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T.C. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Radyo Sinema Televizyon Anabilim Dali Radyo Sinema Televizyon Bilim Dali

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T.C. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Radyo Sinema Televizyon Anabilim Dali Radyo Sinema Televizyon Bilim Dali i T.C. ERCİYES ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ RADYO SİNEMA TELEVİZYON ANABİLİM DALI RADYO SİNEMA TELEVİZYON BİLİM DALI ULUSLARARASI HABER AJANSLARINDA RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN TEMSİLİ: REUTERS VE TASS ÖRNEĞİ Hazırlayan Yusuf DURU Danışman Doç. Dr. Vahit İLHAN Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ağustos 2019 KAYSERİ ii T.C. ERCİYES ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ RADYO SİNEMA TELEVİZYON ANABİLİM DALI RADYO SİNEMA TELEVİZYON BİLİM DALI ULUSLARARASI HABER AJANSLARINDA RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN TEMSİLİ: REUTERS VE TASS ÖRNEĞİ (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Hazırlayan Yusuf DURU Danışman Doç. Dr. Vahit İLHAN Ağustos 2019 KAYSERİ i BİLİMSEL ETİĞE UYGUNLUK Bu çalışmadaki tüm bilgilerin, akademik ve etik kurallara uygun bir şekilde elde edildiğini beyan ederim. Aynı zamanda bu kural ve davranışların gerektirdiği gibi, bu çalışmanın özünde olmayan tüm materyal ve sonuçları tam olarak aktardığımı ve referans gösterdiğimi belirtirim. Adı-Soyadı: Yusuf DURU İmza : ii İNTİHAL iii YÖNERGEYE UYGUNLUK SAYFASI “ULUSLARARASI HABER AJANSLARINDA RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN TEMSİLİ: REUTERS VE TASS ÖRNEĞİ” adlı Yüksek Lisans tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Tez Önerisi ve Tez Yazma Yönergesi’ne uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır. Tezi Hazırlayan Danışman Yusuf DURU Doç. Dr. Vahit İLHAN Radyo Sinema Televizyon ABD Başkanı Doç. Dr. Vahit İLHAN iv Doç Dr. Vahit İLHAN danışmanlığında Yusuf DURU tarafından hazırlanan ULUSLARARASI HABER AJANSLARINDA RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN TEMSİLİ: REUTERS VE TASS ÖRNEĞİ” adlı bu çalışma jürimiz tarafından Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Radyo Sinema Televizyon Anabilim Dalında yüksek lisans tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. 02 /08 / 2019 JÜRİ: Danışman: Doç. Dr. Vahit İLHAN Üye: Prof. Dr. Y. Gürhan TOPÇU Üye: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Onur ÖNÜRMEN ONAY: Bu tezin kabulü Enstitü Yönetim Kurulunun ………....… tarih ve …………..…… sayılıkararı ile onaylanmıştır. ………. /……../ ……… ……………………….. Enstitü Müdürü v ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışma uzun ve zorlu bir süreç sonrasında ortaya çıkmasına rağmen çalışmanın her anında bana keyif veren bir yanı oldu. Bu çalışmada hem bilgisi ile bana yol gösteren hem de bana karşı sabrı ile sürekli yanımda olan değerli danışmanım Doç. Dr. Vahit İLHAN’a çok teşekkür ederim. Bu çalışma sürecinde bana karşı sonsuz saygı, sevgi ve desteğini eksik etmeyen değerli eşim Melike DURU’ya, bugünlere gelmemde büyük katkıları olan Annem Dursen DURU, babam Hüseyin DURU ve kardeşim Elif DURU’ya minnettarım. Ailemin bana karşı sabrı ve güveni olmasa bu çalışmayı ortaya koyamazdım. Aileme teşekkürü borç bilirim. vi ÖZET ULUSLARARASI HABER AJANSLARINDA RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN TEMSİLİ: REUTERS VE TASS ÖRNEĞİ Bu çalışmada parlamenter sistemden Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet sistemine geçişi ön gören 16 Nisan referandum sürecini ve Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ı konu alan REUTERS ve TASS haber ajanslarının haber metinleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada Batı merkezli REUTERS haber ajansı ile Doğu merkezli TASS haber ajansının, Türkiye’de yaşanan anayasa değişikliği ve Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ile ilgili haberleri nasıl ele aldıklarını ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Sınırlılıklar kapsamında, yaşanan referandum süreci ve sonrasını içeren olarak 16 Nisan 2017-30 Nisan 2017 tarih aralığındaki haberler değerlendirilmeye alınmıştır. 16 Nisan 2017 tarihinin seçilme nedeni Türkiye’de gerçekleşen ve dış politikayı yeniden biçimlendiren bir anayasal değişikliği referandumunun gerçekleşmesidir. 30 Nisan tarihinin belirlenme nedeni ise ajansların ilk 15 günde yoğun haber akışı gerçekleştirmesidir. REUTERS ve TASS haber ajanslarının haber metinleri eleştirel söylem analizi yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde ideoloji-haber-söylem bağlantıları incelenerek ideolojinin haber metinleri üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde ise ajansların tarihsel gelişim süreçleri ve Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ın siyasal srüeci ele alınmıştır. Yöntem bölümünde ise REUTERS ve TASS haber ajanslarının haber metinlerinin analizlerine yer verilmiştir. Haber metinlerinde Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ın nasıl yer aldığı ve temsil edildiği makro ve mikro analizler yapılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu analiz biçimiyle REUTERS ile TASS haber ajanslarının, haber içeriklerini, kendi ülkelerinin siyasi egemenlerinin gündelik politikalarının belirlediği ortaya konulmuştur. REUTERS haber ajansının Türkiye’deki referandum süreci üzerinden Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ı ideolojik söylemler ile olumsuzladığı; TASS haber ajansının ise ideolojik söylemler ile olumladığı analiz edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Haber Medyası, İdeoloji, REUTERS, TASS, Referandum, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Eleştirel Söylem Analizi vii ABSTRACT REPRESENTATION OF RECEP TAYYİP ERDOGAN IN INTERNATIONAL NEWS AGENCIES: THE CASE OF REUTERS AND TASS In this study, the news texts of REUTERS and TASS news agencies about President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and the April 16 referendum process, which foresees the transition from the parliamentary system to the Presidential Government system, are analyzed. In this study, it is aimed to reveal how western-based REUTERS news agency and eastern based TASS news agency approach to the constitutional changes taking place in Turkey and the news regarding Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Within the scope of the limitations, the news in the period between April 16, 2017 and April 30, 2017, including the referendum process and the aftermath, were taken into consideration. The reason for choosing the date of April 16, 2017 is constitutional amendment referendum took place in that time that reshaped foreign policy. The reason for choosing the April 30 date is the fact that the agencies conduct intensive news flow in the first 15 days. The news texts of REUTERS and TASS news agencies were analyzed using critical discourse analysis method. In the first part of the study, ideology-news-discourse connections are examined and the effect of ideology on news texts is discussed. In the second part of the study, the historical development process of the agencies and the political process of President Erdoğan are discussed. In the method section, news texts analysis of REUTERS and TASS news agencies are included. President Erdoğan's coverage and representation on the news texts was evaluated by using macro and micro analyses. In this analysis, it is revealed that the daily content of REUTERS and TASS news agencies is determined by the daily policies of the political sovereigns of their countries. It is analyzed that The Reuters news agency, through the referendum process in Turkey, negated President Erdoğan with ideological discourses and on the other hand, TASS news agency affirmed President Erdoğan with ideological discourses. Keywords: News Media, Ideology, REUTERS, TASS, Referendum, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Critical Discourse Analysis viii İÇİNDEKİLER BİLİMSEL ETİĞE UYGUNLUK .................................................................................. i İNTİHAL ......................................................................................................................... ii YÖNERGEYE UYGUNLUK SAYFASI ..................................................................... iii ONAY: ............................................................................................................................. iv ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................. v ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... vii İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................ viii ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ .................................................................................................... xii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.BÖLÜM İDEOLOJİ VE MEDYA İLİŞKİSİ 1.İletişim Alanında İdeoloji Kavramının Değerlendirilmesi ............................................ 7 1.1. İdeoloji Kavramı ........................................................................................................ 7 1.2. Tarihsel Süreci ........................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1.Napolyon Bonapart .................................................................................................. 9 1.2.2. Marx ve Engels ..................................................................................................... 10 1.2.3. Vladimir Lenin ...................................................................................................... 13 1.3. İdeoloji ve Medya İlişkisi......................................................................................... 13 1.3.1. Gramsci ve Hegemonya Çerçevesinden Medyanın Değerlendirilmesi ................ 13 1.3.2. Althusser ve İdeolojik Medya ............................................................................... 19 1.3.3. Stuart Hall ve Medya ............................................................................................ 27 1.4. Haber ve İdeoloji İlişkisi .......................................................................................... 36 ix 2.BÖLÜM ULUSLARARASI HABER AJANSLARI ve LİDER TİPOLOJİSİ BAĞLAMINDA RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN 2.1. Ajansların Genel Özellikleri ...................................................................................
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