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University of Nevada, Reno A Natural and Cultural History of Leonard Rockshelter, Nevada A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology By Sara N. Sturtz Dr. Geoffrey Smith/Thesis Advisor May, 2020 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by entitled be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Advisor Committee Member Graduate School Representative David W. Zeh, Ph.D., Dean Graduate School i ABSTRACT Leonard Rockshelter (LRS) is located in Pershing County, Nevada. Robert Heizer excavated the site in 1950 and reported more than 2 m of stratified deposits from which he recovered a modest assemblage of perishable and lithic artifacts. Of interest to the University of Nevada Reno’s Great Basin Paleoindian Research Unit (GBPRU) was Heizer’s discovery of obsidian flakes in deposits dated to 11,199±570 14C BP (14,900- 11,610 cal BP). This possibility of a stratified Pleistocene occupation prompted the GBPRU to return to LRS in 2018 and 2019 for additional work, which produced few artifacts but a sizeable small mammal assemblage. In this thesis, I test two hypotheses: (1) the small mammal assemblage provides a paleoenvironmental record that demonstrates changing local conditions during the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene; and (2) the shelter contains evidence of human occupation dating to the Terminal Pleistocene. My results demonstrate that the Early Holocene and initial Middle Holocene were more mesic than later periods. They also suggest that people did not occupy LRS until the Early Holocene, after which time they periodically returned to the site. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Numerous people and organizations made this thesis possible. First, I am eternally grateful for my advisor Dr. Geoffrey Smith’s guidance, support, advice, and most importantly, his patience. He guided me through each step of graduate school and the thesis writing process, going above and beyond for not only me, but for all his students. I am grateful for my committee members, Dr. Ken Adams and Dr. Bryan Hockett. Ken helped tremendously with our fieldwork and helped me better understand the Holocene environments of the Humboldt and Carson sinks. Bryan provided a huge amount of support for my faunal analysis, from providing a comparative collection to checking my identifications. Dr. Christopher Jazwa’s classes and guidance made me a better faunal analyst and he provided crucial support for navigating OxCal. Dr. Dave Rhode (Desert Research Institute) identified pieces of charcoal and plant material for dating. Dr. Elizabeth Leger, Dr. Chris Feldman, Vicki Thill, and Jerry Tiehm (UNR Natural History Museum) not only provided guidance and support but also allowed me to use their comparative collection and museum space to conduct my faunal analysis. Rachel Delovio (Nevada State Museum) allowed access to the museum’s hare and rabbit comparative collection. Without the help of these individuals, the bulk of my research would not have been possible. Dr. Anna Camp, Dr. Gene Hattori, and Dr. Pat Barker (Nevada State Museum) identified the LRS textiles. The Phoebe Hearst Museum at the University of California, Berkeley allowed Anna, Geoff, and I to study their LRS collection and radiocarbon a iii sample of perishable artifacts. Anna provided great company and uplifting pep talks and shared her expertise. The Great Basin Paleoindian Research Unit, Herbert E. Splatt Scholarship, AM- ARCS of Nevada, and UNR Graduate Student Association provided financial support for my research. Dr. Teresa Wriston (Desert Research Institute) provided me with opportunities to expand my knowledge of archaeology and shared some of her vast wisdom. Lastly, I want to thank my family, friends, and Derek for their unconditional love and support during my graduate school journey. They offered advice, support, and listened to all my graduate school woes even if they did not always understand what I was talking about. Without their support I would have never taken the plunge to go back to school. iv 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................1 Research Background ...................................................................................................2 The Natural and Cultural History of the Lahontan Basin ...........................................7 The Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene ................................................................8 The Middle Holocene ............................................................................................. 12 The Late Holocene ................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................... 22 Materials .................................................................................................................... 22 Previous work at Leonard Rockshelter .................................................................... 22 Heizer’s Excavations .............................................................................................. 24 Byrne et al.’s Pollen Study...................................................................................... 33 Return to Leonard Rockshelter ............................................................................... 35 Correlating Heizer’s and the GBPRU’s Stratigraphy ............................................... 48 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 53 Faunal Analysis ...................................................................................................... 53 LRS Collection at the UCB..................................................................................... 59 Summary and Expectations..................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS............................................................................................. 63 NISP and Richness of Small Mammals ...................................................................... 63 Relative Abundances .................................................................................................. 67 Shannon Weaver Diversity Index ............................................................................... 76 Revised SPD for LRS ................................................................................................. 77 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION....................................................................................... 79 The Small Mammal Record at LRS ............................................................................ 79 v The LRS Fauna in a Broader Context: The Paleoenvironmental Record of the Lahontan Basin ................................................................................... 86 The Place of LRS in Lahontan Basin Prehistory ......................................................... 90 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION .................................................................................... 95 NOTES ....................................................................................................................... 97 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................... 98 APPENDIX 1 ............................................................................................................ 114 Identified Fauna from N494 E500 ............................................................................ 114 Identified Fauna from N495 E500 ............................................................................ 117 Identified Fauna from N498 E497 ............................................................................ 120 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Radiocarbon Dates on Materials Recovered during Heizer’s 1950 Excavations ..................................................................... 24 Table 2.2. Stratigraphic Units Reported by Heizer (1951) ....................................... 31 Table 2.3. Artifacts Recovered from GBPRU Excavations ...................................... 41 Table 2.4. Artifacts Recovered from Heizer’s Trench B Unit 3................................ 42 Table 2.5. GBPRU Stratigraphic Units .................................................................... 46 Table 2.6. Dates on Items in the LRS Collection at the University of California, Berkeley ........................................................................... 60 Table 3.1. Total NISP (including Arvioclinae) from Intact Deposits ........................................................................................ 64 Table 3.2. Total NISP (excluding Arvioclinae) from Intact Deposits ........................................................................................ 64 Table 3.3. Mesic Adapted Species Identified in the LRS Assemblage. ..................................................................................
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