Mare Nostrum: War in the Mediterranean

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mare Nostrum: War in the Mediterranean MARE NOSTRUM: War in the Mediterranean ContENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 COMPONENTS 3.0 SEQUENCE OF PLAY 4.0 ACTIONS 5.0 RANDOM EVENTS 6.0 AREA CONTROL 7.0 STACKING 8.0 LAND MOVEMENT 9.0 NAVAL MOVEMENT 10.0 AIR MOVEMENT 11.0 COMBINED ACTIONS 12.0 COMBAT 13.0 SUPPLY UNITS 14.0 REFIT 15.0 REINFORCEMENTS 16.0 MAJOR BASES 17.0 OFF-MAP BASE AREAS 18.0 FOG OF WAR 19.0 SPECIAL UNITS 20.0 SPECIAL FORCES 21.0 NEUTRALS OPTIONAL rulES NOTE: To remove the rules from this other games in the RDR family appearing in 22.0 ADVANCED COMMAND magazine, carefully and slowly peel them previous magazines: South Seas Campaign 23.0 ADVANCED ACTIONS from the subscription card they are at- (WaW #18) and Norway ‘40 (WaW #29). 24.0 OPTIONAL STRATEGIES tached to by peeling from the top and then 25.0 OPTIONAL FORCES the bottom meeting in the middle. The 1.2 Course of the Game 26.0 FIGHTER INTERCEPTION card is not intended to be removed. There are two players in the game: the Axis 27.0 GROUND RETREATS and the Allied. Each Game Turn represents 28.0 ENTRENCHING These rules use the following color system: a month. Within that month each player 29.0 SHOCK EFFECT Red for critical points such as errata and has a Player Turn. Within each turn, players 30.0 CARRIER DEPLETION exceptions, Blue for examples of play. pick Event markers, determine the supply 31.0 AIR UNIT RECOVERY Check for E-rules updates to this game units they will receive for the turn, and @ www.worldatwarmagazine.com. take Actions. Actions are central to the game, allowing the player to use “forces” CREditS 1.0 INTRODUCTION of units to execute specific operations: Designer: Joseph Miranda movement, combat, logistical, and/or 1.1 Background intelligence-gathering. Generally, a player Developer: Chris Perello Mare Nostrum is a wargame of the conducts one Action per turn, but various struggle for the Mediterranean and North game functions allow for more, representing Playtesters: Eric R. Harvey, African theaters of operation during World periods of rapid activity alternating with Doug Johnson, Joe Youst War II. The historical campaign saw an the slower process of buildup of forces. Allied victory, but the Axis had several Special Thanks: Jack Greene opportunities to gain a decisive victory. 1.3 Game Scale One inch on the map equals 72 miles. Each Counter Graphics: Larry Hoffman Design Note. This was an inter-service turn represents one month of operations. Most campaign for both sides, involving land, ground units in the game represent divisions, Map Graphics: Joe Youst naval, and air components. The game with some independent non-divisional units. mechanics chosen to model the campaign Aircraft units represent six to twelve squadrons Production: Callie Cummins are based on S&T’s award-winning Red of aircraft, depending on the quality of the & Lisé Patterson Dragon Rising (#250) game which presents aircraft and air force. Naval units represent operations through discrete Actions one fleet aircraft carrier, divisions of two © 2015 Decision Games rather than a strictly sequenced process. or three battleships, or four to six cruisers, Bakersfield, CA. The system shows the effects of various squadrons/flotillas of six to twelve destroyers, Made & Printed in the USA. operations over the course of a scenario. or various numbers of other ships types. Substantial changes have been made to the system; these are not retroactive to WORLD AT WAR 41 | APR–MAY 2015 R1 MARE NOSTRUM: War in the Mediterranean 2.0 COMPONENTS Off-Map Bases. These are larger areas Supply Units Available Box (13.0) 2.1 Component Inventory on the periphery of operations which only Refit Table (14.0) The game includes: one side’s units may enter. (Example. Units Destroyed Box (12.0, 14.0) the Allied Middle East Command.) Units for Refit Box (14.0) These rules. Great Britain Off-Map Base (17.0) Placement. A unit may be in only one zone, Atlantic Off-Map Base (17.0) Two 34x22-inch maps (see 2.2), area or Off-Map Base at any one time. Africa Transit Off-Map Base (17.0) covering the playing area and containing Middle East Command Off-Map Base (17.0) a number of charts, tables, tracks, 2.3 Charts, Tables, Tracks, & Boxes Special Forces Available Box (20.0) and boxes summarizing or aiding in All charts, tables, tracks, and boxes are specified game functions (see 2.3). located on the map. Listed below, each 2.4 Counters identifies the rules describing its use. The counters in the game are Two die-cut cardboard sheets with 560 of two general types: playing pieces called counters (see 2.4). Common Displays & Tables Turn Record Track (3.4) Markers are used to record various Players must provide at least one standard Terrain Effects Chart (7.0, 8.4, 12.0) game functions (see 2.5). six-sided die (more would be useful) to resolve a variety of game functions, and Displays & Tables Duplicated Combat units represent the actual military several wide-mouth opaque containers for each player forces which participated (or could have (called “pools”) to randomize the Terrain Key (2.2) participated) in the campaign. Combat selection of various game markers. Special Forces Table (20.0) units are grouped generally into three Shock Table (29.0) types, described in the rules: ground units 2.2 Game Map (2.6), naval units (2.7), and air units (2.8). The game map emphasizes strategically critical Axis Tables & Boxes sea zones and land areas of the Mediterranean Events In Play Box (5.0) Counter Colors. There are two sides and its littoral, North Africa and the adjoining Events Discarded Box (5.0) in the game: Allies and Axis. Each Middle East. Join the two map sections along Special Reinforcements Box side includes different nationalities, the center. The game map is divided up into (5.0 & Scenarios) each of which is distinguished by the various spaces. These spaces include: Units Withdrawn Box (5.8) background color of its countres. Supply Reinforcement Table (13.0) Land Areas are major regions on Supply Units Available Box (13.0) Axis which ground units operate. Air units Refit Table (14.0) Germans: Grey may be based or fly over land areas. Units Destroyed Box (12.0, 14.0) Italians: Light Green These are sometimes referred to as just Units for Refit Box (14.0) “areas”. (Example. Eastern Cyrenica.) Special Forces Available Box (20.0) Allies British Commonwealth: Tan Sea Zones are major oceanic areas. Naval Allied Tables & Boxes United States: Green units operate in sea zones and air units Events In Play Box (5.0) may fly over over them; additionally, ground Events Discarded Box (5.0) Neutrals units may be transported across sea zones. Special Reinforcements Box Neutrals may be controlled by (5.0 & Scenarios) one or neither side; see 21.0. Fortresses are land areas representing Units Withdrawn Box (5.8) Vichy French: Blue major defended locations. They have Supply Reinforcement Table (13.0) Iraqi: Brown special rules regarding the number of units allowed in them and regarding combat MarKERS against units in them. They are considered separate land areas. (Example. Tobruk is a separate area within the Bardia area.) Small Islands are land bodies Turn Event Area Control encompassed entirely by surrounding (3.4) Back Front Allied Axis waters. They are considered separate areas. (Example. Malta.) Out of Play Areas. No operations may take place in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Spain, France, Corsica, or those areas not specifically on the map. Battle Disruption Special Forces Interception Entrenched (12.0) (16.0) (20.0) (Optional;26.0) (Optional;28.0) R2 WORLD AT WAR 41 | APR–MAY 2015 Unit ABBREViationS Tri: Trieste CVE: escort carrier XM: Italian naval special forces BB: Battleship division German (10th Flotilla Assault Vehicles) BC: Battlecruiser division Af: Afrika Division CA: Cruiser squadron Br: Brandenburgers British CD: Coastal Defense DAK: Deutches Afrikakorps A: Army CL: Light cruiser (German Africa Corps) Aus: Australian CV: Aircraft carrier F: Flieger (airborne) AL: Arab Legion DD: Destroyer HG: Herman Goering FF: Free French PT: Patrol torpedo boat or gunboat KM: Kriegsmarine Gd: Guards LS: Landing ships (various types) LLSR: Luftlande Sturm Regiment GK: Greek TR: Transport ships PAA: Panzerarmee Afrika Haif: Haifa Defenses TR(f): Fast transport RFSS: Reichsfuhrer SS JB: Jewish Brigade SS: Submarine VM: von Mellethin LRDG: Long Range Desert Group -FR: captured French warship MEC: Middle East Commando Italian NZ: New Zealand Carriers: CV and CVE are termed Ar: Ariete Pol: Polish “aircraft carriers” in the rules. As: Assiette Res: Armor Reserve (army Bo: Bologna level tank brigades) Design Note. In some cases, naval Br: Brescia RMC: Royal Marine Commando units represent more than one CCNN: (Blackshirts) SA: South Africa class. For example, CL and DD Ce: Centauro SAS: Special Air Service units might also include destroyer Fol: Folgore TJFF: Trans Jordan Frontier Force escorts or large torpedo boats. G: Guastatori (assault engineers) GBS: Gruppo Battalglioni da US Aircraft Types Sbarco (Blackshirt amphibious) Rgr: Ranger B: Bomber GGFF: Giovani Fascisti (Young Fascists) F: Fighter Imper: Imperiali Vichy French G/G: Powered glider (big!) LS: La Spezia Alg: Algerian GA: Ground Attack Nap: Napoli Beir: Beirut HB: Heavy Bomber Nem: Nembo Casa: Casablanca NF: Night Fighter Pav: Pavia Cons: Constantine R: Reconnaissance Pist: Pistioia Mor: Moroccan SP: Seaplane RC: Ragruppamento Corrazata Syr: Syrian TR-SP: Transport Seaplane (armored task force) Tr: Transport (air) RECAM: (Reconnaissance Group) Iraqi Sah: Saharan Mech: Mechanized Aircraft units generally have the name of SM: San Marco the aircraft they represent.
Recommended publications
  • Mare Nostrum Project
    Mare Nostrum Project Final Report: Legal-Institutional Instruments for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in the Mediterranean 2016 Bridging the Legal-Institutional Gap in Mediterranean Coastline Management MARE NOSTRUM PROJECT: Bridging the Legal- Institutional Gap in Mediterranean Coastline Management Final Report: Legal -Institutional Instruments for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in the Mediterranean Project Head: Rachelle Alterman Writing Team: Cygal Pellach and Dafna Carmon Additional Contributors: Na'ama Teschner Raanan Boral Mare Nostrum Project ENPI CBC MSB Grant Agreement I-A/1.3/093 MARE NOSTRUM marenostrumproject.eu [email protected] +972-48294018 +972-54-4563384 Bridging the Legal-Institutional Gap in Mediterranean Coastline Management MARE NOSTRUM PROJECT FINAL REPORT Legal-Institutional Instruments for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in the Mediterranean Technion Academic Team: Rachelle Alterman (head), Dafna Carmon, Cygal Pellach, Raanan Boral, Na’ama Teschner Project management: Raanan Boral, Cygal Pellach Additional research inputs: Elena Korotkova, Safira De La Sala, Dorit Garfunkel Administrative-financial Coordinator: Simon Van Dam Cover Design: Cygal Pellach Mare Nostrum Project ENPI CBC MSB Grant Agreement I-A/1.3/093 MARE NOSTRUM marenostrumproject.eu [email protected] +972-48294018 +972-54-4563384 © 2016 by the Mare Nostrum Partnership Statement about the Programme: The 2007-2013 ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin (MSB) Programme is a multilateral Cross-Border Cooperation initiative funded by the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The Programme objective is to promote the sustainable and harmonious cooperation process at the Mediterranean Basin level by dealing with the common challenges and enhancing its endogenous potential. It finances cooperation projects as a contribution to the economic, social, environmental and cultural development of the Mediterranean region.
    [Show full text]
  • Tonnare in Italy: Science, History, and Culture of Sardinian Tuna Fishing 1
    Tonnare in Italy: Science, History, and Culture of Sardinian Tuna Fishing 1 Katherine Emery The Mediterranean Sea and, in particular, the cristallina waters of Sardinia are confronting a paradox of marine preservation. On the one hand, Italian coastal resources are prized nationally and internationally for their natural beauty as well as economic and recreational uses. On the other hand, deep-seated Italian cultural values and traditions, such as the desire for high-quality fresh fish in local cuisines and the continuity of ancient fishing communities, as well as the demands of tourist and real-estate industries, are contributing to the destruction of marine ecosystems. The synthesis presented here offers a unique perspective combining historical, scientific, and cultural factors important to one Sardinian tonnara in the context of the larger global debate about Atlantic bluefin tuna conservation. This article is divided into four main sections, commencing with contextual background about the Mediterranean Sea and the culture, history, and economics of fish and fishing. Second, it explores as a case study Sardinian fishing culture and its tonnare , including their history, organization, customs, regulations, and traditional fishing method. Third, relevant science pertaining to these fisheries’ issues is reviewed. Lastly, the article considers the future of Italian tonnare and marine conservation options. Fish and fishing in the Mediterranean and Italy The word ‘Mediterranean’ stems from the Latin words medius [middle] and terra [land, earth]: middle of the earth. 2 Ancient Romans referred to it as “ Mare nostrum ” or “our sea”: “the territory of or under the control of the European Mediterranean countries, especially Italy.” 3 Today, the Mediterranean Sea is still an important mutually used resource integral to littoral and inland states’ cultures and trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Delpaese E Le Forze Armate
    L’ITALIA 1945-1955 LA RICOSTRUZIONE DEL PAESE STATO MAGGIORE DELLA DIFESA UFFICIO STORICO E LE Commissione E LE FORZE ARMATE Italiana Storia Militare MINISTERO DELLA DIFESA CONGRESSOCONGRESSO DIDI STUDISTUDI STORICISTORICI INTERNAZIONALIINTERNAZIONALI CISM - Sapienza Università di Roma ROMA, 20-21 NOVEMBRE 2012 Centro Alti Studi per la Difesa (CASD) Palazzo Salviati ATTI DEL CONGRESSO PROPRIETÀ LETTERARIA tutti i diritti riservati: Vietata anche la riproduzione parziale senza autorizzazione © 2014 • Ministero della Difesa Ufficio Storico dello SMD Salita S. Nicola da Tolentino, 1/B - Roma [email protected] A cura di: Dott. Piero Crociani Dott.ssa Ada Fichera Dott. Paolo Formiconi Hanno contribuito alla realizzazione del Congresso di studi storici internazionali CISM Ten. Col. Cosimo SCHINAIA Capo Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Ten. Col. Fabrizio RIZZI Capo Sezione Archivio Storico dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD CF. Fabio SERRA Addetto alla Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD 1° Mar. Giuseppe TRINCHESE Capo Segreteria dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Mar. Ca. Francesco D’AURIA Addetto alla Sezione Archivio Storico dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD Mar. Ca. Giovanni BOMBA Addetto alla Sezione Documentazione Storica e Coordinamento dell’Ufficio Storico dello SMD ISBN: 978-88-98185-09-2 3 Presentazione Col. Matteo PAESANO1 Italia 1945-1955 la ricostruzione del Paese el 1945 il Paese è un cumulo di macerie con una bassissima produzione industriale
    [Show full text]
  • L'italia Altrove
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Palermo UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO DIPARTIMENTO DI CULTURE E SOCIETÀ Dottorato di Ricerca Internazionale in STUDI CULTURALI EUROPEI – XXIX CICLO (Settore Scientifico Disciplinare M-GGR/01) L’ITALIA ALTROVE Una lettura postcoloniale delle riviste geografiche italiane (1882-1942) TUTOR Prof.ssa Giulia de Spuches TESI DI CO-TUTOR Francesca Genduso Prof. Matteo Meschiari COORDINATORE DEL DOTTORATO Chiar.mo Prof. Michele Cometa A.A 2016/2017 Indice Introduzione ..........................................................................................................................3 Capitolo 1 Il postcoloniale come pratica e condizione contemporanea ..............................13 1.1 Ambiguità e punti di forza di un pensiero frammentario ..........................................13 1.2 Poter ridire di nuovo “Io”: il pensiero sulla decolonizzazione ..................................23 1.3 Il “post” come metafora: la critica postcoloniale ......................................................42 1.4 Temporalità dislocate ................................................................................................61 Capitolo 2 Il qui e l’altrove: il caso italiano ........................................................................75 2.1 L’Italia e il colonialismo: tra un passato rimosso e una prospettiva in divenire .......75 2.2 L’impresa coloniale: la costruzione del sé attraverso la
    [Show full text]
  • La Ricostruzione Dell'immaginario Violato in Tre Scrittrici Italofone Del Corno D'africa
    Igiaba Scego La ricostruzione dell’immaginario violato in tre scrittrici italofone del Corno D’Africa Aspetti teorici, pedagogici e percorsi di lettura Università degli Studi Roma Tre Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Educazione Dottorato di ricerca in Pedagogia (Ciclo XX) Docente Tutor Coordinatore della Sezione di Pedagogia Prof. Francesco Susi Prof. Massimiliano Fiorucci Direttrice della Scuola Dottorale in Pedagogia e Servizio Sociale Prof.ssa Carmela Covato Anno Accademico 2007/2008 Per la stella della bandiera Somala e per la mia famiglia Estoy leyendo una novela de Luise Erdrich. A cierta altura, un bisabuelo encuentra a su bisnieto. El bisabuelo está completamente chocho (sus pensamiemto tiene nel color del agua) y sonríe con la misma beatífica sonrisa de su bisnieto recién nacido. El bisabuelo es feliz porque ha perdido la memoria que tenía. El bisnieto es feliz porque no tiene, todavía, ninguna memoria. He aquí, pienso, la felicidad perfecta. Yo no la quiero Eduardo Galeano Parte Prima Subire l’immaginario. Ricostruire l’immaginario. Il fenomeno e le problematiche Introduzione Molte persone in Italia sono persuase, in assoluta buona fede, della positività dell’operato italiano in Africa. Italiani brava gente dunque. Italiani costruttori di ponti, strade, infrastrutture, palazzi. Italiani civilizzatori. Italiani edificatori di pace, benessere, modernità. Ma questa visione delineata corrisponde alla realtà dei fatti? Gli italiani sono stati davvero brava gente in Africa? Nella dichiarazioni spesso vengono anche azzardati parallelismi paradossali tra la situazione attuale e quella passata delle ex colonie italiane. Si ribadisce con una certa veemenza che Libia, Etiopia, Somalia ed Eritrea tutto sommato stavano meglio quando stavano peggio, cioè dominati e colonizzati dagli italiani.
    [Show full text]
  • Consensus for Mussolini? Popular Opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943)
    UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF HISTORY AND CULTURES Department of History PhD in Modern History Consensus for Mussolini? Popular opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943) Supervisor: Prof. Sabine Lee Student: Marco Tiozzo Fasiolo ACADEMIC YEAR 2016-2017 2 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the University of Birmingham is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of my words. 3 Abstract The thesis focuses on the response of Venice province population to the rise of Fascism and to the regime’s attempts to fascistise Italian society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Images in the Age of Mussolini
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2013 The Power of Images in the Age of Mussolini Valentina Follo University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Follo, Valentina, "The Power of Images in the Age of Mussolini" (2013). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 858. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/858 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/858 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Power of Images in the Age of Mussolini Abstract The year 1937 marked the bimillenary of the birth of Augustus. With characteristic pomp and vigor, Benito Mussolini undertook numerous initiatives keyed to the occasion, including the opening of the Mostra Augustea della Romanità , the restoration of the Ara Pacis , and the reconstruction of Piazza Augusto Imperatore. New excavation campaigns were inaugurated at Augustan sites throughout the peninsula, while the state issued a series of commemorative stamps and medallions focused on ancient Rome. In the same year, Mussolini inaugurated an impressive square named Forum Imperii, situated within the Foro Mussolini - known today as the Foro Italico, in celebration of the first anniversary of his Ethiopian conquest. The Forum Imperii's decorative program included large-scale black and white figural mosaics flanked by rows of marble blocks; each of these featured inscriptions boasting about key events in the regime's history. This work examines the iconography of the Forum Imperii's mosaic decorative program and situates these visual statements into a broader discourse that encompasses the panorama of images that circulated in abundance throughout Italy and its colonies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impeded Archipelago of Corsica and Sardinia
    Island Studies Journal, 16(1), 2021, 325-342 The impeded archipelago of Corsica and Sardinia Marcel A. Farinelli Independent researcher [email protected] Abstract: Sardinia (Italy) and Corsica (France) are two islands divided by a strait that is 13 km wide. Their inhabitants have had commercial and cultural links at least since the Bronze Age, facing similar historical processes such as colonization from mainland powers during Middle Ages and a problematic assimilation within the nation-states to which the islands are nowadays associated. Nevertheless, they are generally perceived and analyzed as separate and distant islands. This is a consequence of the geopolitical context of the last three centuries, during which Corsica and Sardinia have become part of two separate states marked by a troubled relationship. This study has two main purposes: explaining the case of the two islands through a historical analysis of the island-to-island relationship between the 17th and 21st Centuries and proposing the concept of ‘impeded archipelago’ to describe analogous situations. Keywords: archipelago, Corsica, islands, island-to-island relationship, nationalism, Sardinia https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.142 • Received August 2020, accepted December 2020 © Island Studies Journal, 2021 Introduction Few scholars have adopted an archipelagic perspective on Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy), albeit the strait that divides them (The Strait of Bonifacio) in its narrow point is 13 km wide. Sardinians and Corsicans have had economic and cultural ties at least since the Bronze Age, they experienced colonization from continental powers during Middle Ages and Modern Era, and they shared a problematic integration process in the mainland country to which they are linked with since the 18th and 19th Centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Behind Paradise: a Provincial History of Italy's Mediterranean Empire
    H-Mediterranean Tonight in Sacramento: Behind Paradise: A Provincial History of Italy’s Mediterranean Empire Discussion published by Valerie McGuire on Thursday, February 18, 2016 Feb. 18, 2016 LIBRARY RESEARCH FELLOW PRESENTATION “Behind Paradise: A Provincial History of Italy’s Mediterranean Empire” The Tsakopoulos Hellenic Collection invites you to join us for a lecture by 2015-2016 Library Research Fellow Dr. Valerie McGuire, New York University and Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow for the Mediterranean Region, Council of American Overseas Research Centers. Summary: "Today, Rhodes, Kos and other Dodecanese islands draw thousands of travelers annually by offering the iconic Greek island experience. Between 1912 and 1943, in contrast, the Dodecanese were under Italian occupation. As an increasingly important colony within Fascist Italy’s eastward expansion in the Mediterranean – what Mussolini ambitiously referred to as the conquest of Mare nostrum -- the population became subject to different state-building projects by the local administration. From education in the Italian language, to the adoption of imperial citizenship, to new job opportunities in the Fascist corporatist state, the local population faced a prolonged cycle of betrayal and reconciliation with their Italian rulers. This process culminated in the Second World War occupation of Greece by the Axis powers but it is arguably still active in the current construction of the European Union. While scholarship has typically dismissed Italian colonialism as ‘ragamuffin’ (the term is Lenin’s), the Dodecanese occupation bears witness to the breadth of Italian empire as well as its afterlife in identity, culture and memory." Citation: Valerie McGuire. Tonight in Sacramento: Behind Paradise: A Provincial History of Italy’s Mediterranean Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Mare Nostrum: Italy and the Mediterranean of Ancient Rome in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
    fascism 8 (2019) 250-274 brill.com/fasc Mare Nostrum: Italy and the Mediterranean of Ancient Rome in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries Samuel Agbamu King’s College London [email protected] Abstract The Mediterranean has occupied a prominent role in the political imaginary of Italian Fascisms, past and present. In the 1920s to the early 1940s, Fascist Italy’s imperial proj- ect used the concept of mare nostrum – our sea – taken from the vocabulary of Roman antiquity, to anchor modern Italian imperialism within the authority of the classical past. In the postwar years, following decolonization in Africa, mare nostrum receded from popular discourse, previous claims to the Mediterranean suppressed. However, in the context of the so-called refugee crisis, Italy resurrected mare nostrum, in the nam- ing of its military-humanitarian operation, a move rejected by the contemporary Ital- ian far right. This article argues that configurations of the Mediterranean of ancient Rome have served to yoke Africa to Italy when articulated into a Fascist, imperial ideol- ogy, as well as to reify the boundaries between Europe and the non-European other, in the xenophobic discourse of the contemporary Italian far right. Keywords Fascism – Italy – Libya – imperialism – romanità – migration – Mediterranean – mare nostrum The Mediterranean is by far the deadliest region for migration in the world, and the central Mediterranean, the area between Libya and Italy, has seen the highest number of migrant casualties when compared with other parts of the © samuel agbamu, 2019 | doi:10.1163/22116257-00802001 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc license at the time of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Italy in the Mediterranean
    ITALY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN PRIORITIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF A EUROPEAN MIDDLE-POWER by Silvia Colombo and Anja Palm Solidarity has clearly been downgraded to a secondary objective, and is now outweighed by security concerns. Report published by: FEPS - Foundation for Euroepan Progressive Studies Fondazione EYU With the financial support of Rue Montoyer 40 Via della Vite 41 the European Parliament. B-1000 Brussels, Belgium 00187 R9ome, Italy T: +32 2 234 69 00 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] www.fondazioneeyu.it Website: www.feps-europe.eu Twitter: @FondazioneEYU Twitter: @FEPS_Europe The present study does not Cover design and page layout: Triptyque.be represents the European English language editor: Nicola Robinson Parliament’s view. ITALY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN PRIORITIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF A EUROPEAN MIDDLE-POWER SILVIA COLOMBO AND ANJA PALM1 been viewed as one of the most important maritime spaces on Earth the rise of populist politics that depicts the (southern) Mediterranean linked to the broader debate about the reconfiguration of foreign pol- given the historical events that have happened on its coasts and the region and its people as a source of instability and security threats. On icy preferences under the greater weight that tends to be attributed Italy has long looked at the Mediterranean not only as a mere exchanges that have taken place on its waters. Whether from a cul- the other hand, the area south of the Mediterranean has undergone to migration-related issues compared to other areas (trade, develop- determinant of its geographical location but as the main source of tural, political or economic point of view, it is not possible to downplay a series of shocks and changes that have partially transformed our ment, cultural diplomacy) at the EU level.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 North Quabbin Edition
    2020 North Quabbin Edition: Axis & Allies John Lake 4-12-2020 Table of contents Introduction to Nations…………………………………………………………… 3 Identifying the Map………………………………………………………………. 4 o Friendly………………….4 o Hostile………………..….4 o Occupied……………..….4 o Impassable…….………...4 o Neutral…….………….....5 o Internment……………….6 o Islands………………...…6 o Sea zones…………….…..6 o Straights and canals….…..6 Identifying the Game pieces……………………………………………………… 7 o Staring Bonus………….…..9 o Order of Play…….…...…....9 How to play……………………………………………………………………… 10 o Phase 1: Research and Development………….………………… 10 o Phase 2: Purchase Units………….……………………………… 12 o Phase 3: Combat Move………….…………………………….… 13 o Phase 4: Conduct Combat Move………….…………………….. 14 . Anti Air…………….. 15 . Bombardments……... 15 . Bribed Overflight……17 . Liberating terr/ cap….17 . Multinational forces…18 . Strategic Bombing…..18 . Sabotage…………….19 o Phase 5: Non-Combat Move………….………………………… 20 o Phase 6: Mobilize New Units………….…………..………….… 20 o Phase 7: Collect Income………….………………………...…… 20 Unit Profiles ………………………………………………………………………..20 o Infrastructure…………………… 21 o Rail Units……………………….. 24 o Land Units…………………...….. 27 o Air units…………..…………….. 37 o Sea Units………………………... 42 Automatic specials…………………………………………………………….... 50 National Specials……………………………………………………………….. 53 o Major Powers…………….…………53 o Minor Powers……………….………61 o Neutral Powers……………………...67 Operations/ Objectives…………………………………………………………. 74 o Resource Wars……………………...74 o Propaganda & Entertainment……….82 o Doolittle Raid……………………….84 o P.O.W.s……………………………..84 o Colossal Bridges……………………85 o Group Monson…………………..…88 o Operation Herkules ………………..88 Reference charts………………………………………………………………….89 2 Your World At War: Which Power Should I Play? Overall, the Axis powers begin stronger militarily but inferior economically to the Allies. They start with many combat forces in play but comparatively little buying power. The Allies individually have fewer combat forces, but with their combined incomes they have more resources than the Axis.
    [Show full text]