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Data Recovery Plan for Prehistoric Resource Crnv-03-8903 for Comstock Mining LLC’S Right-Of-Way Permit, Storey County, Nevada

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Data Recovery Plan for Prehistoric Resource Crnv-03-8903 for Comstock Mining LLC’S Right-Of-Way Permit, Storey County, Nevada Data Recovery Plan for Prehistoric Resource CrNV-03-8903 for Comstock Mining LLC’s Right-of-Way Permit, Storey County, Nevada Prepared by Barbi Harmon, M.A. BLM Report No. CRR3-2643-2(P) DRAFT Submitted to: U.S. Bureau of Land Management Sierra Front Field Office kautz ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS, INC. 1140 Financial Blvd., Suite 100 Reno, Nevada 89502 ph. (775) 829-4411 fax (775) 829-6161 Cover photo is an overview of the project area. Frontpiece illustration, in lower right corner, is of a pecked and grooved saurian effigy head discovered in an Archaic site in the South Truckee Meadows, Nevada. Illustration by J.W. Oothoudt Data Recovery Plan for Prehistoric Resource CrNV-03-8903 for Comstock Mining LLC’s Right-of-Way Permit, Storey County, Nevada BLM Report No. CRR3-2643-2(P) Prepared by: Barbi Harmon, M.A., RPA with Contributions by: John Harmon and Sandra Clark of Kautz Environmental Consultants, inc. 1140 Financial Boulevard, Suite 100 Reno, Nevada 89502 Prepared at the Request of: Ms. Rachel Yelderman Environmental Aff airs Director Comstock Mining LLC P.O. Box 1118 Virginia City, Nevada 89440 Submitted to: Ms. Rachel Crews Archaeologist Sierra Front Field Offi ce Bureau of Land Management 5665 Morgan Mill Road DRAFTCarson City, Nevada 89701 KEC Project 875 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Comstock Mining LLC proposes exclusive use of an existing road located on both public and private lands in Storey County to haul ore from its mining operations in Gold Canyon to its processing facility located in American Flat. The public lands are managed by the Sierra Front Field Offi ce of the Bureau of Land Man- agement (BLM). The project requires the issuance of a Right-of-Way permit pursuant to the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, as amended (43 USC § 1761). Consequently, the project is defi ned as a federal undertaking, which requires that BLM take into account eff ects to historic properties resulting from the permit’s issuance (36 CFR § 800). BLM has determined that the undertaking will have an adverse eff ect on one known prehistoric-era re- source (CrNV-03-8903) within the APE, and must ensure that those adverse aff ects resulting from the Right-of-Way grant are mitigated. Consequently, Comstock Mining LLC, requested that Kautz Environ- mental Consultants, Inc. (KEC), prepare a treatment plan to mitigate adverse eff ects to this historic prop- erty resulting from the federal undertaking. This document presents a plan to mitigate adverse eff ects to prehistoric-era resources only. Plans to mitigate adverse eff ects to historic-era resources are contained within a separate document (Spidell and Kautz 2015). TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 PROJECT HISTORY AND COMPLIANCE FRAMEWORK. 1 1.2 ADVERSE EFFECTS TO HISTORIC PROPERTIES . 1 1.3 REPORT OUTLINE. 2 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS. 3 2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT. 3 2.1.1 Topographic Location and Sediment Deposition . 3 2.1.2 Vegetation and Fauna . 3 2.1.3 Water Sources . 4 2.2 CULTURAL CONTEXT . 4 2.2.1 Paleoarchaic (>10,000-8,000 B. P.) . 5 2.2.2 Archaic (8,000-150 B.P.) . 6 2.2.3 Early Archaic (8,000-5,000 B.P.). 7 2.2.4 Middle Archaic (5,000-1,300 B.P.) . 7 2.2.5 Late Archaic (1,300-150 B.P.) . 8 3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN . 11 3.1 PREHISTORIC CHRONOLOGY . 11 3.2 PREHISTORIC LITHIC TECHNOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION . 12 3.3 PREHISTORIC TRADE AND EXCHANGE . 12 4.0 METHODS AND TREATMENT PROTOCOLS . 15 4.1 FIELD METHODS . 16 4.1.1 Surface Investigations . 16 4.1.2 Subsurface Investigations. 16 4.1.2.1 Shovel Probes . 16 4.1.2.2 Hand Excavation Units . 17 4.1.2.3 Shovel Scrapes . 17 4.2 LABORATORY METHODS . 17 4.2.1 Flaked Stone Analysis . 18 4.2.1.1 Debitage . 19 4.2.1.2 Bifaces . 20 4.2.1.3 Ground Stone Tools . 21 4.3 OUTSIDE ANALYSES . 22 4.3.1 Volcanic Chemical Characterization and Obsidian Hydration Rim Measurements . 22 4.3.2 Radiocarbon Dating . 22 4.3.3 Macrobotanical Analysis. 22 4.3.4 Vertebrate Faunal Analysis . 22 5.0 DELIVERABLES . 23 5.1 DELIVERABLES . 23 6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 25 i LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Summary of Prehistoric Chronology: Eastern Sierra Nevada Front (after Elston et al. 1995:13-18, Table 2) . 5 ii CHAPTER 1.0 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT HISTORY AND COMPLIANCE 1.2 ADVERSE EFFECTS TO HISTORIC PROPERTIES FRAMEWORK One prehistoric-era historic property will be adversely Comstock Mining LLC proposes exclusive use of an aff ected by the federal undertaking. An adverse eff ect existing road located on both public and private lands is found when “an undertaking may alter, directly or in Storey County to haul ore from its mining operations indirectly, any of the characteristics of a historic property in Gold Canyon to its processing facility located in that qualify the property for inclusion in the National American Flat, neat Virginia City, Nevada. The public Register of Historic Places in a manner which would lands are managed by the Sierra Front Field Offi ce of the diminish the integrity of the property’s location, design, Carson City District of the Bureau of Land Management setting, materials, workmanship, feeling or association” (BLM). The project requires the issuance of a Right- (36 CFR 800.5(a)[1]). The historic property is a multi- of-Way permit pursuant to the Federal Land Policy component archaeological site CrNV-03-8903, located and Management Act of 1976, as amended (43 USC § entirely on lands managed by the Sierra Front Field 1761). Consequently, the project is defi ned as a federal Offi ce of BLM (Appendix A, Figure 1.2). The prehistoric undertaking, which requires that BLM take into account component of this site is small lithic scatter containing eff ects to historic properties resulting from the permit’s what appears to be the remains of a Late Archaic tool issuance (36 CFR § 800). production/rejuvenation episode. While stratifi ed, intact cultural assemblages are not anticipated at this locale, The direct Area of Potential Eff ects (APE) for this project the surface assemblage contains artifacts that can yield is defi ned as 250 ft. on either side of the right-of-way additional information with the potential to address centerline, for a total of 178 acres (Appendix A, Figure research questions deemed relevant to the region. 1.1). The APE is located in the SE1/4 of Section 6, The documented assemblage includes one obsidian T.16N., R.21E., and is depicted on the Virginia City, Nev. Rosegate Series projectile point, one unmodifi ed (1994) 7.5' USGS Topographic Quadrangle. BLM has Olivella shell (almost certainly O. biplicata, see Milliken determined that the undertaking will have an adverse and Schwitalla 2012:14) , one biface, one hammerstone, eff ect on known historic properties within the APE, and one scraper, and two cores, as well as an estimated 60 must ensure that those adverse aff ects resulting from fl akes of CCS, fi ne-grained volcanic items, and obsidian. the Right-of-Way grant are mitigated. Consequently, in This locale has been impacted by historic and modern April 2015 Ms. Rachel Yeldermam, Environmental Aff airs era mining and mineral exploration, which occurs Director at Comstock Mining LLC, contacted Dr. Robert R. within the boundaries of the site and in the immediate Kautz of Kautz Environmental Consultants, Inc. (KEC), to surrounding vicinity. request the preparation of treatment plans to mitigate adverse eff ects to known historic properties resulting The Bureau of Land Management determined the from the federal undertaking. This document presents prehistoric component of this archaeological site a plan to mitigate adverse eff ects to a prehistoric-era eligible for the National Register of Historic Places resource only. Plans to mitigate adverse eff ects to under Criterion D for its research potential (Spidell et historic-era resources are contained within a separate al. 2014). The undertaking will adversely aff ect those document (Spidell and Kautz 2015). characteristics of this property which qualify it for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Data recovery is deemed the most appropriate measure for mitigation of those eff ects. This document outlines the Kautz Environmental Consultants, Inc. 1 Chapter 1.0 • Introduction research questions that this site may address, and the methods best suited for recovery of relevant data. 1.3 REPORT OUTLINE Chapter 1 has presented the project background and compliance framework for this site and has provided a description of the National Register eligible prehistoric site aff ected by the federal undertaking. Chapter 2 presents the environmental and cultural contexts for this site, while the research design and appropriate research questions are outlined in Chapter 3. The fi eld and laboratory methods deemed appropriate for obtaining the data needed to address the research questions in Chapter 3 are detailed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 outlines deliverables anticipated for this project. The bibliography of cited references can be found in Chapter 6. Appendix A of this document contains the map fi gures referenced in the report chapters. The IMACS form for site CrNV-03-8903 is located in Appendix B. The curation agreement between Kautz Environmental Consultants, Inc., and the Nevada State Museum can be found in Appendix C. 2 Kautz Environmental Consultants, Inc. CHAPTER 2.0 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS 2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 2.1.2 Vegetation and Fauna 2.1.1 Topographic Location and Sediment The site is located at approximately 5,580 ft.
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