Indo-European Nominal O-Stems and Question of Their Origin
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2015 LINGUA POSNANIENSIS LVII (2) DOI: 10.1515/linpo-2015-0007 ArtICLES Indo-European nominal o-stems and question of their origin Václav Blažek Department of Linguistics and Baltic Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno [email protected] Abstract: Václav Blažek. Indo-European nominal o-stems and question of their origin. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences, PL ISSN 0079-4740, pp. 7-16 In the article the most productive formation of the Indo-European nominal declension, the o-stems, are described and analyzed. Two competing interpretations are discussed. One of them is finally preferred with respect to external typological parallels. Keywords: Indo-European morphology, nominal declension, pronominal declension, ergative syntax, postpositive determination 1. The so-called thematic inflection is limited only to nouns extended by the vowel -o- (with only exception in the voc. sg. in -e-), the so-called o-stems. If it is not indicated otherwise, in the table 1 the continuants of the IE words *u̯ ĺ̥ku̯ o- “wolf” and *i̯ ugó- “yoke” are cited (Table 1-2). Table 1 Singular Vedic Hittite Greek Latin OIrish Gothic Lith. OCS. IE nom. vr̥ ́kas ishā̆ s λύκος6 lupus14 fer24 wulfs34 vilkas̃ vlъkъ *-os “lord” vok. vr̥ ́ka1 ishā̆ λύκε lupe15 fir25 wulf vilkẽ vlъče *-e acc. vr̥ ́kam ishān λύκον7 lupum16 fer26 wulf35 vilką̃ 40 vlъkъ *-om nom.-acc. n. yugám yugan ζυγόν8 iugum17 scél27 juk; ORun. horna “horn” Pr. igo *-om lunkan41 gen. ishās4 ORun. -as36 Pr. -as42 *-os vr̥ ́kasya λύκοιο9 -osio18 ?-oiso28 wulfis37 = abl. = abl. *-os-i̯ o lupī19 fir29 *-ī46 abl. vr̥ ́kād antuhset5 e-ko-me-no10 lupō20 CIb. -uð30 vilkõ 43 vlъka42 *-ōd < *-o-ed47 dat. vr̥ ́kāya2 ishī λύκωι11 lupō21 fiur31 ORun. -ai38 vilkuĩ vlъku *-ōi̯ < *-o-ei̯ loc. vr̥ ́ke ishī οἴκοι12 domī22 CIb. -ei32 dat. wulfa vilkè44 vlъcě *-oi̯ < *-o-i 3 13 23 33 39 45 inst. vr̥ ́keṇa a-to-ro-qo lupō CIb. -u dat. wulfa vilkù vlъkomь *-oH1 < *-o-H1 See Beekes 1995, 190-192; GHL 79-83; Szemerényi 1996, 182-188. 8 VáclaV Blažek LP LVII (2) Notes: 1) Absence of palatalization of the velar is explainable via paradigmatic levelling. 2) The final -a is a particle (Beekes 1995: 192). 3) Adapted from the pronominal inflection, cf. the instr. sg. of demonstratives ena, téna, eténa, interrogative kéna, relative yéna, reflexive svéna (Macdonell 1916[2000]: 77, 106-112). 4) It corresponds to the gen. ending of other inflectional types. In the luwian supbranch the genitive is replaced by so-called possessive adjectives, formed by the suffix -assi- in Cuneiform Luwian and -asi- in Hieroglyphic Luwian. Szemerényi (1996: 184, 187; following Mittelberger) derived them from the o-stem gen. in *-os-i̯ o. Melchert (2012) adds relics in Hittite, e.g. genušša/i- “knee(-joint)”, šakuwašša- “deity of the eye”. 5) The in- str. sg. from antuhsas “man”. The abl. sg. has the ending -az. 6) Cf. Myc. wo-no /woinos/ “vine”. 7) Cf. Myc. w to-ro-qo /trok on/ “strap” or wo-i-ko-de, wo-ko-de /woikon-de/ “in the house”. 8) Cf. Myc. e-ra3-wo /elaiwon/ “olive oil”. 9) Cf. Myc. do-e-ro-jo /do(h)elojjo/ “servant”. 10) Myc. toponym, which may preserve the abl. sg. in /-ō/. 11) Cf. Myc. a-to-ro-qo /anthrōkwōi/, cf. Gr. ἄνθρωπος “man” 12) Att. “at home”; cf. the Myc. toponym pu-ro /pulōi/ “in Pylos”. 13) Myc. /anthrōkwō/ (notes 6-13: see Bartoněk 2003: 188-210 & Hajnal 1995: 23-24). 14) Cf. OLat. equos (Plautus), duenos (CIL I, 4), further Fal. Kaios, Ven. Voltiiomnos, Osc. húrz “grove”, SPic. meitims “gift”? 15) Cf. Fal. Uoltene, Umb. Šerfe, Osc. ϝατοϝε. 16) Cf. Olat. manom “hand”, Fal. vinom “vine”, Ven. ekvon “horse”, Osc. húrtúm, dolom “intent”, SPic. meitimúm. 17) Cf. OLat. donom “gift”, Fal. duenom “good”, Ven. donom & donon “gift”, osk. sakaraklúm, vol. pihom “of pious”. 18) Cf. OLat. Popliosio Valesiosio = class. Lat. ‘Publii Valerii’ (Lapis Satricanus, 500 BC), Fal. Kaisiosio. 19) Cf. OLat. Aisclapi (CIL I, 440), argentī (Plautus) “of silver” (adj.), Fal. Marci, Ven. louki “of sacred grove”. 20) Cf. OLat. fileod“to son”, Osc. sa- karaklúd “to sanctuary”. 21) Cf. OLat. Numasioi duenoi, later Aiscolapio, Fal. Kaisioi, Ven. murtuvoi “to dead”, Osc. húrtúi, SPic. brímeqlúí. 22) Lat. “in homeland”, lit. “at home”; cf. Osc. húrteí. 23) In the form of the typ lupō three cases merged: dative, ablative & instrumental sg.; cf. also Ven. instr. Voltiio (notes 14-23: see Meiser 1998: 134-135; UB 228-230). 24) Goid. *u̯ iros “man”; cf. CIb. ueiðos “witness”, Gl. tarvos “bull”, Lep. Alkoui- nos, Ulkos. 25) Goid. *u̯ ire, cf. Gl. (Lezoux) nate “oh, son!” (LG 143). 26) Goid. *u̯ irom; cf. CIb. elaðunom, Gl. (Alise) celicnon “hall”, but (Larzac) brictom “magic”. 27) OIir. scél “message” < *sku̯ etlom (LEIA, S 39-40); cf. CIb. Belikiom, Lep. uinom “vine”, Gl. (Chamalières) ollon “all”, meíon “small”. 28) Lep. gen. sg. Xosioiso. Me- tathesis? 29) Goid. *u̯ irī, Ogam maqqi “of son”; cf. Gl. (Couchey) Segomari, (Todi) Trutikni, Lep. Aśkoneti, but CIb. -o in karuo etc. 30) CIb. Usamuð. 31) Goid. *u̯ irū; cf. CIb. ueiðui, Lep. Pelkui, Gl. (cavaillon) βαλαυδουι & (Couchey) Alisanu. 32) CIb. kortonei, Gl. -e: uo duno derce “under the barrow”, in Alixie “in Alesia”. 33) CIb. auku, Gl. sunartiu “by good strength” (notes 24-33: see Lejeune 1971: 467; LG 51-56; MLH 396-400). 34) Cf. ORun. laukaz “garlic”. 35) Cf. ORun. staina “stone”. 36) ORun. Godagas. 37) Gmc. *-eso, adapted from the pronominal inflection, cf. Goth. ƕis “what”, þis “that”, OCS. česo “what”. 38) Cf. ORun. hahai. 39) Cf. the instr. sg. in OSas. dagu, OHG. tagu “by day”. 40) Cf. Prus. deiwan “god”. 41) Prus. “bast”. 42) Prus. deiwas. 43) *-ād as in the ā-stems (cf. Szemerényi 1996: 183). 44) Diphthong remains petrified in some adverbs asl ith. namiẽ “at home”, Prus. bītai “in the evening”. 45) After other inflectional patterns (erhart 1982: 120). The original ending, which should be *-a, may be fossilized in the interrogative & relative OcS. adv. kogda, kъgda “when”, if it is a compound of the pronominal root *ko-, *kъ-, and the word godъ “time” (Wiedmann apud Brugmann 1911: 189). 46) Cf. also Alb. et “of father” < *attī : nom. atë; Toch. A Mahiśvari “Mahiśvari’s”, maybe also the genitive of kinship terms as A pācri, B pātri “of father” (klingenschmitt 1992: 98-104). 47) Only the abl. sg. of the o-stems differs from the gen. sg., in other inflectional classes the gen. & abl. sg. merge (with exception of Italic languages, celtiberian and anatolian languages, where the dental ablative was extended in other inflectional classes). Its origin has been sought in the pronominal ablative of the type Ved. mad, OLat. (also acc.) med (Praeneste), mēd (Plautus), Fal. med, met, similarly OLat. ted & sed, and perhaps Gl. *med & *sed in the syntagms to-med-ec-lai (Voltino, North Italy), met-ingi-set-ingi “between me and between her” (Châteaubleau; see Lambert 2001: 112). The ending is identified with the particle*ad < *H2ed (Dunkel, Sihler etc.) or *eti ~ *oti < *H1eti ~ *H1oti (Neu, Tichy etc.), see Szemerényi 1996, 187. LP LVII (2) Indo-European nominal o-stemsand question of their origin 9 Table 2 Plural Vedic Hittite Greek Latin OIrish Gothic Lith. OCS. IE nom. vr̥ ́kās ishēs OU. -us9 wulfos24 *-ōs < *-o-es λύκοι3 lupī10 fir16 vilkaĩ29 vlъci *-oi̯ acc. vr̥ ́kān1 EN.MEŠ-us λύκους4 lupōs11 firu17 wulfans vilkùs30 vlъky35 *-oms 5 12 18 25 nom.-acc. n. yugā́ ζυγά iuga scél(a) juka Prus. iga *-(e)H2 CIb. -a19 warto31 gen. vr̥ ́kānām2 siunan λύκων6 lupōrum13 fer20 -o/-a26 vilkų̃32 vlъkъ *-ō̆ m < *-o-om “of gods” ishās wulfe27 dat.-abl. vr̥ ́kebhyas -oibos14 fer(a)ib21 wulfam28 vilkáms33 vlъkomъ *-oi̯ -bh/m- ishas *-oi̯ -os? loc. vr̥ ́keṣu ishas λύκοισι7 lupīs15 -ei22 vilkuosè34 vlъcěxъ *-oi̯ -su inst. vr̥ ́kais λύκοις8 lupīs15 -uis/-us23 vilkaĩs vlъky36 *-ō̆ i̯ s37 See Beekes 1995: 192; Fortson 2004: 113-116; Szemerényi 1996: 183-88. Notes: 1) Long -ā- after the nom. pl. -ās. Better is preserved the acc. pl. in OAv. mašiiǝ̣ ̄ ṇg, mašiiąs-cạ̄ “man” o (*”mortal”) < *marti̯ anh, ans-ca; cf. Ved. mártiyān, mártiyāṁś-ca (Hoffmann & Forssman 1996: 120). 2) Influ- ence of the n-stems. The primary gen. pl. is preserved e.g. in the syntagm dévāñ janma “race of gods” (Szemeré- nyi 1996: 185). 3) Cf. Myc. o-no /onoi/ “donkeys”. 4) The ending of the acc. pl. is preserved in arg. υἱόνς “sons”; Myc. si-a2-ro /sihalons/ : Gr. nom. sg. σίαλος “fat hog”. 5) Cf. Myc. do-ra /dōra/ : Gr. δῶρον“gift”. 6) Cf. Myc. e-ra-po /elaphōn/ : Gr. ἔλαφος “deer”. 7) Cf. Myc. te-o-i /the(h)oi(h)i/ : θεός “god”. 8) Cf. Myc. de-so-mo / desmois/ : Gr. δεσμός “strap” (notes 3-8: see Bartoněk 2003: 188-210; Hajnal 1995: 23-24). 9) Osc. Núvlanús, SPic. Safinús, Umb. Ikuvinu. 10) Cf. OLat. peploe, besides epigraphic Virei. 11) Cf. OLat. deivos, Ven. deivos, Osc. feíhúss, Umb. vitluf. 12) Cf. Umb. iuku & iuka. 13) Adapted from the pronominal inflection:o ōrum < *-ūsom < *-oi̯ -s-ō̆ m, cf. the Vedic demonstrative téṣām, OCS. těxъ. The nominal gen. pl. is preserved in OLat. deom, Ven. Oterginon, Pael. Cerfum, CPic. Safinúm, Osc. Núvlanúm. 14) Ven. ekvoibos, besides louderobos. 15) In Lat. the dat.-abl. pl. of o-stems in -īs merged with two other cases, the loc. pl. in *-oi̯ -su, and instr. pl. in *-oi̯ s. The diph- thong is also preserved in OLat. qurois, poplois, Pael. puclois, Osc. feíhúís, zicolois (notes 9-15: see UB 229-230).