corrected maneb, and thiram exhibited greater toxicity toxicity emerged. There was also a very good RESEARCH CENTRE. LONDON. ONT, 209 time that races of the pathogen differ signifi- system may provide clues as to the mecha- cantly in their aggressiveness against individ- nisms of resistance, selectivity, and synergism. ual resistance genes. The results also showed Studies were continued that were aimed at that the background genotype can modify the assessing the status of the proctolin system as response of a particular gene. There are a potential site around which new pest control indications that other factors, such as light programs might be developed. Because the and temperature, may also differentiate potent neuropeptide proctolin rapidly disap- between Rps genes. The work, in fact, has pears from the hemolymph of the American many potential ramifications that should lead cockroach, Periplaneta americana, in vivo, to a better understanding of the mechanism of initial studies were directed to the mode of gene action in resistance and susceptibility inactivation. By using enzymes from cock- and eventually to the development of im- roach gut, experiments with synthetic [14C_ proved methods of control. Tyr']-proctolin and unlabeled proctolin showed that the in vivo hydrolytic pathway In experimental studies with the University differed from the in vitro. HPLC methods of Western Ontario, 'H-NMR (nuclear mag- were developed to permit the separation and netic resonance) spectroscopy was used to analysis of the products formed. The D( -) demonstrate that the incorporation of three -isomer of the neurotransmitter octopamine molecules of 4,4-dideuteriomevalonic acid was shown to be the one present in the into capsidiol proceeds with a loss of three nervous system of insects. This finding con- deuteriums and migration of one. This largely tributes to other studies by removing the confirms the predicted, favored biosynthetic uncertainty in a radioenzymatic assay of route to this phytoalexin and eliminates others octopamine, which gives values for the D(-) from further consideration; it is also the first -isomer that are 40 higher than for the L( + )- instance in which such a hydride shift has isomer. been demonstrated for a cis-decal in system and only the second time for any eremophil- Systemic fungicides. Of importance was ane. Also in collaboration with the University the finding that molecular selection for mu- of Western Ontario, the I3C.-NMR methodol- tated, carboxin-resistant succinate dehydro- ogy was used to show that in potatoes, genase complexes was influenced by replace- dihydrolubimin is a precursor of isolubimin ment of the oxathiin by a thiophene and not the product of its metabolism, as heterocyclic ring and by the substitutive claimed in the literature. In kinetic studies, it group on the amide nitrogen, thereby permit- was shown for the first time that the long- ting different categories of carboxin-resistant known presumed phytotoxin, alternaric acid, mutant types of U. maydis (corn smut) and from Alternaria sol ani, is formed in the even mutants within a single category to be trophophase and therefore is not a typical distinguished from one another. Thus, with all secondary metabolite. the structural combinations available, it appears quite possible, in terms of inhibition, Insect pests. Research in this area is to overcome any type of mutation in a fungal directed toward gaining an understanding of succinate dehydrogenase complex that arises basic life processes in the insect so that through selection by carboxin or by other methods of selective, specific control can be commercially used carboxamides. developed that do not rely upon pesticides A detailed study of the anatomy and that are broad-spectrum poisons. A method pressure-flow characteristics of the roots of was developed for the rapid and effective Zea mays was completed to provide clues as enrichment of cell and mitochondrial mem- to the routes and the mechanism of uptake of branes with several types of phospholipids. water and solutes. Such information is impor- This enrichment had a marked effect on tant in the study of the uptake and transloca- membrane fluidity, which in turn had a tion within the plant, not only of normal striking effect on the ability of certain model nutrients but also of agriculturally important pesticides to induce the transport of potassium compounds such as herbicides and systemic ions across the enriched membrane. In gen- fungicides and insecticides. A mechanism has eral, membranes of low fluidity were refrac- been proposed that predicts, with considerable tory to the effect of DDT, but this effect was accuracy, the flow rates of water and the overcome by the synergistic action of pipero- concentration profile of solutes across the root nyl butoxide. The development of this model as a function of the hydrostatic pressure. 208 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Analytical studies. The long-term stability formed have been identified as S-methylgluta- of carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran in thione, S-methylcysteine, and S-methylgluta- freezer-stored chloroform extracts of acid- thione sulfoxide. The resistant insects had digested onions was demonstrated. A proce- more glutathione than normal insects and dure was developed for the conversion of the they produced the metabolite S-methylgluta- phenolic degradation products of carbofuran thione sulfoxide not found in susceptible and its metabolites to the corresponding insects. Thus, in the metabolism of methyl N-propyl carbamates without affecting the bromide by the granary weevil, glutathione non phenolic compounds. Final results on the S-transferase-catalyzed conjugation with glu- persistence of CGA 12223 in mineral soil tathione is a major detoxification pathway, confirmed that it was a relatively nonpersist- and tolerance for this fumigant is related, at ent compound like chlorpyrifos. Oxamyl and least in part, to the level of glutathione in the trichlorofon were found to be the most insect. These results hold out hope that the susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis of the 24 chemicals that deplete glutathione or inhibit compounds so far examined in the effect of glutathione S-transferase should synergize pH on hydrolysis study. Methomyl and aldi- methyl bromide. carb were only slightly hydrolyzed. Tech- niques were developed using high-pressure Phosphine is widely used for fumigation of liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the anal- cereal exports, and during the past year ysis of dimilan and SIR 85 I 4 in soil at O. I sorption and desorption of phosphine from ppm and to at least 0.5 ppm in radishes, cereal products was studied. A method was turnips, and onions. developed for analyzing very low concentra- tions of phosphine at ambient temperatures to Stored products upgrade procedures for detecting and measur- ing this fumigant in the working environment, Increasing concern over the toxicological especially for ships in transit. The simplified properties of many of the fumigants, together method developed can be used to measure with emerging resistance problems, has lead concentrations of 10-100 times lower than to the need for research on integrated meth- those detected by present-day procedures. ods of control aimed at delaying the onset of resistance and the use of controlled atmo- spheres. Mixtures of the two main fumigants Alternate pest control strategies used in Canada, methyl bromide and phos- phine, have been found in certain ratios to Plant diseases. A collaborative project with have increased toxicity over that expected Harrow Research Station yielded some inter- from a summation of each material alone. esting results and the promise of further This synergistic action is of considerable developments. The zoospore-soybean hypo- interest for its potential practical application cotyl inoculation procedure that was devel- in terms of reduced dosages and shorter oped here previously was adapted for studies exposure times. The combination of the of the genetics of resistance in soybean lines fumigants that appeared to give best control and crosses. The method provides advantages was in the ratio of 100:3 for methyl bromide - over methods currently used by soybean phosphine. breeders throughout the world in that wound- In an investigation of fumigants for the ing is not required and a range of symptom control of overwintering eggs of the European intensity can be documented as opposed to the red mite on harvested apples, ethylene dibro- extremes of 'dead' or 'alive' provided by other, mide and carbon dioxide were found to give cruder procedures. Comparisons of soybean control at levels that caused no injury or off- lines containing the Rpsl' Rps" or Rps, genes flavor to the fruit. Other fumigants such as for resistance or the corresponding susceptible methyl bromide and hydrogen cyanide caused alleles indicated that the genes mediated injury without controlling the mites. Carbon significant differences in such symptom char- dioxide is a safe, effective agent for control- acteristics as lesion size, extent of necrosis, ling mite eggs and other pests on harvested and glyceollin production. There was a dif- apples. ferential in the effect of temperature, in that In the continuing studies on the mecha- increased lesion size occurred with susceptible nisms of resistance of the granary weevil to alleles but not with resistant alleles. Further- methyl bromide, the detoxification products more, the study has demonstrated for the first RESEARCH CENTRE, LONDON, ONT. 207 Massive invasion by numerous predators x 5 in 1972). Fonofos resistance increased and parasites resulted in collection of less from x 5 in 1972 to x lOin 1980. Results than 50% of the projected goal of 2 000 000 obtained with this field strain were in good onion maggot pupae from mass bed culture at agreement with our laboratory selection pro- the Centre's field station. A new site, 20 km gram, which indicated that although para- from the station, has been established to thion resistance develops quite rapidly, resist- evaluate productivity in 1981. ance to fonofos seems to develop more slowly. A bioassay procedure for assessing the Studies on the resistant strain of the Colorado toxicity of insecticides to the parasites was potato beetle (CPB) were completed. The devised and some base-line data were Quebec CPB strain was resistant to all but accumulated. two of the insecticides (permethrin, aldicarb) currently recommended. Tests conducted in Monitoring studies. In 1980 pairs of flight cooperation with the pesticide industry indi- interception traps were set up at four loca- cated that the CPB in the Leamington and tions on the Thedford Marsh, and populations Alliston areas of Ontario is beginning to show of the onion maggot fly were monitored from the first indications of resistance to organo- April to November. Collected information phosphorus, carbamate, and pyrethroid insec- was summarized and passed by Ontario ticides. In cooperation with the University of Ministry of Agriculture and Food (OMAF) Guelph, studies were continued on the devel- information bulletins to local growers, who opment of multiple resistance to insecticides then successfully modified spray programs by the house fly. Base-line toxicity data were according to population pressure. obtained on 32 insecticides; one house fly Monitoring for the two strains of corn borer strain was resistant to all insecticides tested. in Quebec allowed an accurate forecast of At the request of the Food Production and severe corn borer damage in field corn. Inspection Branch, Japanese beetles collected Information on the timing of insecticide near Dunnville, Ont., were determined to be applications was rapidly given to farmers, and still susceptible to chlordane, thus allowing severe losses were averted. the Plant Quarantine Division to initiate an Evaluation of a pheromone for monitoring eradication program. populations of the common armyworm was extremely helpful in forecasting damage by Evaluation of pesticides. Studies continued this cutworm around North Bay, proving to on the evaluation of new insecticides for be more useful than the degree-day method control of agricultural insect pests; seven proposed by other workers. experimental insecticides submitted by chemi- It was demonstrated to extension personnel, cal companies were evaluated in laboratory canning companies, and fresh-market vegeta- tests. Most were effective contact insecticides ble producers that pheromone traps efficiently with broad-spectrum activity; none, however, monitored populations of corn borers, army- showed promise as soil insecticides. worms, and cutworms, and that better control Chitin inhibitors such as diflubenzuron and could be obtained at a lower cost. Thus, in a Bay SIR 8514 have been tested and registered 4-ha area, one fresh-market sweet-corn pro- for several applications as alternatives to ducer was able to effect a saving of more than classical insecticides. Microplot evaluation of 50% over a 2-yr period by using pheromone these materials for control of root maggots traps to time carbaryl applications for the that attack onions, rutabagas, and radishes control of corn borers. was carried out with mixed results. Other Toxicity-resistance studies. Accumulation microplot trials showed the synthetic pyre- of base-line toxicity data for a number of throids to be inadequate alternatives to organochlorine, organophosphorus, carba- parathion for control of root maggots attack- mate, and pyrethroid insecticides on onion, ing radishes. Further microplots were estab- cabbage, and seedcorn maggots and the dark- lished to provide soil and crop samples to sided cutworm was completed. Selection of a determine persistence of insecticides, includ- carrot rust fly strain from the Holland Marsh, ing fenvalerate, carbofuran, aldicarb, isofen- with carbofuran, over nine generations indi- phos, isazophos, fenbutatin oxide, and the cated no increase in tolerance. Tests on a herbicide niclofen in mineral and muck soils. Michigan strain of onion maggot indicated Information thus obtained is used for the that parathion resistance had increased by support of initial or continued registration of approximately x 15 in 1980 (x lOin 1975; these materials for commercial use. 206 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION This report summarizes highlights of research carried out during 1980 at the London Research Centre in support of Departmental objectives in environmental quality and crop protection. The Centre was established in 1951 to investigate the problems created by the introduction of synthetic organic pesticides. Present research programs reflect the current health and environmental concerns regarding the agricultural use of pesticides by concentrating research efforts in integrated pest management (IPM) and environmental toxicology. The IPM objective comprises four research activities. The pest management activity is aimed at developing IPM procedures, including biological control, for agriculturally and economically important insect pests. Research on stored products is directed toward the investigation of environmental and insect resistance problems and the development of more efficient fumigation procedures leading to a minimum of pesticide residues. The third activity concerns research on alternative pest control strategies. Studies on insects are aimed at identifying specific areas for attack so that pest control in the future will not rely upon the use of broad-spectrum toxicants only. Research on natural plant defense mechanisms in disease- resistant and susceptible agriculturally important crops has the objective of using natural defense mechanisms by chemical manipulation or in the breeding of resistant varieties. The last activity under the IPM objective concerns research on systemic fungicides. Studies are carried on the efficacy of systemic fungicides and on the plant pathological, biochemical, biophysical, and structural parameters of fungicide activity and resistance. Research on environmental toxicology has three areas of activity. The first deals with the effect of pesticides on nontarget soil invertebrates and agriculturally important soil microorganisms. The second is concerned with the determination of the behavior, persistence, and environmental fate of pesticides and their movement through the environment. The third is concerned with establishing the mode of action of growth regulators and toxicants by carrying out studies on insects and plants related to vital processes of growth and development. This report records only the highlights of our accomplishments for 1980; more detailed information can be obtained from the publication titles listed at the end of this report. Copies of this report, reprints of publications, and further information are available on request from the Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, University Sub Post Office, London, Ont. N6A 587. H. V. Morley Director INTEGRATED PEST field at that time; release of parasitized onion MANAGEMENT maggot pupae proved more effective than field release of adult parasites. A comparison of Pest management three onion growing sites (Holland, Keswick, and Thedford marshes) with the Centre's field Biological control of the onion maggot. station regarding parasite-predator numbers Modification of laboratory mass-rearing tech- of onion maggots showed that parasite and niques permitted production and storage of predator numbers were generally highest more than 100 000 pupae of Aphaereta where insecticide spraying was least and pallipes, a braconid parasite of onion maggot hedgerows (as a cover) were available. An larvae. Laboratory and field-cage experiments aestivation pattern in onion maggots was showed A. pallipes to be an effective parasite. statistically identified, which suggests that Initial release of approximately 50 000 para- some onion maggot pupae from each genera- sites at each of two locations on the Thedford tion may arrest development for up to I yr. Marsh showed that the parasite survived and Consequently, there is always a small popula- dispersed in the field and successfully parasi- tion of onion maggots emerging as a 'back- tized at least some of the onion maggots in the ground' throughout the growing season. RESEARCH CENTRE, LONDON, ONT. 205 G. A. WHITE, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry-fungicides Soil Pesticides e. R. HARRIS, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Section Head; Insect toxicology B. T. BOWMAN, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil physical chemistry R. A. CHAPMAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Analytical organic chemistry D. G. R. McLEOD, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Physiology J. R. W. MILES, B.Sc. Analytical chemistry J. R. ROBINSON, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D., F.e.I.e. Chemistry-radioisotopes and mass spectrometry J. H. TOLMAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Applied entomology A. D. TOMLIN, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide ecology e. M. Tu, B.Sc., M.sc., Ph.D. Microbiology VISITING SCIENTISTS P. AHMAD, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., 1979-1980 Membrane biochemistry R. I. BUZZEL, B.S., Ph.D., 1980-1980 Soybean breeding S. S. GNANAMANICKAM, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D, 1980- Plant pathology-disease physiology K. P. LIM, Ph.D., 1980-1980 Pesticide ecology A. S. MURTY, M.Sc., Ph.D., 1980- Pesticide residues P. STOESSEL, Licentiate, Ph.D., 1978-1980 Plant pathology-phytoalexins Graduate students A. B. BROADBENT, B.Sc., M.Sc., 1977-1980 Pesticide ecology M. A. J. FINKELMAN, B.Sc., M.E.Sc., 1979- Biochemistry L. Ho, B.S., M.S., 1980- Plant physiology 'Seconded from Libraries Division. Finance and Administration Branch. 204 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Research Centre London, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF Administration H. V. MORLEY, B.Sc., Ph.D. Director J. A. COLEMAN Administrative Officer J. GIESBRECHT,' B.A., B.L.S. Library Area Coordinator (Ont.) D. E. H. DREW,' B.Sc. (Bio!.), M.L.S. Librarian Mode of Action of Selected and Potential Insect Control Agents W. CHEFURKA, B.sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Biochemistry E. J. BOND, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Fumiga tion-toxicology T. DUMAS, D.c.E., M.Sc. Analytical chemistry R. M. KRUPKA, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Biochemistry T. T. LEE, B.Sc., Ph.D. Plant biochemistry and tissue culture T. NAGAI, M.E., M.Sc., D.Sc. Neurophysiology E. B. ROSLYCKY, B.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiology A. N. STARRATT, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.e.Le. Chemistry-attractants and repellents R. W. STEELE, B.Sc., Ph.D. Neurochemistry A. V ARDANIS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry Mode of Action of Selected and Potential Plant-Pathogen Control Agents E. W. B. WARD, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Plant pathology- phytoalexins G. LAZAROVITS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology-fungicides D. M. MILLER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biophysical chemistry-fungicide selectivity A. STOESSL, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.e.Le. Organic chemistry-phytoalexins and toxins G. D. THORN, B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D., F.e.Le. Organic chemistry-fungicides RESEARCH CENTRE, LONDON. ONT. 203 Tsang, C. P. W.; Grunder, A. A.; Hollands, K. G. Postgraduate Theses 1980. Free estrogens and estrogen sulphates in In partial fulfillment of degrees granted by the laying hen plasma. Poult. Sci. 59:1667 Department of Biology, Carleton University, all or (abstract). a significant portion of the research was carried out at the Animal Research Centre. Veira, D. M.; Ivan, M. 1980. Effect of protein level Carnegie, J. A., Ph.D. Thesis. 1980. Studies on the on rumen metabolism in sheep. Proceedings of early ovine conceptus. A combined ultrastruc- the 72nd Annual Meeting, American Society tural and histochemical investigation of the Animal Science, Ithaca, N.Y. pp. 405-406. day 12 to 16 blastocyst and the immunofluo- rescent localization of ovine chorionic soma- tomammotropin in the day 14 to 55 Winter, K. A.; McAllister, A. J.; Batra, T. R.; trophoblast. Chesnais, J. P.; Darisse, J. P. F.; Emsley, J. A. B.; Lee, A. J.; Roy, G. L.; Vesely, J. A. 1980. Gill, D. V., Ph.D. Thesis. 1980. The biosynthesis of Heifer growth in pureline and crossline dairy estrogens and androgens by the developing cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:560 (abstract). chicken (Gal/us gal/us) embryo. 202 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 McAllister, A. J.; Batra, T. R.; Chesnais, J. P; Sibbald, I. R. 1980. The most important nutrient. Darisse, J. P. F.; Lee, A. J.; Roy, G. L.; Vesely, Feed Management 31(4):40. J. A.; Winter, K. A. 1980. The Canadian dairy cattle selection and crossbreeding project. Sibbald, I. R. 1980. The value of fat in poultry Proceedings of the Nordic Symposium on diets. Feed Management 31 (7):43. crossbreeding dairy cattle, Edinburgh, Scot- land. 12 pp. Sibbald, I. R. 1980. Selection of a bioassay for available energy. Proceedings of the South Moo-Young, M.; Buchanan-Smith, J. G.; Holmes, Pacific Poultry Science Convention, New Zea- E. L. 1980. Conversion of crop residues into land Branch of the World's Poultry Science protein-carbohydrate ruminant feed rations: Association, Auckland, N.Z. pp. 10-19. Design and economicoptimalization of an energy-conserving integrated hydrolysis-fer- Sibbald, I. R. 1980. Metabolizable energy in mentation process for farm-based operations. poultry nutrition. Proceedings Meeting, Soci- Final report. University of Waterloo, Water- ety Feed Technology, London, England. 5 pp. loo, ant. Agriculture Canada/ Animal Re- search Centre research contra'ct No. DSS Sibbald, I. R. 1980. Selection of a bioassay for 04SU.01845-8-2543. 29 pp. available energy. Proceedings of the Sympo- sium on recent developments in coccidiostats Nagai, J. 1980. Lifetime lactational performance of energy evaluation, Sydney, Australia. pp. 1-13. F, mouse populations of different origin. J. Anim. Sci. 51 (Suppl. 1):124-125 (abstract). Spencer, J. L.; Gavora, J. S. 1980, Rationale and methods for controlling lymphoid leukosis. Nagai, J. 1980. Goals and achievements in control- Proceedings of the New Hampshire Poultry ling lactation of mice. Proceedings of the 7th Health Conference, Durham, N.H. 16 pp. (1979) Symposium of the International Coun- cil for Laboratory Animal Science, Utrecht. Spencer, J. L.; Gavora, J. S. 1980. Influence of Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, West Ger- genotype of chickens and immune status of many. pp. 337-340. dams on response to vaccination with turkey herpesvirus. Biggs, P. M., ed. Resistance and Nagai, J.; Chesnais, J. P.; McAllister, A. J. 1980. immunity to Marek's disease. Commission of Comparison of expected performance under the European Economic Community, Luxem- repeated hybrid male cross and criss cross bourg.pp.519-537. mating systems. J. Anim. Sci. 51 (Suppl. I): 125 (abstract). Spencer, J. L; Gavora, J. S.; Chambers, J. R. 1980. Ojamma, K. M.; Elliot, J. I.; Hartsock, T. G. 1980. Lymphoid leukosis: How much does it cost Effects of gestation feeding level on glycogen you? Proceedings of the 9th Poultry Health reserves and blood parameters in the newborn Conference, Toronto, ant. (abstract No. 18). I piglet. J. Anim. Sci. 49(Suppl. 1):133 p. (abstract). Spencer, J. L.; Gavora, J. S.; Gowe, R. S. 1980. Proulx, J. G.; Hidiroglou, M.; Jordan, W. A. 1980. Recent findings in lymphoid leukosis and White muscle disease can be prevented. Cattle- Marek's disease research. Can. Vet. J. 21:154 men 43(11 ):26. (a bstract). Roy, G. L.; McAllister, A. J.; Batra, T. R.; Spencer, J. L.; Gavora, J. S.; Gowe, R. S. 1980. Chesnais, J. P.; Darisse, J. P. F.; Lee, A. J.; Lymphoid leukosis virus: Natural transmission Vesely, J. A.; Winter, K. A. 1980. Calving ease and non-neoplastic effects. Viruses in naturally and reproduction in pureline and crossline occurring cancers. Cold Spring Harbor Con- dairy cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:560-561 ference. Cell Proliferation 7:553-564. (abstract). Spencer, J. L.; Gavora, J. S.; Pettit, J. R. 1980. Sarkar, N. K. 1980. Amino acids for pigs. Hog Studies on an early mortality syndrome caused Market Place Quart. 1980(4):76-80. by Marek's disease virus. Proceedings of the Sarkar, N. K.; Elliot, J. I.; Friend, D. W. 1980. I I 7th Annual Meeting, American Veterinary Other protein supplement could reduce feed Medicine Association, Washington, D.C. (ab- inputs. Hog Market Place Quart. 1980(4):70, stract). I p. 72. Trenholm, H. L. 1980. Food safety, a product of Sauer, F. D.; Mahadevan, S.; Erfle, J. D. 1980. cooperation. Agrologist 9(2): 17-19. Urea should be mixed with corn silage. Hoard's Dairyman 125( 12):880-881. Trenholm, H. L.; Farnworth, E. R. 1980. Continu- ous effort prevents growth of moulds/Efforts Sibbald, I. R. 1980. Feed consumption by poultry. continus pour enrayer Ie developpement des Feed Management 31 (1 ):31. moisissures. Can. Consumer I O( 4): 12-13. ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 201 Heaney, D. P. 1980. Feeding programs for confined Fettwissenschaft/ American Oil Chemists' So- sheep. Livestock Summary, Southwestern On- ciety world congress, New York, N.Y. (ab- tario Farmers' Week, Ridgetown College of stract No. 417 A). I p. Agricultural Technology, Ridgetown, Ont. pp. Langford, G. A. 1980. Some factors influencing L 1-4. sperm preservation and fertility in artificial Heaney, D. P. 1980. General update of ARI sheep insemination. Proceedings of the Annual Joint research. Proceedings Seminar, Ontario Sheep Meeting on Canadian fertility, Canadian An- Association, Ottawa, Ont. 5 pp. drology Society, Val David, Que. 12 pp. Heaney, D. P.; Ainsworth, L.; Batra, T. R.; Fiser, Langford, G. A. 1980. Development and use of P. S.; Hackett, A. J.; Langford, G. A.; Lee, A. artificial insemination and frozen semen. J. 1980. Research for an intensive total con- Sperm Banking Symposium, Proceedings of finement sheep production system/Recherches the Annual Joint Meeting on Canadian fertil- pour la production intensive du mouton en ity, Canadian Andrology Society, Val David, stabulation. Agriculture Canada, Animal Re- Que. 23 pp. search Institute Technical Bulletin No.2. 56/ Langford, G. A. 1980. Artificial insemination in 58 pp. sheep. Proceedings Seminar, Ontario Sheep Hidiroglou, M. 1980. La dystrophie musculaire Association, Ottawa, Ont. 7 pp. nutritionnelle des jeunes ruminants/N utri- Langford, G. A.; Fiser, P. S. 1980. Influence of tional muscular dystrophy of young ruminants. storage temperature and duration of storage on Agric. Can. Pub!' 1706. the fertilizing capacity of extended ram semen. Hidiroglou, M.; Proulx, J. G. 1980. Les animaux J. Anim. Sci. 51 (Supp!. I):295 (abstract). hivernes ii I'ensilage d'herbe plus exposes aux Langford, G. A.; Fiser, P. S.; Heaney, D. P.; deficiences en vitamin D. Bull. Agric. Ainsworth, L. 1980. Ultrasonic diagnoses of 62(1):36-37. pregnancy in confined sheep. J. Anim. Sci. Hidiroglou, M.; Proulx, J. G. 1980. Vitamin D 51 (Suppl. I ):295 (abstract). nutrition of the bovine. Can. Agric. 25(4):29- Langford, G. A.; Hackett, A. J. 1980. Dose related 31. effects of PMSG in breeding confined sheep by Hollands, K. G.; Grunder, A. A.; Gavora, J. S.; artificial insemination. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Chambers, J. R.; Cave, N. A. G. 1980. Genetic 60:562-563 (abstract). variation in the incidence of degenerative Langford, G. A.; Marcus, G. J.; Hackett, A. J.; myopathy in meat-type chickens. Poult. Sci. Ainsworth, L. 1980. Embryonic mortality in 59:1621 (abstract). ewes given estradiol and bred with frozen Jenkins, K. J. 1980. Improved milk replacers semen. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:1062 (abstract). coming. Agri-Book Mag. 6(9):36. Lee, A. J.; McAllister, A. J.; Batra, T. R.; Jenkins, K. J.; Emmons, D. B. 1980. High-fat Chesnais, J. P.; Darisse, J. P. F.; Harris, D. L.; replacers fatten vealers. Country Guide Roy, G. L.; Vesely, J. A.; Winter, K. A. 1980. 99(1 ):42. First lactation performance in pureline and crossline dairy cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Jenkins, K. J.; Lessard, J. R.; Emmons, D. B. 1980. 60:561 (abstract). Improving the curd-forming potential of calf milk replacers. Canadex 401.55. Lee, A. J.; McAllister, A. J.; Batra, T. R.; Chesnais, J. P.; Darisse, J. P. F.; Roy, G. L.; Kramer, J. K. G. 1980. Comparative studies on the Vesely, J. A.; Winter, K. A. 1980. Breed group cardiac lipids of rats fed different vegetable differences for growth in pureline foundation oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 57: 173 A (abstract phase of the National Dairy Cattle Breeding 410). Project. J. Anim. Sci. 51 (Sup pI. I): 122 Kramer, J. K. G.; Farnworth, E. R. 1980. The (abstract). effect of dietary fatty acids on the incidence of Marcus, G. J.; Hackett, A. J.; Robertson, H. A. cardiac lesions and changes in the cardiac 1980. Estrous cycles and fertility in sheep phospholipids in male rats. Proceedings of the under different lighting regimes. Can. J. Anim. Golden Jubilee International Congress on Sci. 60:562 (abstract). essential fatty acids and prostaglandins, Min- neapolis, Minn. (abstract No. 86). I p. McAllister, A. J. 1980. What you should know about U.S. and Canadian bull proofs. Hoard's Kramer, J. K. G.; Farnworth, E. R.; Corner, A. H.; Dairyman 125(4):264-265. Thompson, B. K. 1980. Evidence tha t myocar- dial lesions in male albino rats fed high fat McAllister, A. J. 1980. Geneticists from U.S. and diets is related to certain dietary fatty acids. Canada discuss sire proofs -Canadian view- Proceedings of the Internationale Society fUr point. Hoard's Dairyman 125(5):333. 200 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Ersdale, W. J. 1980. Nutritional evaluations and Gowe, R. S.; Fairfull, R. W. 1979. Random-bred feasibility studies to elucidate the potential of control strains: chickens. Altman, P. L.; Katz, selected "steaming" treatments of crop and D. D., eds. Biological handbooks 111. Inbred forest residue materials at small scale for use and genetically defined strains of laboratory in animal production. Final Reports. STAKE animals. Part 2. Hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, Technology Ltd., Ottawa, Ont. Agriculture and chicken. Federation of American Societies Canada/ Animal Research Institute research for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD. pp. contract Nos. DSS 07SZ.01845-9-0831. 21 615-619. pp., DSS 07SZ.01845-8-0541. 56 pp., DSS 07SZ.0 1845-7-0891. 119 pp. Gowe, R. S.; Fairfull, R. W. 1980. Performance of six long-term multitrait selected Leghorn Fairfull, R. W.; Gowe, R. S. 1980. Actual and strains and three control strains, and a strain theoretical values of inbreeding coefficients in cross evaluation of the selected strains. Pro- two control strains. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. ceedings of the 1980 South Pacific Poultry 22:662. Science Convention, New Zealand Branch of the World's Poultry Science Association, Farnworth, E. R.; Kramer, J. K. G.; Thompson, B. Auckland, N .Z. pp. 141-162. K. 1980. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of neutral lipids on Iatroscan chromarods. Gowe, R. S.; Fairfull, R. W. 1980. Some lessons Proceedings of the Symposium on the analyti- from selection studies in poultry. Proceedings cal chemistry of rapeseed and products, of the World Congress on sheep and beef cattle Canada/Sweden exchange rapeseed research, breeding, New Zealand Federation of Live- Winnipeg, Man. (abstract NO.7). I p. stock Breeding Groups, Palmerston North and Christchurch, N .Z. 20 pp. Fiser, P. S. 1979. New extenders for freezing ram semen. Cryobiology 16:614-615 (abstract). Grunder, A. A. 1980. Recent. developments in the understanding of egg shell formation. Shaver Fiser, P. S. 1980. Some aspects of freezing of ram Focus 9(2): 1-3. semen. Proceedings seminar, Ontario Sheep Grunder, A. A.; Thompson, B. K.; Hollands, K. G.; Association, Ottawa, Ont. 5 pp. Hamilton, R. M. G. 1980. Egg shell strength Fiser, P. S.; Langford, G. A. 1980. Effect of pellet at oviposition and three hours later. Poult. Sci. size on survival of ram spermatozoa frozen on 59:1615 (abstract). dry ice. Cryobiology 17:619 (abstract). Hackett, A. J.; Batra, T. 1980. Observations on Fortin, A. 1980. Fat thickness measured with three reproduction in postpartum, totally confined ultrasonic instruments on live ram lambs and dairy cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:1063 prediction of cutability. Can. J. Anim. Sci. (a bstract). 60: I065 (abstract). Hackett, A. J.; Langford, G. A.; Robertson, H. A. 1980. Fertility and prolificacy of confined ewes Foster, T. S. 1980. Pesticides. Agriculture Canada, treated with prostaglandin F,a and bred by Food Market Commentary 2: 14. artificial insemination. J. Anim. Sci. 51 (Suppl. Friend, D. W. 1980. Whither once-bred gilts. Hog I ):282 (abstract). Market Place Quart. 1980(3):58,60,62. Hamilton, R. M. G.; Grunder, A. A.; Thompson, B. Gavora, J. S.; Spencer, J. L. 1980. Is genetic K.; Hollands, K. G. 1980. Relationship resistance to Marek's disease important in between blood ionized calcium levels and egg vaccinated flocks? Can. Poultryman 67(8):40. shell strength of White Leghorn hens. Poult. Sci. 59: 1617 (abstract). Gavora, J. S.; Spencer, J. L. 1980. Marek's disease Hamilton, R. M. G.; Thompson, B. K. 1980. in chickens. Genetic resistance to a viral Variation in feed intake and egg shell strength neoplastic disease-A review. Skamene, E.; during a 14-day period. Poult. Sci. 59: 1617 Kongshavn, P. A.; Landry, M., eds. Genetic (abstract). control of natural resistance to infection and malignancy. Academic Press, New York, N.Y. Hamilton, R. M. G.; Voisey, P. W. 1980. Egg shell pp.361-365. strength: A nightmare in experimental me- chanics from a poultry scientist's viewpoint. Gavora, J. S.; Spencer, J. L.; Gowe, R. S.; Emsley, Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on engi- J. A. B.; Pettit, J. 1980. Performance of diallel neering and applied mechanics, Ottawa, Ont. crosses of Leghorn strains under various de- pp.155-159. grees of protection and exposure to Marek's disease. Biggs, P. M., ed. Resistance and Heaney, D. P. 1980. Performance of artificially immunity to Marek's disease. Commission of reared lambs fed milk replacer containing the European Economic Communities, Luxem- casein. J. Anim. Sci. 5l(Suppl. 1):145 bourg. pp. 455-471. (abstract). ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 199 Sibbald, I. R.; Price, K.; Barrette, J. P. 1980. True Batra, T. R.; McAllister, A. J. 1980. Extending metabolizable energy for poultry of commer- records in progress to 305-day equivalent by cial diets measured by bioassay and predicted USDA factors. Proceedings of the Eastern from chemical data. Poult. Sci. 59:808-811. Branch Annual Meeting, Canadian Society of Animal Science, Ridgetown, Ont. (abstract). 1 Teather, R. M.; Erfle, J. D.; Boila, R. J.; Sauer, F. p. D. 1980. Effect of dietary nitrogen on the rumen microbial population in lactating dairy Batra, T. R.; McAllister, A. J.; Chesnais, J. P.; cattle. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 49:231-238. Darisse, J. P. F.; Lee, A. J.; Roy, G. L.; Vesely, J. A.; Winter, K. A. 1980. Comparison of Trenholm, H. L.; Warner, R.; Farnworth, E. R. several pureline bull groups for reproductive 1980. Gas chromatographic detection of the traits and calving ease of their daughters. J. mycotoxin zearalenone in blood serum. J. Dairy Sci. 63(Suppl.l ):97 (abstract). Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 63:604-611. Uhthoff, H. K.; Liskova-Kiar, M.; Hidiroglou, M. Batra, T. R.; McAllister, A. J.; Chesnais, J. P.; 1980. Morphological studies of front limb Emsley, J. A. B.; Lee, A. J. 1980. Semen deformities in lambs. Vet. Pathol. 17:362-371. quality and body measurements of pureline and crossline bulls. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:561 Walsh, D. S.; Vesely, J. A.; Mahadevan, S. 1980. (abstract). Relationship between milk production and circulating hormones in dairy cows. J. Dairy Cave, N. A. G. 1980. Effect of intermittent lighting Sci. 63:290-294. on feed efficiency and broiler carcass fat. Poult. Sci. 59: 1590 (abstract). Miscellaneous Ainsworth, L. 1980. Controlled lamb production- Chambers, J. R.; Fortin, A. 1980. Chemical carcass looking ahead in the Canadian sheep industry. composition prediction in broiler chickens. Proceedings Seminar, Ontario Sheep Associa- Proceedings of the 72nd Annual Meeting, tion, Ottawa, Ont. 9 pp. American Society of Animal Science, Ithaca, N.Y. (abstract). 168 p. Ainsworth, L. 1980. Controlled lamb production. Sheep Can. 5(4):13-17. Chambers, J. R.; Gavora, J. S. 1980. Genetic changes in meat-type chickens in the last Ainsworth, L.; Fiser, P. S.; Langford, G. A. 1980. twenty years. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60: I 044 Thanks to controlled reproduction techniques (abstract). year-round lambing arrives. 1980-1981 Live- stock Special Supplement, Manitoba Coopera- Chesnais, J. P.; McAllister, A. J.; Batra, T. R.; tor (28 Aug.). pp. 15-16. Darisse, J. P. F.; Hickman, C. G.; Lee, A. J.; Ainsworth, L.; Heaney, D. P. 1980. Effect of Roy, G. L.; Vesely, J. A.; Winter, K. A. 1980. GnRH-induced LH release and exogenous Foundation animal performance in the na- progesterone treatment on ovarian activity in tional dairy breeding project. Can. J. Anim. the early post-partum ewe. J. Anim. Sci. Sci. 60:560 (abstract). 51 (Suppl. I ):253 (abstract). Crawford, R. D.; Flowers, F. H.; Miller, J.; Nagai, Akhtar, M. H.; Foster, T. S. 1980. Metabolism and J.; Percy, D.; Rowsell, H. c.; Thibert, P. 1980. excretion of tetrachlorvinphos by lactating Research animals in Canada. Canadian Coun- cows. Canadex 672. cil of Animal Care, Ottawa, Ont. 26 pp. Animal Research Institute/Institute de Recherches Elliot, J. I. 1980. Reduce piglet deaths. Hog Zootechniques. 1980. Staff and Program/ Per- Market Place Quart. 1980(2):51-55. sonnel et programme. Agriculture Canada. 69/ 74 pp. Elliot, J. I.; Friend, D. W. 1980. Reproductive Atkinson, B. A.; King, G. J.; Robertson, H. A. improvement sought for early-bred gilts. Hog 1980. Development of the bovine placenta Market Place Quart. 1980(4):32, 34-35. from 20 to 45 days. Proceedings of the IXth Elliot, J. I.; Lodge, G. A.; Larmond, E.; Fortin, A. International Congress on animal reproduction F. 1980. The once-bred gilt as a market hog. and artificial insemination, Madrid, Spain. 3 Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting, pp. Canadian Society of Animal Science, Edmon- Batra, T. R.; Fiser, P. S.; McAllister, A. J. 1980. ton, Alta. (abstract 80-5009). p. 72. Effect of glycerol equilibration time on the survival of bull sperm frozen in pellets. Pro- Erfle, J. D.; Sauer, F. D.; Mahadevan, S. 1980. ceedings of the Eastern Branch Annual Meet- Adenylate energy charge as a measure of ing, Canadian Society of Animal Science, rumen microbial metabolic activity. J. Dairy Ridgetown, Ont. (abstract). I p. Sci. 63(Suppl. I): 156 (abstract). 198 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Mahadevan, S.; Erfle, J. D.; Sauer, F. D. 1980. Sauer, F. D.; Kramer, J. K. G. 1980. The metab- Degradation of soluble and insoluble proteins olism of long-chain monoenoic fatty acids in by Bacteroides amylophilus protease and by heart muscle and their cardiopathogenic impli- rumen microorganisms. J. Anim. Sci. 50:723- cations. Draper, H. H., ed. Advances in nutri- 728. tion research. Vol. III. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y. pp. 207-230. Marcus, G. J.; Lucis, R.; Ainsworth, L. 1979. Metabolism of progesterone by chorionic cells Sauer, F. D.; Lessard, J. R.; McAllister, J. A.; of the early sheep conceptus in vitro. Steroids Standish, J. F. 1980. Evaluation of an alfalfa 34:807-815. silage - corn silage roughage feeding program for raising dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 63:2080- McAllister, A. J. 1980. Are today's dairy cattle 2089. breeding programs suitable for tomorrow's production requirements? Can. J. Anim. Sci. Sauer, F. D.; Mahadevan, S.; Erfle, J. D. 1980. 60:253-264. Valinomycin inhibited methane synthesis in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Modler, H. W.; Muller, P. G.; Elliot, J. I.; Emmons, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 95:715-721. D. B. 1980. Economic and technical aspects of Sibbald, I. R. 1980. Metabolizable energy in feeding whey to live stock. J. Dairy Sci. poultry nutrition. BioScience 30:736-741. 63:838-855. Sibbald, I. R. 1980. The clearance time and rate of Nagai, J.; Harris, D. L.; McAllister, A. J. 1980. passage of feed residues. Poult. Sci. 59:374- Growth, feed efficiency and lifetime perform- 377. ance of crosses between lines selected for nursing ability and/or adult weight in mice. Sibbald, I. R. 1980. The effects of dietary cellulose Theor. Appl. Genet. 58:59-69. and sand on the combined metabolic plus endogenous energy and amino acid outputs of Ojamma, K. M.; Elliot, J. I.; Hartsock, T. G. 1980. adult cockerels. Poult. Sci. 59:836-844. Effects of gestation feeding level on glycogen reserves and blood parameters in newborn Sibbald, I. R. 1980. Gut clearance and true metab- piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 51 :620-628. olizable energy value of dehydrated alfalfa supplemented with sodium chloride. Poult. Sci. Patni, N. K. 1980. Pipeline transportation of liquid 59:939-940. manure. Smith, R. J., ed. Livestock waste: A renewable resource. American Society of Agri- Sibbald, I. R. 1980. The passage of oat and other cultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich. pp. 387- feed residues through the adult cockerel. Poult. 391. Sci. 59:2136-2144. Reid, W. S.; Buckely, D. J.; Nicholls, C. F.; Cave, Sibbald, I. R. 1980. The effect of heat treatment on N. A. G. 1980. An automatic feed dispensing the clearance time, true metabolizable energy system for poultry in floor pens. Can. J. Anim. and true available amino acids of raw soybean Sci. 60: 193-195. flakes. Poult. Sci. 59:2358-2360. Sibbald, I. R.; Barrette, J. P.; Price, K. 1980. Robertson, H. A.; Chan, J. S. D.; Friesen, H. G. Predicting true metabolizable energy, gross 1980. The use of a pregnancy-specific antigen, energy, carbohydrate and proximate analysis chorionic sommatomammotrophin, as an indi- values by assuming additivity. Poult. Sci. cator of pregnancy in sheep. J. Reprod. Fertil. 59:805-807. 58:279-281. Sibbald, I. R.; Kramer, J. K. G. 1980. The effect of Robertson, H. A.; Chan, J. S. D.; Hackett, A. J.; the basal diet on the utilization of fat as a Marcus, G. J.; Friesen, H. G. 1980. Diagnosis source of true metabolizable energy, lipid and of pregnancy in the ewe at mid-gestation. fatty acids. Poult. Sci. 59:316-324. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 3:69-71. Sibbald, I. R.; Kramer, J. K. G. 1980. The effects of Robertson, H. A.; Dwyer, R. J.; King, G. J. 1980. fractions of yellow corn on the true metaboliz- Effect of oestrogen antisera early in gestation able energy of beef tallow. Poult. Sci. 59: 1505- on pregnancy maintenance in the pig. J. Re- 1509. prod. Fertil. 58: 115-120. Sibbald, I. R.; Price, K. 1980. Variability in Sauer, F. D.; Erfle, J. D.; Mahadevan, S. 1980. metabolic plus endogenous energy losses in Methane production by the membranous frac- adult cockerels and in the true metabolizable tion of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophi- energy values and rates of passage of dehy- cum. Biochem. J. 190:177-182. drated alfalfa. Poult. Sci. 59:1275-1279. ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 197 Grunder, A. A.; Guyer, R. B.; Buss, E. G.; Hidiroglou, M.; Williams, C. J.; Khan, S. U.; Claggett, C. O. 1980. Calcium-binding pro- Siddiqui, I. R. 1979. Amino acid and glyco- teins in serum: quantitative differences saminoglycan composition of epiphyseal carti- between thick and thin shell lines of chickens. lage in neonate and osteoporotic lambs. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 59:880-884. Yitam. Nutr. Res. 49:359-363. Guyer, R. B.; Grunder, A. A.; Buss, E. G.; Hollands, K. G.; Grunder, A. A.; Williams, C. J. Claggett, C. O. 1980. Calcium-binding pro- 1980. Response to five generations of selection teins in serum of chickens: vitellogenin and for blood cholesterol levels in White Leghorns. albumin. Poult. Sci. 59:874-879. Poult. Sci. 59: 1316-1323. Hackett, A. J.; Robertson, H. A. 1980. Effect of Hollands, K. G.; Grunder, A. A.; Williams, C. J.; dose and time of injection of prostaglandin F,a Gavora, J. S. 1980. Plasma creatine phos- in cycling ewes. Theriogenology 13:347-351. phokinase as an indicator of degenerative myopathy in live turkeys. Br. Poult. Sci. 21 :161-169. Hamilton, R. M. G. 1980. The effects of dietary phosphorus, vitamin D" and 25-hydroxy vita- Ivan, M.; Hidiroglou, M. 1980. The Ottawa plastic min D, levels on feed intake, productive per- metabolism cage for sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. formance, and egg and shell quality in two 60:539-541. strains of force-molted White Leghorns. Poult. Sci. 59:598-604. Ivan, M.; Hidiroglou, M. 1980. Effects of dietary manganese on growth and manganese metab- Hamilton, R. M. G.; Sibbald, I. R. 1980. The olism in sheep. J. Dairy Sci. 63:385-390. effects of level and source of ammonium sulphate on feed intake, egg production and Jenkins, K. J.; Emmons, D. B. 1979. Effect of fat egg quality in White Leghorn pullets and force dispersion method on performance of calves molted hens. Poult. Sci. 59: 119-127. fed high-fat milk replacers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 59:713-720. Hamilton, R. M. G.; Thompson, B. K. 1980. Effects of sodium plus potassium to chloride ratio in Jordan, W. A.; Thompson, B. K.; Ivan, M.; Hidiro- practical-type diets on blood gas levels in three glou, M. 1980. Effects of dietary cement kiln strains of White Leghorn hens and the rela- dust supplements on growth of lambs. Can. J. tionship between acid-base balance and egg Anim. Sci. 60:87-91. shell strength. Poult. Sci. 59: 1294-1303. Khan, S. U.; Foster, T. S.; Akhtar, M. H. 1979. In Hidiroglou, M. 1980. Zinc, copper and manganese vitro metabolism of a mixture of atrazine and deficiencies and the ruminant skeleton: A simazine by the soluble fraction (105 000 g) review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:579-590. from goose, pig, and sheep liver homogenates. Pes tic. Sci. 10:460-466. Hidiroglou, M. 1980. Trace elements in the fetal and neonate ruminant. A review. Can. Yet. J. Khan, S. U.; Morris, G. F.; Hidiroglou, M. 1980. 21 :328-335. Rapid estimation of sulfide in rumen and blood with a sulfide-specific ion electrode. Mi- Hidiroglou, M.; Ivan, M.; Ihnat, M. 1980. Silicon crochem. J. 15:388-395. in plasma of sheep. Am. J. Yet. Res. 42:139- King, G. J.; Atkinson, B. A.; Robertson, H. A. 140. 1980. Development of the bovine placentome from days 20 to 29 gestation. J. Reprod. Fertil. Hidiroglou, M.; Ivan, M.; Proulx, J. c.; Lessard, J. 59:95-100. R. 1980. Effect of a single intramuscular dose of vitamin D on concentrations of lipo-soluble Kramer, J. K. G.; Fouchard, R. c.; Farnworth, E. vitamins in the plasma of heifers winter-fed oat R. 1980. Effect of solvents on the resolution of silage, grass silage or hay. Can. J. Anim. Sci. neutral lipids on chromarods. J. Chromatogr. 60:311-318. 198:279-285. Hidiroglou, M.; Williams, C. J. 1980. Transfer of Kramer, J. K. G. 1980. Comparative studies on tritium labelled vitamin DJ and hydroxyvita- composition of cardiac phospholipids in rats min DJ in the ovine placenta. Am. J. Yet. Res. fed different vegetable oils. Lipids 15:651-660. 42:141-142. Langford, G. A.; Marcus, G. J.; Hackett, A. J.; Hidiroglou, M.; Williams, C. J. 1980. Fate of Ainsworth, L.; Wolynetz, M. S. 1980. Influ- isotopically labelled cholecalciferol and 25- ence of estradiol-I 7P on fertility in confined hydroxycholecalciferol in sheep. J. Dairy Sci. sheep inseminated with frozen semen. J. Anim. 63:945-950. Sci. 51:911-916. 196 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 on the synthesis of decamethrin and its metabolites of these synthetic pyrethroids in metabolites. The compounds and data will biological samples from in vivo and in vitro assist in the identification of residues and studies. PUBLICA nONS Research Eisen, E. J.; Nagai, J.; Bakker, H.; Hayes, J. F. 1980. Effect of litter size at birth on lactation Ainsworth, L; Tsang, B. K.; Downey, B. R.; in mice. J. Anim. Sci. 60:680-688. Marcus, G. J.; Armstrong, D. T. 1980. Interre- lationships between follicular fiuid steroid Elliot, J. I.; King, G. J.; Robertson, H. A. 1980. levels, gonadotropic stimuli and oocyte matu- Reproductive performance of the sow subse- ration during preovulatory development of quent to weaning piglets at birth. Can. J. porcine follicles. BioI. Reprod. 23:621-627. Anim. Sci. 60:65-71. Akhtar, M. H.; Foster, T. S. 1980. Fate of tetra- Emmons, D. B.; Lister, E. E.; Beckett, D. c.; chlorvinphos and its isomer in soluble fraction Jenkins, K. J. 1980. Quality of protein in milk (105 000 g) from goose and turkey liver replacers for young calves. V. Effect of method homogenates. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28:693- of dispersing fat on curd formation and whey 697. syneresis. J. Dairy Sci. 63:417-425. Akhtar, M. H.; Foster, T. S. 1980. Metabolism and Farnworth, E. R.; Hill, D. C. 1980. Utilization of excretion of tetrachlorvinphos in dairy cows. J. administered folacin derivatives by rats fed a Agric. Food Chem. 28:698-704. diet low in methionine and folacin. Can. J. Physio!. Pharmacol. 58:988-990. Batra, T. R. 1980. The incidence of subclinical mastitis and related pathogens in two lines of Farnworth, E. R.; Neish, G. A. 1980. Analysis of dairy cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:743- 748. corn seeds for fungi and mycotoxins. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:727-731. Boila, R. J.; Erfie, J. D.; Sauer, F. D. 1980. Evaluation of the two stage technique for the Fiser, P. S.; Macpherson, J. W.; Reinhart, B. S.; in vitro estimation of the dry matter digestibil- Fairfull, R. W. 1980. The effect of sodium ity of corn silage. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:367- pentobarbital on the preservation of fertilizing 378. capacity of turkey spermatozoa. Poult. Sci. 59:941-942. Cave, N. A. G.; Williams, C. J. 1980. A chick assay for availability of lysine in wheat. Poult. Sci. Fortin, A. 1980. The effect of slaughter weight on 59:799-804. the carcass characteristics of Yorkshire bar- Chan, J. S. D.; Grinwich, D. L.; Robertson, H. A.; rows and gilts. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:265-274. Friesen, H. G. 1980. Maintenance of receptors Fortin, A.; Sim, D. W.; Talbot, S. 1980. Ultrasonic for luteinizing hormone by ovine placental measurements of backfat thickness at different lactogen in pseudopregnant rats. BioI. Reprod. locations on the warm pork carcass and com- 23:60-63. parisons of ruler and ultrasonic procedures. Cipera, J. D. 1980. Composition of oviducts of Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:635-641. laying hens: Investigation of segments involved Foster, T. S.; Khan, S. U.; Akhtar, M. H. 1980. with shell formation. Poult. Sci. 59:635-642. Metabolism of deethylatrazine, deisopropyla- Cipera, J. D. 1980. Sources of carbon for the trazine, and hydroxyatrazine by the soluble biosynthesis of egg shell carbonate in hen. fraction (I05 000 g) from goose liver homogen- Comparison of six I4C labeled compounds as ates. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28: I 083-1 085. sources of carbon in egg shells, albumen, and yolk. Poult. Sci. 59: 1529-1537. Gavora, J. S.; Spencer, J. L. 1979. Studies on genetic resistance to Marek's disease-A re- Downey, B. R.; Ainsworth, L. 1980. Reversal of view. Compo Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. indomethacin blockade of ovulation in gilts by 2:359-371. prostaglandins. Prostaglandins 19:17-22. Gavora, J. S.; Spencer, J. L.; Gowe, R. S.; Harris, Dwyer, R. J.; Robertson, H. A. 1980. Oestrogen D. L. 1980. Lymphoid leukosis virus infection: sulphatase and sulphotransferase activity in Effects on production and mortality and conse- the endometrium of the sow and ewe during quences in selection for high egg production. pregnancy. J. Reprod. Fertil. 60:187-191. Poult. Sci. 59:2165-2178. ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 195 Rapeseed oil nutrition progress on male rats fed the test oils to relate the cardiopathogenicity observed in the rats to Male rats fed diets rich in fat for at least 4 the absorption of specific dietary fatty acids mo develop myocardial necrosis. The inci- and the resultant cardiac lipid changes. dence of this necrosis varies, depending on the type of fat or oil fed. Previous studies with Pesticide metabolism swine, monkeys, and female rats at ARC and Atrazine. Combined in vitro and in vivo elsewhere have not been able to show a studies in a cooperative project with the relationship between pathological lesions and Chemistry and Biology Research Institute the amount or source of fat in the diet. As a suggest that in the chicken, metabolism of consequence, work is focusing on the peculiar atrazine proceeds mainly by partial N-dealky- cause of heart lesions in male rats. Specific lation accompanied by hydrolysis. Further cardiotoxins as well as erucic acid have been research indicates that the formation of eliminated as the primary cause of the prob- 2-hydroxy, partly N-dealkylated metabolites lem largely based on previous ARC studies. occurs by the hydrolysis of the respective Several investigators have observed that 2-chloro metabolites rather than by partial certain fatty acids were associated with a N-dealkylation of hydroxyatrazine. high, others with a low, incidence of heart lesions. A statistical analysis of published Tetrachlorvinphos. In vivo studies with data on heart lesions in male rats identified a laying hens revealed that approximately 71 % correlation between dietary fatty acids and of the daily oral dose of I4C-labeled insecticide heart lesions. Most of the variation within was eliminated via the excreta within 24 h. experiments could be explained by the level of Radioactivity in parts per billion was also saturated fatty acids and linolenic acid with detected in eggs, tissues, and organs, but it their effects similar in magnitude but opposite gradually declined after dosing ceased. A in direction. metabolic pathway was postulated for tetra- The statistical study provided a model to chlorvinphos in chickens. test the effect of several dietary fatty acids. Trichlorfon. A quantitative gas chromato- Soybean and low erucic acid rapeseed graphic method was developed for the analy- (LEAR) oils were selected because both sis of trichlorfon, desmethyl trichlorfon, and contained linolenic acid. The same level of dichlorvos in biological samples. The method saturated fatty acids in the form of cocoa involves silylation of extracts of the com- butter was added to the oils. An equal amount pounds with Tri-Sil followed by detection and of a synthetic triolein was added so that the quantitation of the derivatives by gas addition of cocoa butter would not dilute chroma togra phy. possible cardiotoxins in the oil. The cardio- pathological results showed that both soybean Fenvalerate. Preliminary data from in vitro and LEAR oils developed a high incidence of studies indicated one or more enzymes in the heart lesions when fed to male rats. The crude preparation from chicken liver homo- incidence of lesions was significantly reduced genates that produced at least two metab- by the addition of saturates, whereas the olites, which would have resulted from hydrol- addition of triolein had no effect. These ysis at the ether linkage. An in vivo trial in results do not support the hypothesis that the laying hens indicated that consumption of the two vegetable oils contained cardiotoxins. insecticide at 100 ppm did not produce Because both dilutions were identical, a significant changes in egg production, body similar reduction would have been expected if weight, or feed consumption. No adverse these lesions were caused by cardiotoxins in toxicological effects were noted. Radioactivity the oil. The results show that saturated fatty could not be detected in eggs. Approximately acids significantly reduced the incidence of 100% of the total administered dose of I4C_ heart lesions, even in the presence of linolenic fenvalerate had appeared in the excreta by acid. When oleic acid was added to the diet, 144 h after the seventh and final daily dose. there was little cardiopathogenic response, as Cypermethrin and decamethrin. Cyper- predicted by the results of the statistical methrin, its optical and geometrical isomers, analysis. six possible metabolites, and ring-labeled I4C_ These results provide experimental ev- cypermethrin have been synthesized. Spectro- idence that the heart lesions are related to the scopic and physical data for each compound balance of dietary fatty acids. Studies are in has been collected. Similar work is proceeding 194 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 ram semen is frozen in pellets on dry ice, Earlier testing may be useful, but will result sperm survival is affected more by pellet in a higher proportion of false negative geometry (ratio of area exposed to dry ice to diagnoses, which must be retested later in volume) than by pellet volume. gestation for accurate confirmation. Studies on seasonal variation in ram semen freezability showed that semen collected in early spring contained a larger proportion of ANIMAL FEED SAFETY AND abnormal sperm, but its freezability was NUTRITION PROGRAM comparable to fall-collected semen. Freezabil- ity decreased during the summer months. Mycotoxins However, the effect of the ram on freezability Mycotoxins are produced by molds on plant appeared to be greater than the effect of the crops in the field and during storage. When season. ingested by livestock and poultry, decreased Controlled lamb production performance or deleterious health effects or both may occur. Research efforts on mycotox- Supervised field trials have been carried out ins continued to emphasize work on the in Ontario to evaluate controlled lamb pro- toxicology and nutritional effects of the duction under commercial flock conditions mycotoxin zearalenone (Z), although re- using progestagen impregnated intravaginal search included studies of other mycotoxins of sponges to synchronize estrus followed by concern to the Canadian agricultural commu- PMSG injections. Estrus was induced within nity. 48 h after sponge removal in over 90% of ewes The development of a rapid, sensitive, high- treated, irrespective of the breed used and the performance liquid chromatographic method month of the year the treatment was applied. for detection of Z and its metabolites in blood When adult ewes were bred after sponge enabled further research on the absorption, treatment during August-November, 65% metabolism, and elimination of Z. When a lambed to breeding at the synchronized estrus single oral doze of Z was administered to and a further 22% lambed to the follow-up young female pigs, free Z could be detected in estrus, which was comparable to that of the blood within 10 min. Free Z blood levels untreated ewes during exposure to rams for peaked within 30 min after dosing and 35 days. The treated ewes lambed over two returned to nondetectable levels by 24 h. distinct periods of 5 days. When adult ewes Vomitoxin (V) contamination of grain were bred after sponge treatment in April- crops was of concern to the agricultural May, the lambing results appeared to be industry and health authorities in 1980. Pink dependent on the breed used and more discoloration typical of mycotoxin-producing specifically upon ram performance and the mold was noted on the harvested crop of white quality of semen produced. The use of AI in winter wheat. V was detected in samples field trials with commercial flocks was initi- collected from various areas in Ontario. In ated during the anestrus season using proce- collaboration with industry, samples were dures developed at ARC. The results provided screened for mycotoxins, and a series of further indication that greater emphasis must feeding trials to determine the effects of V on be placed on management rams during the swine and poultry were initiated. nonbreeding season to obtain good semen A preliminary report of a research contract quality. with the Sibbald Group documented cases of The results to date indicate that the proge- ill effects in farm animals fed mycotoxin- stagen sponge treatment can be applied containing feedstuffs and described facilities successfully under commercial flock condi- available in Canada where mycotoxin analysis tions. Similar field trials are under way in can be carried out. Newfoundland. Cooperative work continued with Biosyste- matics Research Institute to establish a Pregnancy diagnosis relationship between the mycological profile Results from several trials on ultrasonic of a cornfield and resultant toxin levels. pregnancy testing, using two commercially Fusarium molds have been isolated that are available instruments, indicated approx- capable of producing Z, T-2 toxin, and imately 90% accuracy in diagnosing pregnant diacetoxyscirpenol toxins under laboratory ewes at between 7 and 8 wk after conception. conditions. ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 193 and true available amino acid (T AAA) bioas- ewes mated, with 5% death loss and 90% says. fertility, 86 would lamb. With a litter size of A comparative study showed the TME 2.45,211 lambs would be born, 180 would be bioassay to be superior to a rapid metaboliz- weaned, and 169 raised. The ewes would lamb able energy assay reported in Br. Poult. Sci. at 8-mo intervals and with an average of 1.5 19:303; 1978. Training birds to consume their lamb crops per ewe per year; overall expected ration within 1 h was not wholly successful, productivity would be 253 lambs raised per and even trained birds reduced their feed year per 100 adult ewes mated. intakes when assay diets were introduced. The An economic study by the University of high variability in feed intake caused varia- Saskatchewan indicated that a confinement tion in metabolizable energy values, which system of lamb production can hold its own could be controlled by making a correction for against traditional methods, although it does metabolic plus endogenous losses as is done in not yet present a clear advantage in terms of the TME assay. net farm income. The total confinement system being developed by the ARC research Zinc deficiency and feed intake of chicks program provides an effective tool for obtain- Chicks fed a zinc-deficient diet grew as well ing information and results that are applica- as those fed an adequate diet when zinc ble to any degree of intensification chosen by sulfate was administered via the crop. How- a producer. ever, chicks fed the adequate diet grew no better than deficient chicks when pair-fed. Artificial insemination Although zinc may be involved in taste-bud Research has shown that the use of proge- formation and function, there was no evidence stagen to induce a synchronized estrus is that zinc deficiency expresses itself by reduc- necessary for the practical application of ing diet palatability. artificial insemination (AI) in sheep. Preg- nant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) to improve synchronization of ovulation is essen- SHEEP PRODUCTION PROGRAM tial for good fertility when using AI. Studies have continued on the use of Establishment of a minimal-disease flock pharmacological agents to improve sperm In order to start a minimal-disease flock, transport in the ewe reproductive tract in repopulation by hysterectomy of the entire order to increase the fertility achieved with ARC sheep flock was undertaken. Eradication frozen semen and to reduce the number of of the debilitating disease, Maedi Visna, as sperm required with fresh or frozen semen. well as the potential to eliminate other Estradiol-I 7,8, which was reported to facili- troublesome diseases such as pneumonia and tate sperm transport, did not improve fertility sore mouth, should result in improved effi- in ewes inseminated with frozen semen but ciency and economy of the intensive confine- did increase early embryonic mortality. ment system being developed. Special breed- New diluents containing dextran in com- ings for the hysterectomy project were bination with buffers, sugars, and glycerol designed to maintain the genetic base. Hys- resulted in greater survival of frozen sperm in terectomy was performed on 1110 ewes both straws and pellets and in increased producing 2336 lambs of which 1.4% were fertility compared with commonly used dilu- dead in utero. Of the 2304 lambs alive in ents. Hypertonic skim milk diluents at 600 utero, 92.6% survived the recovery process. Of and 750 mOs/kg provide adequate protection those, 87.3% were weaned at 21 days of age during freezing and thawing, and good fertil- from milk replacer and 78.6% survived to 70 ity. The effects of penetrating cryopreserv- days of age. atives on sperm survival were evaluated. Glycerol at concentrations of 4-6% were Development of synthetic sire and dam found to be optimal using medium cooling strains rates. Dimethylsulfoxide, on the other hand, Based on previous research and manage- did not result in acceptable survival regardless ment experience, an estimate of the produc- of concentration or cooling velocity. tivity that can be obtained by using the Straws thawed in water at 39°C resulted in intensive system in a good commercial opera- significantly greater sperm survival than when tion was summarized. For every 100 adult they were thawed at room temperature. When 192 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 mean broiler-age weight 5% lower than their laying year, when oversize eggs cause prob- test-negative counterparts. lems to the producer. Internal egg quality, as Examination of the effects of lymphoid determined by Haugh units, was slightly leukosis and diseases in general on variation higher for phase-fed hens, but there were no resulted in the derivation of a formula for the consistent effects of diet on incidence of egg estimation of the increase of variance in blood spots nor on hen body weight or populations affected by disease. Egg transmis- mortality. sion of the disease resulted in an increase in heritability estimated from dam variance Meat-type birds components. The effect of the disease on sire Skip-a-day feeding procedures commonly heritability was small. used to control feed intake of chickens are too Green muscle disease appears to be a hazardous for use with young chicks under 21 physiological problem of meat-type poultry days of age. A restricted feeding regimen such as adult meat-type chickens and turkeys. consisting of 5% dietary hydrolyzed coconut It occurs as a degeneration of the deep-laying oil fed from 1 to 21 days of age was imposed breast muscle and cannot be positively identi- on broiler breeder replacement chicks prior to fied by inspection of the live animal. Of skip-a-day feeding. This resulted in higher serious concern is a 1980 report that green hen-day percent egg production and greater muscle disease has been identified for the first efficiency of feed utilization than for broiler time in broiler-age stocks. Postmortem exami- breeder hens, which were restricted as chicks nation of birds between 49 and 68 wk old of by only skip-a-day feeding from 21 days of both sexes from 20 commercial broiler age. Egg weight was higher among hens breeder stocks, including both male and restricted from I day of age. female parent strains, showed levels of the Broiler breeder hens of two breeds exposed disease to be 0-43% in males and 0-22% in to a stimulation lighting program providing a females. Research is continuing on economic rapid increase in daylight from 6 to 16 h of and practical methods of identifying birds light per day between 139 and 168 days of age that are susceptible to this disease. reached 50% egg production at an earlier age Geese and had higher hen-day percent egg produc- tion than hens exposed to a slow increase to Four strains of geese, namely Hungarian, the same daylight duration between 139 and Pilgrim, Chinese, and a crossbred strain 245 days of age. Rapid change in day length formed from these three breeds, were repro- was associated with smaller egg size, which duced and compared for carcass weight and was apparent also in a reduced percentage of down and feather yield. Preliminary analyses eggs of incubation size. Lighting treatment indicated that Hungarian geese had the had no effect on body weight or mortality. lightest carcass, whereas the other strains were similar to each other. Chinese geese had Blood calcium and eggshell strength the lowest total feather yield. Correlation coefficients indicated that there was no relationship (r = -0.13 to 0.18) POULTRY NUTRITION PROGRAM between either whole blood ionized calcium or plasma total calcium of hens and specific Laying hens gravity, nondestructive deformation, or quasi- static compression fracture strength of their A phase-feeding program for winter-housed eggs. The blood samples were obtained from White Leghorn hens reduced feed costs by force-molted hens that consistently laid eggs saving 4.2% of the total protein consumed. of low or high specific gravity. The dietary protein level was reduced from 15.6 to 14.8% at 273 days of age and then to Measurement of metabolizable energy 14.0% at 384 days of age without decreasing percent hen-day egg production. Egg quality The metabolic plus endogenous energy and was also improved when compared with nitrogen losses of cockerels were independent feeding a diet of constant protein content of the amount (0-30 g) of fiber as cellulose or (15.6%). The number of visibly cracked eggs sawdust placed in the crops of fasted birds. decreased and fewer eggs of extra large grade This justifies the use of unfed negative control were obtained during the last 16 wk of the birds in the true metabolizable energy (TME) ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 191 data from the stocks were used to assess the now being compared with the original long- variation available for future improvement of term selected strains to assess the efficacy of the world's broilers. For example, a study of the new technique for simultaneous im- the effects of strain and age of male (39 provement of disease resistance and versus 59 wk) on hatching egg fertility and production. hatchability revealed only strain differences for duration of fertility. Within strains, Eggshell quality differences among individual males were Even after implementation of recom- significant for all fertility traits, and fertility mended management procedures, egg break- was. also influenced by the age of the males. age causes serious economic losses to the Hatchability declined between 39 and 59 wk producer, especially in older flocks. A study of of age of the males. Generally, the large the plasma levels of estrogens at 20 h after variation among males within strains and the oviposition and of plasma calcium levels 6 h small variation among strain means implied after the next oviposition indicated no rela- that there is little additive genetic variation in tionship between the two parameters in 36- the traits tested. This was consistent with the wk-old birds versus a positive relationship in low heritability usually reported for such 59-wk-old birds. This suggests that estrogens traits. Rapid decline of fertility observed after influence plasma calcium levels more in older the eighth day postinsemination discourages birds, where shell quality is a bigger problem, the use of successive insemination intervals of than in young birds. After hens older than 60 more than I wk. wk had been immunized and had developed antibodies against the estrogen estradiol, Selection studies in egg production chickens these hens laid more shell-less eggs than nonimmunized hens. Thus estradiol seems to Six strains have been under selection for playa role in shell deposition. high egg production and other economically Studies were initiated on an energy-related important traits for up to 28 generations. The enzyme, ATPase, of the hen's uterus and its six strains performed well for hen-housed egg relation to shell quality. In two Leghorn production, averaging from 234 to 264 eggs. strains, preliminary results indicated greater For the hatch years 1971-1978, the selected ATPase activity in the strain with better shell strains had an average genetic gain of 18 eggs quality. compared with unselected control strains A polyurethane foam pad placed on the maintained in parallel. The strains selected laying cage floor to reduce the impact when for hen-day rate of egg production from age an egg is laid did not influence shell strength at first egg to 273 days of age had later sexual compared to eggs laid on the wire floor of maturity and higher rate of lay in the latter laying cages. This indicated that the initial part of the laying year than the strains impact the egg receives when laid on the wire selected for hen-housed egg production to 273 floor does not negatively influence the subse- days of age. However, the strains selected for quent shell strength. hen-housed egg production had lower mortal- ity to 273 days of age than the strains selected Disease-resistance genetics for hen-day rate of egg production. For the Cooperative work with the Animal Diseases hatch years 1971-1978, the selected strains Research Institute in Ottawa on the effects of had average genetic gains of 2 g in egg subclinical lymphoid leukosis, an egg-trans- weight, 3 Haugh units (albumen quality), 2 mitted viral Iymphoproliferative disease, on units in egg specific gravity (shell thickness), production in chickens was extended from and I% fewer blood spots. The selected strains layers to meat-type chickens. A reduction by maintained good performance levels for fertil- up to 28 eggs in egg production per hen ity and hatchability, averaging 95% and 86%, housed and an increase by up to 29% in respectivel y. mortality from causes other than lymphoid Reconstitution of the above selected strains leukosis was observed in the lymphoid leu- from inbred lines originally derived from kosis virus-infected meat-type birds, thus these strains between 1970 and 1976, and confirming similar findings reported earlier selected for resistance to Marek's disease and from Leghorns. In addition, meat-type chick- high egg production, has been completed. ens, crosses of dam lines in which lymphoid Three such 'resistance-selected' strains are leukosis virus infection was detected, had the 190 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 restnctlOn results in reduced piglet birth- The occurrence of estrone sulfate in pig weight; however the carcass is of adequate plasma after day 18 of pregnancy is a positive composition and acceptability. indicator of pregnancy. The plasma concen- tration of estrone sulfate is directly related to Nutrition and management of the neonatal the number of viable fetuses in the pregnant pig pig. Under a research contract with the Univer- sity of Guelph, the requirement of the very young pig for lysine, methionine, threonine, POULTRY BREEDING PROGRAM and histidine was found to be 12.0, 2.7, 6.0, Genetics of poultry meat production and 4.5 g/kg diet, respectively. Work is continuing to establish the methionine-cys- The development of genetic techniques to tine and phenylalanine-tyrosine interrelation- reduce obesity and to improve feed conversion ships. of meat-type chickens continued with a search The feasibility of using fish protein concen- for predictors of carcass composition. Broiler body weight was the best predictor among live trate to replace a portion of the milk protein body measurements for total amounts and in piglet milk replacers is being examined. . percentages of chemical components of the Preliminary results indicate that it can supply carcass (fat, protein, moisture, ash). Shank up to 20% of the protein and result in length and breast depth were somewhat improved growth performance. useful, the latter being indicative of chemical Initial data on the effect of a modified component proportions. Nevertheless, the live farrowing system, which automatically re- measurements, considered individually or as a moves piglets from the sow at birth, on whole, did not predict carcass chemical subsequent piglet viability indicate that suckl- composition with sufficient accuracy to allow ing can be delayed for up to 10 h postpartum their effective practical use in indirect selec- without visible effect upon the pigs. tion for improved carcass quality. Studies on a continuous-flow technique for Carcass weight or specific gravity or both the separation and concentration of porcine were the best traits for predicting chemical y-globulin from abattoir blood continued with component weights; however, carcass specific the development of a system based on differ- gravity was a better predictor of chemical ential precipitation of proteins using ammo- component percentages. Specific gravities of nium sulfate, coupled with continuous-flow carcass parts were not superior to specific centrifugation, electrodialysis, and spray dry- gravity of the whole carcass for predicting ing with condensed milk. carcass chemical composition. From the sta- Relationship between backfat thickness and tistical analyses of the specific gravity data it total body fat in boars was concluded that carcass specific gravity can be used for prediction of the chemical The relationship between backfat thickness composition of groups of carcasses but it is not and total body fat is being assessed to suitable for evaluation of individual carcasses. establish if selection for decreased backfat Broiler feed conversion was tested on a thickness has in fact resulted in reduced total weekly basis from 2 to 7 wk of age to body fat or merely resulted in a shift in fat determine the optimum test age and duration. deposition from the subcutaneous depot to the Correlations between successive weekly feed abdominal cavity or intramuscular depots. conversion measurements were low (0.3 or less), and it was concluded that a 3-wk test Reproductive physiology interval at or near the end of the broiler The presence of immunosuppressive fac- growth period should be used to appraise tors, which may play an important role in the efficiency of feed utilization. establishment of pregnancy, have been re- 'Sire' and 'dam' genetic base populations ported by Australian workers in sheep. Re- have been synthesized from 16 primary search at ARC did not confirm the appear- commercial breeder strains. The commercial ance of such a factor early in pregnancy in the stocks employed represent a unique assembly pig. Studies were initiated to assess the of contemporary genetic stocks used in the possible role in immunosuppression of a-feto- production of broiler chickens throughout the protein, which is synthesized specifically by world. Besides the synthesis of the base the fetal yolk sac and liver. populations for projected selection research, ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 189 least 1 yr without loss of activity. With the The response of the rumen microbial popu- use of this material, a procedure for measur- lation to supplementation of a basal CS diet ing protein degradation has been standardized (9.4% CP) with either soybean meal, urea, or and degradation rates of common feed pro- urea ensiled with corn to bring total dietary N teins are being determined. to 12.5% CP has been established. Increasing dietary N resulted in a considerable increase Calf nutrition in bacterial numbers, ranging from 90% for urea to 230% for urea silage or soybean meal. Two feeding experiments were conducted to The greatest increase was noted for those test the ability of a soluble fish protein bacterial species known to require branch concentrate (FPC) to replace skim milk chain volatile fatty acids for optimum growth powder in liquid diets for calves. In a 10-wk in vitro. It was concluded that urea ensiled vealer trial, calves were fed one of three milk with corn was as effective as soybean meal in replacers: skim milk powder as a control, 50% supporting production of bacterial protein in of protein provided by FPC and 50% from the rumen. These studies are now being whey and skim milk powder, and 80% of extended to higher levels of dietary N. protein provided by FPC and 20% from whey protein. The average daily weight gains and Methods have been developed for the feed-to-gain ratios for the control and the 50% selective isolation of the rumen bacterium FPC diets were similar (0.94 and 0.81 kg, and Butyrivibrio jibrisolvens and for the labeling 1.4 and 1.4, respectively), but both diets were and isolation of plasmid DNA from this markedly better than the 80% FPC diet (0.61 species. The general occurrence of plasmids in kg and 1.9). The results showed that two- this species has been established, providing thirds of the skim milk powder in milk the first evidence for a role for plasmid- replacers for veal calves can be replaced with determined characteristics in the rumen the FPC and whey, with approximately 40% fermentation. saving in feed cost. At the high FPC level, several calves initially would not drink the diet and those that did performed relatively SWINE PRODUCTION PROGRAM poorly. In a second feeding trial, the same milk Development and maintenance of a minimal- replacers were fed to newborn calves in a calf disease herd for intensive research herd replacement early weaning program. The milk replacers were fed for the first 4-5 The minimal-disease herd established in wk and then calf starter to 9 wk of age. As in 1977 is entering its fifth generation and the vealer experiment, several calves would continues to be free from rhinitis, virus not drink the 80% FPC. Those that did, pneumonia, internal and external parasites, however, suffered only a temporary (1 wk) leptospirosis, transmissible gastroenteritis, setback in weight gains. Calf performance erysipelas, and parvovirus. Ninety bred, mini- was similar for the control and 50% FPC diets mal-disease gilts were supplied to the Univer- for digestibility of DM, N, and lipid; weight sity of Guelph and thirty-four to the Univer- gains; intakes of both milk replacer and sity of Saskatchewan to assist in the starter ration; and age at weaning. As ob- establishment of their minimal-disease herds. served in the vealer trial, the economic benefit Periodic performance checks on gilts and for the 50% FPC milk replacer over the boars from the Animal Research Centre over control was a saving of approximately 40% of the growing period of approximately 20-90 the cost of milk replacer ingredients. kg, indicate average daily gain and feed-to- gain ratios of 0.79 and 0.85 kg, and 2.60 and Rumen bacteriology 2.53, respectively. A rumen bacteria culture collection has Energy and protein requirements for been established and optimal methods for pregnancy in the once-bred gilt long-term culture storage are being deter- mined. At present 138 bacterial strains are A daily feeding level of 1.40 kg during being maintained. A previously unknown early gestation followed by restriction to 0.45 bacterial species, which plays a role in fiber kg for the last 30 days of gestation is required degradation in the rumen, has been isolated to produce a postpartum gilt carcass within and is being characterized. the market weight range. This degree of 188 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION cows were fed each of two rations for three PROGRAM lactations. The cows fed ration I consumed less DM than those fed the control (16.0 Urea in dairy cattle rations versus 17.5 kg/day). Milk production for a 308-day lactation was the same for the two The average 305-day milk production for rations (4947 versus 4972 kg) from 1172 cattle fed corn with urea added at ensiling complete lactations measured in a mixed herd was 6330 kg, which was equivalent to a of Holstein, Ayrshire, and crossbred cows. Fat similar diet with comparable (12-13%) crude and protein content of the milk were not protein (CP) provided by soybean meal altered by the diets (3.39% versus 3.42%, and supplementation (5920 kg) or urea added to 3.21 % versus 3.27%, respectively). Calving the concentrate (5780 kg) but superior to a interval, days open, services-per-conception, negative control with 9.4% CP (4420 kg). An and health status were not different between experiment was designed to determine milk rations. However, significant savings in the production when urea, added to corn at cost of concentrates were realized from using ensiling, was used to increase 12% CP FAS as the main source of proteins. These soybean meal or fish meal supplemented diets savings were estimated at $100 per cow- to 15% total CP. Urea-supplemented rations lactation, using the respective prices per tonne were compared to a 12% CP negative control for soybean meal, corn grain, and barley grain ration formulated with soybean meal and to of $420, $160, and $175. It is concluded that two positive control rations supplemented hay can be eliminated from the diet of with either soybean or fish meal to contain lactating cows fed complete diets and that a 15% total CPo Concentrates and corn silage large portion of the required protein can be were fed ad libitum as a complete feed. supplied by FAS. Preliminary results with cows milking 20-30 kg/day at peak lactation showed no difference Protein degradation in the rumen in milk production between diets containing 12 and 15% CP nor between diets supple- Chemical structures in proteins, which mented with urea or soybean or fish meal. The make them resistant or susceptible to degra- correction of milk production at 13-16 wk dation by a rumen proteolytic enzyme (prote- postpartum using the first 4 wk of lactation as ase from Bacteroides amylophilus), were a covariate did not alter the relative treatment investigated. It was found that disulfide responses. Daily feed DM intakes were simi- (sulfur-sulfur cross-links) bonds in proteins lar for all treatments. Rumen ammonia make them resistant to degradation, and concentrations were somewhat lower on the chemical bonds in proteins involving phenylal- 12% CP diet as compared with the 15% CP anine and leucine were more easily hydro- diets. There was no clear indication that urea lyzed by the protease than were other bonds. in the silage resulted in higher rumen ammo- This information is being used to modify nia levels than were found with soybean or proteins in order to produce feed proteins of fish meal rations. Preliminary results indicate predictable and controllable rumen degrada- that urea ensiled with corn is a highly tion. effective protein supplement in dairy rations Currently, crude rumen fluid or commer- formulated to contain 15% CPo cially available protease preparations from Alfalfa silage as a source of proteins for sources other than rumen microorganisms are used in in vitro procedures to determine lactating cows rumen degradability of feed proteins. How- Formic acid-treated alfalfa silage (FAS) ever, use of rumen fluid has many disadvan- was mixed with corn silage (CS) in propor- tages, commercial proteases have properties tions such that the protein content of the different from those of rumen proteases, and mixture was 13.5% on a dry basis. A grain rumen protease preparations are not avail- mix containing 13% protein but with no able. Procedures were developed for the oilseed meal was added to make a complete preparation of rumen protease for use in the feed with a 60:40 forage-to-grain ratio (ration in vitro protein degradation measurements. I). A second complete feed containing 38% The rumen protease prepared is in dry powder CS, 15% wilted grass-legume silage, 7% hay, form with most of the interfering materials and 40% of a 21 % CP concentrate was used as removed, has all the proteolytic activity of a control (ration II). Two groups of lactating fresh rumen fluid, and can be stored dry for at ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 187 factors were applied, the systematic bias was population derived from a cross of two milk eliminated in records longer than 60 days. production lines from different base popula- tions was superior to one derived from a cross Monitoring the reproductive status of the of two adult weight for TP (4.88 versus 4.0 I), postpartum cow NL (5.15 versus 3.84), and L W (114 versus Dairy cattle of the H, A, and crossbred 105). Heritabilities estimated from the sire lines, which are maintained year round in component of variance were 0.23, 0.26, and total confinement in either a loose-housing or 0.44 for TP, NL, and LW, respectively, a tie-stall barn, were monitored for estrous indicating that TP and its component traits cycle activity and reproductive performance. are moderately heritable. It was concluded Only 54% of the cows were observed in estrus that TP could differ between random bred at least once between parturition and day 55, populations of different genetic origin, owing whereas rectal palpation indicated that nearly to the difference in its component traits, all cows had been in estrus or had ovarian activity. There was a significant line-by-barn particularly number of litters produced in a interaction in the detection of estrus. For A lifetime. line cows, 74% were observed in estrus in the A theoretical study with computer simula- tie-stall barn compared with 48% in the loose- tion was conducted to assess performance for housing barn. Conceptions to either first, second, third, or fourth or greater services a single character under two mating systems: were 43, 44, 43, and 37%. Cows in the loose- crisscross (CC) and repeated hybrid male housing barn had significantly more days open cross (RHMC). Both systems can be used for than those in the tie-stall barn. Failure to less prolific species such as dairy cattle, and detect estrus was the major problem contrib- the latter has been adopted in the current uting to a greater than 12-mo calving interval. NCDCBP. Under CC, the expected perform- ance fluctuated over generations, whereas Pilot genetic studies with mice and under RHMC, the performance was constant computer simulation starting with the F, generation. Comparison Genetic principles fundamental to the of the performance revealed that CC involv- current dairy cattle crossbreeding experi- ing the first backcross to the better breed male ments, but which are difficult to examine, (CCl) was expected to be superior to RHMC were investigated using mice and computer for various degrees of heterosis (H) and simulation. differences in performance between the two Lifetime lactational performance (TP) in breeds involved (D). The expected perform- mice was compared for several (second filial) ance ratio of CCI to RHMC after a few populations produced by four lines of mice generations of crossing approximated 2 [I + that were developed for increased milk pro- 2H/3 (D/3)(2 - D)]/(2 H). When D duction or adult weight. Each F, female was + + was small (10%) and H substantial (30%), paired with a specific F1 male for 200 days, and the number of litters produced during this CCI was expected to exceed RHMC by time was recorded. Several F, populations approximately 6% after a few generations of were compared for TP, which consisted of two crossing. The results are under investigation component traits, number of litters produced experimentally with the use of mice. during 200 days (NL) and average 18-day litter weight (L W), where TP = NL x LW for individual F, females. Two F, female Very early pregnancy detection populations derived from a cross of a milk production line and an adult weight line but A very early pregnancy test based upon an from two different base populations did not immunological reaction of pregnant animals differ in TP but did for NL (3.32 versus 4.04). has been reported in sheep. Efforts to confirm Another pair of F, female populations derived this Rosette-inhibition test have been unsuc- from a cross of a milk production line of one base population with an adult weight line of cessful. This failure to reproduce the original the other base population and its reciprocal results casts serious doubt on the validity of differed for TP (516 versus 434) and NL using this phenomenon to diagnose (4.64 versus 3.90) but not L W. An F, female pregnancy. 186 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 the genetic base of the two-parent pure lines incidence of retained placentas was signifi- and were not a random sample of the popula- cantly smaller when calves were born alive in tions from which they were chosen. both H line (5%) and A line (14%) heifers. Heifers from the H line were significantly This incidence increased to 21 % in H line and larger than those of the A line for all body 33% in A line heifers when calves were dead measurements (withers height, heart girth, at birth. chest width and depth, hook width, and The California mastitis test (CMT) was shoulder-to-hook length) at all ages except for done on 6609 and 4206 quarter samples from rump length at 82 wk of age. The volume of H and A line cows, respectively, to study the data permitted statistical detection of very effects of line, parity, month-of-freshening, small differences between the lines because and month-of-lactation. The incidence of there were 496 H line heifers and 344 A line subclinical mastitis as judged by CMT score heifers. Generally, differences were small in was similar in both lines, and older cows the various body measurements among the tended to be more positive to the mastitis- daughters representing the different Holstein screening test than younger cows. The inci- strains in North America and of little practi- dence of positive quarters was higher for the cal importance. Progeny of the two Brown cows calving during summer months, and Swiss bulls tested were consistently larger there was an increase in the CMT score in the than progeny of other sire groups in the A later months of the lactation period. Microor- line, but only significantly so for withers ganisms were isolated from 21.5, 31.5, 42.3, height at all ages and 82-wk rump length. and 53.0% of the samples showing a CMT They were followed closely by progeny of the reaction of trace, I, 2, and 3, respectively. Norwegian Red and Finnish Ayrshire sires Klebsiella spp. were found in 40.5% of the with daughters of Research Branch, Cana- samples and Streptococcus spp. were isolated dian, and U.S. Ayrshire being similar but in 36.8%. Other organisms isolated were slightly smaller in size. The daughters of the Staphylococcus aureus (14.9%) and coliforms Canadian Ayrshire bulls tended to be a little (6.4%). larger than Research Branch and U.S. Ayr- shire progeny. Breeding studies using record of The average superiority of the Holstein- performance (ROP) data based H line over the Ayrshire-based A line over the first three lactations was 1400 kg for Records-in-progress from Ayrshire, Guern- mature equivalent (ME) milk yield, 39 kg for sey, Holstein, and Jersey cows calving after ME protein yield, and 56 kg for ME butterfat 35 mo of age were used to predict 305-day yield. There were no significant differences in milk and fat yields using U.S. Department of these traits among the bull groups in the A Agriculture (USDA) extension factors intro- line but in the H line both the U.S. and duced in 1965. The differences between the Canadian Holstein groups had significantly actual and projected yields were positive, higher yields than the Research Branch indicating that USDA extension factors were Holstein groups. There was wide variation underestimating both milk and fat yields for among bulls within a group. Some of the the four breeds. For the Holstein breed, Norwegian Red progeny were intermediate phenotypic correlations between the projected between the Holstein- and Ayrshire-based records-in-progress and actual 305-day milk lines. Much between-herd variation was ob- yields increased from 0.54 for up to 29 days in served in these data but within-herd first- milk to 0.98 for 270-304 days in milk. Similar lactation yields were good predictors of correlations were also observed for the other subsequent milk yields. breeds. The results of this study suggest that Calving difficulty was associated with the USDA extension factors used on Cana- higher percentage of calves born dead and dian data underestimate 305-day milk and fat subsequent higher frequencies of retained yields from shorter partial records. placenta in both A and H line heifers. H line A simple procedure was used to modify the heifers requiring no assistance at time of 1965 USDA extension factors for use in calving had 4% of calves born dead compared Canada. The 1965 and revised USDA exten- to 24% when some kind of assistance was sion factors were compared on 84 075 com- required. Corresponding values for A line plete lactation records accumulated by Rap heifers were 4% and 19%, respectively. The during 1979. When the revised extension ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 185 animals required 257, 217,193, and 171 days Manganese studies to reach market weight, respectively. At all Three groups of wethers were each fed a levels of dietary energy, bulls grew 9.0% practical diet containing 20, 300, or 3000 ppm faster and required 7.8% less feed per unit Mn for 8 wk. Average daily gains and feed-to- gain. It was possible on all feeding programs gain ratios of sheep fed the 20 and 300 ppm to attain a carcass grade of Canada A I or A2 Mn diets were similar, but gain was lower and with both bulls and steers. the ratio higher for the 3000 ppm Mn diet. Feed intake was approximately the same for The potential of growing Holstein steers to all treatments. Increased dietary Mn raised 240 kg was examined during a 98-day sum- its concentration in soft tissues and bile. Liver mer feeding trial. Pasture was fertilized with concentration of Cu increased and concentra- N at 80 kg/ha and stocked at the rate of 3.0 tion of Zn decreased with increasing dietary or 4.2 steers per hectare. The higher stocking Mn. rate resulted in lower average daily gains Metabolism of vitamin D, in sheep (1.05 versus 1.22 kg) but greater output per hectare (431.9 versus 354.3 kg). At the same The major form of circulating vitamin D, is time, another group of steers was fed in a its metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D, (25-0H feedlot on either DFGS (first cut) or on a D,), as determined from the metabolic profiles 40:60 mixture of the DFGS plus barley. of sheep plasma 3 days after administration of Average daily gains were 1.32 and 1.6 kg and either isotopically labeled vitamin D, or 25- feed-to-gain ratios were 5.70 and 5.40 on the OH D, or both. The uptake of radioactive 25- OH D by the plasma was more rapid in sheep two diets, respectively. Considering only the J housed indoors than outdoors. Plasma and yield of the first cut of DFGS (DM at 3.37 tissue radioactivities were greater in sheep t/ha), the liveweight gain from the DFGS fed dosed with labeled 25-0H D than with to the feedlot group was 453.4 kg/ha, which J equivalent amounts of labeled vitamin DJ• was 5% greater than best gain of the two Placental transmission of intravenously ad- pasture groups. ministered label given as vitamin DJ and its 25-0H DJ metabolite was studied in gestating ewes. Radioactivity concentrations were Digestion of corn and alfalfa silage higher in tissues of animals dosed with vitamin DJ than in tissues of animals given 25- The digestion of silage in the stomach and OH DJ• Tissue concentration was greater in small intestine was investigated with sheep the ewe than in the fetus. The amount of prepared with reentrant cannulas in the isotope transferred to the fetus varied greatly proximal duodenum and proximal ileum. The among individual ewes and this may be silages studied were corn silage (CS); CS with related to the state of vitamin D nutrition of 0.6% urea added on a fresh-weight basis at the dams. the time of ensiling; direct-cut alfalfa silage treated with formic acid, which was added at DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING AND 5 g of acid per kilogram of fresh alfalfa at the PRODUCTION PROGRAM time of cutting; and wilted alfalfa silage. Urea treatment of CS increased the crude protein National cooperative dairy cattle breeding (CP) from 8.1 to 13.2% and had no effect on project (NCDCBP) organic matter digestion but increased diges- Further comparisons of bulls used in the tion of protein in the small intestine by pure line foundation matings have been increasing microbial synthesis in the stomach. completed for the areas of heifer body mea- The alfalfa silage was made from first cut surements, heifer calving ease, and lactation (bud stage) and contained 23% CPo Com- yields through three lactations. The highly pared to wilting, treatment of alfalfa with selected bulls of the breed groups in the formic acid reduced the digestion of protein in Ayrshire-based A line (Research Branch, the stomach and increased the small intestine Finnish, U.S., and Canadian Ayrshire, Brown protein digestion, but this shift in protein Swiss, and Norwegian Red) and the Holstein- digestion site was not due to changes in based H line (Research Branch, U.S., and microbial output from the stomach. Canadian Holstein) were chosen to broaden 184 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Detailed information on the research accomplishments, methodology, and results can be obtained from the publications listed at the end of this report. Reprints of these publications and copies of this report are available on request from the Animal Research Centre, Headquarters Building, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6. R. S. Gowe Director WASTE UTILIZATION PROGRAM Groundwater quality near concrete manure tanks and under heavily manured cropland Pipeline transportation of liquid manure Leakage of nitrate and ammonia N, ortho- phosphate, and K from below-grade, rein- Field trials on pumping dairy cattle liquid forced concrete liquid-manure storages, which manure (DCLM) from a livestock barn to a were built with unsealed wall-to-floor joints, remote, plastic-lined and plastic-covered 1000 was found to be small after 10 yr of continu- m' field storage were conducted. Four differ- ous use. However, heavy applications of liquid ent commercially available pumps were used manure for 3-4 yr to well-drained sandy soil to pump DCLM, with 4.8-9.7% total solids resulted in nitrate and ammonia N concentra- content, through a buried 900-m long, 100- tions in groundwater well above drinking- mm diameter high-density polythene pipeline. water standards. Only one pump with 1100 kPa discharge pressure was able to pump DCLM with a Feed from waste solids content greater than 8%. Pressure drops due to friction ranged from 31 to 99 m of Contract research was conducted on waste water column per 1000 m of straight pipe and utilization for feed. At the University of were greater than previously published values Waterloo, a process for converting crop for 100-mm diameter plastic pipes. The residues into fungal (Chaetomium cellulolyti- remote field storage was found to be unsuit- cum) single-cell protein (SCP) for animal able for use in very cold weather owing to feed was further refined. The SCP nutritive freezing in the manure-removal pipes. quality compared favorably with casein in feeding trials on rats and mice. Nutritional Effect of rate and time of manure evaluation of steamed cereal straw by application on soil, drainage water, and STAKE Technology Ltd. established that corn crop processed straw could be successfully incorpo- rated into rations for dairy cows and beef In a 6-yr cooperative study with Engineer- steers. Processing conditions were established. ing and Statistical Research Institute and Land Resource Research Institute, DCLM was applied yearly at three rates of manure TRACE MINERAL AND BEEF nitrogen (N) (224, 560, and 879 kg/ha) and CATTLE NUTRITION PROGRAM four different schedules (spring, fall, winter, Beef production in the northern clay belt and half in spring - half in fall) to sandy clay area of Ontario loam soil in continuous corn production. Two control plots, one with chemical fertilizer N at In studies at the Kapuskasing Experimental 134 kg/ha and the other with no treatment, Farm, Shorthorn x Hereford steers and bulls were also studied. At harvest inorganic N in were fed ad libitum from weaning until the top 120-cm soil layer was related to both market weight on direct-cut formic acid- cumulative and annual N inputs. Bicarbonate treated grass silage (DFGS) (first cut) with extractable P and exchangeable K increased supplements of high-moisture barley at levels in the surface soil of the plots with the two of 0,0.5,0.9, and 1.3 kg dry matter (DM) per higher rates of DCLM. Tile effluent nitrate N 100 kg liveweight. Based upon final weights concentration in the plot that received the taken at slaughter and allowing for losses due highest rate of DCLM was little different to shipping, these levels of barley supplemen- from the plot receiving chemical fertilizer N. tation resulted in daily liveweight gains of Neither rate nor time of application of 0.72,0.84, 1.03, and 1.12 kg; and in feed-to- DCLM significantly affected corn yields. gain ratios of 8.47, 8.05, 6.95, and 6.55. The ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 183 INTRODUCTION The Animal Research Centre (ARC) is the main Canadian center for breeding and genetics research with dairy cattle, sheep, and poultry; it also has major research programs in the nutrition of dairy cattle, swine, sheep, beef, and poultry; as well, ARC has research programs in animal waste utilization and management, trace minerals, ruminant digestive physiology, and animal feed safety and nutrition. The nine research program teams are multidisciplinary and are comprised of scientists with a broad range of scientific expertise. Both applied research and basic research that is directly related to the solution of the problem is carried out within these teams. The Animal Research Centre continues to devote a large effort to studying the problems of intensively housed and managed cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry. Scientists of several disciplines-in particular genetics, nutrition, and reproductive physiology-are involved in both multidisciplinary as well as unidisciplinary studies to resolve the numerous problems associated with improving the productivity of intensively housed animals. Increasing emphasis is being placed on animal behavior and its relationship to intensive housing systems. An ethologist position was added to the scientific staff of the Centre in 1980. Research staff have also been added to the Dairy Cattle Nutrition Team to augment the applied program, to the Sheep Production Team to include a quantitative geneticist, and to the Dairy Cattle Breeding and Production Team to include another geneticist. This will strengthen the work on forage utilization for dairy cattle and the breeding programs for dairy cattle and sheep. Increasing effort is being devoted to the transfer of results from the researcher to the farmer-user. This thrust is typified by the publication this year of a technical bulletin entitled Research for an intensive total confinement sheep production system, which summarizes the research program in sheep production over the last 10 yr and relates it to on-farm use. Many of the techniques on controlled reproduction that were developed at the Centre are now being evaluated in field trials in two Canadian provinces. They are being widely accepted by sheep producers. This annual report highlights research progress in the various scientific programs. Significant advances were made in 1980 in the following areas: formic acid-preserved alfalfa silage can replace soybean meal in dairy cattle rations and produce significant savings in feed costs per lactation; urea can substitute for soybean meal in higher protein dairy cattle feeds and yield major savings; dietary protein can be reduced toward the end of the laying cycle in hens without decreasing poultry egg production; a minimal-disease sheep flock has been established by hysterectomy, which will be a vital tool in assessing the effects of clinical and subclinical diseases on sheep production; reentrant cannulas have been developed and tested for sheep and calves to substantially increase information on ruminant digestive physiology; research with soluble fish protein concentrate shows its usefulness in swine and calf diets; and research on mycotoxins was expanded from a program in zearalenone to include vomitoxin, a fungus toxin contaminant of wheat of current concern in Eastern Canada. The staff at the Centre are the scientific authorities for a number of federal contract research programs and projects with private companies and universities. Contract research plays an important role, together with government in-house research, in solving problems facing Canadian agriculture. The Centre supervised contract research programs in the areas of reproductive physiology, swine nutrition, ruminant nutrition, and livestock feed from waste. Some of this work is described in this report. Two of the Centre's researchers received major honors in 1980. In July, the Gustav Bohstedt Award was presented to Dr. Michael Hidiroglou by the American Society of Animal Science on behalf of the Salt Institute. The award recognized his significant contributions in mineral and trace mineral research. In October, the Minister of Agriculture presented the federal government's Merit Award to Dr. Robb S. Gowe. This major award recognized his outstanding scientific achievements as a poultry geneticist as well as his management and leadership of the Animal Research Centre and the development of the Centre's facilities at the Greenbelt Farm. 182 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Graduate students J. A. CARNEGIE, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Reproductive physiology D. V. GILL, B.Sc., Ph.D. Reproductive physiology F. LEVINE, B.Sc. Reproductive physiology 'Seconded from Data Processing Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 'Appointed May 1980. 'Appointed June 1980. 'Seconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 'On transfer of work at Laboratoire des Maladies Nutritionnelles, I'lnstitut National de la recherche agronomique, Beaumont, France, from August 1980 to July 1981. 'Appointed September 1980. 'Appointed December 1980. 'Appointed December 1980. 'On leave at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kartoum, Kartoum, Sudan, from February to March 1980. "'On transfer of work at the Animal Research Council, Poultry Research Centre, Edinburgh, Scotland, from August 1979 to July 1980. "Appointed September 1980. ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 181 Departures J. P. CHESNAIS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Dairy cattle breeding, applied Transferred to Animal Production quantitative genetics Division, Food Production and Inspection Branch, January 1980 W. A. JORDAN, B.S.A. Beef cattle management Retired December 1980 VISITING SCIENTISTS K. SAIO, B.Sc., B.Agr., D.Agr. Biometric aspects of animal Faculty of Agriculture, breeding programs University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan M. J. SCHANG, Ing., M.Sc. Feedingstuff evaluation Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuraria, Pergamino, Argentina Agriculture Institute of Canada exchange fellow H. C. PATTERSON, B.Sc., M.Sc. Sheep and goat production Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Affairs, St. Michael, Barbados Canadian Executive Service overseas fellow L. A. F. DE AVILA, D.V.M. Swine and broiler chicken Sadia-Concordia S.A. Industriae production Comercio, Concordia, Brazil International Atomic Energy Agency training fellow B. SAKALA Hormone radioimmunoassay National Council for Scientific procedures Research, Lusaka, Zambia Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council post doctorate fellow R. J. BOlLA, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Nonprotein nitrogen sources and 1978-1980 ruminant function P. M. HOCKING, B.Agr., Ph.D. Dairy cattle crossbreeding 1980-1981 C. SHORROCK, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Beef cattle nutrition and 1980-1981 management 180 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Poultry Breeding Program J. S. GAVORA, lng., C.Sc. Program Chairman; Egg stock breeding and management, broiler breeding, disease resistance genetics J. R. CHAMBERS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Broiler breeding, goose research R. W. FAIRFULL, B.Sc., M.sc., Ph.D. Egg stock breeding and management R. S. GOWE, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Egg stock breeding and management A. A. GRUNDER, B.S.A., M.sc., Ph.D. Broiler breeding, eggshell quality genetics, goose research, disease resistance genetics K. G. HOLLANDS, B.A., B.S.A., M.S.A. Eggshell quality genetics, disease resistance genetics c. P. W. TSANG, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Eggshell quality genetics Poultry Nutrition Program R. M. G. HAMILTON, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Chairman; Nutrition and physiology, eggshell quality N. A. G. CAVE, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Amino acids and proteins, broiler breeder nutrition and management I. R. SIBBALD,IOB.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Avian energetics and feedingstuff evaluation Sheep Production Program D. P. HEANEY, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Program Chairman; Nutrition and intensive management L. AINSWORTH, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Female reproductive physiology P. S. FISER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Male reproductive physiology G. A. LANGFORD, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Male reproductive physiology J. N. P. SHRESTHA," B.V.Sc.A.H., M.S., Ph.D. Breeding and intensive management Animal Feed Safety and Nutrition Program H. L. TRENHOLM, B.Sc., Ph.D. Program Chairman; Mycotoxins, toxicology M. H. AKHTAR, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide metabolism and residues E. R. FARNWORTH, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Lipids and mycotoxins nutrition and biochemistry T. S. FOSTER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide metabolism and residues J. K. G. KRAMER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Lipid chemistry and biochemistry ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 179 M. HIDIROGLOU, D.V.M., Dip. Nutr. Vitamin D nutrition D. M. VEIRA, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Beef cattle nutrition Dairy Cattle Breeding and Production Program A. J. McALLISTER, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Program Chairman; Dairy cattle breeding and production, applied quantitative genetics T. R. BATRA, B.V.Sc., M.V.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Dairy cattle breeding, applied quantitative genetics A. J. HACKETT, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D. Female reproductive physiology A. J. LEE, B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Dairy cattle breeding and production, applied quantitative genetics e. Y. LIN,6 B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Dairy cattle breeding, applied quantitative genetics G. J. MARCUS, B.A., Ph.D. Maternal-embryonic physiological interactions J. NAGAI, B.Sc., D.Agr. Quantitative genetics, mice Dairy Cattle Nutrition Program F. D. SAUER, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D. Program Chairman; Rumen metabolism and nutrition A. S. ATWAL,' B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Forage evaluation and nutrition J. D. ERFLE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Rumen metabolism and nutrition K. J. JENKINS, B.SA, M.Sc., Ph.D. Calf nutrition J. R. LESSARD, B.A., B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Forage conservation and nutrition S. MAHADEVAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Rumen physiology and ruminant nutrition R. M. TEATHER, B.Sc., Ph.D. Rumen microbiology Swine Production Program J. I. ELLIOT, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Chairman; Sow nutrition and artificial rearing A. F. FORTIN, B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Carcass evaluation D. G. FRASER,' B.A., Ph.D. Animal behaviorism-swine, sheep, cattle D. W. FRIEND, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Sow nutrition and reproduction H. A. ROBERTSON; B.Sc., Ph.D., e.Chem., F.R.I.e., Female reproductive physiology F.R.S.E. N. K. SARKAR, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc. Protein biochemistry 178 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Animal Research Centre Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF Administration R. S. GOWE, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Director S. C. THOMPSON, B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Deputy Director D. A. LEGER, B.Sc. Assistant to the Director D. L. BLAKELY, B.A. Chief, Administration and Resources J. R. HARRISON, B.Sc. Administrative Officer, Finance G. R. FORD Administrative Officer, Personnel Scientific Support K. G. HILSON,! B.SC., M.Sc. Project Manager; Computer services K. B. LAST! Systems and programming H. M. MUCHA! Systems and programming A. SABOUI' Systems an-d programming 1. G. SMITH,' B.Math. Systems and programming S. G. DYKS!RA,' B.A., B.L.S. Librarian K. E. HARTIN, D.V.M. Veterinarian Animal Waste Utilization Program N. K. PATNI, RCh.E., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Chairman; Livestock waste utilization and farm pollution abatement Trace Mineral and Beef Cattle Nutrition Program M. IVAN,' Ing., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Chairman; Nutrition and metabolism of trace minerals, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTRE 177 PREFACE Lors de la restructuration de la Direction gene- Le programme de la station de recherche de rale, en aout 1980, les stations de recherche Vineland met surtout I'accent sur les methodes de d'Harrow, de Delhi, de Vineland et d'Ottawa, lutte antiparasitaire integree dans les vergers, les I'Institut de recherche de London, l'Institut de cultures maraicheres, les vignobles et certaines recherche zootechnique et les fermes experimenta- cultures fourrageres. Le principal objectif vise est les de Smithfield, de Kapuskasing et de Thunder de diminuer la quantite de pesticides chimiques Bay ont ete regroupes pour constituer la nouvelle utilises tout en maintenant la qualite et la quantite region de l'Ontario. Les deux instituts de recherche du produit. Un des faits saillants en 1980 a seront dorenavant appeles centres de recherche. M. Vineland a ete ('organisation et la tenue de la J.J. Cartier a ete nomme directeur general de cette septieme conference du Conseil international sur region. Le nombre total d'employes s'etablit a I'etude des virus et des viroses de la vigne. environ 780 et Ie budget se chiffre a environ $27 La station de recherche de Delhi s'occupe princi- millions. paiement du tabac, au profit de I'industrie du tabac Le Centre de recherche zootechnique englobe de J'Ontario. Toutefois, les resultats de ses recher- neuf grands domaines de recherches: la valorisation ches s'appliquent souvent la production de tabac des dechets d'origine animale; les oligo-elements et a du Quebec et des Maritimes. La station concentre la nutrition des bovins de boucherie; I'elevage et la ses efforts sur la mise au point de methodes de production des bovins laitiers; la nutrition des production plus efficaces et de cultivars ameliores, bovins laitiers; la production du porc; I'elevage de la ainsi que sur I'amelioration de la qualite du tabac. volaille; la nutrition de la volaille; la production du L'annee 1980 a vu la planification et ('approbation mouton et I'innocuite et la valeur nutritive des d'un programme de recherches portant sur les aliments pour animaux. Les recherches sur la cultures de rechange pour les terres a tabac. Au nutrition des bovins de boucherie realisees en debut, la recherche mettra J'accent sur les techni- collaboration avec la Ferme experimentale de ques de production d'arachides et sur certains Kapuskasing ont notamment pour objectif de met- aspects de la qua lite de ce produit. tre au point des systemes ameliores de production du boeuf dans la region de J'enclave argileuse du Le programme de la station de recherche d'Har- Nord de l'Ontario et de J'Ouest du Quebec. row est un des plus diversifies de la region. II La station de recherche d'Ottawa s'interesse a com porte la recherche sur J'amelioration et la J'amelioration des cereales et des cultures fourrage- production du mars, du soja, du ble d'hiver, du res, du soja et des plantes ornementales. La realisa- haricot de grande culture, du tabac Burley ainsi que tion de ces programmes est appuyee par des travaux toute une gamme de cultures horticoles, dont interessant divers aspects des techniques de produc- plusieurs especes d'arbres fruitiers et de legumes. tion et utilisant des disciplines telles que la patholo- L'amelioration des methodes de lutte antiparasitai- gie et la physiologie vegetales, J'entomologie, la re, notamment contre les mauvaises herbes, compte cytogenetique et la malherbologie. Un des faits parmi les objectifs importants de la recherche pour saillants de I'annee 1980 a ete Ie renforcement la plupart de ces cultures. En 1980, les chercheurs substantiel de I'equipe de recherches en genetique de la station ont organise un atelier international destinee a appuyer les futurs programmes sur Ie chancre de la peche, afin de trouver de d'amelioration. nouvelles methodes pour lutter contre cette grave Les principaux objectifs poursuivis par Ie Centre maladie. de recherche de London rei event de la lutte antipa- Deux des directeurs de la region ont pris leur rasitaire integree et de la qualite de I'environne- retraite a la fin de 1980: M. J.M. Fulton, directeur ment. La recherche sur la lutte antiparasitaire de la station d'Harrow; et M. A.J. McGinnis, integree vise a ameliorer les methodes de lutte directeur de la station de Vineland. M. S.R. Miller contre les ravageurs les plus importants des cultures a ete nom me regisseur de la ferme experimentale de et des produits entreposes, tout en diminuant la Smithfield. quantite d'insecticides chimiques utilises. Des ame- liorations sont aussi apportees dans les methodes de Pour de plus amples renseignements sur les lutte contre les maladies des plantes. Les recherches programmes des diverses stations de notre region, dans Ie domaine de la qualite de J'environnement priere d'ecrire aux etablissements de recherche visent a determiner les facteurs qui influent sur Ie concernes ou de s'adresser a J'Administration cen- comportement des pesticides, leur remanence et trale de la region de ('Ontario, Direction generale leur devenir dans J'environnement. Elles cherchent de la recherche, Agriculture Canada, Ferme experi- aussi a determiner les effets des pesticides sur les mentale, Ottawa (Ontario) KIA OC6. organismes inoffensifs ou utiles du sol et a evaluer J'incidence ecologique de ces effets. J.J. Cartier ONTARIO REGION 175 PREFACE In the reorganization of the Branch in August The Vineland Research Station research pro- 1980, the research stations at Harrow, Delhi, gram focuses on integrated pest management proce- Vineland, and Ottawa; the London and Animal dures for orchard and vegetable crops, grapes, and research institutes; and the experimental farms at some forage crops. The primary objective is to Smithfield, Kapuskasing, and Thunder Bay were reduce the amount of chemical pesticides used brought together to form the new Ontario Region. while maintaining the quality and quantity of The two research institutes were renamed research produce. A 1980 highlight for Vineland was the centres. Dr. J. J. Cartier was named Director organization and successful staging of the seventh General. The total staff of the region numbers meeting of the International Council for the Study about 780; the total budget is approximately $27 of Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine. million. The primary mandate of the Delhi Research Station is to provide research support to the tobacco The Animal Research Centre conducts research industry in Ontario. However, results of research in nine program areas, including animal waste are often applicable to tobacco production in utilization, trace mineral and beef cattle nutrition, Quebec and in the Maritime Provinces. The pro- dairy cattle breeding and production, dairy cattle gram at Delhi is directed toward development of nutrition, swine production, poultry breeding, poul- more efficient production technology, improved try nutrition, sheep production, and animal feed cultivars, and improved tobacco quality. During safety and nutrition. Beef cattle nutrition is carried 1980 plans were formulated and approved for a out cooperatively with the Experimental Farm at research program on alternate crops for tobacco Kapuskasing, and one of the thrusts of this research soils. Initially, this research will focus on peanut is to develop improved systems of beef production in production technology and on certain aspects of the clay belt of northern Ontario and western peanut quality. Quebec. The Harrow Research Station has one of the most diverse programs in the Ontario Region. It The Ottawa Research Station carries out plant features breeding and production research in corn, breeding programs in cereal crops, forage crops, soybeans, winter wheat, field beans, and burley soybeans, and ornamentals. These programs are tobacco, as well as in a variety of horticultural crops supported by research in various aspects of produc- including several tree fruit and vegetable species. tion technology and feature disciplines such as plant Improvement of pest control procedures, including pathology and physiology, entomology, cytogenet- those for weed control, are important objectives of ics, and weed science. A highlight during 1980 was research in most of these crops. During 1980, the substantial strengthening of the genetic engi- Harrow Research Station scientists organized an neering team, to provide needed backup for the international workshop on peach canker, in an breeding programs of the future. effort to find new approaches to this serious The London Research Centre's major objectives problem. are in the areas of integrated pest management and Two Ontario Region establishment directors environmental quality. Integrated pest management retired at the end of 1980: Dr. J. M. Fulton, research aims to improve methods for the control of Director at Harrow; and Dr. A. J. McGinnis, important insect pests in field crops and stored Director at Vineland. Dr. S. R. Miller was ap- products while reducing the amount of chemicals pointed Superintendent at the Smithfield Experi- used. Improvements are also developed in plant mental Farm. disease control methods. Environmental quality Detailed information on the various station research aims at elucidating factors that influence programs may be obtained by writing to the pesticide behavior, persistence, and ultimate fate in establishments concerned or by addressing inquiries the environment. It also attempts to clarify the to Ontario Region Headquarters, Research Branch. effects of pesticides on nontarget organisms in the Agriculture Canada, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. soil and to assess the ecological impact of these Ont. KIA OC6. effects. J. J. Cartier 174 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 EXECUTIVE OF THE ONTARIO REGION L'EXECUTIF DE LA REGION DE L'ONTARIO Director General Directeur general J. J. CARTIER, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. Program Specialist Specialiste en programmes H. BAENZIGER, Ing. Agr., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chief, Finance and Administration Chef, finances et administration G. B. MATTHEWS ONTARIO REGION 173 Dr. J. J. Cartier Dr. H. Baenziger Mr. G. B. Matthews ONTARIO REGION ~ REGION DE L'ONTARIO ~ Crete, R.; Chiang, M.S. 1980. Screening Brassicas Vigier, 8.; Campbell, J.A. 1980. Calibration of a for resistance to clubroot, Plasmodiophora single gamma probe for measuring wet bulk brassicae Wor. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 60(1): 17- density in organic soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60: 133- 19. 135. Hudon, M.; Chiang, M.S.; Shapiro, I.D.; Perever- Vigier, 8.; Raghaven, G.S.V. 1980. Soil compaction zev, D.S. 1980. Sovieto-Canadian entomologi- effect in clay soils on common root rot in cal investigations on the influence of resistant canning peas. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 60(4):42- and susceptible maize inbred lines on the fe- 45. cundity of the European corn borer Ostrinia Vrain, T.e.; Rousselle, G.L. 1980. Distribution of nubilalis (Hbn.). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Quebec plant-parasitic nematodes in Quebec apple or- 25(1 ):36-54. chards. Plant Dis. 64:582-583. Hudon, M.; Martel, P. 1980. Etat des insectes nuisibles dans certaines cultures du sud-ouest Divers du Quebec .en 1978. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que- Belanger, A. 1980. Effet des pluies acides sur les bec 25(2):68-71. terres agricoles. Le Richelieu Agric., hebdo., Khan, S.U.; Hamilton, H.A. 1980. Extractable and Saint-Jean (Quebec) (avril 1980). bound (nonextractable) residues of prometryn Coulombe, LJ. 1980. Vous les voulez belles et and its metabolites in an organic soil. Agric. bonnes? Bull. Agric. (avril), p. 118, 120, 121. Food Chern. 28(1): 126. Coulombe, LJ. 1980. Framboisiers et gadeliers .ne Kozumplik, V.; Lamarre, M. 1980. Effects of plan- viennent pas tout seuls •. Bull. Agric. (mai), p. ting distance, stage and height of topping on 16,17,18,21. some morphological characteristics of cigar to- bacco. Arh. Poljopr. Nauke 32(118):101-111. Hudon, M. 1980. Assisting the Canadian seed corn industry. Can. Agric., hiver 1980. Lamarre, M. 1980. L'influence du stade et du mode d'application de certains drageonnicides sur la Hudon, M.; Vigier, 8. 1980. En sol argileux, c'est composition du tabac a cigarette. Le Briquet labour d'automne et hersage de printemps. 50(2):23-26. Bull. Agric. (mai), p. 58 et 60. Laporte, G. 1980. Influence des precipitations sur Ie Lareau, M.J. 1980. On cultivera un jour des rendement du tabac a cigare. Le Briquet bleuets. Bull. Agric. Uuin). 50(3):25-28. Lareau, MJ.; Granger, R.L. 1980. Moins de fraises Lukosevicius, P.P. 1980. Tobacco culture in Que- cette annee. Le Richelieu Agric. 4:29. bec. The Lighter 50(3):5-11. Lareau, M.J. 1980. La culture du bleuet au Que- Mathur, S.P.; Belanger, A.; Hamilton, H.A.; Khan, bec. Station de recherches, Saint-Jean (Que- S.U. 1980. Influence on microflora and persis- bec) Bull. Tech. 14,27 p. tence of field-applied disulfoton, permethrin Miiller, D.I.; Granger, R.L. 1980. Put your apple and prometryn in an organic soil. Pedobiologia trees in "tip top shape". Am. Fruit Grow. 20:237-242. 100(11):9. Ogilvie, loS.; Kozumplik, V. 1980. Genetic analysis Martel, P. 1980. Gare aux dory ph ores de la pomme of quantitative characters in cigar and pipe de terre. Nouvelles et articles documentaires. tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum. I. Morphological N° 1875. (30 mai 1980) p. 7-8. characters. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 22: 173-182. Paradis, R.O. 1980. Lutte dirigee contre les insec- Ogilvie, I.S.; Laporte, G.; Hergert, G. 1980. Me- tes. Nouvelles et articles documentaires. N° chanization of harvesting and curing of stalk- 1879. Uuin 1980) p. 7-9. cut air-cured tobacco. The Lighter 50(3):17- 25. Parent, L; Jasmin, J.J. 1980. Guide d'utilisation des tourbieres au Quebec et dans les Maritimes. Parent, L.E.; Pauze, F.J.; Bourbeau, G.A. 1980. Station de recherches, Saint-Jean (Quebec) Methode nouvelle de preparation de coupes Bull. Tech. 15,41 p. minces des tourbes et des gyttja. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:487-496. Rayment, A.F.; Campbell, J.A. 1980. The influence of different drainage techniques on water out- Pion, S.; de Oliveira, D.; Paradis, R.O. 1980. flow, soil aeration and crop growth on a New- Agents pollinisateurs et productivite du fraisier foundland peat soil. 6th Int. Peat Congress, 'Redcoat' Fragaria x ananassa Duch. Phyto- Duluth, Minn., August 17-23, 1980. protection 61 (2):72-78. Rivard, I. 1980. Les pomiculteurs sont-ils si mal Rivard, I.; Paradis, R.O.; Mailloux, M. 1980. Les servis? La Terre de Chez-Nous, mars 1980, p. ravageurs des cultures fruitieres du Quebec en 3 et 24. 1979. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Quebec 25(2):77-80. STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINT-JEAN, QUEBEC 169 sources de phosphore et de potassium n'ont poursuivi ['etude de parametres pouvant ame- pas eu d'influence sur les criteres etudies. liorer la production de virus pour infection de Sur Ie sol Uplands, les sources d'azote, de cultures cellulaires. La pathogenicite du virus phosphore et de potassium n'ont pas eu d'in- de la polyedrose nucleaire d'Agrotis segetum fluence significative sur Ie rendement, la qua- pour les larves de vers gris en fonction des lite et Ie revenu. stades I, III et V a ete evaluee et quantifiee au laboratoire. Protection Les effets synergetiques antagonistes de melange de virus ont ete evalues au laboratoi- Nematodes. Des essais de quatre nematici- reo Des larves ont ete infectees simultanement des chez cinq producteurs demontrent que les par Ie virus de la polyedrose cytoplasmique nematicides fumigants ameliorent nettement (C.P.V.) d'Euxoa scandens (Riley) et par Ie Ie rendement lorsque la population est elevee. virus de la polyedrose nucleaire (N.P.V.), Lorsqu'il y a association nematodes-champi- d'A. segetum. La mortalite des larves a ete gnons, les nematicides qui contiennent de la evaluee et comparee celie due un seul chloropicrine s'averent les meilleurs. a a virus. La multiplication de Pratylenchus pene- Des larves du troisieme stade d'E. scandens trans (Cobb) Filipjev et Stekh. dans 10 types ont ete infectees au laboratoire par Ie c.P.V. de sol a tabac a cigarette semble etre reliee et traitees par un insecticide (Ambush) a directement au type de sol. La multiplication differents temps post-infection (de zero a 3 des nematodes dans la rhizosphere des plants semaines). Des mortalites dues a ['insecticide de tabac suite I'application de nematicides a ont ete significativement plus elevees dans Ie fumigants est demeuree inexistante dans les cas des larves infectees en particulier depuis 4 premiers 8 cm de profondeur durant toute la 7 jours. saison de vegetation. Dans la bande traitee, la a Pour la premiere fois, Ie virus de la polye- population augmente peu, mais beaucoup drose nucleaire d'A. segetum a ete experimen- dans celie non traitee. te en plein champ sur les larves d'E. scandens Vers gris. Nous avons poursuivi et ameliore de troisieme stade. Des traitements en tuyau I'elevage massif des vers gris au laboratoire en par differentes doses de virus ont ete pratiques vue surtout de la production des virus en et les mortalites larvaires ont ete enregistrees quantite suffisante pour les travaux en plein a differents temps. Les resultats prouvent champ et au laboratoire. De plus, nous avons l'efficacite du N.P.V. pour tuer les larves. PUBLICATIONS Recherche Campbell, J.A.; Millette, J.A.; Roy, M. 1980. An inexpensive instrument for measuring soil wa- Arnold, N .P. et al. 1980. A kiln for curing small ter table levels. Can . .I. Soil Sci. 60:575-577. lots of flue-cured tobacco. The Lighter 50(3):28-31. Chiang, B.Y.; Chiang, M.S.; Grant, W.F.; Crete, R. 1980. Transfer of resistance to race 2 of Bostanian, N J.; Paradis, R.O.; Pitre, D. 1980. Plasmodiophora brassicae from Brassica na- Essais de lutte chimique contre Ie puceron pus to cabbage (B. oleracea ssp. capitata). IV. lanigere du pommier, Eriosoma lanigerum A resistant 18-chromosome B, plant and its B, (Hausm.) dans Ie sud-ouest du Quebec. Phyto- progenies. Euphytica 29:47-55. protection 61 (I ):35-38. Bostanian, NJ.; Paradis, R.O.; Pitre, D. 1980. Chiang, M.S.; Perron, J.P. 1980. Effects of seedling Pesticide evaluations against the European red density and soil moisture on attractiveness of mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), infesting egg laying by the onion maggot. Phytoprotec- young apple trees in a greenhouse. Phytopro- tion 61 (I ):9-12. tection 61 (2):61-64. Bostanian, N J.; Paradis, R.O.; Pitre, D.; Price, Coulombe, LJ.; Jacob, A. 1980. Eradication au- K.C. 1980. Action de nouveaux pesticides con- tomnale de Venturia inaequalis pour reduire Ie tre Ie tetranyque a deux points, Tetranychus nombre de traitements contre la tavelure du urticae Koch sur des fraisiers en serre. Phyto- pommier la saison suivante. Phytoprotection protection 61 (I ):30-34. 61 (2):48-54. 168 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Brassica napus L., et Ie chou, B. oleracea L. a Terre-Neuve ainsi qu'a Farnham et Sainte- var. capitata L., ont produit plus de 70% de Clothilde au Quebec. Ce stress dil au manque plants resistants aux races 2 et 6 de Plasmo- d'oxygene est diminue par un meilleur draina- diophora brassicae Wor., organisme causant ge et un meilleur choix des pratiques cultura- la hernie des cruciferes, lors d'essais en plein les comme la culture sur billon. champ en 1980. Ces plants resistants avaient une pomme de grosseur moyenne, ferme, et de Protection des legumes couleur vert bleu fonce. De plus les tissus Le Birlane s'est avere supeneur a cinq foliaires de la pomme contenaient moins autres insecticides a I'essai pour la repression d'ions thiocyanate (SCN-), precurseurs a la de la mouche du chou. Tous les insecticides formation de la goitrine qui peut causer Ie testes incluant Ie Birlane ont ete efficaces goitre, que les tissus de plants infectes par la contre la mouche de I'oignon. hernie. Nous esperons produire a la station a Les populations de doryphore de la pomme Saint-Jean des cultivars de cruciferes resis- de terre des differentes regions du Quebec tants a la hernie et a basse teneur en SCN-. sont toutes resistantes au DDT et certaines au Des croisements resistants a plusieurs races carbaryl (Sevin). Les populations de la region de P. brassicae ont ete effectues avec Ie de Compton sont resistantes a tous les pestici- brocoli et Ie chou-fleur, et il reste a en amelio- des a I'exception des pyrethrino'ides de synthe- rer les qualites horticoles. se. L'irradiation aux rayons gamma de semen- Les nematicides oxamyl et aldicarb appli- ce de la lignee consanguine 8-41 qui est ques dans Ie sillon pour la carotte et a la volee resistante a la race 6 a produit un mutant pour la laitue ont donne les meilleurs resultats resistant a la race 2 de l'organisme causant la pour la repression du nematode cecidogene. hernie. La progeniture issue de cette mutation Pour une meme population de nematodes, la a donne des plants resistants aux deux races carotte GoldPak est la plus sensible, I'epinard, au cours des essais effectues en plein champ la laitue et I'oignon sont plus tolerants. en 1980. II est a noter que les genes responsables de MMs la resistance et qui ont ete transferes du rutabaga au chou sont dominants tandis que Gestion de la production ceux produits par I'irradiation aux rayons Parmi les fal: STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINT-JEAN. QUEBEC 167 PREFACE La regIOn de rOuest, dont l'Administration Ilichers d'hypodermes males sterilises. On a elabore centrale est situee a Saskatoon, compte 15 stations un modele de simulation pour reduire les pertes de de recherche, 4 fermes experimentales et 8 sous- productivite occasionnees par I'infestation du betail stations qui desservent les collectivites agricoles des par la mouche des cornes. provinces des Prairies et de la Colombie-Britanni- Un nouveau milieu de culture de tissus selectif que. En 1980, son budget etait de $44 millions et pour Ie nanisme chez les pommiers sera un outil son personnel comptait environ 350 profession nels utile pour la creation de nouvelles varietes. et 885 techniciens travaillant a la solution d'une Des etudes sur la qualite et la transformation des large gamme de problemes agricoles. aliments ont perm is de mieux definir les facteurs Des etudes a long terme ont montre que la remise qui influent sur la qualite des pulpes de fruits en valeur des sols erodes par la culture des legumi- deshydratees et de perfectionner un extrudeur a neuses et par la fumure n'a pas eu tout Ie succes vapeur pour les comprimes de fruits et un sechoir a espere et que la pratique de la culture sans labour tambour pour les purees de fruits. On a demontre la aide a diminuer I'erosion, a conserver I'humidite du possibilite d'ameliorer la tend rete du boeuf par sol et a reduire les besoins d'energie des cultures. stimulation electrique des carcasses dans des condi- L'homologation de Norgold, la premiere variete tions de conservation reglees. de melilot a fleurs jaunes et a faible teneur en Les etudes effectuees par contrat deviennent plus coumarine, est un des faits saillants de I'annee. On nombreuses et plus etroitement Iiees a la recherche a aussi homologue la luzerne Heinrichs, I'agropyre effectuee a I'interieur de nos etablissements. En intermediaire Clarke, Ie sainfoin Nova, I'agropyre 1980-1981, 13 stations ont administre 62 contrats Elbee Northern et la luzerne Peace. Le programme de recherche totalisant $1 350 000. Les principaux de selection de la luzerne de la station de Leth- domaines concernes etaient I'irrigation, Ie drainage bridge a ete reoriente par suite de la progression de et I'assainissement des sols salins; I'utilisation et la la fletrissure verticillienne dans I'ouest du Canada. conservation de I'energie; Ie boeuf; la recherche et Ie Deux lignees de Rhizobium meliloli ont ete mises a developpement de soutien; la protection et les la disposition des fabricants d'inoculum pour techniques de transformation. legumineuses. La region de 1'0uest intensifie ses efforts sur la Les programmes d'amelioration des cereales ont recherche de nouvelles sources d'energie et sa toujours une incidence significative sur I'industrie. conservation, en embauchant deux ingenieurs spe- Cinq cultivars de ble roux vitreux du printemps, cialistes charges d'elaborer un programme de crees a la station de Winnipeg depuis 1965, occu- recherches interne et d'administrer les contrats paient 73% des emblavures totales des Prairies en portant sur I'utilisation des dechets de culture 1980. Les programmes d'amelioration de 1980 ont comme combustibles et aliments, I'utilisation des produit Ie ble roux vitreux du printemps Columbus, echangeurs de chaleur pour Ie sechage du grain et Ie I'orge a deux rangs Norbert, I'orge a six rangs chauffage des batiments du betail, I'utilisation des Johnson, I'avoine Fidler, Ie seigle d'hiver Musketeer capteurs sola ires et de la chaleur excedentaire pour et Ie sarrasin Manor. Ie chauffage des serres, les nouveaux combustibles, Ochre, Ie premier cultivar de moutarde jaune du et la conservation de I'energie dans les installations secteur public, a ete homologue par la station de de traitement des viandes et les restaurants. recherche de Saskatoon. On a demontre qu'il est Parmi les changements apportes au personnel de economiquement avantageux de remplacer Ie tour- la region, en 1980, mention nons la nomination de teau de soja par Ie tourteau de canola (colza) dans nouveaux directeurs aux stations de recherche de Ie regime du poulet a griller et des dindes, lorsque Brandon (B.H. Sonntag), de Kamloops (J.D. McEI. ce dernier cmile moins de 63% du prix du tourteau gunn), de Lacombe (D.E. Waldern), de Morden de soja. Le tourteau de canola peut aussi, jusqu'a (D.K. McBeath), de Saskatoon (J.R. Hay) et de concurrence de 15%, rem placer I'autre dans les Winnipeg (D.G. Dorrell). M. T.G. Atkinson a ete regimes de croissance-finition du porco nomme directeur adjoint de la station de recherche On a pu preciser la reaction des vaches de de Lethbridge. Chez l'Administration centrale, M. boucherie F, a diverses conditions ambiantales. On W.N. MacNaughton anciennement de Brandon a demontre les effets des differences dans les devient directeur general adjoint. Par suite de la conditions de paissance d'ete sur la productivite de mutation de M. D.E. Waldern a Lacombe, M. divers types de vaches croisees. On a formule des D.M. Bowden est devenu specialiste en program- recommandations touchant I'utilisation des par- mes. M. B.H. Sonntag a quitte son poste d'econo- cours en Colombie-Britannique pour la production miste pour devenir directeur a Brandon. du boeuf et la gestion de la faune. La decouverte du Pour de plus amples renseignements sur nos role important que joue Ie taux initial de digestion programmes, priere d'ecrire aux etablissements de dans I'effet meteorisant des legumineuses fourrage- recherche concernes ou de s'adresser a I'Adminis- res devrait faciliter la selection de cultivars de tration centrale de la region de 1'0uest, Direction luzerne non meteorisants. generale de la recherche, Agriculture Canada, piece On a lutte contre les hypodermes dans un grand 600, edifice federal, 101, 22c rue est, C.P.924 I , elevage, a I'aide d'insecticides systemiques et de Saskatoon (Saskatchewan) S7K 3X5. A.A. Guitard WESTERN REGION 27\ Research Station Brandon, Manitoba PROFESSIONAL STAFF B. H. SONNTAG,' B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director A. J. DAGENAIS Administrative Officer VACANT Information Officer Animal Science J. H. STRAIN, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Animal breeding and management A. G. CASTELL,' B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Swine nutrition R. L. CUPLEF, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Meats physiology G. W. DYCK,' B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Reproductive physiology R. R. GRANDHI, B.V.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Swine nutrition D. L. GRINWICH, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Reproductive physiology G. W. RAHNEFELD, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Beef cattle genetics Plant Science L. D. BAILEY, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Soil-plant relationships K. W. CAMPBELL, B.Sc., Ph.D. Barley breeding P. N. P. CHOW,' B.S.A., M.A., Ph.D. Weed physiology R. D. DRYDEN,' B.S.A., M.Sc. Crop culture R. I. HAMILTON, B.Sc., M.S.A., Ph.D. Corn physiology E. D. SPRATT, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant nutrition R. I. WOLFE, B.S.A., B.D., Ph.D. Barley breeding RESEARCH STATION. BRANDON, MAN. 273 Departures W. N. MACNAUGHTON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director Assistant Director General Western Region, Saskatoon, April 1980 A. P. PILOSKI, B.S.A. Information Officer Retired September 1980 'Appointed Oelober 1980. 'On postdocloral Iransfer of work 10 University of Nottingham. 'Transferred from Melfor! Research Station, September 1980. 'Returned September from postdocloral transfer of work to Weed Research Organization. Oxford. England. 'Returned August 1980 from Canada - Sri Lanka rainfed agriculture project. 274 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION The research program at Brandon encompasses beef cattle breeding; swine nutntlOn, physiology, breeding, and management; barley breeding; physiology and management of corn, soybean, and sorghum; and soil fertility, agronomy, plant nutrition, and weed control in cereal, oilseed, and forage crops. Several important changes occurred in the professional staff in 1980. Dr. W. N. MacNaughton, Director, resigned to accept an appointment as Assistant Director General, Research Branch, Western Region. Dr. A. G. Castell, swine nutritionist, transferred to Brandon from the Melfort Research Station. Mr. A. P. Piloski, information officer, retired after 31 years of faithful service. Dr. R. Simons, forage agronomist, was appointed in 1980 and will join our staff early in 1981. A highlight in 1980 was the licensing of Johnston feed barley with improved yield and disease tolerance and adaptability over a wide area in the prairies. This variety is named after Dr. W. Johnston, a long-time barley breeder at Brandon. Low zinc levels were identified as the main constraint to responses of flax to fertilizer P in Manitoba. Research at Brandon was instrumental in obtaining approval for registration in Canada of a new herbicide (BAS 9052) for control of weeds and volunteer cereal in oilseed crops. The Brandon Research Station continued participation in the long-term three-station foreign cattle breed evaluation project. The swine program continued with emphasis on nutritional and hormonal aspects of reproductive performance, production efficiency, and meat quality. The Brandon Research Station continued involvement in international research and development. This included secondment of Mr. R. D. Dryden to the Sri Lanka - Canada dry zone project and short-term consultative missions to Pakistan, Brazil, and Ethiopia by Drs. E. D. Spratt, R. I. Wolfe, and K. W. Campbell, respectively. This report summarizes the major results obtained in 1980. More detailed results can be obtained from our annual Review of Results, reprints of published papers, or by direct contact with research personnel at: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Box 610, Brandon, Man. R7A 5Z7. B. H. Sonntag Director ANIMAL SCIENCE either Red Angus or Beefmaster bulls. There- after they were mated to a third breed from Beef cattle one of Charolais, Chianina, Limousin, or Simmental. Performance of first-cross cows in two Results with 2-yr cows and their calves environments. A population of 1150 first-cross showed that the HA heifers were the lightest females from Hereford x Angus (HA con- at 18, 24 (HA, LH, and LA did not differ), trol) and nine crosses produced by bulls from and 30 mo and had the shortest gestation Charolais (C), Limousin (L), and Simmental period. The HA, LN, and LA crosses pro- (S) mated to Angus (A), Hereford (H), and duced calves with lowest birth weight. The Shorthorn (N) cows provided the base popu- progeny of all breed crosses surpassed those of lation for a cc')perative study at Brandon, the HA control in weaning weight, but only Lacombe, and Lethbridge research stations. the SA, SH, SN, and LN exceeded them in These females were born in 1970, 1971, and weaning weight ratio, i.e. weaning weight of 1972 and maintained in an extensive range- calf (av. 205 days) / weight of cow at weaningo.". management system on short-grass prairie at Progeny of CN and SN were heaviest at birth Manyberries, Alta., or in a semi-intensive and those of SN had the highest weaning farm-management system at Brandon, Man. weight and weaning weight ratio. The Charo- As yearlings, these females were bred to lais-cross cows tended to be heaviest particu- RESEARCH STATION. BRANDON. MAN. 275 larly at 30 mo. Crosses from Hereford dams Manyberries. However, the only consistent or Simmental sires had the longest gestation differences were between the HA control and period. Cows at Brandon were lighter at 18 the other crosses. Breed rankings were not mo but heavier at 24 and 30 mo than those at affected by nursing status. Manyberries; the cows at Brandon produced calves 7.3% heavier at weaning than did those Swine at Manyberries. Beefmaster-sired calves were carried 3.2 days longer, were heavier at birth Metabolic changes during feed restriction. (9.4%) and weaning (5.7%), had 10.4% more Feed restriction by intermittent fasting com- assisted births, and more deaths at calving pared with full feeding did not affect the (7.6% versus 3.4%) than calves sired by Red blood glucose (BG) levels but decreased urea Angus. nitrogen (BUN) and free fatty acids (FFA) in Lifetime reproduction efficiency studies both Lacombes and Yorkshires during winter showed that extensive range environment but not in summer. Analysis of blood samples gave greater cow losses, lower conception and collected after full-feeding, fasting (24 h), weaning rates, and less weight of calf weaned and refeeding revealed that BUN and FFA than under semi-intensive pasture. Barren were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated after cows comprised the largest proportion of fasting and returned to near normal after losses with sire breed ranking C < S < Land refeeding with little or no fluctuation in BG dams ranking A < H < N for the exotic for the 3 days reflecting the phenomena of crosses at both locations. The C sire breed active tissue (protein and fat) catabolism and ranked lowest for total attrition and highest gluconeogenesis. This metabolic response to for percentage conception and calves weaned fasting appeared to be different between per mating opportunity at both locations. At Lacombes and Yorkshires. Manyberries these elements combined to give Choline supplementation for sows. Choline C-sired dams a slight advantage in weight of supplementation (500 mg/kg) of a barley- calf weaned per mating opportunity (143 wheat-soybean meal ration for gestation and versus 139 kg for S) but this ranking was lactation did not improve the reproductive reversed at Brandon (176 versus 181 kg for S performance in both Lacombe and Yorkshire cross). First-cross dams out of A cows ranked sows. A positive response was observed only in above N cross cows in weight of calf weaned Lacombe gilts during winter with more live (139 versus 135 kg) at Manyberries but the pigs born (9.64 versus 7.90) and weaned (7.50 reverse was true at Brandon (172 versus 176 versus 6.73) after choline feeding. The inci- kg). All 'exotic' crosses ranked above the HA dence of spradle leg syndrome was low (2.5%) control for weight of calf weaned per mating in both breeds and was not influenced by opportunity. However, for this measure of choline supplementation. productivity all L cross versus HA differences at Manyberries were negligible. Estrus cycle regulation. Progesterone im- Growth patterns were determined from plants at 0, 100, and 500 mg for 48 h in 41 weights of cows taken each year to 1979 at first-parity Lacombe sows did not have a calving, breeding, and weaning. Average consistent effect on initiating early return to weights of the two herds at the initial breed- estrus after weaning. ing (15 mo) and final calving differed by less than 3% but growth patterns differed between Embryonic mortality. Para I and para 2 the locations. Females at Brandon gained Yorkshire sows bred to either Yorkshire (Y) weight during gestation and usually lost or Lacombe (L) boars treated with implants weight during nursing but at Manyberries, were slaughtered at 90 days pregnancy. Both females had substantial losses during gesta- parities of Y sows bred to Y boars and treated tion in 3 yr but gained weight during nursing with estrone early in pregnancy had an all years. Nursing status influenced weight increased number of live fetuses. The estrone changes with large compensatory gains occur- had no effect on para I Y sows and decreased ring during barren years. The ranking of the number of live fetuses in para 2 sows when females by their sire breed was C > S = L > bred to L boars. Fetal survival to 90 days was HA for annual breeding and weight at wean- similar for the YY and L Y groups. When ing at both locations (P < 0.05). Average allowed to go to term the Y sows bred to Y ranking by breed of dam was N > H > A > boars and treated with estrone tended to HA at Brandon and H > N > A > HA at deliver larger litters. 276 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Boar taint physiology. Active immuni- blue aleurone has passed initial malting and zation against 5a-androstenone (boar taint) brewing tests and shows improvements in and implantation with testosterone was tested agronomic performance over Bonanza. A on growing boars as a potential method to yellow aleurone line with similar performance control secretion of boar taint in market hogs. will be advanced to licensing trials in 1981. Under optimal conditions both methods re- The two-row phase of the malting and feed duced serum levels of 5a-androstenone in programs continues to increase in importance. boars below those of either barrows or gilts. Barley production and management. In the 3rd yr of a barley-legume rotation, significant PLANT SCIENCE increases in grain protein were obtained when Wheat barley was grown after soybeans, fababeans, and sweetclover when compared with barley Weed control in wheat. SSH 0860 gave grown on summerfallow and on barley stub- good control of wild oats and better control of ble. Barley grown on fallow without added green foxtail and broad-leaved weeds than nitrogen yielded 3230-3425 kg/ha, with 10- triallate or triallate-trifturalin mixtures. This 12% protein. No yield response was obtained resulted in wheat yield increases of 10-20% with fertilizer N at 30, 60, and 120 kg/ha, but over triallate on average in 1979 and 1980. at the higher rates of nitrogen, grain protein The interaction of DPX 4189 at 5-50 g/ha increased to 14-16%. To obtain similar yields, in mixtures with each of four herbicides for N at 30-60 kg/ha was required after control of wild oats has been studied. Antago- soybeans and fababeans (I 4-16% protein), 30 nistic effects were negligible with difenzoquat, kg/ha after sweetclover (I4-16% protein), light with barban and ftamprop-methyl, and and 120 kg/ha after barley (I 2-14% N). high with diclofop-methyl. The antagonistic effect of 2,4-0 on barban for wild oat control Corn and sorghum physiology and man- was associated with reduced absorption and agement. Corn trials were successful despite translocation of I4C-barban in the leaves and record abnormal weather. Low and high to meristematic sections of the growing point. precipitation records of 0 mm in April and Furthermore, 2,4-0 increased the incorpora- 200 mm in August were established. Rainfall tion of lH-thymidine into DNA overcoming of II mm in May and no significant amount the effect of barban in meristematic tissues. of rain until 27 June produced difficult Other cereals establishment problems. Some seeds of corn germinated on I and 2 May from April A new feed Barley breeding and genetics. plantings, and were then frozen six times barley cultivar, Johnston, was licensed in between 6 and 15 May. However, 95% of the 1980 and given to SeCan for increase and seedlings recovered and yielded an average of distribution. It out yielded the top check, 5 t/ha. Highest yields of individual selections Klondike, by 5% in the Black and Brown soil were 6.5 t/ha. zones of the Western Cooperative barley tests. In the Black and Gray Luvisol soil zones of Further assessment of sorghum genotypes Alberta it yielded 14% higher than the top indicated that this species has sufficient checks, Bonanza and Klondike. In addition to adaptability for this environment. Two OA-ha resistance to stem rust, it carries resistance to increase plots of the most advanced popula- scald, making it superior to many licensed tions (begun in 1976-1977) resulted in satis- cultivars in this respect. The variety is named factory performance and further im- in honor of Dr. W. H. Johnston, barley provement. Direct combine yields were 2.2 breeder at the Agriculture Canada Research t/ha. Station, Brandon, Man., from 1936 to 1971. During this period he developed eight barley Weed control in corn. Under drought varieties, two of which, Conquest and conditions in the spring of 1980, M-3972, Bonanza, are still major malting barleys on dicamba, and dicamba in mixtures with the Canadian prairies. metolachlor or alachlor gave only partial Two breeding lines from the feed program control of lamb's-quarters and green foxtail in are in final stages of testing and may be corn. However, dicamba and dicamba with considered for licensing in 1981. The most metolachlor or alachlor resulted in significant promising malting barley line (BT 343) with increases in yields of corn of over 50%. RESEARCH STATION. BRANDON. MAN. 277 Oilseed crops standard deviation, e.g. Zn in plants, 22 :!: 8.9 ppm; N in plants, 2.2 :!: 0.6%; and P in Fertilizer placement for rapeseed.jlax. and surface soil, 12.9 :!: 11.1 ppm. The overall soybeans. Root morphological studies show mean yield of grain was 1560 :!: 611 kg/ha; that banding of fertilizer P, 2.5 cm directly the average response to fertilizer P was 218 below or 2.5 cm below and 2.5 cm to the side kg/ha. In 19 out of the 25 trials zinc defi- of the seed, produced a greater proliferation ciency was identified as the main constraint of roots and a greater uptake of P by the crops for responses of flax to fertilizer P. When than when the phosphorus was placed directly levels of Zn in the check plants were marginal with the seed. (20 ppm), fertilizer P often depressed the Zn Soybean physiology and management. to deficiency levels (10 ppm). Flowering and Soybean trials yielded highest at Dauphin, seed set were affected and the harvest index 51.5°N lat., followed by Brandon, 50oN, and (grain to straw ratio) often approached 20%. Lyleton, 49°N, with 2000, 1400, and 1200 kg/ The mean extractable Zn level of surface soil ha, respectively. The Ottawa line AU-3-1-3 to was equal to Cu (1.5 ppm) and the subsoil be recommended for licensing in 1981 showed zinc level approached zero, whereas Cu levels a decided advantage in yield and maturity increased with depth (to 1.9 ppm). Occasion- over the standard Portage; it was stable in ally (10 out of 25 trials) significant amounts percentage protein and oil across all three of subsoil P (5 kg/ha per 15 cm depth) locations. increased check yields and decreased the response of fertilizer P. Weed control in flax. rapeseed. and soybeans. BAS 9052 at 0.25-0.4 kg/ha in Forage crops mixtures with Atplus surfactant gave excel- Alfalfa production and management. To lent control of wild oats, green foxtail, and assess the residual value of fertilizer P on the volunteer barley, and doubled yields in all yield and chemical composition of alfalfa three crops. TF 1169 demonstrated a similar forage, single large applications of p,o, pattern for weed control in oilseed crops. fertilizer (100, 200, and 400 kg/hal were Mixtures of BAS 9052 with MCPA and compared with annual applications of p,o, at bromoxynil/MCPA broadened the spectrum 25, 50, and 75 kg/ha. Although yield in- of weed control in flax. creases and increased uptake of P were Soil fertility factors affecting flax produc- obtained from the single applications, annual tion. During 3 yr (1977-1979) 404 flax plots applications of 50 and 75 kg/ha produced the (25 trials) with various fertilizer treatments largest yields and highest concentrations of P were analyzed for a complete spectrum of in the forage. Further, when the annual rates nutrients in both soil and plant samples. Mean of p,os were superimposed on the single values for quantity of various nutrients were application plots, significant yield increases quite adequate for flax growth but deficiency were obtained on the 100 and 200 kg/ha levels of some nutrients were well within the treated plots after 2 and 3 yr of cropping. PUBLICA nONS Research Chan, J. S. D.; Grinwich, D. L.; Robertson, H. A.; Chow, P. N. P.; Dorrell, D. G. 1979. Response of Friesen, H. G. 1980. Maintenance of receptors wild oats (Avena fatua), flax (Unum Usitatis- for lutenizing hormone by ovine placental simum), and rapeseed (Brassica campestris lactogen in pseudo pregnant rats. BioI. Reprod. and B. napus) to dielofop-methyl. Weed Sci. 23:60-63. 29:212-215. Chow, P. N. P. 1980. Improved Cerenkov radiation counting efficiency of "phosphorus. Liquid Dyck, G. W.; Strain, J. H. 1979. Effect of level of scintillation counting: Recent applications and feeding on breeding performance and concep- development. Vol. I. Physical Aspects. Aca- tus development at 60 days of pregnancy in the demic Press, New York. pp. 387-395. gilt. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 59:649-654. 278 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Grandhi, R. R.; Narendran, R.; Bowman, G. H.; Bailey, L. D,; Ukrainetz, H.; Walker, D. R. 1980. Slinger, S. J. 1980. A comparison of soybean Effect of P-placement on crop uptake and meal and Tower rapeseed meal as supplements yield. Western Canada Phosphate Symposium, to corn in diets of growing-finishing and heavy Alberta Soil Science Workshop, Calgary, Alta. weight pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60: 123-130. pp. 200-229, Grandhi, R. R.; Strain, J. H. 1980. Evaluation of Buzzell, R. I.; Voldeng, H. D,; Bailey, L. D. 1979. two methods of feed restriction for growing- Growing soybeans. Agric. Can. Publ. 1487. finishing hogs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:149-158. Moyer, J. R.; Dryden, R. D. 1979. Wild oats, green Campbell, K. W. 1979. Research continues on foxtail and broad leaved weeds: control and barley varieties for eastern prairies. The Mani- effect on corn yield at Brandon, Manitoba. toba Co-operator, Crop Management Special Can. J. Plant Sci. 59:383-389. (Mar. 1979). Rahnefeld, G. W.; Parker, R. J.; Yodseranee, S.; Chow, P. N. P.; Taylor, H. F. 1980. Improved Stringam, E. W. 1980. Influence of body herbicidal performance of DPX 4189 on oil- weight and changes in body weight of the cow seed rape by the addition of surfactants. on preweaning traits of the calf. Can. J. Anim. Proceedings 1980 British Crop Protection Sci. 60:599-607. Conference-Weeds, Bristol, England. Vol. I. pp.23-28. Sadler, J. M. 1980. Effect of placement location for phosphorus banded away from the seed on Fredeen, H. T.; Weiss, G. M.; Rahnefeld, G. W.; growth and uptake of soil and fertilizer P by Lawson, J. E.; Newman, J. A. 1980. Productiv- flax. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60:251-262. ity of hybrid cows in relation to breed cross and Spratt, E. D.; Warder, F. G.; Bailey, L. D.; Read, environment. Can. J. Anim .. Sci. 60 (Dec.) D. W. C. 1980. Measurement of fertilizer (abstract). phosphorus residue and its utilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 44: 1200-1204. Fredeen, H. T.; Weiss, G. M.; Rahnefeld, G. W.; Lawson, J. E.; Newman, J. A. 1980. Growth Wolfe, R. I. 1980. Johnston barley. Can. J. Plant patterns of hybrid cows under two environ- Sci. 60:1431-1433. ments. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60 (Dec.) (abstract). Wolfe, R. I. 1980. Bedrord barley. Can. J. Plant Goplen, B. P.; Baenziger, H.; Bailey, L. D.; Gross, Sci. 60: 1435-1438. A. T. H.; Hanna, M. R.; Michaud, R.; Miscellaneous Richards, K. W.; Waddington, J. 1979. Grow- ing and managing alfalfa in ,Canada. Agric. Bailey, L. D. 1979. Fertilizing flax-A review of Can. Publ. 1705. research. 23rd Annual Manitoba Soil Science Meetings, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Grandhi, R. R.; Narendran,' R.; Bowman, G. H.; Man. pp. 92-104. Slinger, S. J. 1980. A comparison of soybean meal and Tower canola meal as supplements to Bailey, L. D. 1980. The effect of N-Serve nitrogen corn in diets for growing-finishing and heavy stabilizer and nitrogen fertilizers on the yield weight hogs. Canola Council of Canada, Publi- and nitrogen composition of barley and rape- cation No. 57. pp. 156-163. seed. Agriculture Institute of Canada, Cana- dian Society of Agronomy, 26th Annual Meet- Narendran, R.; Grandhi, R. R.; Bowman, G. H.; ing, Edmonton, Alta. (Aug. 1980). Slinger, S. J. 1980. Effect of steam pelleting Bailey, L. D. 1980. The effect of K on the yield and grower-finisher pig rations containing canola chemical composition of alfalfa. American meal. Canol a Council of Canada, Publication No. 57. pp, 186-189. Society of Agronomy, Detroit, M I. (Dec. 1980). (abstract). p. 164. Newman, J. A.; Rahnefeld, G. W.; Fredeen, H. T.; Bailey, L. D. 1980. Alfalfa: 10 tons/acre possible in Tong, A. K. W.; Cliplef, R. 1980. Effects of Western Canada. Better crops with plant food, "exotic" sire breeds on pre-weaning traits of Potash/Phosphate Institute (Summer 1980). their calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60 (Dec.) pp.23-25. (abstract). Bailey, L. D.; Spratt, E. D. 1979. (a) Potassium Rahnefeld, G. W. 1979. Systems of crossbreeding. research-Brandon Research Station; (b) Top Saskatchewan Beef Production Seminar Pro- Yield-Western Manitoba. Workshop on K ceedings (Feb. 1979). related research and top yields in Western Canada. Potash/Phosphate Institute of Rahnefeld, G. W. 1979. Breed-cross evaluation for Canada, Saskatoon, Sask. (Nov. 1979). pp. 73- beef production. Saskatchewan Beef Produc- 99. tion Seminar Proceedings (Feb. 1979). RESEARCH STATION, BRANDON, MAN. 279 Rahnefeld, G. W. 1980. Beef cattle breeding to spraying systems for the 1980's, British Crop improve cow productivity. Saskatchewan Beef Protection Council Monograph. pp. 45-48. Production Seminar Proceedings (Feb. 1980). p.71. Voldeng, H.; Hamilton, R. I.; Mundel, H. K.; Rahnefeld, G. W. 1980. Foreign cattle breed Sabourin, D. 1980. The agronomic perform- evaluation in Canada. Saskatchewan Beef ance of soybeans in relation to climatic param- Production Seminar Proceedings (Feb. 1980). eters in Canada. Proceedings 26th Annual p.87. Meeting Canadian Society of Agronomy. Edmonton, Alta. Rahnefeld, G. W. 1980. Records, culling and birth weight. Elements of improving reproductive Wolfe, R. I.; Campbell, K. W.; Johnston, W. H. performance. Saskatchewan Agriculture Farm 1980. Registration of Bonanza barley. Crop Report. Log No. 194. Sci. 20:822. Rahnefeld, G. W. 1980. Breed evaluation for crossbreeding. South Dakota State University Wolfe, R. I.; Tekauz, A.; Johnston, W. H. 1979. Cow-Calf Day Proceedings. The response of different wheat and barley Spratt, E. D.; Read, D. W. L. 1980. Long term varieties to date of seeding. Proceedings An- benefits of residual P for small grains and nual Conference of Manitoba Agronomists, forage crops. Western Canada Phosphate Manitoba Department of Agriculture. pp. Symposium, Alberta Soil Science Workshop, 8-13. Calgary, Alta. (11/12 Mar. 1980). pp. 122- 139. Varney, T. A.; Rahnefeld, G. W.; Konefal, G.; Taylor, N. A.; Chow, P. N. P.; Owen, P. W. 1980. Boston, A. c.; McCannel, B.; Sigurdson, M.; Influence of surfactants on spray deposition Parker, R. J.; Palmer, W. M. 1979. Time of and biological activity of diclofop-methyl on day of parturition in beef cows. Can. J. Anim. wild oat (Avena fatua L.). Symposium on Sci. 59 (Dec.) (abstract). 280 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Research Station Morden, Manitoba PROFESSIONAL STAFF D. K. McBEATH, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director H. G. BRODIE Office Manager M. P. REIMER Information Officer and Photographer Field Crops G. H. FRIESEN,' B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Weed science S. T. Au-KHAN, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Breeding of field peas C. G. CAMPBELL, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D Breeding of buckwheat J. GIESBRECHT, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Breeding of grain corn G. H. GUBBELS, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Crop management, physiology R. C. ZIMMER, B.Sc., Ph.D. Diseases of field peas Horticultural Crops B. B. CHUBEY, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Quality of essential oils, new and special crops H. H. MARSHALL, Hon. D.Sc. Horticulturist W. G. RONALD, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Breeding of woody ornamentals W. A. RUSSELL, B.S.A. Breeding of potatoes D. E. VANSTONE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Management, breeding of ornamentals RESEARCH STATION. MORDEN. MAN. 281 Oilseed Crops E. O. KENASCHUK, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Breeding of flax W. O. CHUBB, B.Sc., D.Sc. Herbicides W. DEDIO, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Breeding of sunflowers J. A. HOES, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Pathology of flax and sunflowers H. C. HUANG, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pathology of sunflowers 'Seconded to the Canadian International Development Agency Indo-Canadian research project for Dryland Agriculture. 282 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION The programs of the Morden Research Station are directed toward the development of new cultivars and the improvement of management for buckwheat, field corn, field peas, pulses, flax, sunflowers, potatoes, herbaceous and woody ornamentals, and new crops. This report summarizes some of the results of research conducted during 1980. Breeding programs resulted in the licensing of Manor buckwheat and the release of three early corn inbreds. Evaluations were continued on promising cultivars of other crops. Refinements were developed for several management practices that may lead to increased productivity. Additional understanding was obtained on several diseases affecting crops. Information was generated on several new herbicides, which may lead to registration of these products for more effective weed control in the future. Further information on any of these research activities, reprints of publications listed in this report, and copies of previous reports may be obtained from: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 3001, Morden, Man. ROG UO. D. K. McBeath Director FIELD CROPS significantly reduced severity of the disease and provided a corresponding increase in Buckwheat yield. Breeding. Manor, a large-seeded buck- wheat cultivar, was licensed in 1980 and Weeds. Satisfactory tolerance was found with postemergence treatments of TCA, BAS pedigreed seed was released to growers through SeCan. This cultivar out yielded 9052, and TF 1169 and with preplant-incor- Mancan by 9.2% in 4 yr of cooperative porated treatments of metribuzin, alachlor, metachlor, and triallate. Initial crop injury testing. It reaches full flowering I day earlier than Mancan but is up to I wk earlier in resulted from postemergence treatments of reaching a given percentage of ripe seeds in difenzoquat, dicolofop, and metribuzin. the fall. It is expected to replace a large portion of Mancan, which accounted for 90% Field corn of the commercial production in Manitoba in Three early maturing inbreds with high 1980. combining ability, CM 145, CM 108, and Management. A study of several growth CM 122, were released to the seed trade. and flowering parameters on lines with both Morden hybrid 1125 yielded 15% better than normal and semidwarf habits has shown that the mean of standards and was equal in there is large variability in number of maturity to the earliest standard, Pioneer branches, number of side flower clusters, 3995. number of terminal flower clusters, and total Several new, early maturing inbreds with a number of flowers per plant. The percentage high degree of resistance to stalk rot were seed set over a 2 yr period varied from 4 to developed from populations obtained from 30%, depending on plant type. European breeders. These inbreds yielded Disease. Downy mildew was found in 15 of very well in top-cross trials. 17 fields examined in a province-wide survey. The program to convert superior 'corn The leaf area affected averaged around 10%, belt' inbreds to earlier maturing inbreds for except in one field where 50% was diseased. Manitoba conditions has made progress. This low level of infection was probably due to Selections from the backcrossing programs the low rainfall prior to the surveys. Resist- with H99 from Indiana, Mol7 from Missouri, ance to this disease was again confirmed this and A619 from Minnesota have been crossed year in several breeding lines and appears with Morden inbreds CMW9 and CM 174. heritable. Under plot conditions, an applica- The derivatives from H99 appear most prom- tion of the fungicide Ridomil to the foliage ising, particularly when crossed with CMW9. RESEARCH STATION, MORDEN. MAN. 283 A similar backcross breeding program has High-yielding lathyrus lines that are resistant commenced with the inbred B73 from Iowa. to drought have been identified. Field peas Management. Lathyrus was found to give excellent germination and growth under se- Breeding. The breeder seed of Triumph, a vere drought conditions, with yields above green-seeded cultivar, was released to growers 3500 kg/ha. through SeCan after a 4-yr program of virus elimination and genetic purification. A Quality. A screening technique for N-ox- semileafless (afaf/StSt) line, MP 919, se- alyldiaminopropionic acid was developed lected from a backcrossing program with under contract by the University of Manitoba. Century, was equal in yield to the cultivar Ninety-three Morden accessions of Lathyrus Century in cooperative tests. High yielding, were screened for this compound and wide semileafless lines with Trapper background variation was found in the amounts of this have also been selected and will be evaluated lathyrogenic compound occurring both within in cooperative tests. Two green-seeded lines and between species. that are resistant to bleaching, MP 841 and MP 843, are under final evaluation. OILSEED CROPS Management. Preharvest spraying of green field peas with diquat containing active ingre- Flax dient at 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha resulted in good Breeding. Two lines, the late maturing FP desiccation of late green growth and permit- 692 and the mid-early FP 698, continue to be ted earlier harvesting. The peas that were superior in yield to the widely grown cultivars harvested earliest escaped weathering and Linott and Dufferin. FP 692 also has better had the best color. Chemical desiccation had lodging resistance than Dufferin. its greatest advantage in years when matura- Utilizing recurrent selection, lines have tion proceeded slowly and when regrowth was been developed that are up to three percent- most prevalent. age points higher in oil content than Dufferin Diseases. Of 1494 breeding lines evaluated and have good yield potential. for presence of pea seed-borne mosaic virus Sunflowers (PSbMV), 18 were infected. PSbMV detec- tion is an integral part of the research Breeding. A sunflower hybrid, Morden 15, program, necessary for the production of performed well in the 1980 cooperative test virus-free cultivars for licensing. The sensitiv- and will be proposed for licensing in 1981. ity of the assay plant Chenopodium amaran- Morden IS yields 3.5% more than CMH 101, ticolor for the detection of PSbMV was matures 1 day earlier, and has better resist- enhanced by providing it with low light ance to downy mildew. Branching and non- intensity or high light intensity for growth, branching restorer lines with identical genetic followed by a period of darkness prior to background did not differ in combining abil- inoculation. Two of 35 advanced breeding ity. The contribution of the hull content and lines showed some resistance to Mycosphaer- oil content of the kernel (hull-less achene) to ella pinodes, and six lines as well as the the oil content of the whole seed in commer- cultivar Tara were highly resistant to powdery cial hybrids was found to be 56.5% and mildew. 43.5%, respectively. The contribution of the oil content of the kernel is higher than previously reported. PULSE CROPS Management. Yields were reduced by about 70% when planting was delayed from 2 Evaluation. Eight pulse crops were evalu- June to 19 June, due mostly to considerable ated. The lentil cultivar Eston continued to lodging, which occurred in the late planted yield higher than Laird in Manitoba. Lines of crop. Premature harvesting resulted in a adzuki beans selected at Morden out yielded much greater oil reduction in late maturing introductions from Japan and the United hybrids than in early maturing hybrids. States. Two chick-pea lines resistant to Asco- chyta blight were identified. Black bean lines Diseases. Tan, a new strain of Sclerotinia earlier in maturity and higher yielding than sclerotiorum, was discovered in a sunflower commercial cultivars have been selected. field near Portage la Prairie. Unlike the 284 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 normal strain of S. sclerotiorum, which weeping willow were increased for release in produces black sclerotia and brown apothecia, 1981 through the Canadian Ornamental this new strain produces tan sclerotia and Plant Foundation. These selections possess white apothecia. Sclerotia of the tan strain reliable hardiness for the prairie region. In lack dormancy and are capable of attacking lilies, two tetraploids derived by colchicine sunflower plants in soil shortly after inocula- treatment from nearly sterile diploid hybrids tion. of Ulium aurelianese X L. longiflorum In 2 yr of testing for resistance to sclero- proved fertile and cross compatible; these tinia wilt (S. sclerotiorum), inbreds CM 526 results indicate the value of tetraploid deri- and CM 497 have shown wilt resistance vation for fertility restoration. This is the first superior to CM 400 and RHA 273, the known successful culture of second-generation inbreds currently used widely in the commer- embryos in this wide interspecific cross. cial production of hybrids. Arboretum and evaluation. Arboretum Premature ripening, a disease of undeter- evaluations were continued with the addition mined etiology, was widespread in sunflower of 140 new accessions in 1980. A preliminary fields in Manitoba and was particularly severe evaluation of birch for tolerance or resistance in early sown fields. Sclerotinia diseases to borers showed that Betula davurica, B. generally were of unusually restricted inci- albo sinensis septentrionalis from Asia, and dence and mildness. Rust was more promi- the native B. occidentalis offered particular nent and severe than usual, and verticillium value for direct use or for further breeding. wilt was conspicuous in fields of hybrids Other promising accessions include Comus known to be moderately susceptible. rugosa, roundleaf dogwood; Fraxinus ameri- Weed control. Results in 1980 confirmed cana, white ash; Populus grandidentata, those from 1979 showing BAS 9052 to be large-tooted aspen; Populus CAG hybrid, selective in sunflowers at rates effective for white poplar; Quercus bicolor, white oak; control of wild oats, green foxtail, and volun- Rhus glabra, smooth sumac; and a Sorb us teer barley. Band application of BAS 9052 or aucuparia hybrid. These plants are being flamprop-methyl followed by cultivation increased for final assessment and recommen- between rows was as effective for control of dation to nursery growers. wild oats and green foxtail as overall applica- Propagation. Morden Cardinette rose was tion in sunflowers sown at 75-cm row spacing. propagated from leaf-bud cuttings using a When wild oats emerged early relative to crop range of concentrations of indolbutyric acid emergence, treatment with barban was not as (lBA) and 7000 ppm was found to be opti- effective as treatment with flamprop-methyl mum. A positive correlation existed between or BAS 9052, which could be applied at later root formation and seasonal growth. Cuttings stages of wild oat and sunflower growth. In a taken in early summer gave better rooting, study of wild oat competition, a weed popula- growth, and overwintering than late-summer tion of 70 plants per square metre between cuttings. A pilot project was developed to rows contributed substantially to the yield transfer this technology to commercial loss. Full-season competition by a 20-cm band growers. of wild oats centered on the row resulted in a yield loss of 23%, whereas on unweeded plots Nursery management. Herbicides were the yield loss was 44%. evaluated for efficacy and crop tolerance on a range of woody nursery crops. Data are being used to support registrations of oxadiazon in HORTICULTURAL CROPS nursery stock kept in containers and of oxyfluorfen in established spruce, and to Ornamental crops broaden information on herbicide perform- Breeding. Heritability of mildew resistance ance in woody nursery crops. in roses was found compatible with an inter- Potatoes pretation based on multigenic additive inheri- tance. The newly derived tetraploid RSMK I Breeding and evaluation. Seventeen ad- hybrid germ plasm transmitted resistance at a vanced seedlings or newly named cultivars level of 81 % in seven progenies; its perform- were evaluated in commercial field trials. ance indicates its value as a disease-resistant Atlantic (B6987-56) and Oneida have parent. A dwarf honeysuckle and a hardy achieved some support from the chipping RESEARCH STATION. MORDEN. MAN. 285 industry and require field-scale production and potato-corn rotations. Both stems and before final acceptance. Wisc 726 appears stolons were affected; up to 100% of stems about equal to Norchip and Dakchip. Crystal and 80% of stolons bore cankers, and 57% of and M69S06-69 are unacceptable for chip- stems and 46% of stolons were girdled. ping. The red table stock cultivars, Botache and Wise 729R, have gained some acceptance from the industry and have higher dry matter NEW CROPS than Pontiac and Norland. Lemhi Russet Essential oil and spice crops (A68678-1) and Shepody (F690 16) have some potential for french fry production. Evaluation. Extremely droughty and hot conditions at seeding time imposed difficulties Quality. Chipping potatoes were monitored in seedling emergence. These conditions re- for sucrose content (SR rating) beginning 4 sulted in very poor plant stands. However, wk prior to harvest and throughout the entire cumin and fenugreek were identified as hav- storage period. Preharvest SR rating was ing agronomic potential for the southern found to be useful in assessing tuber maturity prairies. as it relates to vine killing and harvesting, and Dill oil quality for predicting long-term storage potential. Management and quality. has been adversely affected by the presence of Monitoring sucrose content in storage permit- phoma blight, which destroys the fern, and by ted the identification of stress conditions, such volatile compounds obtained from certain as poor air circulation, and the breaking of weed species. Control of phoma blight was tuber dormancy. achieved by timely spraying with chlorotha- Herbicides. Herbicide treatments of EPTC lonil (Bravo) at 1.7-2.2 kg/ha. Effective (Eptam) alone gave good control of lamb's- control of broad-leaved weeds was obtained quarters and were as effective as EPTC plus with ethalfluralin, trifluralin, and chloramben. extender or as a tank mix with napropamide. Because the geraniol-rich monarda seedling Variable cultivar tolerance for metribuzin was is a triploid, it can only be propagated evident, ranging from only minimal injury asexually. The most effective and rapid (Norchip, Nipigon, F72117) to severe injury method was found to be through mist propa- (Alaska Red). Some treatments that showed gation of stem cuttings dipped in 1000 ppm of visible injury still produced good yields. IBA and placed in sand in a misting chamber. Cuttings taken from mid-May to mid-June Diseases. A survey of Russet Burbank rooted best, producing root initials in I wk; potato fields in 2-yr rotations revealed a very these cuttings were ready for transplanting in high incidence of rhizoctonia disease. The 14-16 days. As the mother plants advanced in least amount of rhizoctonia disease was found growth, the stems became more fibrous and in the potato-wheat rotation, with levels their ability to produce roots decreased increasing in the potato-barley, potato-onion, rapidly. PUBLICA nONS Research Dejong, H.; Tai, G. C. c.; Johnston, G. R.; Russell, W. A. 1980. Yield potential and genotype- Ali-Khan, S. T. 1980. Lenca field peas. Can. J. environment interaction of tetraploid-diploid Plant Sci. 60:297-298. (4x-2x) potato hybrids. Am. Potato J. 475-476 (abstract). Dedio, W. 1980. CMH 101 sunflower. Can. J. Plant Dirks, V. A.; Friesen, G. H. 1980. Tolerance of Sci. 60:291-292. fresh market tomatoes to metribuzin applied at various dates after transplanting. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:759-76 J. Dedio, W. 1980. Comparison of achenc characteris- tics and combining ability of branching and Gubbels, G. H. 1980. Yield and seed weight of non branching near isogenic sunflower restorer buckwheat after foliar applications of boron lines. Crop Sci. 20: 180-190. and calcium. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:721-722. 286 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Hoes, J. A.; Kenaschuk, E. O. 1980. Postseedling Chubey, B. B. 1980. Geraniol-rich essential oil from resistance to rust in flax. Can. J. Plant Pathol. Monarda fistulosa L. 8th International Con- 2:125-130. gress of essential oils, Cannes, France (ab- stract). p. 102. Huang, H. C. 1980. Control of sclerotinia wilt of sunflower by hyperparasites. Can. J. Plant Dedio, W.; Campbell, S. J.; Hoes, J. A.; Ukrainetz, Pathol. 2:26-32. H.; Arthur, A. 1980. Sunflower seed crops. Agric. Can. Publ. 1687. Huang, H. c.; Dueck, J. 1980. Wilt of sunflower from infection by mycelial germinating scle- Dedio, W.; Putt, E. D. 1980. Chapter 45. Sun- rotia of Sc/erotinia sc/erotiorum. Can. J. Plant flower. Hadley, H. H., ed. Hybridization of Pathol. 2:47-52. crop plants. American Society of Agronomy Monograph. pp. 631-644. Marshall, H. H. 1980. RSM KI and RSM K5 rose germ plasm. HortScience 15(2):205-206. Gubbels, G. H.; Kenaschuk, E. O. 1980. Preharvest desiccation of flax with diquat. Proceedings Ronald, W. G. 1980. Tower poplar. Can. J. Plant 48th Annual Flax Institute olt U.S., Fargo, Sci. 60: I055-1 056. ND. (17-18 Jan.). pp. 36-38. Singh, G.; Bushan, L. S.; Friesen, G. H. 1980. Time Gubbels, G. H.; Kenaschuk, E. O. 1980. Desicca- of applying selective herbicides for control of tion as a harvest aid for flax. Canadex 148.55. weeds in maize in Doon Valley. Indian J. Agron. 25:89-91. Gubbels, G. H.; Kenaschuk, E. 0.; Dedio, W. 1979. Desiccation research in flax and sunflowers. Svejda, F. J.; Ronald, W. G. 1980. Forsythia Proceedings Manitoba Agronomy Conference. 'Northern Gold'. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:1057- pp.23-26. 1058. Hoes, J. A. 1979. Rust and verticillium wilt Vanstone, D. E.; Stobbe, E. H. 1979. Light require- reactions of 25 sunflower hybrid cultivars. ment of the diphenylether herbicide, oxyfluor- Proceedings Manitoba Agronomy Conference. fen. Weed Sci. 27:88-90. pp.90-91. Whelan, E. D. P.; Dedio, W. 1980. Registration of sunflower germplasm composite crosses CMG- Hoes, J. A.; Kenaschuk, E. O. 1980. Variation in 1, CMG-2, and CMG-3. Crop Sci. 20:832. postseedling rust resistance in flax cultivars. Proceedings 48th Annual Flax Institute olt Whelan, E. D. P.; Dorrell, D. G. 1980. Interspecific U.S., Fargo, ND. (17-18 Jan.). pp. 41-46. hybrids between Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. and H. annuus L. Effects of backcross- Marshall, H. H. 1979. Index Seminum, Research ing on meiosis, anther morphology, and seed Station, Morden. characteristics. Crop Sci. 20:29-34. Marshall, H. H. 1980. Hardy chrysanthemums for prairie gardens. Agdex 200.22. Miscellaneous Ronald, W. G. 1979. Hardiness zonation Manitoba Ali-Khan, S. T. 1980. Breeding field peas in report. Proc. West. Can. Soc. Hort. Sci. Canada. Proceedings Pulse Crops Production 35:107. Conference, Saskatchewan. pp. 10-14. Ali-Khan, S. T. 1980. Agronomic assessment of Ronald, W. G. 1979. Merit trials sub-committee leafless peas in Canada. Agron. Abstr. p. 96. report. Proc. West. Can. Soc. Hort. Sci. 35: 118. Ali-Khan, S. T. 1980. Seed inoculation in pulse crops. Canadex 255.24. Ronald, W. G. 1979. Report of the Prairie Fruit Breeding Cooperative. Proc. West. Can. Soc. Ali-Khan, S. T. 1980. Infestation and control of pea Hort. Sci. 35:88. aphids. Canadex 621. Ronald W. G. 1980. Recent awards of merit. The Ali-Khan, S. T.; Zimmer, R. C. 1980. Production of Prairie Garden. pp. 8-9. field peas in Canada. Agric. Can. Publ. 1710. Ronald, W. G. 1980. Mr. Richard H. Patmore- Chubb, W. O. 1979. Weed control in sunflowers. Pioneer Plantsman 1903-1979. Thc Prairie Technical and scientific papers, Manitoba Garden. pp. 12-13. Agronomy Conference. pp. 97-99. Ronald, W. G. 1980. New prairie-adapted apples. Chubey, B. B. 1980. Sucrose rating proving to be a Landscape Alberta 3( I ):27. good measure of tuber maturity at harvest. 24th Annual Convention Canadian Potato Ronald, W. G. 1980. Benefits of plant breeding to Chip Association, Quebec City, Que. the landscape industry. Landscape Trades (abstract). 2(2):38-41. RESEARCH STATION, MORDEN. MAN. 287 Ronald, W. G. 1980. Tree breeding and evaluation Stauffer, M. D.; Chubey, B. B.; Dorrell, D. G. at the Morden Research Station-1978-79. 1980. Growth, yield and compositional charac- Proceedings of the Canadian Tree Im- teristics of Jerusalem artichoke as it relates to provement Association, Part I. p. 175. biomass production. American Chemical Soci- ety, Fuel Chemistry Division, Fuels from Ronald, W. G.; Temmerman, H. J. M. 1979. Some Biomass Symposium, San Francisco, CA. aspects of high density orcharding. Proc. West. (Aug.). Can. Soc. Hort. Sci. 35:69-75. Vanstone, D. E. 1980. Containerized nursery stock-why? The Prairie Garden. pp. 112-114. Russell, W. A. 1980. Report on past highlights and Vanstone, D. E. 1980. Basswood seed germination. present developments in potato breeding on the Landscape Alberta 3(4):24-26. Canadian prairies. Proceedings 8th Annual Meeting of the Prairie Potato Council. pp. Zimmer, R. C. 1980. Seed treatment and emer- 9-13. gence in field peas. Canadex 142.23. 288 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Research Station Winnipeg, Manitoba PROFESSIONAL STAFF D. G. DORRELL, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director M. D. HAMILTON Administrative Officer Scientific Support M. MALYK,' B.Sc., M.Sc., M.L.S. Librarian W. ROMANOW, B.S.A., M.Sc. Scientific Liaison Officer Cereal Breeding D. LEISLE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Durum wheat breeding V. M. BENDELOW, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal chemistry D. BROWN, B.S.A., M.Sc. Oat breeding A. B. CAMPBELL, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Common wheat breeding E. M. CZARNECKI, B.S.A., M.Sc. Common wheat breeding P. L. DYCK, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat genetics E. R. KERBER, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat cytogenetics F. G. KOSMOLAK, B.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal chemistry M. I. P. KOVACS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal chemistry D. R. METCALFE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Barley breeding and genetics R. I. H. McKENZIE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Oat breeding and genetics J. S. NOLL, B.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology Cereal Diseases R. ROHRINGER, Dr. SC. agr. Head of Section; Molecular biology of cereal rust c. C. GILL, B.Sc., Ph.D. Viruses G. J. GREEN, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat stem rust D. E. HARDER,' B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Oat crown rust N. K. HOWES, B.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular biology W. K. KIM, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular biology of cereal rust RESEARCH STATION. WINNIPEG. MAN. 289 J. W. MARTENS, B.Sc., Ph.D. Oat stem rust J. T. MILLS, B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Le. Seed storage pathology, fungicides J. J. NIELSEN, Dr. sc. agr. Smuts D. J. SAMBORSKI, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat leaf rust A. TEKAUZ,' B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leaf diseases P. L. THOMAS, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbial genetics, smuts Cereal Crop Protection F. L. WATTERS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Storage pest control D. ABRAMSON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. M ycotoxicology P. S. BARKER, LA., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biology and control of stored grain pests S. R. LOSCHIAVO, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Stored grain insect biology W. ROMANOW, B.S.A., M.Sc. Insect surveys and control D. SABOURIN, B.Sc., M.Sc. Biometrics R. N. SINHA, B.Sc., Ph.D. Ecology of granary insects, mites, and fungi L. B. SMITH, B.Sc., M.S.A., Ph.D. Population dynamics P. H. WESTDAL, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biology and control of field crop insects Integrated Pest Control W. J. TURNOCK, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Ecology and population dynamics G. L. AYRE, B.S.A., M.S.A. Insect ecology R. P. BODNARYK, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutritional physiology G. K. BRACKEN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology and behavior G. E. BUCHER, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Insect pathology G. H. GERBER, B.S.A., Ph.D. Reproductive physiology B. M. HEGDEKAR, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Insect biochemistry R. J. LAMB, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Systems biology H. G. WYLIE, B.A., Ph.D. Host-parasite relations VISITING SCIENTISTS Research Associates H. A. H. WALLACE, B.Sc., M.Sc. Microftora of stored seed N. D. G. WHITE, B.Sc.Agr., M.Sc., Ph.D. Grain storage, ecology F. J. MADRID, B.Sc., Ph.D. Grain storage, ecology Graduate students C. AITCHISON, B.Sc., M.Sc. Entomology 290 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 A. AL-HITTY, B.Sc. Entomology B. S. JOIA, B.sc., M.Sc. Entomology M. HOWLANDER, B.Sc., M.Sc. Entomolgoy G. MUSA, B.S.A. Plant pathology P. PATERSON, B.S.A. Plant breeding L. WONG, B.S.A. Plant breeding 'Seconded from Libraries Division. Finance and Administration Branch. 'On transfer of work to the University of Konstanz. Konstanz, Germany. April 1980 - March \98!. 'On transfer of work to thc Royal Veterinary and Agriculture Universtiy, Copenhagen, Denmark. October 1980 - September 1981. RESEARCH STATION. WINNIPEG, MAN. 291 INTRODUCTION Research programs at the Winnipeg Research Station emphasize three broad responsibili- ties: development of improved cultivars of cereals adapted to regions of the Canadian prairies, research on the protection of stored seed and seed products, and research on the integrated control of insect pests of field crops. Improvement of cereal cultivars, historically the first mandate of the Research Station, requires close cooperation between plant breeders, geneticists, cytologists, plant pathologists, and cereal chemists. Three cultivars were licensed in 1980 as a result of their combined efforts. The hard red spring wheat cultivar, Columbus, is the first Canadian cultivar with a high degree of harvest-time sprouting resistance. The two-row barley cultivar, Norbert, is the first cultivar to combine resistance to stem rust and net blotch with tolerance for barley yellow dwarf mosaic virus. The spring oat cultivar, Fidler, is the first cultivar with effective multigenic resistance to stem and crown rust and good yield. Cereal cultivars developed by the Winnipeg Research Station are currently grown on more than 9.5 million ha in Western Canada. Research on the preservation of grain and oilseeds and their products is national in scope and requires close cooperation with Plant Products and Quarantine Division of Agriculture Canada, the Canadian Grain Commission, and the grain industry. Factors that cause the development of toxins in stored grain are being investigated as part of a strong mycotoxin program. Low-cost ventilation systems have been developed that permit safe storage and maintenance of quality in damp rapeseed. Research on the control of field crop insects, particularly those that attack rapeseed, includes the evaluation of new insecticides, an assessment of economic damage, and the development of management systems. A highly successful integrated control program for the strawberry cutworm was developed that includes chemical and cultural methods. Dr. W. C. McDonald, Director of the Winnipeg Research Station since 1971, retired at the end of 1979 after a distinguished 29-yr career with the Research Branch. He is noted for his contribution to genetic control of barley leaf diseases. Drs. R. Rohringer and F. L. Watters subsequently shared the responsibilities of Acting Director for 8 mo in 1980. Further information summarized in this report can be obtained from Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Man. R3T 2M9. D. G. Dorrell Director BREEDING, GENETICS, AND high ,8-amylase activity appeared to be asso- CYTOGENETICS ciated with lower levels of other enzymes essential for malting. Similarly, in initial malting tests it was found that lines with a Barley very low polyphenol content showed a de- crease in essential enzyme activity. More The two-row barley line T.R. 206 was evidence was obtained to indicate that the licensed as the cultivar Norbert. This cultivar level of hordein protein in barley affects is well adapted to the eastern prairie region amount of fermentable material that can be because it possesses improved yield and straw extracted from malt. Preliminary results strength and is the first cultivar with resist- indicate that hordein content can be easily ance to stem rust and net blotch and with screened for in the breeding program. tolerance for barley yellow dwarf virus. Although its status as a malting barley has Common wheat not been established, it has good malting The hard red spring wheat line, B.W. 37, quality. was licensed as the cultivar Columbus. This is Barley-quality studies revealed that high the first Canadian cultivar with a high degree lysine lines from the breeding program did not of resistance to harvest-time sprouting and it appear suitable for malting purposes. Their establishes a new standard of quality. This 292 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 characteristic means that the crop has a lower the Black soil zone and was equal to the best level of a-amylase activity in wet harvest check cultivar in the Brown soil zone after 2 seasons and meets the stringent requirements yr of testing. of the Japanese market. Columbus is slightly A preliminary study established that a link later maturing and higher yielding than the existed between factors controlling glume popular cultivar, Neepawa. It has good resist- color and electrophoretic banding patterns of ance to leaf rust and bunt, and moderate gliadin proteins, specifically bands 42 and 45. resistance to stem rust and smut. The overall These bands were earlier shown to be associ- quality is good. ated with gluten strength. It is now suggested Progress was evident for the incorporation that gluten strength is controlled by a factor of sprouting resistance, and additional leaf associated with glume color and bands 42/45, and stem rust resistance, into the breeding and one or more factors segregating indepen- populations. dently. The genetics of rust resistance was deter- The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedi- mined in several cultivars. Glenlea was shown mentation test to measure protein quality was to carry Sr5, Sr6, Sr7a, and one or two type 2 further modified to speed processing of sam- genes for stem rust resistance. It has at least ples. This modified test is being utilized in the three genes for leaf rust resistance: Lr I for quality screening program. seedling resistance and two genes for adult Oats plant resistance. Sinton has LriO for seedling resistance plus Lrl3 and one of the Glenlea The oats line QT. 210 was licensed as the genes for adult plant leaf rust resistance. cultivar Fidler. This cultivar is adapted to the Hork "S," a cultivar from the International eastern prairie region because it possesses Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, has highly effective multigenic resistance to stem LrlO for seedling resistance and Lrl3 and rust and crown rust, and resistance to smut. It Lrl 2 for adult plant resistance. The seedling has shorter and stronger straw and good yield leaf rust resistance of Columbus is due to characteristics. Lrl6. Lines with stem rust resistance derived Promising lines entered in the final testing from Agropyron (Sr26), Aegilops ventricosa stage combine rust and smut resistance from Tausch and Triticum persicum var. (V PM), Avena sterilis, large seed size from Harmon and T. longissimum (Scheinf. & Muschli in and Kent (an Australian cultivar), and toler- Muschli) Bowden appear to have satisfactory ance for barley yellow dwarf virus from Kent. quality. An increase in protein content, achieved by CEREAL RUSTS nitrogen fertilizer application, was shown to increase the water absorption capacity of flour Rust surveys and to decrease the mixograph development time in five Canadian cultivars. The effect of Stem rust of wheat. Wheat stem rust was protein content on extensigraph areas differed scarce in Canada in 1979 because little air- among cultivars. Remix and blend-loaf vol- borne inoculum was introduced from the umes increased with increasing protein con- south; hot dry weather during July and tent for each cultivar. Quality evaluation of August was unfavorable for rust development; Rescue-Cadet chromosome substitution lines and rust-resistant cultivars were planted in showed reciprocal chromosome effects in the the rust-prone areas. Twenty-one races were direction of the donor parent for mixograph identified in Canada in 1979, three of which development time with chromosome I A, were new. Race C25, first identified in 1965, farinograph absorption with 2A and 6B, and was potentially the most dangerous. It has grinding time with 1A, I B, and 6D. Cadet been isolated with increasing frequency in chromosomes of the homologous groups 4 and recent years, although it has not been found in 7 had a major effect on Rescue quality. farm fields and does not appear to threaten resistant commercial cultivars. Nevertheless, Durum wheat it has shown some virulence on these cultivars in greenhouse trials. Two lines from the breeding program were For many years most wheat stem rust advanced in the cooperative test. After fur- collections in Western Canada were made ther evaluation the most promising appears to from the wild grass, Hordeum jubatum L. In be DT 433, which yielded 108% of Coulter in 1978, however, a sudden change occurred and RESEARCH STATION, WINNIPEG, MAN. 293 the preponderance of rust found on this grass rust-resistant cultivar, Fidler, in Western shifted from wheat stem rust to rye stem rust. Canada. The resistance conferred by gene Pg- This situation persisted in 1979, and because 16 remains effective against all isolates identi- rust has not been found in farm fields of fied in Canada, and the resistances conferred resistant varieties for many years, nearly all by gene Pg-13 and the Pg-a complex were the wheat stem rust collections identified in highly effective against more than 99% of the the race survey were from three plots of the isolates identified in 1979. In 1980, stem rust susceptible cultivar Klein Titan planted at occurred throughout Manitoba and eastern Morden, Portage, and Brandon, Man. Similar Saskatchewan, but infections were light and plots sown at six locations in Saskatchewan there was very little crop damage. The 1980 produced only three pustules. There is always physiologic race survey in Eastern Canada a concern that the limited number of samples was expanded to include a 'trap nursery,' and identified may not be representative of the two new avirulence-virulence combinations wheat stem rust population. Nevertheless, we were identified. feel that no important new race went undetected. Resistance to the rusts A number of accessions from the World Leaf rust of wheat. Rust surveys carried Wheat Collection were tested in the seedling out in Manitoba and Saskatchewan indicated and adult plant stages with eight races of leaf that wheat leaf rust occurred at very low rust. A number of potentially useful sources levels of infection in 1980 and did not cause of resistance were identified. Genes Ld and any damage to the wheat crop. Preliminary LrlO occurred in a number of these acces- identifications of races indicated that only a sions. The incorporation of additional genes few races of leaf rust were present in Mani- for resistance to leaf rust into the cultivar toba in 1980 and these could not attack any of Benito was continued. Genes Ldka and Lr21 the recommended resistant cultivars. are being backcrossed into this cultivar. The identification of races from leaf rust A botanical expedition to the Canary survey samples was carried out in 1979 with Islands, northwest Africa, and the Iberian 19 backcross differential lines of wheat. Lines Peninsula in quest of new genetic resources with resistance genes Lr/6. Lr/9, Lr21, and produced 3850 accessions of Avena, T4 x PI 58548 were resistant to all isolates of Hordeum. Triticum and Aegilops. leaf rust, and Lr/I was attacked by only a few isolates from Ontario. Thirty virulence com- Three hundred and sixty new accessions binations on 14 genes for resistance were from Turkey and Iran were tested for stem rust and crown rust resistance. Although new identified. resistance was identified, it is at the tetraploid Oat crown rust. Avirulence-virulence com- level, making it difficult to utilize. binations in crown rust were identified using 19 single-gene lines in 1979. Thirty-three Molecular biology and ultrastructure of the combinations collected from across Canada cereal rusts were identified, but there were no important Lectin-coated gold particles were used as changes in the populations that could affect histochemical markers to detect lectin recep- advanced breeder lines or the sources of tors in ultrathin sections of stem rust uredo- resistance being used in the Winnipeg breed- sporelings and rust-infected wheat leaves. ing program. Con A receptors, presumably consisting of In 1980 crown rust occurred throughout glucan or mannan, or both, were found in most of Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan, spore walls but not in germ tube walls. No but infections were the lightest in many years, receptors for soybean lectin (galactose-spe- with almost no crop damage, even in late cific) or Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (fucose- maturing fields. specific) were detected, although gas chroma- Oat stem rust. Avirulence-virulence com- tography indicated that galactose and fucose binations of oat stem rust were identified may be present in macromolecular constitu- using nine backcross single-gene differential ents of germ tube walls. lines in 1980. Twelve combinations were Wheat germ lectin-coated gold (specific for identified from across Canada but there were N-acetylglucosamine) showed anomalous no changes in the rust population that could behavior in the presence of chitin hydrolysate. threaten advanced breeders lines or the new The latter inhibited binding of the lectin to 294 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 lectin-specific receptor sites on germ tube membrane-enriched fractions were prepared walls, confirming the presence of chitin. On from ditelosomic lines of wheat missing either spore walls, however, it not only failed to 2Da or 6Df3 chromosome arms. Evidence was inhibit binding, but greatly promoted it. obtained that the susceptible line has one Further work is necessary to determine the additional protein not found in the resistant nature of wheat germ lectin receptors in spore line or in the ditelosomic lines. walls. The ultrastructural and histochemical anal- ysis of tissue infected with wheat stem rust OTHER CEREAL DISEASES indicated that the neck wall and body wall of Smuts haustoria contains Con A receptors. Wheat germ lectin receptors were found in hyphal Smut was found in 73% and 64% of the walls and in the body wall of old haustoria but barley fields examined in the Prairie Prov- not in those of young haustoria or in hausto- inces in 1979 and 1980, respectively. The rial neck walls. The extrahaustorial matrix levels of Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr. and U. contained Con A receptors and probably nigra Tapke were lower in 1980 than in 1979, cellulose as well, but no wheat germ lectin whereas U. hordei (Pers.) Lagerh. was found receptors. The possible presence of cellulose at the unusually high level of 20-25% in three may indicate that this structure is of host fields in Saskatchewan. origin. Different strains of U. nigra and U. nuda A histochemical study was conducted to were used to demonstrate that these two identify the major components of the struc- barley loose smuts are more difficult to tures at the host-parasite interface in oat differentiate than commonly assumed. Lab- leaves infected with crown rust, including the oratory germination is required for positive haustorium mother cell wall, the septum and identification. septal protrusions, the adhesive substance Bromus was shown to be a new host for U. attaching the haustorial mother cell to the avenae (Pers.) Rostr. and U. kollen' Wille. host wall, the haustoria I neck and body walls, The smut Ustilago aegilopsidis Picbauer, the haustorial neck ring, and the interacting collected on Aegilops caudata L. in Turkey regions of the host cytoplasm. Comparisons and on A. cylindrica Host in Azerbaidzhan, were made between dikaryotic haustoria in was hybridized with false loose smut of barley oats and monokaryotic haustoria of this collected in Canada, Turkey, and Azerbaid- fungus in buckthorn. Information was ob- zhan. Behavior of the progeny suggests that tained to aid in defining monokaryotic hausto- the two smuts, pathogenic on species of ria. Aegilops or Hordeum, are conspecific and Germ tube walls of wheat stem rust uredo- could be a link between ancestral species and sporelings were extracted using five different the present species that are specialized on methods to solubilize macromolecular wall either wheat or barley. constituents. The extracts contained various amounts of protein and bound sugars (man- Foliage diseases nose, glucose, galactose, fucose, and N-ace- Breeding lines and entries in the coopera- tylglucosamine), depending on the method of tive barley test were tested for resistance to extraction. The macromolecular components leaf stripe, net blotch, and scald. Good were further characterized by passage resistance against scald was identified in the through columns of Sepharose-bound Con A, recently licensed barley cultivar Johnston. revealing the presence of glucose or mannose, A genetic study with net blotch indicated or both, in terminal positions. that the gene for resistance found in CI 9214 Protein was extracted from resistant and is different from that found in CI 5791. The susceptible near-isogenic lines of wheat and presence of modifying factors, however, may compared by slab gel electrophoresis and preclude effective use of CI 9214 as a resist- isoelectric focusing to detect the product of ant donor. Field inoculation of cultivars the gene for resistance. This comparison was Klages and Norbert barley with P. teres was hindered by the presence of the major leaf repeated successfully by using a mechanical protein, chloroplast fraction I protein. There- air pump to apply inoculum. The use of fore, leaf proteins were prefractionated to plastic bags on inoculated plants to stimulate obtain a membrane-enriched fraction rela- the development of the disease was found to tively free of fraction I protein. Similar have a detrimental effect on grain yield. RESEARCH STATION. WINNIPEG. MAN. 295 The major components of the microflora of rapidly, thereby substantially reducing qual- seed of four malting barley cultivars grown at ity. The relative ratio of triglycerides did not six Canadian locations in 1979 were deter- change during the 22-wk period. The major mined. Differences between locations and postharvest microflora that developed on the cultivars were noted. The cultivar Bonanza soybeans were: Penicillium spp., Aspergillus had the cleanest seed and should be used as a flavus, ascomycetes, and bacteria, particu- standard in future testing. larly Erwinia herbicola. The mites Acarus farris (Oud.) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae Viruses (Schrank) could not survive on the soybeans; in contrast, the red flour beetle multiplied on Some of the properties of the protein and seeds at 30°C under aerobic conditions. ribonucleic acid (RNA) of oats necrotic mottle virus (ONMV) were determined. The Principal component analysis was used to molecular weights of ONMV protein and determine the relative importance of changes nucleic acid were determined by polyacryl- in wheat stored at 15.5% moisture content amide gel electrophoresis. Two bands were and artificially infested with lesser grain consistently found on gels for the protein with borer, rice weevil, red flour beetle, rusty grain mean molecular weights of 39 800 and beetle, and saw toothed grain beetle. Tri- 29 400. It is suggested that the slow compo- weekly and cumulative 60-wk analyses nent represents the true viral protein and that showed that high bacterial counts were associ- the fast component is a breakdown product. ated with high FAV. The mite Tarsonemus Glycoproteins were not detected in the virus. granarius Lindquist, which was present ini- When ONMV nucleic acid was run on the tially in the grain, was positively correlated gels, only one band was found with a mean with the storage fungi of the Aspergillus molecular weight of 2.6 x 10'. Enzyme glaucus group and Aspergillus candid us treatments indicated that the virus contained Link. The field fungi Alternaria spp. and seed single-stranded RNA. germination were negatively related to FA V, bacteria, and grain damage. The number of insects was related to the presence of Asper- STORED PRODUCTS PROTECTION gillus and negatively related to the presence of bacteria. The combined action of the lesser Research on the biology and control of grain borer and Aspergillus spp. increased pests in stored cereals and oilseeds emphasizes seed damage and moisture content, thus the interaction of insects and microorganisms promoting bacterial growth, which in turn in a dynamic storage environment. The pro- inhibited growth of insects and molds. gram includes: studies of the ecology of stored grain; factors that limit long-term storage; In rapeseed stored at 25°C and 12.4% identification and quantification of insects in moisture content, Penicillium spp. were most stored products; influence of attractants and frequent after 30 days and Aspergillus versi- feeding stimuli on insect behavior; control of color after 147 days; at 9.7% moisture insects and mites by environmental, physical, content, however, species of the Aspergillus and chemical means; and identification and glaucus group were most frequent after 50 control of mycotoxins in stored grain and days. Guidelines for maximum safe storage periods for farm-stored rapeseed at various oilseeds. temperature and moisture levels, derived from Storage laboratory data, were validated with rapeseed data collected from farm bins in Manitoba. The keeping quality of soybean seed, culti- var Amsoy 71, was determined by monitoring Small-scale field experiments were con- biotic and abiotic variables in seed lots of ducted with rapeseed at 10.9-15.0% moisture 13.1 % and 17.3% moisture content stored at content to determine changes in quality. 10° and 30°C under aerobic and anaerobic Respiration of rapeseed during the first 7 wk conditions for 22 wk. Seeds of both moisture was high, and quality declined progressively contents stored at 10°C had negligible quality during the 65-wk storage as indicated by loss after 22 wk. At 30°C under anaerobic decreased seed germination, increased leak- conditions, however, fat acidity values (FAV) age of seed electrolytes, and increased free increased sharply, seed viability was drasti- fatty acid levels. There was also an increase in cally reduced, and microorganisms developed the levels of postharvest molds, Aspergillus RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 296 candidus, A. glaucus group species, A. versi- Neepawa. Oviposition occurred on ground color, Penicillium verrucosum var. cy- wheat or corn at 18-32°C at 70% relative clopium, and Wallema sebi. The results humidity. Maximum lifetime production of suggested that moist rapeseed should be dried 200 eggs per female occurred at 27 and 30°C. immediately after combining, because loss in The lowest temperature at which adults seed quality occurs within 24 h as a result of developed normally over a period of 85 days seed enzymatic action and Penicillium activ- was 20°C. The shortest mean developmental ity. period was 25.4 :t 0.2 days at 32°C, 70% Experiments conducted to simulate the relative humidity. effect of water leakage in a grain bin of wheat Adult rusty grain beetles were found to on the dynamics of the rusty grain beetle exhibit a powerful geotactic response result- revealed that the most beetles were obtained ing in downward movement in wheat-filled after 8 wk at 27.5°C when 20 g of water was containers. When beetles were introduced at added to 50 g of wheat. There was no the top of a 250-cm column of wheat, signifi- difference between adding 20 g of water cantly more beetles were found in the bottom initially or adding 5 g per week for 4 wk. 25 cm after 3 days than anywhere else in the column. When moisture was added to a 10-cm Mycotoxins layer midway down the column, 9 I% of the Fusarium trichothecene toxins at levels of beetles congregated after 7 days in either the approximately 6 ppm were discovered in a moist wheat or in the 5-cm layer immediately sample of Fusarium-infected wheat from below. Knowledge of these behavioral re- Ontario, submitted by the Grain Inspection sponses is helpful in locating insects in grain Division of the Canadian Grain Commission. bins. Subsequent mass spectrometry analysis of A survey of more than 1000 residences was other samples in Agriculture Canada's Ot- conducted in Winnipeg in 1980 to determine tawa facilities confirmed the presence of the incidence, distribution, and economic vomitoxin and resulted in a temporary em- importance of the merchant grain beetle as an bargo of this crop. urban household pest. About 13.5% of single- Laboratory studies were conducted to ex- family residences and 19.3% of multiple amine the natural formation of ochratoxin A, dwellings were, or had been, infested with this a potent nephrotoxin, in I-kg parcels of wheat species. The percentage of infested apart- at 20.5% moisture content, at various temper- ments increased by 1.3% since 1971. atures. After 10 wk of storage, 8 ppb was formed at 15°C and more than 24 ppb at Control 22°C. Strains of Penicillium verrucosum var. Field experiments with rapeseed cultivar cyclopium were associated with the produc- Tower, stored in a farm granary in which tion of this toxin. bromophos with active ingredient (ai) at 0.5 2 Biology g/m had been applied to the floor and walls prior to storage, showed that after 16 wk An energy budget was determined for the bromophos residues ranged from 0.1 ppm in sawtoothed grain beetle reared singly on rapeseed samples taken from the center of the rolled oats at 30 :t 1°C and 80 :t 2% relative bulk to 2.6 ppm in floor samples. After a humidity. The mean energy content of a further 36 wk of storage, bromophos residues rolled oat is 310 J. It was estimated that 31 I in floor samples contained 3.5 ppm. Labora- Jlindividual were ingested during an 80-day tory studies showed that uptake of bromophos life-span. The highest rate of oxygen con- by wheat or rapeseed was higher from wood sumption (1.38 ILL/individual per day) occur- surfaces than from concrete (P < 0.0 I); red on the eighth day of the life cycle. It was uptake of bromophos was higher in rapeseed estimated that a female adult consumes 273 J than in wheat; and both wheat and rapeseed in 60 days and expends 107 J in egg produc- had higher affinities for bromophos than for tion, 135 J in respiration, and 12 J as feces. malathion. The persistence of these chemicals Studies with the larger grain borer showed on plywood surfaces was influenced by the that although this species is capable of type of abrasion applied after treatment. developing into a serious pest of stored corn in Persistence of malathion emulsified concen- mild climatic regions of Canada, it is unable trate (EC) and wettable powder (WP) was to reproduce on stored wheat seeds, cultivar significantly extended by the abrasive action RESEARCH STATION. WINNIPEG. MAN. 297 of a broom over the surface, whereas the synthetic pyrethroids, decamethrin, cyper- persistence of malathion EC and WP, bromo- methrin, and fenvalerate, were effective as phos EC and WP, and iodofenphos EC was postemergence foliar sprays in the control of significantly reduced by abrasion with wheat adults of the sunflower beetle. kernels. Wheat was treated with malathion EC to Pea aphid provide a deposit of 8 ppm prior to storage at seven temperatures from -35 to 27°C. Mala- In cooperation with scientists from the thion degraded by <3% during 72 wk of Morden Research Station, preliminary storage at -20 or -35°C, but the degradation studies were conducted on the role of pea process increased progressively as the temper- aphid as a vector of seed-borne mosaic virus. ature was increased with losses of 26, 61, 74, A survey of commercial pea fields showed 95, and 96% from initial deposits in wheat that although aphid populations were very low stored at -5, 5, 10, 20, and 27°C, respectively, in the early part of the summer, the aphid after 72 wk. populations in more than half the fields The effectiveness of carbon dioxide, pro- exceeded the accepted economic threshold. duced from Dry Ice, for the control of the Both sweep net and foliage samples gave hairy mite, Lepidoglyphus destructor satisfactory estimates of aphid density. (Schrank), was determined in a column of wheat 179 cm high and 30 cm in diameter. When carbon dioxide concentrations of 1300- Cutworms 1800 mg/L were maintained for 9 days, all adult and nymphal stages of the mite were An integrated control program against the killed at all depths except near the surface. strawberry cutworm was developed for and However, a number of hypopi formed during implemented by strawberry growers in Mani- fumigation emerged as adults after they were toba. Registration was obtained for the use of removed from the wheat and exposed to Lorsban 4C on strawberries, and its use gave normal atmosphere. Thus it appears that CO, 90% control of the cutworm larvae. The early would be ineffective as a fumigant. application of spray permitted the develop- ment of a natural parasite complex, which destroyed 20% of the remaining larval popula- CROP PROTECTION tion; delaying fall tilling until after moth flights in September destroyed 78% of the Research on insect pests of oilseed and field eggs laid by surviving moths. A second crops emphasizes the development and imple- insecticide, Supracide 25EC, gave good con- mentation of better methods of pest manage- trol but was less effective than Lorsban 4C. ment to avoid or reduce damage. The pro- gram includes field testing insecticides, Experimental manipulation of photoperiod developing and testing techniques for moni- and temperature failed to induce diapause in toring and predicting pest abundance and any stage of the armyworm. It was concluded crop damage, and investigating methods of that the armyworm could not overwinter in improving nonchemical control of pests. These Manitoba, because at no stage of development programs are supported by research on sam- was this pest found to survive exposure of pling techniques, survival, development, phe- more than 2 wk at O°C. nology, host selection, induction and termina- Sex attractant trapping has shown that the tion of diapause, overwintering strategies, clover cutworm is normally present and quite reproductive biology, and biochemical bases abundant in Manitoba, despite the difficulty of neurotransmission. of locating larvae. In 1980, the first recorded outbreaks of this species were reported on Sunflower beetle various broad-leaved crops in southern Mani- Phorate and c1oethocarb were effective as toba. Insecticidal spraying was required, and in-furrow granular treatments for the control some fields were destroyed by the feeding of of sunflower beetles on sunflowers. This the larvae. Catch data from sex attractant confirms the results of previous tests with traps were highly variable, indicating that the phorate and emphasizes the critical impor- usefulness of traps may be restricted to tance of correct placement of granular insecti- predicting larval abundance within fields cides in attaining effective control. The adjacent to them. 298 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Red turnip beetle persistence to provide protection much beyond the period of seedling emergence and allowed A study of the effect of overwintering flea beetles to cause severe plant damage and temperature on survival of red turnip beetle retarded development. No outstanding new eggs showed that after 200 days of exposure, seed dressings were identified, but some all eggs survived at -5 and -10°C, none entries will be retested in a year of less survived at -20°C, and 58.5% and 73.4% extreme weather. Postemergence foliar sprays survived at O°C and -15°C, respectively. The were generally ineffective, except for de- data suggest that the eggs are able to with- camethrin, a new entry among the synthetic stand cold temperatures for long periods and pyrethroids. This failure was a result of that overwintering mortality caused by cold damage having occurred before spraying and temperatures normally is not an important the short residual effect of these sprays. factor in the population dynamics of the beetle. It has been established that rapeseed yields in Manitoba average about 15% higher when Flea beetles carbofuran is used as an in-furrow granular The extremely hot dry weather in the treatment than when lindane is used as a seed spring and early summer of 1980 caused treatment or postemergence foliar sprays are delayed and sporadic germination of rape and applied. In addition, yields are usually not increased the movement of flea beetles, fol- significantly enhanced by seed treatments or lowed by their concentration on patches of sprays when compared with nontreated con- suitable food. A sticky-trap warning system to trols. anticipate invasion levels of flea beetles in A further 653 adults of Mieroetonus rapeseed was tested at five locations in bie%r, a European parasite of flea beetles, Manitoba. Although the drought and very were released in the attempt to increase high beetle densities throughout the province parasitism. Over 5000 adults of the flea beetle interfered with the test, the data obtained Phyllotreta strio/ata (F.) and smaller num- revealed that the method is not sufficiently bers of Phyllotreta erueiferae (Goeze) and precise to apply to commercial operations. Psylliodes punetu/ata Melsh. were collected Exposing caged rape seedlings to very high and reared, but there was no evidence that the flea beetle densities (up to 3500/m') for up to European parasite, released in small numbers 4 days did not cause a reduction in their in 1978 and 1979, had become established. subsequent yield, either from adults feeding on foliage or from larvae feeding on roots. Medium- and small-plot systems were Protecting the germinating rape and the tested as a means of screening genetic lines of young seedlings from adult flea beetle attack crucifers for seedling resistance to flea beetle for different times and at different periods of damage. A single-row system with sequential growth indicated that damage by adults seeding of groups of replicates revealed continued for 15-20 days, most of it inflicted moderate to high levels of resistance to between 5 and 10 days after germination. seedling damage in some lines. Because most damage results from the killing Survival of overwintering flea beetles in of plants at the cotyledon stage, an adequate riverbank forest litter was found to be very crop can be produced if at least 45 late high: nearly 100% for and about germinating seedlings per square metre are P. strio/ata 80% for P. erueiferae. protected from beetle attack, and survive. This occurs because there is little correlation Continuous culture of flea beetles under between plant densities above 45 and seed laboratory conditions is extremely difficult. yield, when yield per plant decreases as plant Egg production was measured for flea beetles density increases. collected in the field in late summer and Despite the low soil-moisture conditions conditioned for storage at 2°C by maintaining early in the summer, the use of in-furrow an 8: 16 h light-to-dark cycle and by decreas- granular insecticides resulted in better plant ing the rearing temperatures. Viable eggs development and higher yields of rapeseed were produced at a rate of 1.2 per female per than other insecticides tested. New granular day for a 2-wk period from groups of 200 formulations of aldicarb and c1oethocarb adults caged over rapeseed seedlings. Egg compared well with carbofuran and warrant productivity was not affected by storing further testing. Seed dressings lacked the females at 2°C for up to 30 wk. RESEARCH STATION. WINNIPEG. MAN. 299 Bertha armyworm and development of new insecticides that block or interfere with the octopaminergic The techniques previously developed to system. detect and predict the location and severity of bertha armyworm infestations were tested Taurine, a putative inhibitory neurotrans- and gave excellent results. Sex attractant mitter, was studied in detail in the brain, traps were placed at 13 locations in Manitoba. blood, and whole body of the bertha army- Those locations with less than 25 moths per worm during larval growth, and diapause and trap did not develop damaging larval infesta- postdiapause development. The study re- tions. Early larval surveys taken at the vealed a close correlation between taurine and locations producing higher catches confirmed certain developmental events that occur dur- the abundance of larvae and enabled an early ing metamorphosis. No correlation, however, warning to be issued to growers. Subse- was evident between the induction of diapause quently, spraying was restricted to about 3200 and levels of taurine occurring in the larval ha of rape in the areas where damaging brain during diapause induction. Feeding infestations were predicted. taurine to the larvae did not reverse the Collections made during the late larval induction of diapause, and it was therefore stages showed a 33% mortality from parasites concluded that manipulation of taurine in the and diseases, and 50% survival to healthy larval stage is not likely to affect the dia- pupae. This indicates a high potential for pause-triggering mechanism. increased populations in 1981. The overwin- tering survival of pupae can be estimated Grasshoppers from the duration of their exposure to low soil temperatures. Equations have been developed In 1980, approximately 30 350 ha were and are currently being tested for predicting sprayed to control grasshoppers, a fourfold soil temperatures in rape fields from air increase from 1979. The adult survey, con- temperature and snow cover. ducted in the fall of 1980, showed that the The effect of different levels of bertha infested area had increased slightly from the armyworm infestations was determined in previous year. Nevertheless, population densi- farm fields by estimating larval density in the ties are expected to be lower in 1981. The field and then protecting part of the field from largest area of infestation was in the south aerial spraying. Spraying did not significantly central part of Manitoba, extending south increase yields in fields with initial larval from Neepawa and Gladstone. Infestations densities of 10-30/m2 because of high varia- were light except for two small areas of bility in the yield of the small sample plots. In moderate infestation. The second largest area fields with larval densities of 63-l50/m', the infested was east of the Red River and differences in yield were significant, and the covered most of the municipalities of De average loss per larva was 0.319 g, similar to Salaberry and Franklin. Infestations ranged the 0.325 g/larva estimated in previous cage from light to moderate. A smaller, light-to- trials. moderate infestation was present in the area A dose-effect test of Dipel, an insecticide extending from Brandon, south and east to based on Bacillus thuringiensis formulation, Rathwell between the Assiniboine River and was run on fifth and sixth instar larvae of the Highway 2. Three areas of light infestation bertha armyworm. Feeding inhibition was were located in the Red River Valley west of observed, but there was little kill except at the Red River. very high doses. Thus, it was predicted and confirmed that applications of 0.45 kg/ha Infestations in the Red River Valley were would not reduce damage sufficiently to mainly along roadsides, where the dominant increase seed yield. species was the twostriped grasshopper, Mela- naplus bivittatus (Say). In the south central Neurophysiology area, pastures, hay land, and some roadsides Octopamine has been identified as a major were infested, and the clearwinged grasshop- neurotransmitter in the central nervous sys- per, Camnula pellucida (Scudder), was tem of insects, opening the way for research dominant. 300 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 PUBLICATIONS Research Kosmolak, F. G.; Dexter, J. E.; Matsuo, R. R.; Leisle, D.; Marchylo, B. A. 1980. A relation- Abramson, D.; Sinha, R. N.; Mills, J. T. 1980. ship between durum wheat quality and gliadin Mycotoxin and odor formation in moist cereal e1ectrophoregrams. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:427- grain during granary storage. Cereal Chern. 432. 57:346-351. Lamb, R. J. 1980. Hairs protect pods of mustard Ayre, G. L. 1980. The biology and life history of (Brassica hirta 'Gisilba ') from flea beetle the cutworm Amphipoea interoceanica (Lepi- feeding damage. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 1439- doptera: Noetuidae), a new pest of strawberry 1440. in Manitoba. Can. Entomol. 112:127-130. Loschiavo, S. R. 1980. An insect bioassay to Bodnaryk, R. P. 1980. Changes in brain octo- evaluate feed barley of different lysine content. pamine levels during metamorphosis of the J. Sci. Food Agric. 31 :351-354. moth Mamestra configurata Wlk. Insect Bio- chern. 10:169-173. Mills, J. T. 1980. Quality changes occurring in small lots of dry and moist rapeseed during Brown, P. D.; McKenzie, R. I. H.; Mikaelsen, K. storage. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:831-839. 1980. Agronomic, genetic, and cytologic evalu- ation of a vigorous new semidwarf oat. Crop Mills, J. T.; Sinha, R. N. 1980. Safe storage periods Sci. 20:303-306. for farm-stored rapeseed based on mycological and biochemical assessment. Phytopathology Chong, J.; Harder, D. E. 1980. Ultrastructure of 70:541-547. haustorium development in Puccinia coronata avenae I. Cytochemistry and electron probe Muir, W. E.; Sinha, R. N.; Wallace, H. A. H.; X-ray analysis of the haustorial neck ring. Sholberg, P. O. 1980. Emergency farm struc- Can. J. Bot. 58:2496-2505. tures for storing grain-A multidisciplinary evaluation. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. Dexter, J. E.; Matsuo, R. R.; Kosmolak, F. G.; 23:208-217. Leisle, D.; Marchylo, B. A. 1980. The suitabil- ity of the SDS-sedimentation test for assessing Noll, J. S.; Czarnecki, E. 1980. Methods of extend- gluten strength in durum wheat. Can. J. Plant ing the testing period for harvest-time dor- Sci. 60:25-29. mancy in wheat. Cereal Res. Commun. 8:233- 238. Gavrechenkov, Y. D.; Sinha, R. N. 1980. Keeping quality of soybeans stored under aerobic and Tekauz, A.; Chiko, A. W. 1980. Leaf stripe of anaerobic conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. barley caused by Pyrenophora graminea: Oc- 60: I087-1099. currence in Canada and comparisons with barley stripe mosaic. Can. J. Plant Pathol. Gill, C. C. 1980. Assessment of losses on spring 2: 152-158. wheat, naturally infected with barley yellow dwarf virus. Plant Dis. 64: 197-203. Turnock, W. J.; Gerber, G. H.; Sabourin, D. U. 1980. An evaluation of the usc of elytra and Gill, C. C. 1980. Some properties of the protein and bodies in X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopic nucleic acid of oat necrotic mottle virus. Can. studies of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis J. Plant Pathol. 2:86-89. americana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Can. Entomol. 112:609-614. Harder, D. E.; McKenzie, R. I. H.: Martens, J. W. 1980. Inheritance of crown rust resistance in White, N. D. G.; Sinha, R. N. 1980. Canonical three accessions of Avena sterilis L. Can. J. correlation analysis of interactions in insect- Genet. Cytol. 22:27-33. infested stored wheat. Environ. Entomol. 9:106-112. Kerber, E. R.; Green, G. J. 1980. Suppression of stem rust res;stance in the hexaploid wheat cv. White, N. D. G.; Sinha, R. N. 1980. Changes in Canthatch by chromosome 7DL. Can. J. Bot. stored-wheat ecosystems infested with two 58: 1347-1350. combinations of insect species. Can. J. Zoo I. 58: 1524-1534. Kosmolak, F. G.; Crowle, W. L. 1980. An effect of nitrogen fertilization on the agronomic traits White, N. D. G.; Sinha, R. N. 1980. Principal and dough mixing strength of five Canadian component analysis of interrelations in stored hard red spring wheat cultivars. Can. J. Plant wheat ecosystems infested with multiple spe- Sci. 60:1071-1076. cies of insects. Res. Popul. Ecol. 22:33-50. RESEARCH STATION. WINNIPEG. MAN. 301 Van der Broek, L. J.; Gill, C. C. 1980. The median Kosmolak, F. G.; Kerber, E. R. 1980. Marquis-K latent periods for three isolates of barley yellow cultivar standard for wheat gliadin electropho- dwarf virus in aphid vectors. Phytopathology resis. Wheat News\. 26:51. 70:644-646. Leisle, D.; Kosmolak, F. G.; Kovacs, M. 1980. Wylie, H. G. 1980. Color variability among females Durum wheat quality. Wheat News\. 26:50. of Microctonus vittatae (Hymenoptera: Bra- conidae). Can. Entomo\. 112:771-774. McKenzie, R. I. H.; Gill, C. c.; Martens, J. W.; Wylie, H. G. 1980. Factors affecting facultative Harder, D. E. 1980. Oats in Western Canada diapause of Microctonus vittatae (Hymenop- in 1979. Oat News\. 30:70. tera: Braconidae). Can. Entomo\. 112:747-749. Mills, J. T. 1980. Bin fires: A case history. Country Miscellaneous Guide (Aug.). pp. 27-28. Bendelow, V. M. 1979. Winnipeg Research Station Mills, J. T.; Frydman, C. 1980. Mycof1ora and Increases Laboratory Output. Technicon Ind. condition of grains from overwintered fields in Syst. News 5( I). Manitoba, 1977-1978. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. Chiko, A. W. 1980. Barley stripe mosaic in Mani- 60:1-7. toba in 1978. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 60:11-12. Nielsen, J. J.; Thomas, P. L. 1979. The incidence of Green, G. J.; Johnson, T.; Conners, I. L. 1980. smut diseases in cereals in Manitoba 1974 to Pioneer leaders in plant pathology: J. H. 1979. Proceedings Manitoba Agronomists Craigie. Annu. Rev. Phytopatho\. 18:19-25. Annual Conference. p. 87. Harder, D. E.; Chong, J. 1980. Ultrastructure of haustorium development in the cereal rusts. Samborski, D. J.; Green, G. J.; Martens, J. W.; Proceedings 5th Meeting of the European and Harder, D. E. 1979. The cereal rusts in Mediterranean Cereal Rusts Foundation, Bari Manitoba in 1979. Proceedings Manitoba and Rome, Italy. Agronomists Annual Conference. p. 86. 302 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Research Station Melfort, Saskatchewan PROFESSIONAL STAFF S. E. BEACOM, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director W. J. PEPERKORN Office Manager D. J. EWANUS, B.Sc. Farm Manager Forage Production and Utilization J. A. ROBERTSON,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Leader; Beef cow management, pasture utilization S. E. BEACOM, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Utilization of harvested forages S. BITTMAN, B.Sc., M.Sc. Forage crop production E. Z. JAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Forage harvesting systems D. H. MCCARTNEY, B.Sc., M.Sc. Beef cow management systems VACANT Ruminant nutrition, forage utilization J. WADDINGTON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Forage ecology and weed control Cereal, Oilseed, and Special Crop Production and Utilization K. E. BOWREN, B.S.A. Program Leader; Crop production A. G. CASTELL, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Crop utilization, swine nutrition L. H. GUTEK, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Crop evaluation and agronomy W. F. NUTTALL, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil fertility Departures A. G. CASTELL, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Crop utilization, swine nutrition Transferred to Brandon Research Station, August 1980 L. H. GUTEK, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Crop evaluation and agronomy Resigned December 1980 S. O. THORLACIUS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ruminant nutrition Died April 1980 RESEARCH STATION, MELFORT, SASK. 303 INTRODUCTION Scientists at the Melfort Station are involved in the development of forage production and utilization systems designed to provide beef cattle producers with an alternative to expensive feed grains and to encourage greater use of forage crops in rotations, in the interest of better land management; the improvement of the long-term production efficiency of cereal, oilseed, and special crops; and the development of efficient cow-calf management systems in the northern park belt. The transfer of Dr. Castell and the swine nutrition (crop utilization) program to the Brandon Station and the sudden passing of Dr. S. O. Thorlacius, our ruminant nutritionist, adversely affected the Station's research program. Dr. Thorlacius was carrying on an excellent program on utilizing forages and crop residues and preserving high-moisture hay. He is sadly missed by his colleagues. Brief summaries of some of our work are presented here. For more details, readers may refer to the publications listed at the end of this report or may obtain a copy of our Research Highlights by writing to the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 1240, Melfort, Sask. SOE lAO, or by telephoning (306) 752-2776. S. E. Beacom Director FORAGE PRODUCTION AND Effect of fall cutting date on yield and bud UTILIZATION development of alfalfa Fall cutting dates ranging from 15 August Effects of companion crops and fertilizer on to IS October affected yield and elongation of forage yields crown buds of cultivars Beaver, Rambler, and Anchor in the first harvest year. Harvest taken I September was 9-32% higher than on Bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) other dates. Highest numbers of elongated seeded in pure stands on summerfallow in six crown buds (4-5.5 per plant) were found on experiments produced a 4-yr total of dry plants of Anchor and Beaver harvested on IS matter (including seedling year) of 17 t/ha September and of Rambler harvested on 30 from one annual harvest at the flowering September. Number of rudimentary crown stage. Use of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) buds (3-4 per plant) was unaffected by fall or Argentine rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) as cutting date, whereas number of branch buds companion crops reduced the yield of brome- doubled (2 per plant) when cutting was grass by 24% and 30%, respectively. delayed to IS October. Similarly, alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) Evaluation of forage cultivars produced 14 t/ha over a 4-yr period, with yield reduced by 28% when either wheat or Sweetclover, Melilotus officinalis L. 'Ma- Argentine rapeseed was used as a companion drid', yielded 24% more forage (7212 kg/ha) crop. Bromegrass out yielded alfalfa, probably and 55% more seed (l044 kg/ha) than the because of the high levels of N in the recommended cultivar Yukon, which is more summerfallowed land. winter-hardy. A low-coumarin selection from In the first year after seeding on stubble, Saskatoon Research Station (L.c. Syn.) alfalfa yielded 6000 kg/ha when seeded produced as much forage and seed as Yukon without wheat and only marginally lower and 49% more forage and 30% more seed than when seeded with wheat. However, alfalfa Melilotus alba L. 'Polara'. established with wheat fertilized with N at 50 Meadow bromegrass, Bromus biebersteinii kg/ha produced 25% less. Phosphorus or Roem and Schutt 'Regar', yielded 18% less additional N applied at time of seeding had forage than smooth bromegrass, B. inermis little effect on subsequent yield. - 'Carlton'. A new selection, S-7414, from the 304 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Saskatoon Station nearly equaled smooth Annual versus perennial pastures for sheep brome in the first 2 yr of production. In a 7-yr grazing experiment, in which Response of forage species in a community annual cereals (oats, barley) were compared pasture to Nand P fertilizers with perennial grass-legume mixtures (brome-alfalfa, brome-sainfoin) as pastures Nitrogen fertilizer applied at 45 and 90 kgl for sheep, gain per hectare was highest for ha in combination with P fertilizer at 20 kgl oats and bromegrass-alfalfa, both yielding ha on forage species in a community pasture 330 kg/ha. Oats provided an additional located on a Gray Luvisolic soil over a 5-yr season of grazing during the establishment period increased herbage yield from 933 kgl year for the perennial forages, but annual ha (control) to 2021 kg/ha (N at 90 kg/ha input costs were higher. and P at 20 kg/ha). A single application of N at 180 kg/ha and P at 78 kg/ha every 4 yr produced an average yield of 1738 kg/ha of Ammonia as a preservative for high- herbage per year, which was equivalent in moisture hay yield (1721 kg/ha) to N applied at 45 kg/ha and Pat 20 kg/ha applied every year. Application of I or 2% (w/w) anhydrous ammonia to high-moisture baled bromegrass Cow-calf management systems hay (31 % dry matter) prevented heating and excessive spoilage of the hay. Forage quality A severe drought reduced length of grazing did not deteriorate following removal of the season in 1980. Cow-days per hectare ranged polyethylene cover I mo after treatment. from 67.4 to 83.8 on pastures fertilized with Crude protein content was increased from Nand P and 53 on nonfertilized pastures. 12% (untreated control) to 18% and 21% for Cow-calf gain per hectare was 113.2 kg for the hays treated with I% and 2% ammonia, fertilized rotationally grazed fields compared respectively. Application of ammonia at ei- with 71.9 kg for continuously grazed nonfer- ther level significantly increased (P > 0.01) til ized fields. digestibility of organic matter, protein, and Actual weaning weight for the early born energy. An increase in voluntary intake of calves (January-February) was 48.5 kg treated hays by sheep approached significance higher than for late born calves (March- at the 5% level. April). During the winter, early calving cows consumed II % more dry matter than those Effects of wild oats herbicides on seed calving late. A severe outbreak of calf scours production of bromegrass and crested occurred; 45% of early calves and 53% of late wheatgrass calves had to be treated for Rotavirus. Applications of diclofop (2-(4-(2,4-dichlo- Remote sensing rophenoxy)phenoxyjpropanoic acid) with ac- tive ingredient (ai) at 0.7 and 1.4 kg/ha on A contract research project was conducted established bromegrass in spring resulted in by Intera Environmental Consultants of Cal- lodging of the mature crop in 1979 and in gary to develop a method for estimating the reduced yields of seed in 1980. Barban (4- total biomass of a parkland-seeded commu- chloro- 2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate) a p- nity pasture. The hue, value, and chroma of plied at 0.5 kg ai/ha and flamprop (N- false-color infrared photographs obtained by benzoyl- N- (3-chloro-4-fl uorophenylj- DL-ala- aircraft and Landsat satellite were described nine) applied at 1.0 kg ai/ha also reduced according to the InterSociety Color Council - seed yields in 1980, but had no effect in 1979. National Bureau of Standards method for None of the herbicides had any effect on designating color. These values were related crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum to the dry-matter data obtained at specific (L.) Gaertn.) in 1979, but flam prop reduced sites on the pasture. Using interpreted charac- seed yields in 1980. teristics of texture and color from 1:8000 scale false-color infrared photography, pro- The dry spring in 1980 reduced seed yields ductivity levels of 50 g/m' could be identified to only 20% of the yields obtained in 1979 and and levels of about 100 g/m' from enlarge- probably contributed to the enhanced effects ments of Landsat imagery could be obtained. of the hericides in 1980. RESEARCH STATION. MELFORT. SASK. 305 Acidulated fatty acids (AFA) for growing PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION and finishing steers OF CEREALS AND SPECIAL Adding 3% AFA (a by-product in the CROPS manufacture of canola oil) to a ground Cultivar testing crested wheatgrass (78%) and rolled wheat (20%) ration increased rate of gain (1.35 Columbus, a new hard red spring wheat, versus 1.18 kg/day) and improved the feed- out yielded Neepawa by 12% over the past 3 :gain ratio (6.02 versus 6.81). Also, gains in yr. It is 3 days later in maturity but has steers were worth $20 more per head at the improved resistance to weathering in the end of the 84-day test. swath. Benito, a new cultivar, yielded slightly A similar test indicated that although less but is I day earlier than Neepawa. implanting with Ralgro and adding 3% AFA Klondike and Johnson, six-rowed feed to the ration increased both rate of gain and barley cultivars, out yielded Bonanza, a com- feed efficiency, the combination of treatments monly grown six-rowed malting cultivar, by 5 gave the best results, increasing the rate of and 20%, respectively. Johnson, released gain from 1.29 to 1.43 kg/day and improving recently, has poor lodging resistance and is feed:gain ratio from 7.10 to 6.55. late in maturity. Klages, Elrose, Summit, and In a steer-finishing trial, adding 0, 3, 4, and Norbert, two-rowed barley cultivars, yielded 5% AFA to the ground-hay ration produced 4755, 4423, 3861, and 4479 kg/ha, respec- rates of gain of 1.38, 1.45, 1.53, and 1.52 kg/ tively, in comparison to Betzes, the standard day, respectively, and feed:gain ratios of 10.2, at 4300 kg/ha over the past 2 yr at three 9.4, 8.8, and 8.9. Return per head averaged testing sites in the area. Norbert, the newest $18 loss, $9 gain, $3 loss, and $4 gain per cultivar, has quality equal to Klages and has head, respectively, indicating that the opti- better disease resistance, stronger straw, and mum level under current price situations is good kernel and test weight, and it is 2-3 days not over 3%. In the same test, adding monen- earlier. sin (Rumensin) or Avoparcin to the ground Altex rape was 7% lower yielding but 3-4 hay + 3% AFA ration reduced rate of gain, days earlier than Regent, the commonly feed efficiency, dressing percentage, and grown 0-0 B. napus rape cultivar. A selection carcass grades, thereby reducing returns per approved for licensing in 1980, 75G-2 I80, head by $22 and $16, respectively. yielded 7% higher than Altex at Melfort in 1980. Effect of growth-promoting implants administered to steers fed a ration with and Management studies without monensin The use of zero-till drills that leave the stubble standing to hold snow produced 25% On an 80-day test, growing steer calves higher yields than did discer seeding of winter receiving no monensin in a ground hay (78%) wheat on stubble over the past 2 yr. An ration gained 0.72, 0.97, and 1.20 kg/day application of N at 112 kg/ha produced a when receiving no implant, 36 mg of Ralgro, yield increase (over check) of 62% when using and 220 mg Synovex S, respectively. Compa- the zero-till drill. In spring wheat, direct rable rate of gains were 0.88, 0.85, and 1.10 seeding with the discer with a heavy packer kg/day when the ration was supplemented produced 18% more grain than hoe press-drill with II g of monensin per tonne of dry seeding into a prepared seedbed on stubble matter. over the past 2 yr. A broadcast application of Development of Schwarting hay tower N at 56 and 112 kg/ha increased the yield system with the discer by 57 and 65%, respectively. Summerfallow studies over 15 yr have A special thrust bearing was made and shown that herbicides are valuable for replac- installed on the bung in the Schwarting hay ing tillage for weed control, reducing the tower. This arrangement prevented the bung hazards of soil erosion, conserving energy, and from rotating with the central shaft and made increasing production. Chemical summerfal- it possible to lower the bung below the hay low was the highest yielding treatment (3542 surface. This considerably reduced air leak- kg/ha) and normally tilled fallow the lowest age around the bung and thus improved (3471 kg/ha). There was no significant dif- drying efficiency. ference in the moisture or nutrient status of 306 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 the soil between treatments applied to the CM; and Norstar winter wheat + 5% CM) same plots in a fallow-wheat rotation for the fed ad libitum from 25 to 91 kg liveweight. past 15 yr. Among pigs fed the first four (16% crude protein) diets, growth rates ranged from 802 Effect of spring- versus fall-applied N g/day (Bonanza barley diets) to 732 g/day fertilizer on cultivar yields (Neepawa spring wheat diet, P < 0.05). Feed-to-gain ratio was best with the Bonanza Nitrogen was broadcast on wheat stubble at barley + CM diet (3.48: 1), and pigs fed 45, 67, and 90 kg/ha in the spring and in the Bonanza barley had the leanest carcasses. For fall with P applied at 20 kg/ha. Barley, pigs fed the four wheat diets, differences rapeseed rapeseed (Brassica campestris), because of cultivar were minor at the same (Brassica napus), spring wheat, and flax were level of dietary CM. Apparent digestibilities included in the test. of energy (77 versus 89%) and N (69 versus Number of years tested, control yield, and 86%) were lower (P < 0.05) for barley than yields resulting from nitrogen applied in the for wheat diets but palatability studies re- spring and fall were as follows: barley, II yr, vealed a preference for SBM over CM and 2712, 3596, and 3506 kg/ha; rapeseed (B. Neepawa spring wheat over Norstar winter campestris), 11 yr, 937,1408, and 1311 kg/ wheat. ha; rapeseed (B. napus), 6 yr, 988, 1522, and 1428 kg/ha; wheat, 6 yr, 1884, 2677, and Canola meal in m'lrket pig diets 2213 kg/ha; and flax, 3 yr, 1118, 1269, and Four diets (15.1, 15.6, 16.2, and 16.5% 1282 kg/ha. crude protein) containing barley (1.98% N) and CM (5.81 % N) with percentage composi- Cereals for growing-finishing pigs tions of 84.7 + 12.5, 82.2 + 15.0, 79.7 + Bonanza barley (1.78% N), Neepawa 17.5, and 77.2 + 20.0, respectively, were fed spring (2.50% N), and Norstar winter wheats ad libitum to pigs from 29 to 91 kg liveweight. (2.11 % N) with soybean meal (SBM) (7.62% Live performance and carcass measurements N) or canola meal (CM) (5.70% N) were were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by used in six diets (Bonanza barley + 15% dietary level of CM but apparent digestibility SBM; Bonanza barley + 22% CM; Neepawa of energy was reduced (P < 0.05) in the 20% Spring + 5% CM; Norstar winter wheat + CM diet, and CM levels exceeding 15% 15% CM; Neepawa spring wheat + 15% adversely affected diet palatability. PUBLICA nONS Research Castell, A. G.; Falk, L. 1980. Effects of dietary Canola seed on pigs performance and backfat composition. Can. Anim. Sci. 60:795-797. Biederbeck, V. 0.; Campbell, C. A.; Bowren, K. E.; J. Schnitzer, M.; McIver, R. N. 1980. Effect of Nuttall, W. F. 1980. Effect of nitrogen and phos- burning cereal straw on soil properties and phorus fertilizers on a bromegrass and alfalfa grain yields in Saskatchewan. Soil Sci. Soc. mixture grown under two systems of pasture Am. J. 44(1):103-111. management. II. Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and concentration in herbage. Agron. J. Castell, A. G. 1980. Effects of restricting access to 72:295-297. feed, for one or two days per week, on the performance of finishing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Nuttall, W. F.; Cooke, D. A.; Waddington, J.; Robertson, J. A. 1980. Effect of nitrogen and Sci. 60:131-138. phosphorus fertilizers on a bromegrass and alfalfa mixture grown under two systems of Castell, A. G. 1980. Effects of relative contributions pasture management. I. Yield, percentage of cereal and Canota rapeseed meal to the legume in sward, and soil tests. Agron. J. dietary protein on the performance of grow- 72:289-294. ing-finishing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:709- 716. Waddington, J. 1980. Chemical control of dande- lion (Taraxacum officina/e) and perennial Castell, A. G.; Bowren, K. E. 1980. Comparison of sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) in alfalfa (Medi- barley cultivars in diets for growing-finishing cago sativa) grown for seed. Weed Sci. 28: 164- pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 60:159-167. 167. RESEARCH STATION. MELFORT. SASK. 307 Miscellaneous Castell, A. G. 1980. Pig performance on diets based on barley, spring or winter wheat. Can. J. Beacom, S. E.; Knipfel, J. E. 1980. Feeding and Anim. Sci. 60 (abstract). managing livestock during a feed shortage. Agriculture Canada. 27 pp. Castell, A. G. 1980. Effects of barley:canola meal ratio in diets for market pigs. Can. J. Anim. Bittman, S. 1980. Interviewed by Slar Phoenix on Sci. 60 (abstract). stabilizing forage production and alfalfa man- agement in connection with drought. Curry, P.; Waddington, J.; Knowles, R. P. 1980. Ecology and control of the bromegrass seed Bowren, K. E. 1980. The effect of rotations on the midge in Saskatchewan. Proceedings Joint control of Canada thistle. Proceedings Canada Meeting Entomological Society of Alberta and Thistle Symposium (18-19 Mar.), Regina, Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. Sask. Goplen, B. P.; Baenziger, H.; Bailey, L. D.; Gross, Bowren, K. E. 1980. Seeding without prior tillage A. T. H.; Hanna, M. R.; Michaud, R.; on parkbelt soils. Joint session of the Canadian Richards, K. W.; Waddington, J. 1980. Grow- Societies of Agronomy, Soil Science, and ing and managing alfalfa in Canada. Agric. Agricultural Engineers, Edmonton, Alta. Can. Publ. 1705.49 pp. (Aug.). Hanna, M. R.; Richards, K. W.; Waddington, J.; Bowren, K. E. 1980. Thirty abstracts and a sum- Krogman, K. K. 1980. Alfalfa seed production mary on weed control in mustard and rapeseed. in southern Alberta. Mimeographed Publica- Expert Committee on Weeds, Research tion, Alberta Alfalfa Seed Commission. 21 pp. Report. McCartney, D. H.; Waddington, J. 1980. Remote Bowren, K. E.; Castell, A. G. 1980. Agronomy sensing for estimation of productivity in a research at Cut Beaver, 1969-1974. Report on parkland-seeded pasture at Pathlow, Sask. a pilot agricultural development project in the Proceeaings 9th Agricultural Working Group, Saskatchewan River delta. Conservation and Canadian Advisory Committee on Remote Land Improvement Branch, Saskatchewan Sensing, Saskatoon, Sask. Department of Agriculture. Regina, Sask., pp. 15-21. Thomson, K. P. B.; Ahern, F. J.; Brown, R. J.; Staenz, K.; McCartney, D. H.; Waddington, J. Castell, A. G. 1980. Canola meal in diets for 1980. Spectral measurements of rangeland. growing-finishing pigs. Press release by the 6th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, Canola Council of Canada (Oct.). Halifax, N .S. (abstract). Castell, A. G. 1980. Feeding alternatives. Proceed- Waddington, J. 1980. Research Report, Expert ings of the Manitoba Hog Seminar, Brandon, Committee on Weeds, Western Canada Sec- Man. (Nov. 18). tion (five abstracts). 308 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 Research Station Regina, Saskatchewan PROFESSIONAL STAFF R. GROVER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Acting Director D. I. GOURLAY Administrative Officer VACANT Information Officer H. C VANSTONE' Library Technician Biological Control of Weeds P. HARRIS, B.S.F., D.I.C, Ph.D. Head of Section; Biological control-weeds M. G. MAW, B.sc., M.Sc. Biological control-weeds K. MORTENSEN, B.Sc., Ph.D. Biological control-weeds D. P. PESCHKEN, B.S.A., M.Sc., Dr.Sci.Agr. Biological control-weeds Weed Ecology A. G. THOMAS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Weed surveys G. G. BOWES, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Range weeds L. HUME, B.Sc., Ph.D. Crop losses Weed Physiology J. H. HUNTER, B.S.A., Ph.D. Acting Head of Section; Weed control A. I. HSIAO, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Weed physiology G. I. McINTYRE,' B.Sc., Ph.D. Weed physiology Herbicide Behavior in the Environment R. GROVER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Availability, mobility, monitoring A. J. CESSNA, B.A., Ph.D. Residues, metabolism, plants A. E. SMITH, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.CI.C Residues, metabolism, soils RESEARCH STATION. REGINA. SASK. 309 Seed Increase G. R. BOUGHTON, B.S.A., M.Sc. Acting Head of Section; Increase distribution and verification E. D. MALLOUGH,J B.S.A. Distribution Experimental Farm, Indian Head, Sask. W. B. TOWILL, B.S.A. Superintendent N. W. HOLT, B.S.A., Ph.D. Forage and new crops Departures J. R. HAY, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D., F.W.S.S.A. Director Transferred to Research Station, Saskatoon, Sask., 31 December 1980 B. C. GUILD, B.H.Ec. Information Officer Resigned 15 August 1980 VISITING SCIENTIST B. FRICK, B.Sc. Weed ecology Graduate student 'Seconded from Libraries Division. Finance and Administration Branch. 'On transfer of work program from August 1980. 'Seconded to a Canadian International Development Agency project in Tanzania, 2 yr. 1979. 310 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 INTRODUCTION This report outlines the work done in 1980 at the Experimental Farm at Indian Head and the Research Station at Regina. The Indian Head establishment is operated as a substation. The program evaluates new cultivars of cereal, forage, oilseed, and pulse crops for adaptability to conditions in southeastern Saskatchewan. Management research designed to increase efficiency of production of those crops is also conducted, as well as long-term rotation experiments. The Regina Research Station is the center for weed control research in Canada. Four programs, biological control, weed physiology, weed ecology, and herbicide behavior in the environment, are under way. In 1980, Dr. Jim Hay left the Station to take up the position of the Director at the Research Station, Saskatoon. Miss Betty Guild, the Information Officer, also left to join the noon-hour agricultural program on CBC Radio. Dr. Knud Mortensen, a plant pathologist, has joined the staff to investigate the possibility of using host-specific diseases of weeds as a means of biological control. The facilities at Regina and Indian Head are also used to increase and distribute breeder seed and seed of new cultivars of cereal, forage, oilseed, and pulse crops developed by the Branch. Only a portion of the results are reported here. More can be obtained from the scientists at the following address: Research Station, Agriculture Canada, 5000 Wascana Parkway, P.O. Box 440, Regina, Sask. S4P 3A2. R. Grover Acting Director BIOLOGICAL CONTROL spotted knapweed, also developed on safflower and globe artichoke in feeding tests and so it Leafy spurge is unsuitable for introduction as a biocontrol A small release of a leafy spurge root- agent. boring beetle, Oberea erythrocephala Canada thistle Schrank, made by transplanting infested plants in Saskatchewan in October 1979, The stem-mining weevil, Ceutorhynchus produced some survivors in 1980. Larger litura (F.), has been established on Canada releases using adult beetles were made in the thistle in a range of climates across Canada, summer of 1980 in Saskatchewan and Al- but the loss of eggs and larvae from spring berta. At one site, larvae became established cultivation prevents the establishment of in only 4% of the stems with oviposition dense populations on cultivated land. In an punctures, 16% at another, and 59% at the Ontario pasture, the weevils mined 77-91 % of third site. the stems during the past 5 yr; but even this Feeding tests on the spurge moth, C1epsis level of attack did not stress the thistle enough strigana Hb., showed that it would feed to reduce density below the original six to indiscriminately on a diverse range of plants eight stems per square metre. and hence it is not suitable for introduction as The stem gall fly, Urophora cardui L., a biocontrol agent. Tests are currently under spread to over 1000 ha from a release site in way on two other spurge moths, Minoa New Brunswick, but galls were found on only murinata (Scop.) and Lobesia occidentis 6% of the stems. Falk. St. John's-wort Knapweed The aphid Aphis chloris Koch was released The colony of the root-boring beetle Sphe- on St. John's-wort in August 1979 near noptera jugoslavica continued to increase on Cranbrook, B.c., but the colony disappeared diffuse knapweed in British Columbia. shortly afterward. Further releases were made Stenodes straminea (Haw.), a moth that in May 1980, and a strong breeding colony attacks both the roots and seed heads of was established. RESEARCH STATION, REGINA. SASK. 311 The moth Anaitis plagiata was released in established in 22 fields revealed that competi- the summer of 1980 near Cranbrook, B.C., tion from weeds resulted in an average yield and two adults were caught in September reduction of 15% (range 0-49%). about 3 km away from the release point. Field bindweed Rangeland ecology Three beetles, Chirda guttata Oliv., Metri- The lack of available moisture during 1980 ona purpurata Boh., and Chelymorpha cassi- prevented the successful establishment of dae Fab., collected in Saskatchewan, were alfalfa when it was seeded directly into released near Medicine Hat, Alta., but none herbicide-treated sod. Alfalfa seeds failed to were recovered in 1980. germinate and glyphosate failed to control the resident vegetation. However, when adequate Absinth moisture became available during August, a A survey of the abundance and distribution uniform stand of alfalfa was established. This of absinth in Saskatchewan showed that the may have occurred because of modifications weed was spreading from several centers, all made to the direct-seeding drill. Packer associated with settlement from central Eu- wheels placed behind the disc openers pressed rope. It was concluded that the present the sod close to the alfalfa seeds. abundance of the weed did not warrant In moist years, the yield of bromegrass is biological control. reduced by the rate of tebuthiuron required to control brush. However, during the dry 1980 season, the yield of bromegrass on tebuthiu- WEED ECOLOGY ron-treated plots was either higher or similar to the control. Weed surveys and crop losses When 2,4-0 was applied once in 1978, The analysis of questionnaire data from the three times in 1979, and three times in 1980 1979 Manitoba provincial survey indicated to control leafy spurge, it reduced the shoot that 89% of the surveyed area had received a weight of leafy spurge 62% and increased the herbicide treatment for the control of broad- yield of forage threefold. Thus, continued use leaved weeds and 64% had been treated for of one to three applications per year of 2,4-0 the control of grassy weeds. Only 10% of the is required to maintain high forage yields and surveyed area did not receive a herbicide reduce leafy spurge biomass. treatment. The herbicide 2,4-0, either alone or as part of a mixture, was applied to 32% of the surveyed area. About 70% of the 2,4-0 Population biology of weeds applied was the amine 80 formulation. Pro- ducers indicated in the questionnaire that Bluebur plants that have not been vernal- they considered wild oats, green foxtail, wild ized rarely become reproductive. When vege- mustard, Canada thistle, and wild buckwheat tative rosettes were transferred in late No- to be their worst weed problems. vember from the field to the growth chamber, A survey of crop losses from weeds in 18 they all produced viable seed. A controlled- wheat fields was conducted in two soil types environment experiment indicated that moist near Regina. A comparison of hand-weeded seed was the most responsive stage to the and unweeded plots indicated yield losses vernalization treatment. A minimum of 4 wk (15.5%) on loam soil were higher than the at 2°C is required for a distinct response. Seed losses (4.5%) on heavy clay soil. Out of the 18 was buried in a cultivated field in late fields examined, 10 had no detectable crop November and retrieved at regular intervals loss. until spring. Only a few of the plants « 17%) A survey of weeds of field peas in northeast- that were grown from the seed retrieved ern Saskatchewan indicated that stinkweed, during the first 18 wk flowered under control- wild oats, volunteer rapeseed, lamb's-quar- led conditions. Ouring the next 2 wk the seed ters, shepherd's-purse, Canada thistle, and sprouted in the field. When these germinated perennial sow-thistle were the most abundant seeds were retrieved and grown, 96% of the weeds remaining in the fields in August. Plots plants flowered. 312 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980 WEED PHYSIOLOGY loss, the 5-yr average is 3%, with maximum observed loss approaching 7%. Seed dormancy in prickly lettuce Persistence in soils Prickly lettuce seeds germinated 34% in the dark at 18°C. Gibberellic acid (GA) was For the third year, the soil persistence of effective in inducing maximum germination. May treatments of EPTC (4 kg/ha) and Red light (R) and far-red light (FR) induced propanil (1 kg/ha) was studied at three field 65% and 13% germination, respectively. Re- locations. Overall assessment of the 3-yr study peated reversibility of response by Rand FR is that propanil does not persist in the top 10 is clear evidence of control by phytochrome. cm of soil and is completely degraded over a After 14 days of dark moist storage, the single growing season. Carry-over of EPTC in promotive effect of GA, R, and R + GA had the top 15 cm of soil at the end of a growing decreased dramatically. Thus, dark moist season is less than 5%. storage treatment interferes not only with The presence of MCPA in MCPB-treated the phytochrome-independent germination soils has been established. Although MCPA process, but it may also decrease the effec- has been suspected as being a soil metabolite, tiveness of endogenous gibberellins. It is this is the first report of its confirmed concluded that actions of GA require residual presence. active form of phytochrome for initiation of germination, and vice versa, and that both Herbicide residues in minor crops exogenous GA and R or fluorescent light are Residues of trifluralin and metribuzin in required for germination when both endoge- fababeans, when treated with a preemergence nous hormones and active form of phyto- tank mix application, were found to be less chrome in prickly lettuce seeds are below than the limit of detection (20 ppb) of the threshold levels. analytical methodology. HERBICIDE BEHAVIOR IN THE CROP MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT Long-term crop rotation studies Air monitoring studies In 23 consecutive years, the continuous Polyurethane foam plugs were used to production of unfertilized wheat has produced collect airborne residues of triallate and an average yield of 102.8 kg/ha compared trifluralin from I May to 15 November at with 1653 kg/ha for crops fertilized with N Regina and Melfort. In general, triallate and P at 84.0 and 44.8 kg/ha, respectively. residues were found daily at both sites and the Over the life of the trial, yields have fluctu- maximum concentrations were 40 ng/m' on ated widely, reflecting annual rainfall pat- 27 May at Melfort and 36 ng/m' on 15 July terns. at Regina, the Regina results being reflective Continuous cropping of wheat has given of the dry spring and early summer condi- rise to serious weed infestations. In particular, tions. Airborne residues of trifluralin were Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.), detected daily at Melfort, the highest concen- green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), tration being 35 ng/m' on 6 October, suggest- thyme-leaved spurge (Euphorbia serpyllifolia ing perhaps a high use of this herbicide in the Pers.), and wild buckwheat (Polygonum fall. Little or no airborne residues of triflura- convolvulus L.) have been found difficult to lin were found at the Regina monitoring site. control in most crop years. Weed kinds and numbers varied in response to soil fertility, Surface runoff losses of 2,4-D with thistles and spurge finding greatest A first of its kind 5-yr study on the surface adaptation on soils that were deficient in N runoff losses of fall-applied 2,4-0 has been and P. completed. The magnitude of loss was a The continuous cropping of wheat, flax, and function of runoff volume, as expressed by the barley, with and without chemical fertilizers, equation: y = 0.45, x = 2.45 (,-2 = 0.97), has been under study for 12 yr, during which where y is the amount of herbicide in the time wheat and barley failed to produce in 1 runoff (grams per hectare) and x is the runoff yr (1980) and flax in 2 yr (1974, 1980). Over volume (millimetres). In terms of percentage the life of the test, unfertilized wheat and RESEARCH STATION. REGINA. SASK. 313 barley averaged 23.1 and 28.3 kg/ha over an one species of field peas were 27-72 and 25- II-yr period, whereas flax produced an aver- 32 mg/g total nitrogen, respectively. The total age of 13.2 kg/ha over 10 crop years. Chemi- nonprotein nitrogen was 3.6-5.7% of the total cal fertilizer applied banded, with N at 100.0 seed nitrogen. When a nitrogen-to-protein kg/ha and P at 44.8 kg/ha, increased average factor is used to calculate protein, that factor wheat yields by 106.0%, barley by 122.9%, should be corrected for the nonprotein and flax by 81.1 %. nitrogen. The production of wheat on fallow with phosphatic fertilizer has averaged 41.2 kg/ha over the past 23-yr period, some 9.3% higher SEED INCREASE AND than for nonfertilized crop. Fertilized crop DISTRIBUTION grown in a fallow-wheat-wheat sequence has In 1980, Agriculture Canada released to averaged 42.3 and 28.9 kg/ha, respectively, SeCan 43 627 kg of Fidler oats, 8374 kg of over the same period, the stubble crop yield- Johnston barley, and II 810 kg of Columbus ing 32.2% less than for wheat on fallow. wheat, which were increased at Regina; and Although it is evident that continuous 8144 kg of Gordon winter wheat, 1257 kg of cropping of wheat can provide yields equal to Manor buckwheat, and 231 kg of Musketeer wheat on fallow on a cultivated hectarage tall rye, which were increased at other loca- basis, its long-term practice is hampered by tions. Breeder seed of 37 varieties was re- inadequate weed-control measures, inability leased to 475 growers. to incorporate trash, and periodic moisture A 7.3-ha winter nursery in California was constraints in southeastern Saskatchewan. used by 26 breeders. Four small-hectarage Protein analysis of wheat has shown that rapeseed increases were successfully com- the protein content is higher when wheat is pleted. Improvements in mechanization of the grown in a mixed rotation with legumes. winter nursery equipment continue to improve Fallow and stubble wheat from an 8-yr mixed the efficiency of the planting operation. The sequence averaged 14.68% and 13.10% pro- plant breeders involved are making more use tein, compared to 10.53% for wheat produced of the program as a selection nursery than as in a fallow-wheat rotation. Under continuous a bulk-increase program. cropping, wheat averaged 10.68% protein. The Food Production and Inspection Branch and the Canadian Seed Growers Nonprotein nitrogen in grain legumes Association supplied the 1866 seed samples Seed samples of nine grain legume species grown for verification of varietal purity in contained 16-75 mg nonprotein nitrogen and 1980. In general, the contamination of sam- 17-32 mg of nucleic acid nitrogen per gram of ples was low again this year, with no variety total nitrogen. The corresponding ranges for showing consistent problems. PUBLICATIONS Research Cessna, A. J.; Holt, N. W ; Drew, B. N. 1980. Tolerance and residue studies of triallate in Best, K. F.; Bowes, G. G.; Thomas, A. G.; Maw, M. lentils. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 1283-1288. G. 1980. The biology of Canadian weeds. 39 Euphorbia esula L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60:651- 663. Cliath, M. M.; Spencer, W. F.; Farmer, W. J.; Bowes, G. 1980. Improving aspen poplar and Shoup, T. D.; Grover, R. 1980. Volatilization prickly rose covered rangeland with herbicides of S-ethyl-N.N-dipropylthiocarbamate from and fertilizer. Can. J. Plant Sci. In press. water and wet soil during and after flood irrigation of an alfalfa field. J. Agric. Food Bowes, G. 1980. Control of aspen regrowth in Chern. 28:610-613. Western Canada when there is an understory of established alfalfa. Range Manage. In press. Grover, R.; Smith, A. E.; Korven, H. C. 1980. A Cessna, A. J. 1980. Simultaneous extraction and detection of residues of 2,4-D and bromoxynil comparison of chemical and cultural control of from wheat. J. Agric. Food Chern. 28:1229- weeds in irrigation ditch banks. Can. J. Plant 1232. Sci. 60:185-195. 314 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1980