REGIONAL AIRLINES SAFETY STUDY: Preliminary Information Paper
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Department of Transport and Regional Development Bureau of Air Safety Investigation REGIONAL AIRLINES SAFETY STUDY: Preliminary Information Paper Released by the Secretary of the Department of Transport and Regional Development BASi under the provisions of Section 19CU of part 2A of the Air Navigation Act (1920). BmCluOfAiI~IDVU&@h When the Bureau makes recommendations as a result of its investigations or research, safety, (in accordance with its charter), is its primary consideration. However, the Bureau fully recognises that the implementation of recommendations arising from its investigations will in some cases incur a cost to the industry. Readers should note that the information in BAS1 reports is provided to promote aviation safety: in no case is it intended to imply blame or liability. ISBN 0 642 25630 6 November 1996 I I ' This report was produced by the Bureau of Air Safety Investigation (BASI), PO Box 967, Civic Square ACT 2608. Readers are advised that the Bureau investigates for the sole purpose of enhancing aviation safety. Consequently, Bureau reports are confined to matters of safety significance and may be misleading if used for any other purpose. - As BASI believes that safety information is of greatest value if it is passed on for the use of others, readers are encouraged to copy or reprint for further distribution, acknowledging BASI as the source. CONTENTS Page SYNOPSIS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Safety Regulation and Surveillance 4 1.2 Previous Research ................................................................................................................................................ 5 2. OBJECTIVES _.,__..____.__________...................................................................,........,........................................................................6 3. METHOD ... ...... .__. ___ .. __.. ___ .._... _... ... .. .._.___ ____.... ._ .... ... ..... .. .. .. ___.. .. ._........ .... ..... ..................................-...............................6 4. PRELIMINARY RESULTS .......................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1 Database Information 4.2 Interview Results ............................................................................................................................................... 12 5. DISCUSSION .. .__ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ._ .. .. .. ._. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. APPENDIX 1 _______.__.__...__.....,,...............................................,,....,.............................................,...,...............................................15 APPENDIX 2 ............................................ ............................................................................................................. -.-.. 16 REFERENCES .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iii SYNOPSIS The regional airline industry is an integral part of the Australian air transport system, and is particularly important in rural and remote areas. The industry has a major role in supplementing the high capacity airlines and providing feeder services into the capital cities. The accident rate for regional airlines has remained relatively stable since 1990, although it is higher than the rate for high capacity air transport. Partly as a result of a small number of highly publicised fatal accidents involving regional airlines, there has been considerable debate about safety standards within this sector of the industry both in Australia and overseas. BASI believes that there are opportunities for improving the safety levels of regional airlines through the identification of safety issues before they result in serious incidents or accidents. Discussions with industry personnel have highlighted a range of issues which they believe need attention. This preliminary report outlines the issues raised. As a follow up to these discussions, BASI is conducting a formal industry survey of the issues identified in this preliminary study. The results of that survey will be published in future reports. 1 1. INTRODUCTION Regional airlines (low capacity regular public transport) are a significantpart of the Australian air transportation system, carrying 12% of the airline passengers within Australia in 1994 (BTCE,1995). However, there are significant differences between regional operators and high capacity domestic airlines. The regional airlines meet different legislative requirements, fly different types of aircraft, and frequently operate in uncontrolled airspace to airports which lack many of the support facilities found at major airports. Because regional airlines are an integral sector of the commercial aviation industry, there is a need to consider the specific safety issues of this industry sector. Definitions Several terms and definitions have been applied to the regional airline industry. In Australia, the terms ‘regional’, ‘commuter’ and ‘third level’ are generally interchangeable in relation to regional airlines. CASA defines a commuter airline as a regular public transport (R€T)operation using low capacity aircraft to transport persons or cargo for hire or reward in accordance with fixed schedules. Aircraft with a seating capacity of 38 or fewer seats, or a maximum payload of less than 4200 kg are defined as ‘low capacity’. For the purposes of this regional airline study, BAS1 has used the CASA definition of commuter airlines. The Regional Airline Industry In December 1!995,42 companies were licensed to conduct low capacity regular public transport 0operations in Australia. These companies operated 23 1 aircraft, ranging from the five passenger seat Beech Baron to the 34-38 seat class of turboprops including the Dash 8, Saab 340 and the Brasilia. The percentage of regional aircraft powered by turbine engines has increased steadily over the last five years. Approximately equal numbers of piston and turbine powered aircraft were in use in 1995 (Reid, 1995). Although the industry contains a number of companies which use relatively large, complex, turbine powered aircraft, the majority of regional airlines operate small fleets of mainly piston powered aircraft such as Rper PA3 1 or Cessna 404s. In 1994, there were 44 regional airlines. The five largest airlines carried 67%of the industry’s passengers while the other 39 carried the remaining 33%. (DOT, 1995). Safety Priority The Bureau places priority on those issues which affect the safety of the fare-paying passenger. The Bureau’s pro-active safety studies program aims to identify underlying factors within the aviation system that can impact upon safety in the cockpit, cabin, control tower, maintenance workshop, or on the ramp, before they result in serious occurrences (Lee, 1993). The Bureau proposes to work with the regional airline industry to identify significant safety issues which can be addressed. The Regional Airline Safety Study The Bureau plans to work cooperatively with the regional airline industry by using questionnaires and interviews to identify safety issues. The scope of the study will be limited to organisations which meet the above definition of a regional airline, and organisations which support or regulate regional airlines. Where a company is authorised to conduct more than one type of flying operation, for example low capacity RFT and charter, the study will concentrate on the personnel, procedures, 3 equipment and organisational structure associated with the low capacity RPT operations. The study will cover all aspects of regional airline operations, including training, flight operations, maintenance, publications, selection and qualification of personnel, support facilities, air traffic services, regulation and surveillance. 1.1 Safety Regulation and Surveillance Civil Aviation Regulations and Orders (CARs and CAOs) are a major factor in aviation safety as they set the minimum requirements in many areas directly influencing safety. One of the difficulties in considering the safety of regional airlines is the complexity of the regulations governing their operations. For example, there is no single set of regulatory requirements which apply to all low capacity RPT operations. Table 1 shows the ranges of minimum requirements applicable to some aspects of regional airline operations. Note that this table shows only some of the regulatory requirements; many additional conditions and requirements may also apply. Table 1 Selected Minimum Safety Requirements for Low Capacity RPT Operations Aspect of Condition Minimum Requirements Operations Number of 1 Less than 10 passenger seats 1 pilot pilots ' 10 or more seats 2 pilots Jet aircraft with MTOW more than 3500kg 2 pilots Experience and Normal category aircraft with 1 pilot Commercial Pilot Licence plus 700 fly hours qualification of Transport category aircraft with 1 pilot Commercial Pilot Licence plus lo00 hours pilots Multi-crew aircraft, MTOW 5700kg or less. Air Transport Pilot Licence plus 1200 hours Multi-crew aircraft, MTOW more than Air Transport Pilot Licence plus 2000 hours 5700kg Number of 0- 15 passengers