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Gentrification and Impoverishment of the Metropolises

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Gentrification and Impoverishment of the Metropolises Metropolis Observatory Josep Maria Pascual Esteve 07ISSUE PAPER Gentrification and impoverishment in the metropolis metro polis world association of the major metropolises observatory page 3 Introduction page 4 A social process of attraction, expulsion and impoverishment page 7 The metropolitan dynamics of gentrification page 8 Responses through social activism Contents page 10 New city centres, public housing and diversity page 12 Recommendations page 14 Bibliography 03 Introduction One of the main challenges faced by the corresponding processes of successive large cities and metropolitan areas is the marginalisation it causes, gentrification contradiction between the key role they also acts as a vector for the ungovernable play in the world economy and global expansion of metropolitan areas. society, and the unequal distribution of the benefits brought by this role within each Displaced populations move to neighbour- metropolitan area. One of the most visible hoods or municipalities that are increasingly aspects of this inequality is gentrification, a far-removed from the city centre and have process that nearly all the metropolises in less access to public services, resulting in a the world have experienced to some extent widespread deterioration in quality of life, or other. In broad terms, gentrification which is shown in the reduced economic, so- consists of the expulsion of inhabitants from cial and cultural opportunities for those who impoverished urban neighbourhoods after live in these areas. Given the situation at hand, the areas are chosen for urban regeneration who is responsible for these people, the vic- and property development projects, becoming tims of consecutive exclusion and widespread inaccessible to the original population due to discrimination? Which authorities and levels higher housing prices and the corresponding of government need to act, and what do they goods and services. need to do? The right to adequate housing for all has In the latest Issue Paper published by the been recognised in numerous United Nations Metropolis Observatory, we invite the conventions, such as the Universal Declaration economist and sociologist Josep Maria Pascual of Human Rights (UDHR), the Convention on to discuss the complexity of gentrification in the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination different metropolitan contexts, and to set against Women (CEDAW) and the 2030 out approaches to tackle the challenges it Agenda, which incorporates the fundamental presents. By approaching the subject on a objective, in Goal 11, of ensuring “access for metropolitan rather than a municipal scale, all to adequate, safe and affordable housing this article presents a different perspective and basic services and upgrade slums”. from other publications on the debate surrounding gentrification. We hope it will be Gentrification is one of the main obstacles useful, especially in terms of putting effective to ensuring the human right to adequate measures in place to prevent and reverse housing, insomuch as it encourages the gentrification, and to guarantee the right to marginalisation of vulnerable sectors of fairer and more sustainable metropolitan society. On the other hand, as a result of cities. Octavi de la Varga Metropolis Secretary General 04 metropolis observatory A social process of attraction, expulsion and impoverishment The term “gentrification” was used for Since then, the concept of gentrification has the first time by sociologist Ruth Glass been generally understood as the urban in 1964 to analyse the social changes phenomenon of the “working class being taking place in the urban London displaced from their neighbourhoods by landscape. By using this concept, Glass those with higher purchasing power”. aimed to highlight the process of the In other words, gentrification can be city being appropriated, especially in understood as a social process in which central areas, by the upper class and both centrifugal (the working class being professional classes –nicknamed the forced further from the city centre) and “gentry”. This sector of the population centripetal forces (the upper and middle used to live in the city suburbs, before classes being drawn to the city centre) are beginning to progressively displace in action. the working class, who originally lived in the central neighbourhoods of the Over the course of the last few decades, metropolis. a number of gentrification processes > The central neighbourhood of La Candelaria, in Bogotá, which has deteriorated since the ‘70s due to safety concerns and the decline of colonial buildings, is now the location for joint flagship projects between the national government and the private sector, turning it into a residential and commercial district with high property values. Photo: Pedro Szekely 05 have taken place across metropolises 1. Gentrification in every corner of the globe, reflecting a A run-down neighbourhood (which may series of changes in demographics and can be be a historical city centre) that undergoes urban morphology. These changes were an urban regeneration process where understood not necessarily a one-way street, and the area is inhabited, in many cases as the urban for the most part they included another informally, by sectors of society who are social challenge facing metropolitan phenomenon marginalised or in the process of being areas: impoverishment, a challenge in excluded, and where the middle class and of the working which centrifugal forces act to move the workers who used to live there are leaving. class being middle and even upper class away, while Public investment is secured to improve displaced centripetal forces attract vulnerable transport connections and access to areas sectors of society or those in the process from their outside the neighbourhood, historical of social exclusion. The phenomenon of buildings are refurbished, educational neighbourhoods impoverishment in central areas is visible, and cultural facilities that give the area a by those for example, when they are occupied, symbolic value are built, and new public with higher often informally, by immigrants in search spaces are opened. These measures of a better life, to the extent to which the include “cleansing” processes that purchasing upper classes are moving to low-density increase controls on illegally occupied power suburban areas. housing and temporary residences, in addition to an increase in health and Therefore, gentrification and impoverish- safety checks. ment are phenomena that generally These measures have the direct go hand in hand when looking at consequence of displacing the most metropolitan areas as a whole, given excluded members of the population, that the gentrification of certain who are forced to move to other areas in neighbourhoods or municipalities causes the metropolis with poor infrastructure impoverishment elsewhere. When and fewer services. the metropolis has an international population from a range of different 2. linguistic and cultural backgrounds, The neighbourhood starts to be inhabited ghettoisation can also occur alongside by other sectors of the population with impoverishment, as different population a higher income or social class, and with types generally reside in separate areas greater social standing. However, they that tend to be exclusive. have a different lifestyle that may include artists or others working in the cultural Despite the nuances in the phenomenon sector, as well as people from alternative of gentrification and impoverishment social movements, the business sector in each metropolis, we can still identify and the creative economy. This tends to some common ground in the spiral be the start of the social rehabilitation of expulsion of marginalised persons. of the neighbourhood, in terms of its Gentrification tends to increase to some revaluation and place in the metropolis. extent, and not necessarily in the same It marks the start of property speculation, chronological order, when at least one of given that the talent of the new inhabitants the following conditions is in place: justifies a commercial renewal of the neighbourhood. Public investment to 06 metropolis observatory > In Beirut, the artistic community moved to Mar Mikhael after being displaced by increasing rent prices in the Gemmayzeh neighbourhood, setting off a new gentrification process. The architectural style of local buildings and the presence of artists in Mar Mikhael saw this middle- low income neighbourhood become a fashionable area, aimed at a specific clientèle who wanted to appreciate an “authentic” feel combined with a vibrant nightlife. Photo: Melhem Rizk attract talent and creativity to unique the price of the land and floor space per neighbourhoods can then be legitimised square metre. From this point onwards, with the aim of building a creative there is a spiral of investment and property city, through the purchase of land and speculation that increases rent prices in property by private investors, given the the neighbourhood, displacing first the price margins for buying and selling land lower income population, and then the as part of the process of improving the middle-income population. This is the so- neighbourhood and demographic change. called gentrification process, which in its purest form leads to a loss of residential 3. population and the neighbourhood Once the stigma of a run-down being inhabited by high-income earners, neighbourhood has been removed, the professionals under what is known as area has lost a good part of the excluded
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