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Reports from the 18Th Conference of Japanese Association for South Asian Studies, November 1-2, 2005 244 ・Session Reports•E Reports from the 18th Conference of Japanese Association for South Asian Studies, November 1-2, 2005 SessionReport 1 Reappraisal of the Interpretations of pratityasamutpada Shoryu Katsura (RyukokuUniversity, Kyoto) Regardinghow to interpretthe Buddhistdoctrine of pratityasamutpada we haveseen a fiercedebate among modern Buddhist scholars in Japanat leasttwice. First duringthe 1920samong Taiken Kimura, Hakuju Ui, TetsuroWatsuji and ChizenAkanuma, and thenfor someperiod of time fromthe 1950samong Issai Funahashi, Mitsuyoshi Saigusa, KakueMiyaji and others.Almost half a centuryhas passedsince the last debateand the coordinatorof the present panel found that it wastime to reappraisethe doctrinefrom new perspectives.He askedthe four panelists to approachit fromthe fourdoctrinal viewpoints, viz. the Early Nikaya/Agama, Abhidharma, Madhyamaka and Yogacara-vijnanavada. Beforethe panelistspresented their views,the coordinatorpointed out what he thought werethe sevenproblematic issues regarding the doctrineof pratityasamutpada. (1) Did the Buddharealize the doctrineat the time of his enlightenment?If so,in what formwas it realized?(2) Did the doctrinepresuppose the doctrineof transmigration(samsara)? If so, doesit not conflictwith the doctrineof non-soul?(3) Should the doctrinebe understood in the temporalframework or in a purelylogical way? (4) Doesthe term"idampratyayata" mean"mutual expectation/ dependence" or "causation"? (5) Howshould we interpret some of the difficultchains of the doctrine,viz. avidya, samskdra and bhava? (6) What is the in- tentionbehind the doctrine?(7) Is therelogical relation with otherbasic Buddhist doctrines suchas anityata?Afterthe presentationsof the panelists,Prof. Noritoshi Aramaki (Otani University)gave detailed comments on andcriticisms of eachpaper and thenwe received somecritical remarks from the floor.Here aresome of the basicpoints of eachpaper. Fumio Enomoto (Osaka University) At the verybeginning of the Mahavaggaof Vinayapitaka,the Buddhais depictedas " pathamabhisambuddba" in the context of the twelve chains of pratityasamutpada. The term from its usage as well as the commentarial interpretations should mean "immediately after Session Reports 245 havingattained the enlightenment";not "havingattained the enlightenmentfor the first time" as usuallyinterpreted by Japanesescholars. Thus it becomesclear that the Buddha reflectedupon pratityasamutpada after having attained enlightenment and that it wasnot regardedas a part of his enlightenment.The meaning of the continuative"pratitya" in the term"pratityasamutpada" was examined in comparisonwith its usage in the Vedicand Jaina literature.Finally, it waspointed out that the temporalinterpretation of pratityasamutpada is preferredto the logicalone from the originaltexts as well as the commentaries. Yoshifumi Honjo Accordingto IssaiFunahashi (Bukkyogaku Seminar Vol. 37), the EarlyNikaya/Agama had two kindsof pratityasamutpada, viz., one relatedto a sentientbeing (sattvasainkhya) andthe otherof all conditioneddharmas. But the orthodoxSarvastivada Abhidharma held thatpratityasamutpada related to a livingbeing only, and this wascriticized by Nagarjuna. However,Funahashi's understanding should be corrected,for the Mahavibham(vol. 23) regardsthe pratityasamutpadaof all conditioneddharmas expounded in the Prakaranas the ultimatetruth and onerelated to a livingbeing in theJnanaprasthana as the conven- tionaltruth. Kiyotaka Goshima Manyscholars understand that forNagarjuna "pratityasamutpada" means "the mutual expectation/dependenceofbeings", but his mainwork, the Mulamadhyamakakarika,does not presenteven the relationbetween agent and actionto be a caseof mutual expectation/ dependence.However, he later started to discussthe mutual expectation/dependence of existenceand non-existence,ignorance and karman,long and short and a lamp and illuminationand othersin the Yuktisastikaand Ratnavali.Many scholarsregard the last two chaptersof the Karikaas supplementaryparts of the text.But Nagarjuna's assertion of liberationfrom transmigration through the cessationof conceptual constructions (vikalpa) andprapanca, found in the Karikaas well as the g Sunyatasaptati,seems to suggesthow importantthe doctrineof pratityasamutpada was for him. Yoshihito Muroji (Koyasan University) Theinterpretations of eachchain of pratityasamutpada transmitted in theMaulibhuimi of theYogacarabhumi canbe compared with thosein Vasubandhu'sPratityasamutpada -vyakhya, becauseboth the textscomment on the Agama-phraseof the Pratityasamutpadasutra.The formertext laysemphasis on the evanescence(anityata) of all conditioneddharmas related to a sentientbeing, while the lattermainly aims at rejectingthe viewof dtmanattached to all dharmas. 246 Journal of the Japanese Associationfor South Asian Studies, 18, 2006 Session Report 2 Indian Democracy and the 14th Lok Sabha Elections Takako Hirose This sessionwas organised as part of the research project, Grant-in- Aid for Scientific Research, 2003-2005, "An Analysis of Elections in India", led by Takako Hirose. The session aimed at finding some recent features of Indian democracythrough the analysisof the 14thLok Sabha electionsheld in 2004. The session was chaired by KyokoInoue and consisted of the following five papers. 1) "The Analysis of the 14th Lok Sabha Elections by the GIS Method" by Takeshi Minamino 2) "The Transformation of the Indian Party System and the 14thLok Sabha Elections"by Hiroki Miwa 3) "The Election Results of a Wealthy State, Punjab" by Tohru Ito 4) "ATrend in 'Developing'States of North East" by Makiko Kimura 5) "The Development of Democracy and Elections in India" by Takako Hirose. The Minamino paper, by comparingthe 13thand the 14thLok Sabha elections,pointed out that whereas the BJP further consolidated its strongholds in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Uttaranchal, the Congress' strength dispersed without solid bases. In this sense, it can be said that the BJP had become more stable than the Congress in terms of support bases. The contrast was vividlyshown with the help of the GIS method. The Miwa paper dealt with the transformation of the party system in India since independenceusing the model developedby G. Sartori. Miwa argued that the Indian party system has shifted towards "the moderate multi-party system"since the end of the 1990s, and that the 2004 elections can be interpreted as part of this transitional process. Tohru Ito dealt with the election results of the Punjab state. Against the national trend, the Congress-Left alliance suffered a setback and the Akali Dal, a regional party and a coalition partner of the BJP, won the election in this state. Three factorswere considered important for the Congress defeat.The first factor was the intra-party situations.Whereas the Congress was plagued with factional fighting, the Akali Dal managed to re-unite factions. Secondly,the Congress could not reach a pre-poll agreement with the BSP, thus failing in coalition making in the state. Thirdly,the criticism against the achievement of the Congress government in Punjab turned into a large number of negativevotes against the Congress in the Lok Sabha elections.The last factor was considered most important as it showed that the electorate in recent years tends to decide which party to support based on the performance of the state government even in the Lok Sabha elections. Makiko Kimura pointed out that the election results of smaller states in the North East show different trends altogether. The state governments in these conflict ridden and economically "less developed" states depend heavily on subsidies from the central Session Reports 247 government.Moreover, the ethnic conflicts and the resulting accommodationof the ethnic groups into the mainstream are bound to lead to corruption. Such vulnerable states, both economicallyand politically,tend to align with those parties in power at the centre. Thus some regional parties in this region switched over their allegiance from the BJP to the Congress after the election results came out. The Hirose paper located the 14th Lok Sabha elections in the history of Indian democracy,arguing that although India has maintained parliamentary democracyfor over half a century, the way its democracy functions has changed substantially.The 14thLok Sabha elections showed three trends. Firstly, states gained more importance even in the Lok Sabha elections. Secondly, the identity politics somewhat receded, at least in some states, and the economic factor becamemore important in the electorate'sdecision. Thirdly, as states became more important, the differencesamong states widened between rich and poor and between large and small states. Session Report 3 Kingship and Ritual in the Ancient Indian World Chair: Masato Fujii Speakers:Yasuhiro Tsuchiyama, Shingo Einoo, Muneo Tokunaga, Keiji Sadakaneand ToshiakiOji Commentator:Yasuke Ikari Theaim of this session was to explore the potential of interdisciplinary collaboration for studiesof ancient South Asia. The subject of this sessionhas been treated by Indologists, historians,anthropologists, and so on, mostly within the field of their own disciplines. As a subjectcovering a wide range of topics, however, it can be studied more effectively through a multi-prongedapproach. In this session, we had the following five papers on thissubject fromdifferent angles: politics, ritual, literature, art, and geography, together with overall commentsby thecommentator and discussions among the participants and audience. Y.Tsuchiyama: "The Authority
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