Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
Project Number: 43309-013 December 2016
Cambodia: Provincial Roads Improvement Project (Financed by the Technical Assistance Special Fund)
Appendix A: Initial Environment Examination (IEE)
Prepared by Korea Consultants International, in Association with Dainichi, Sambo and Hankuk Engineering Consultants, in sub-Association with MECC, SBK, KACE and SAWAC Cambodia
For the Ministry of Public Works and Transport and the Asian Development Bank
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.
Ministry of Public Works Asian Development bank and Transport
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA ADB LoanNo.2839-CAM (SF) / ADB Loan No.8254-CAM
APPENDIX A INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON SECOND PROVINCIAL ROADS IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
December 2016
KOREA CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL in association with in sub-cconsultancy with Dainichi, Sambo and MECC, SBK, KACE and SAWAC Hankuk Engineering Consultant
ABBREVIATIONS AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ADB Asian Development Bank
CIF Climate Investment Fund
CTF Clean Technology Fund
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
FRMI Flood Risk Management Interface
GCM Global Climate Models
GIS Geographic Information System
GTFM Generalized Tropical Flood Model
IDF Rainfall Intensity Duration and Frequency curves
KM Knowledge Management
MOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology
MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport
MRC Mekong River Commission
PMU3 Project Management Unit 3
PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience
PRIP Provincial Roads Improvement Project
SCF Strategic Climate Fund
SPCR Strategic Program for Climate Resilience
SREP Scale Up Renewable Energy Project NOTES
In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Contents I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 12 II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 14 A. Policy Framework...... 14 B. Legal Framework ...... 14 1. Laws on Environment...... 14 2. Laws on Historical Monuments ...... 14 3. Laws on Nature Reserves ...... 15 4. Laws on Wildlife ...... 15 5. Subsidiary Laws on Environmental Protection ...... 15 a) Sub-decrees and Regulations ...... 15 b) Sub-Decree on Air and Noise Pollution Control (Draft) ...... 15 c) Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control (No. 27 ANRK.BK 1999) (Draft)...... 16 d) Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management (No. 36 ANRK.BK 1999) (Draft)...... 16 e) Hazardous Substances ...... 16 C. Administrative Framework...... 16 1. Protected Areas...... 17 2. Important Bird Area ...... 18 D. Cambodian IEE Requirements...... 18 E. Project Environmental Classification...... 20 III. Description of the Project ...... 21 A. Description of Project Roads...... 21 B. Cross Sections ...... 22 C. Engineering Details ...... 26 1. PR1534 in Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province, 84.5km ...... 26 2. PR23 in Kandal Province, 20km...... 30 3. PR312 in Prey Veng Province, 28km ...... 32 D. Current Environmental Conditions of Project Roads ...... 34 1. Kampong Chhnang and Pursat ...... 34 2. Kandal ...... 42 3. Prey Veng...... 46 IV. Description of the Environment (Baseline Data) ...... 50 A. Physical Environment...... 50 1. Geography ...... 50 2. Climate ...... 50 3. Temperatures...... 50
4 4. Wind...... 52 5. Rainfall ...... 52 6. Humidity...... 52 7. Minerals...... 52 8. Air and Noise Quality Condition ...... 52 a) Air Quality on PR1534 (Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province) ...... 54 b) Air and Noise Quality on PR23 and 312 (Kandal and Prey Veng Province)...... 55 9. Water Quality ...... 55 c) Surface Water Quality near PR1534 in Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province....56 d) Surface Water Quality on PR23 and 312 (Kandal and Prey Veng Province)...... 57 10. Topography...... 58 11. Hydrology...... 58 12. Flooding ...... 60 B. Biological Environments...... 61 1. Forest Cover and Forest Resources ...... 61 a) Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province...... 62 b) Kandal and Prey Veng Province...... 64 2. Biodiversity...... 65 a) Main Animal Species...... 65 a) Bird Species ...... 66 3. Fishery...... 68 a) Fish Production ...... 68 b) Importance of Tonle Sap Lake...... 68 c) Fish Migration...... 68 d) Fish Species...... 68 C. Protected Areas ...... 70 1. History of Protected Areas in Cambodia ...... 70 2. Laws on Protected Areas in Cambodia ...... 70 3. Extent of Protected Areas ...... 72 4. PR1534: Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province...... 75 a) Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve...... 75 b) Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary ...... 77 c) PAWS IBA...... 79 d) Phnom Samkos Wild life Sanctuary...... 80 e) Kirirom National Park...... 81
5 f) Tourist Destination ...... 81 5. PR23 and PR312: Kandal and Prey Veng Province ...... 81 D. Socio-Economic and Cultural Resources ...... 82 1. Population...... 82 2. Occupations...... 82 a) Rice...... 83 b) Vegetables ...... 83 c) Livestock ...... 83 3. Poverty Rate ...... 83 4. Archaeological and Cultural Heritage...... 83 V. Climate Change...... 84 A. Comments on TOR ...... 84 B. Climate Change Projections...... 84 1. IPCC...... 84 2. Future Scenarios...... 84 3. Projected Rainfall Change...... 85 4. Rainfall Intensity ...... 85 5. Changes to 1-day Precipitation ...... 86 6. Changes to 5-day Precipitation ...... 86 7. Floods in Cambodia...... 86 8. Flood Risk Management Interface - FRMI...... 86 9. Mapping of Change of Flooding Risk due to Climate Change ...... 88 10. FRMI Model Limitations...... 88 C. Risk Information from FRMI ...... 88 1. Tuek Phos, Kampong Chhnang to Pursat PR1534...... 88 2. Kandal PR 23 ...... 88 3. Prey Veng PR 312...... 93 D. Overall Approach and Detailed Design...... 93 1. Overall Approach ...... 93 2. Rainfall ...... 93 3. Projections of Annual Precipitation ...... 93 4. Storm Projections ...... 94 5. Overview of Precipitation Changes...... 94 E. Climate Resilient Roads...... 95 1. Design Adaptation ...... 95
6 2. Adaptation Measures...... 96 F. Specific Recommendations from MPWT ...... 96 1. Field Work and Ground Truthing...... 97 2. Elevation ...... 97 3. Flood Calculations ...... 97 4. Pavement and Embankments ...... 97 5. Drainage Design...... 98 6. Bridge Standards ...... 101 7. Geometry...... 101 8. Maintenance...... 101 9. Detailed Costs ...... 102 G. Summary and Conclusions ...... 102 VI. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 103 A. Impacts and Mitigation due to Location ...... 103 1. TLSBR ...... 103 2. Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary...... 103 3. Resettlement Issues ...... 107 4. Bridge Crossing ...... 107 B. Impacts and Mitigation during Pre-construction Phase ...... 107 1. Setting up of Construction Camp...... 107 a) Predicted Impacts...... 107 b) Mitigation Measures ...... 108 2. Hiring of Workers ...... 109 a) Predicted Impacts...... 109 b) Mitigation Measures ...... 109 3. Identification of Materials Sources, Borrow Pits and Quarries...... 109 a) Predicted Impacts...... 109 b) Mitigating Measures ...... 110 C. Impacts and Mitigation during Construction Stage ...... 111 VII. Environmental Management Plan...... 111 A. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ...... 111 B. Contractors Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) ...... 111 C. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP)...... 111 1. Environmental Monitoring...... 111 2. Measurements ...... 112 3. Timing of Monitoring ...... 112
7 4. Review Procedures ...... 114 5. Staffing for Monitoring ...... 114 6. Response to Complaints ...... 114 7. Costs for EMP...... 114 VIII. Information Disclosure, Public Consultation and Participation ...... 128 A. Background ...... 128 1. Introduction ...... 128 2. Consultation Stakeholders...... 128 B. Discussion Guide or Questions and Issues ...... 129 C. Results of Public Consultation ...... 129 D. Photographs of Consultation Meetings ...... 137 1. Photos of Consultation Activities of PR1534, Kampong Chhnang and Pursat...... 137 2. Pictures of Consultation Activities of PR23, Kandal Province...... 138 3. Pictures of Consultation Activities of PR312, Prey Veng Province ...... 139 IX. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 140 X. Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 142 XI. Annex 1 Details of Bridges and Box / Pipe Culverts...... 143 XII. Annex 2 Inventory of Tree Losses...... 156 XIII. Annex 3 List of Participants in Public Participation 15-23 September 2016...... 162
8 Figures
Figure III-1 Typical cross section for PR1524 (Kg Chhnang & Pursat) ...... 23 Figure III-2 Typical cross section for PR312 (Prey Veng) and PR 23 (Kandal)...... 24 Figure III-3 Details of the project roads and their locations...... 25 Figure III-4 Alignment of PR1534...... 26 Figure III-5 Typical Section of PR1534 Figure III-6 Potholed Section of PR1534 ...... 27 Figure III-7 Town Area at PK34 Figure III-8 Main Channel at PK50.7...... 27 Figure III-9 5-Way Intersection Figure III-10 Existing Road (Washout)...... 28 Figure III-11 Road section passing close to the railway ...... 28 Figure III-12 Location Map of the Mobil Tower Figure III-13 Mobile Tower Section ...... 29 Figure III-14 Impassable Section from PK 74.3 to PK 75.1...... 29 Figure III-15 Alignment of PR23 Kandal Province...... 30 Figure III-16 Alignment of PR312 in Prey Veng Province...... 32 Figure III-17 Details of the project roads and their locations ...... 34 Figure III-18 Start Point Offtake from NR 53 north of Tuek Phos, Kampong Chhnang...... 38 Figure III-19 Mature orchards with water tank ...... 38 Figure III-20 Bridge and water course ...... 38 Figure III-21 Iron Bridge and river...... 39 Figure III-22 Low Tension electricity and School ...... 39 Figure III-23 25 T bridge and irrigation canals ...... 39 Figure III-24 Commune and school ...... 40 Figure III-25 Wooden Bridge and bypass ...... 40 Figure III-26 End of road for vehicles from here passable only by tractor ...... 40 Figure III-27 Tractor needed to negotiate narrow road and wooden bridges...... 41 Figure III-28 Road impassable for all vehicles here...... 41 Figure III-29 Approach to river crossing from Tuek Phos and showing width of river...... 41 Figure III-30 Local residents reported livestock area becomes flooded ...... 42 Figure III-31 Connection to End Point new roundabout at junction with NR5...... 42 Figure III-32 Details of the project roads and their locations ...... 43 Figure III-33 Start point Koh Thom bridge over Bassac river, Kandal and farmers fields ...... 44 Figure III-34 Crossing point with existing pathway...... 44 Figure III-35 Approach to Village and Wat Chroy Bridge ...... 44 Figure III-36 Wat Chroy Bridge and road leading from it...... 45 Figure III-37 Middle portions of road impassable to vehicles ...... 45 Figure III-38 End point Peam Raing district, Kandal, leading to NR 1...... 45 Figure III-39 Details of the project roads and their locations ...... 46 Figure III-40 Start Point junction with NR1 at PK77+100...... 48 Figure III-41 Government Administration Posts...... 48 Figure III-42 Low Tension Electricity Poles and irrigation water supply...... 48 Figure III-43 Preah Sdach Referral Hospital and government offices ...... 49 Figure III-44 Commune and Pagoda / school ...... 49 Figure III-45 End point Banteay Chakrey Vietnam Border post ...... 49
9 Figure IV-1 Hydrological Flow Direction in Cambodia...... 59 Figure IV-2 Mass Balance of Water Resources in Cambodia ...... 60 Figure IV-3 Change in Forest Cover 1965-2010...... 62 Figure IV-4 Forest condition of PR1534 Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province ...... 63 Figure IV-5 Forestry resources support villagers livelihoods...... 63 Figure IV-6 Forest condition of Kandal and Prey Veng Province ...... 65 Figure IV-7 Map of Protected Areas in Cambodia ...... 72 Figure IV-8 Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve (TSBR) ...... 76 Figure IV-9 Map of Protected Area and Protected Forest...... 80 Figure IV-10 PR23 in Kandal province ...... 81 Figure IV-11 PR312 in Prey Veng province...... 82 Figure V-1 RPCs from IPCC AR5 (2011)...... 85 Figure V-2 MPWT Flood Risk Management Interface ...... 86 Figure V-3 Flow Chart for Derivation of Flood Index...... 87 Figure V-4 MPWT Flood Risk Pursat ...... 89 Figure V-5 MPWT Flood Risk Kampong Chhnang ...... 90 Figure V-6 MPWT Flood Risk Kandal...... 91 Figure V-7 MPWT Flood Risk Prey Veng ...... 92 Figure V-8 Overall Flood Proofing Process for Roads ...... 94 Figure V-9 Rainfall Ration 1 Hour to 24 Hours...... 101 Figure VI-1 PR1534 in relation to TLSBR...... 103 Figure VI-2 Boundary of PAWS as given in Royal Decree...... 104 Figure VI-3 Alignment of PR1534 relative to PAWS Boundary as in Royal Decree ...... 105 Figure VI-4 Alignment of PR1534 is 3.5kms from Boundary of PAWS ...... 106 Figure IX-1 Grievance Redress Flow Chart...... 141
Tables
Table II-1 List of Projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment...... 18 Table III-1 List of Proposed Project Roads ...... 21 Table III-2 Condition Survey PR1534 (No.1)...... 35 Table III-3 Condition Survey PR23 (No.15)...... 43 Table III-4 Condition Survey PR312 (No.10)...... 46 Table IV-1 Temperature (oC) in Pursat Province ...... 50 Table IV-2 Temperature (oC) in Kampong Chhnang Province ...... 51 Table IV-3 Temperature (oC) in Kandal Province...... 51 Table IV-4 Temperature (oC) in Prey Veng Province ...... 51 Table IV-5 Ambient Air Quality Standard...... 52 Table IV-6 Gas Emission Standard of Mobile Sources ...... 53 Table IV-7 Sulfur and Lead Standard Permitted to Fuel and other combustion substances...53 Table IV-8 Vehicle maximum permitted noise level ...... 53 Table IV-9 Maximum permitted noise level in public and residential area (dB(A)...... 54
10 Table IV-10 Existing Air Quality Data surrounding NR-5 during dry season...... 55 Table IV-11 Mekong Main River Water Quality Assessment Results ...... 56 Table IV-12 Water quality testing in Pursat river, Pursat town, Pursat province ...... 56 Table IV-13 Water quality Testing in Kampong Chhnang province ...... 56 Table IV-14 Water quality testing in Mekong River of Leuk Dek district, Kandal province ....57 Table IV-15 Water quality testing in Bassac river, in Koh Thom district, Kandal province ....57 Table IV-16 Annual Rainfall by Province...... 60 Table IV-17 Forest Cover and Other Land Use in Pursat and Kampong Chhnang...... 62 Table IV-18 Table of Forest Cover and Other Land Use in Kandal and Prey Veng, 2010 ....64 Table IV-19 Major mammal diversity recorded from Northwest Cambodia...... 66 Table IV-20 Important Bird Species in Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary...... 67 Table IV-21 The major threatened bird species recorded from study sites...... 67 Table IV-22 Fish species in Mekong River Basin and Flood-Plain of Cambodia ...... 69 Table IV-23 Protected Area’s Name and location ...... 72 Table IV-24 Characteristics of Protected Areas ...... 73 Table IV-25 PAWS Internal Demarcation Zones...... 78 Table IV-26 Forest Types in Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary (PAWS) in 2003...... 79 Table V-1 Change in Rainfall % (RCP 6.0)...... 95 Table V-2 Climate Change Adaptation Measures...... 96 Table V-3 Rainfall Intensity Pochentong Airport – Current...... 99 Table V-4 Rainfall Intensity Siem Reap – Current ...... 99 Table V-5 Rainfall Intensity Kampong Thom – Current...... 100 Table VI-1 Standards of effluents discharged into public water or sewer...... 108 Table VII-1 Measurement of Environmental Parameters ...... 113 Table VII-2 Estimated Costs for EMP Implementation (1 year)...... 115 Table VII-3 Environmental Management Plan...... 116 Table VIII-1 Public Consultation Meetings for PR1534, Kampong Chhnang and Pursat...... 128 Table VIII-2 Public Consultation Meetings for PR23, Kandal Province ...... 129 Table VIII-3 Public Consultation Meetings for PR312...... 129 Table VIII-4 Summary of Consultation Results of PR1534, Kampong Chhnang and Pursat..130 Table VIII-5 Summary of Consultation Results of PR23, Kandal Province...... 132 Table VIII-6 Summary of Consultation Results of PR312 Prey Veng Province ...... 134
11 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. The terms of reference require the Consultants to prepare the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the project roads and in accordance with both the Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Social Safeguards Policy (SPS, 2009) and the Government guidelines, and to confirm if the project should be categorized as B or re- categorized, and recommend on mitigation measures for the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) including its implementation and monitoring. 2. Consultations were conducted with all stakeholders, including the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) and its Social and Environment Unit (SEU), Ministry of the Environment (MOE), Ministry of Agriculture, Forests, and Fisheries (MOAFF), the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, their Provincial Departments in the project area, and relevant non- government organizations (NGOs). 3. Detailed maps were obtained and field studies undertaken to identify the proximity of places of religious, cultural, and traditional value, and Sites of Special Ecological Interest such as protected areas, natural reserves, and national parks. 4. The road PR1534 in Kampong Chhnang and Pursat does not traverse the transition, buffer or core zones of Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve. In fact NR5 lies between PR1534 and this protected area. 5. Road PR1534 never approaches closer than 3.5kms to the boundary of Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary (PAWS). Any other sites which are ecologically protected areas are further away than this. There will be no impacts on PAWS or any other protected areas. 6. The roads PR23 in Kandal and PR312 in Prey Veng are not in close proximity to any protected areas of ecological significance. 7. The Sub-decree No. 72 ANRK.BK dated 11 August 1999 contains an annex “List of the projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)”. This stipulates that an IEE is required for “National Road Construction ≥ 100 km and bridges ≥ 30 tons”. As this project is rehabilitation of existing roads, of which the longest is 82kms, and the only major bridge will be 25 tons capacity, according to MOE Legislation, an IEE will not be required by MOE. 8. To avoid or mitigate negative impacts arising from the project, an EMP detailing mitigation measures and monitoring activities has been prepared as part of the IEE. 9. Public consultations involving affected people and local officials have been conducted during the preparation of the IEE in compliance with ADB information disclosure and consultation requirements through focus group discussions and individual interviews in all project affected provinces. Environment was not seen as a major issue by those persons interviewed. 10. Climate change adaptation was included in the project. The MPWT software Flood Risk Management Interface has been used to identify the flood risk associated with the project roads. Roads in Pursat are not classified as being at risk of flooding under future climate change scenarios. Roads in Kandal have moderate risk of flooding. Roads in Prey Veng have moderate
12 risk of flooding under future climate change scenarios. Suggestions on adaptation measures to the design standards have been made. 11. Only minor environmental impacts are anticipated. Such impacts will be experienced during site works mainly due to dust and noise emissions as well as potential occupational, community health, and safety risks, but can be mitigated. Some minor mitigation measures will be specified but no major impacts have been identified. 12. Temporary environmental impacts caused by the civil works have been identified and mitigation measures are given in the EMP. The EMP (and EMMP) will be included in the IEE and will form part of the tender documents which becomes legally binding on the selected contractor. 13. To ensure that the project is carried out in accordance with the EMP requirements, MPWT will specify details of the implementation of the EMP in the tender documents and civil works contracts. 14. Social and Environment Office (SEO), previously SEU, is operational but needs capacity building. The detailed design and implementation supervision (DDIS) consultant will provide on- the-job training to the field personnel of the SEO of MPWT to build their capacity in environmental management and monitoring. 15. All potential environmental impacts have been identified. The project is confirmed as Category B according to ADB guidelines. No environmental impacts were identified that would warrant the conduct of an environmental due diligence study.
13 II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
A. Policy Framework 16. In 1993, the Royal Government of Cambodia confirmed a new Constitution in which environmental considerations were included for the first time. Specifically Article 59 states: The State shall protect the environment and balance of abundant natural resources and establish a precise plan of management of land, water, air, wind, geology, ecological system, mines, energy, petrol and gas, rock and sand, gems, forests and forestry products, wildlife, fish and aquatic resources and it was within this constitutional context that the MOE was established. 17. The hierarchy of legislation in Cambodia is: • Royal Decree signed by the King • Sub-decree signed by the Prime Minister • Ministerial Decision signed by a Minister • Regulation issued by a Ministry
18. The major legislation in Cambodia is the Royal Decree which ratifies laws passed by parliament. These can be supplemented by “prakas” or ministerial decisions. These laws allow sub-decrees and regulations to be passed which can stipulate procedures and standards to be met in order to ensure compliance with the law. Many of these sub-decrees and standards have been drafted but have not yet been ratified by parliament. However, contractors are still expected to make sure their operations comply with the draft regulations.
B. Legal Framework
1. Laws on Environment 19. In 1996, the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management (NS/RKM/1296/36) came into force and it requires the government to prepare national and regional environmental plans and sub-decrees concerning a wide range of environmental issues, including EIAs, pollution prevention and control, public participation and access to information. 20. Other ministries explicitly mentioned at the time were Ministry of Water Resources, Hydrology, and Meteorology (MOWRAM), and the Ministry of Land Use Management, Urbanization, and Construction. The list was later expanded to include MPWT, MOAFF, the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Tourism.
2. Laws on Historical Monuments 21. There is a general law in Cambodia which covers all national monuments. This is the "Law on Protection of Cultural and National Heritage" (1996). This is supplemented by the "Decision on the Definition of 3 Zones to Protect Temple Surrounding Areas in All Provinces and Municipalities Except Angkor Wat", 1996. These laws protect small temples or ancient structures.
14 3. Laws on Nature Reserves 22. Royal Decree "Protected Natural Areas" issued in November 1993 gives protection to environment, land, forests, wetlands, and coastal zones. This decree covers 23 locations representing 18% of Cambodia’s total area and is under the jurisdiction of MOE.
4. Laws on Wildlife 23. The “Joint Prakas of MOE and MOAFF on Prohibition of Hunting and Catching of Wildlife Animals” (1996) specifically bans hunting of animals and birds for food. A contractor’s workers must observe this law.
5. Subsidiary Laws on Environmental Protection
a) Sub-decrees and Regulations 24. The “Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management” (1996) is “enabling legislation”, in that it enables MOE to pass sub-decrees and regulations to protect the environment. This subsidiary legislation lays down quantitative standards which must be met by contractors in their operation. 25. Several sub-decrees are already laws. Others have been drafted and are expected to become law in the near future. These standards give parameters and values which must be measured to check compliance with the regulations. Even if the regulations are in draft form, the contractors are expected to comply with them.
b) Sub-Decree on Air and Noise Pollution Control (Draft)
Air Quality (Draft) 26. The air pollution regulations are contained in Draft Sub-Decree on Air and Noise Pollution. For dust control, there should no visible emissions from stockpiles of materials, crushers or batching plants. At sensitive receptors, a standard of total suspended particulates (TSP) < 0.33 milligrams/cubic meter at 24-hour average should be met. All vehicles should be well maintained and comply with the air quality regulations.
Noise (Draft) 27. The noise regulations are contained in Draft Sub-Decree on Air and Noise Pollution. The regulations do not stipulate a level for noise from construction sites but refer to mixed commercial and/or industrial and residential property. Neither do they give the measurement method. Therefore the following standards are recommended. Noise levels at the perimeter of any site should not exceed: • Continuous Equivalent Level (Leq) = 75dB(A) 12 hours daytime (0700–1900) • Continuous Equivalent Level (Leq) = 65dB(A) 12 hours nighttime (1900–0700)
28. The descriptor “Continuous Equivalent Level (Leq)” is a commonplace measurement and most noise monitoring equipment measures it directly. The measurement is made at the construction site perimeter which makes monitoring easier as it does not require one gaining
15 access to a private residence. The level of 75dB(A) daytime/65 dB(A) night time is a “good” standard and commonly used in countries such as Singapore and Malaysia.
Vibration 29. There is no standard for vibration in Cambodia, therefore the following standard is recommended: the vibration levels at any vibration sensitive property or location should be less than 1 millimeter/second (mm/s) peak particle velocity (PPV). The level of 1 mm/s PPV is a good “standard” and is derived from the United States Bureau of Mines publications for avoidance of damage and the United Kingdom Greater London Council standard for avoidance of nuisance.
c) Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control (No. 27 ANRK.BK 1999) (Draft) 30. As a minimum, all discharges of liquid wastes from construction camps, work sites or operations, to streams or water courses should be: biological oxygen demand < 50 milligrams (mg)/liter (l); turbidity < 5 NTU; suspended solids < 50 mg/l; temperature < 45oC; pH = 6–9; oil and grease < 5 mg/l and dissolved oxygen > 4mg/l. 31. There is no legal standard for performance of septic tanks but they should be checked for correct operation: that is absence of smell; no overflowing; and no surface water logging.
d) Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management (No. 36 ANRK.BK 1999) (Draft) 32. Under the Draft Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management (No. 36 ANRK.BK 1999), Article 7 “the disposal of waste in public sites or anywhere that is not allowed by authorities shall be strictly prohibited”. There are no quantitative parameters given but good sensible practice is expected. Such practices would include: (i) All general waste and food waste should be removed to a government approved landfill. (ii) All demolition waste must be removed to a government approved location. (iii) All waste oils and greases should be removed by a registered subcontractor. The final destination should be established. 33. Failure to employ sensible precautions may cause sanitation problems to workers living in camps and also may result in prosecution.
e) Hazardous Substances 34. There is no specific regulation for hazardous substances in Cambodia. This aspect is covered in the Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control Annex 1 and Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management, which give details of classifications of what are defined as hazardous substances. Any hazardous substances must be stored correctly and only disposed in a manner approved by the MOE.
C. Administrative Framework 35. There are two particular types of areas of special ecological interest in relation to this project. These are:
16 1. Protected Areas 36. Cambodia has a network of 23 natural protected areas managed through the MOE. These areas cover 2.2 million hectares (ha) or 18% of Cambodia’s land area and include most of its important habitats. The Forest Administration has also designated protected forests (from cancelled logging concessions) bringing the total area under protection to around 25% which is more than twice the global average. Protected Areas are sites which are protected by Royal Decrees, Laws and Regulations. Such mandatory stipulations are promulgated in Khmer language. These have been obtained and if necessary, translated. The Khmer version takes precedence over the translated version. 37. In 2008 Cambodia introduced the Protected Area Law (No. NS/RKM/0208/007), which defines: (i) national parks (ii) wildlife sanctuaries (iii) protected landscapes (iv) multiple use areas (v) Ramsar sites (vi) biosphere reserves (vii) natural heritage sites and (viii) marine parks These have been referenced to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Categorisation list : • National Parks (IUCN category II) - Natural and scenic area of significance for their scientific, educational and recreational values. • Wildlife Sanctuaries (IUCN category IV) – Natural area where nationally significant species of flora or fauna, natural communities, or physical features require specific intervention for their perpetuation. • Protected Landscapes (IUCN category V) – Nationally significant natural and semi-natural landscapes that must be maintained to provide opportunities for recreation. • Multiple-Use Areas (IUCN category VIII) – Areas that provide for the sustainable use of water resources, timber, wildlife, fish, pasture, and recreation with the conservation of nature primarily oriented to support these economic activities. • Ramsar Sites – There are two sites in the IUCN categories IV and VIII above and one site in the middle stretches of the Mekong River between Stung Treng and the border with Laos. • Biosphere Reserve - The Tonle Sap Multiple-Use Area was nominated as Cambodia’s first Biosphere Reserve in 1997. The Boeung Chmar portion of Tonle Sap Multiple-Use Area (28,000 ha) is designated as a Ramsar site.
38. The Law on Forestry Management prohibits the hunting of wildlife within such protected areas. As well as maintaining checkpoints and providing rangers, MOE has an active
17 community education program to promote environmental awareness especially within the rural communities. 39. This law is relatively recent (2008) and many of the protected areas predate this by many years. Both the original legislation and the most current have been reviewed during this project.
2. Important Bird Area 40. An Important Bird Area (IBA) is an area recognized as being a globally important habitat for the conservation of bird populations. Currently there are about 10,000 IBAs worldwide. The program was developed and sites are identified by Bird Life International. These sites are small enough to be entirely conserved and differ in their character, habitat or ornithological importance from the surrounding habitat. 41. Bird Life International is an international organization working to protect the world’s birds and their habitats. It is a global conservation federation with a worldwide network of over 100 partner organizations. Bird Life International was founded in 1922 and was originally known as the International Council for Bird Preservation, acting as a lobbying group. It changed its name in 1993 to Bird Life International and is the official IUCN Authority for the Red List for birds. 42. Often IBAs form part of a country’s existing protected area network, and so are protected under national legislation. Both the Cambodia’s PAWS and the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary contain designated IBAs.
D. Cambodian IEE Requirements 43. On 11 August 1999, a Sub-decree (72 ANRK.BK) on EIA processes was promulgated requiring an initial EIA or EIA for selected projects listed in the sub-decree annex to be submitted by public or private project owners to the MOE for review. Projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment are given below. Table II-1 List of Projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment
No Type and activities of the projects A. Industrial Size / Capacity a) Foods, Drinks, Tobacco 1 Food processing and caned ≥ 500 tons/year 2 All fruit drinks manufacturing ≥ 1,500 liters / day 3 Fruit manufacturing ≥ 500 ones/year 4 Orange Juice manufacturing All sizes 5 Wine manufacturing All sizes 6 Alcohol and Beer brewery All sizes 7 Water supply ≥ 10,000 users 8 Tobacco manufacturing ≥ 10,000 boxes/day 9 Tobacco leave processing ≥ 350 tons/ year 10 Sugar refinery ≥ 3,000 tons / year 11 Rice mill and cereal grains ≥ 3,000 tons / year 12 Fish, soy bean, chili, tomato sources ≥500,000 liters/ year b) Leather tanning, Garment and Textile 13 Textile and dyeing factory All sizes 14 Garments, washing, printing, dyeing All sizes 15 Leather tanning, and glue All sizes 16 Sponge- rubber factory All sizes
18 c) Wooden production 17 Plywood ≥100,000m3/year(log) 18 Artificial wood ≥ 1,000 m3/year (log) 19 Saw mill ≥ 50,000m3/year (log) d) Paper 20 Paper factory All sizes 21 Pulp and paper processing All sizes e) Plastic, Rubber and Chemical 22 Plastic factory All sizes 23 Tire factory ≥ 500 tons /year 24 Rubber factory ≥ 1,000 tons /year 25 Battery industry All sizes 26 Chemical production industries All sizes No. Type and activities of the projects Size / Capacity 27 Chemical fertilizer plants ≥ 10,000 tons /year 28 Pesticide industry All sizes 29 Painting manufacturing All sizes 30 Fuel chemical All sizes 31 Liquid, powder, solid soaps manufacturing All sizes f) Mining production other than metal 32 Cement industry All sizes 33 Oil refinery All sizes 34 Gas factory All sizes 35 Construction of oil and gas pipeline ≥ 2 kilometers 36 Oil and gas separation and storage facilities ≥ 1,000,000 liters 37 Fuel stations ≥ 20,000 liters 38 Mining All sizes 39 Glass and bottle factory All sizes 40 Bricks, roofing tile manufacturing 150,000 piece /month 41 Flooring tile manufacturing 90,000 piece /month 42 Calcium carbide plants All sizes 43 Producing of construction materials(Cement) 900 tons/month 44 Cow oil and motor oil manufacturing All sizes 45 Petroleum study research All sizes g) Metal industries 46 Mechanical industries All sizes 47 Mechanical storage factory All sizes 48 Mechanical and shipyard enterprise All sizes h) Metal Processing Industrials 49 Manufacturing of harms, barbed wires, nets ≥ 300 tons/month 50 Steel mill, Irons, Aluminum All sizes 51 All kind of smelting All sizes i) Other Industries 52 Waste processing, burning All sizes 53 Waste water treatment plants All sizes 54 Power plants ≥ 5 megawatt 55 Hydropower ≥ 1 megawatt 56 Cotton manufacturing ≥ 15 tons/month 57 Animal’s food processing ≥ 10,000 tons/year B. AGRICULTURE 58 Concession forest ≥ 10,000 hectares 59 Logging ≥ 500 hectares 60 Land covered by forest ≥ 500 hectares 61 Agriculture and agro-industrial land ≥ 10,000 hectares 62 Flooded and coastal forests All sizes
19 63 Irrigation systems ≥ 5,000 hectares 64 Drainage systems ≥ 5,000 hectares 65 Fishing ports All sizes C. TOURISM 66 Tourism areas ≥ 50 hectares 67 Golf Course ≥ 18 holes D. INFRASTRUCTURE 68 Urbanization development All sizes 69 Industrial zones All sizes 70 Construction of bridge-roads ≥ 30 tons weight 71 Buildings Height ≥ 12 m or floor ≥ 8,000 m2 72 Restaurants ≥ 500 seats 73 Hotels ≥ 60 rooms 74 Hotel adjacent to coastal area ≥ 40 rooms 75 National road construction > 100 kilometers 76 Railway construction All sizes 77 Port construction All sizes 78 Air port construction All sizes 79 Dredging ≥ 50,000 m3 80 Dumping site ≥ 200,000 people m = meter, m2 = square meter, m3 = cubic meter. 44. The Sub-decree No. 72 ANRK.BK dated 11 August 1999 Annex “List of the projects that require an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment” refers to “National Road Construction ≥ 100 km and bridges ≥ 30 tons”. As this project is rehabilitation of existing roads, and bridges are 25-ton capacity, an IEE will not be required. This has been confirmed in discussions with MOE.
E. Project Environmental Classification 45. The Project is classified as environment category B and an lEE has been conducted as part of project preparation in accordance with ADB SPS.
20 III. Description of the Project
A. Description of Project Roads 46. The project roads of PRIP-II are located in f o u r provinces. One r o a d is located in central Cambodia, and runs across the two provinces of Pursat and Kampong Chhnang. The other two roads are in Kandal and Prey Veng provinces, located in southeast Cambodia. These provinces are mostly highly populated and predominantly agricultural areas.
47. The total length of the future project roads is approximately 132km. The individual roads are from 19km, 28km and 85km in length. The project roads will provide better access to essential services, reduce remoteness and increase economic opportunities. Most of the project roads link to a national road or provincial road and provide access to the road network at large. Currently all of national roads connecting the project roads are paved with either asphalt concrete pavement or Double Bituminous Surface Treatment (DBST). Road numbering follows the national system prepared for national and provincial roads by MPWT in June 2009. The list of project provincial roads in the four provinces is shown below.
Table III-1 List of Proposed Project Roads Code Road Length No. No Province From To (km)
Kampong NR53, Tuek Phos, NR5, Pursat, New 1 PR1534 Chhnang & Kampong roundabout 85 Pursat Chhnang NR1, PK77+100 10 PR312 Prey Veng Samroung, Lvear, Pras Banteay Chakrey Border 28 Sdach district
PR110, Koh Thom Bridge PR118 Peam Raing 15 PR23 Kandal district 19
3 Total 132
Source: Provided by MPWT, 2016
48. Most of the project roads carry predominantly motor cycle traffic and light 4- wheeled vehicles. The project roads have varying widths both within their length and between projects. The drainage structures are often narrower than the remainder of the road and the carriageway is restricted at these locations. This constricts traffic flow but is tolerable given the types and volumes of traffic. Existing widths are between 5m to 6m and some road sections are over 6m in width. The project will improve the existing earth/laterite roads to DBST paved roads for PR1534 and PR23 and upgrade more stable pavement structure.
49. Numerous site visits have been undertaken to the project areas and engineering surveys
21 have also been carried out on each of the roads proposed for improvement. An inventory was made of bridges and drainage structures, a geological survey measuring existing subgrade strengths, and existing pavement strengths.
50. The widths of the existing roads were measured frequently including the widths at structures where the road often narrowed. The surface material and conditions were also surveyed. All existing bridges were checked for length, widths, types and current condition etc. Drainage structures such as box culverts and pipe culverts were surveyed for location, widths, lengths, sizes and current conditions. Details of the structures are given in Annex 1.
B. Cross Sections 51. The project will provide upgrade and rehabilitation to three separate roads as follows : • In Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province 85kms of existing laterite road will be improved and surfaced with DBST to a width of 7m. • In Kandal province 19kms of existing laterite road will be improved and surfaced with DBST to a width of 7m. • In Prey Veng province 28kms of existing sealed road will be improved and resurfaced with DBST to a width of 7m.
52. The typical cross sections are shown below.
22 Figure III-1 Typical cross section for PR1524 (Kg Chhnang & Pursat)
23 Figure III-2 Typical cross section for PR312 (Prey Veng) and PR 23 (Kandal)
53. The roads have been surveyed for engineering and environmental issues. The details of the project roads and their locations shown in Figure III-3.
24 Figure III-3 Details of the project roads and their locations
25 C. Engineering Details
1. PR1534 in Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province, 84.5km
Figure III-4 Alignment of PR1534
54. PR1534 with total length 84.5km is located in two provinces, Kampong Chhnang and Pursat provinces. Also this road passes 3 districts and 6 communes. Tang Krasang and Krang Skear commune are in Tuek Phos district of Kampong Chhnang province and Chheu Tom, Svay Sa, Tnaot Chum are in Krakor District, and Roeab is in Pursat city of Pursat province. It starts from PR53 junction (PK27.5) at Tang Krasang commune in Kampong Chhnang province and ends at the new roundabout on NR5 in Pursat province. The road traverses open fields, such as rice field and agricultural land, and light rolling terrain.
55. Most of the road is paved with laterite wearing course except for some section (about PK62.3~PK75.1) which is impassable by vehicles during the wet season. Paved section with laterite wearing course is well shaped in good condition because it is maintained by DPWT and MPWT every year. Except two main town area at PK34 and PK47 on this road, houses and villages are sparsely distributed along the road.
56. From the beginning point connecting with NR53 to about PK15.8, this road has been maintained about 5km length each year from 2013 to 2015 by DPWT. From PK15.8 of this road, MPWT has been maintaining this road since 2015. The sections which have been maintained is 7.0m width with laterite wearing course in good condition normally. But in some section,
26 especially near structure sections (bridges, box/pipe culvert), laterite wearing course is rough and potholed, the continuing deterioration of pavement is in progress.
Figure III-5 Typical Section of PR1534 Figure III-6 Potholed Section of PR1534
57. After travelling northwest about 30km along the road passing the cultivated land, the road meets PR53A which is connected with NR5 and paved with laterite wearing course at PK33.4. One of the main towns markets is located in this area from PK33.8 to PK34.2. After passing the first market area, through to PK62.3, the road runs through rice fields and agriculture land. The other main market is located in Bamnak village from PK46.9 to PK47.5. These town areas shall have drainage on both sides of the road.
58. From PK50.7 to PK56.1, a wide channel flows alongside the right side of project road. This channel is from Bamnak river and irrigates the cultivated land along the road. Since this channel is wide and flows at high-speed, this section shall have extension on the opposite side of the road to minimize effects of the construction.
Figure III-7 Town Area at PK34 Figure III-8 Main Channel at PK50.7
59. The project road meets PR53B connecting with NR5 and PR1534 at PK56.1 forming 5- way intersection. Thus, this section should be planned carefully for road safety and traffic flow during the detail design period. From PK 56.1 to PK62.3, existing road is in good condition with 7m width and has good side drain being used for the channel on both side of the road because this section has been constructed in 2016.
60. From PK62.3 to PK75.1, existing road is unpaved with soil surfacing and it is impassable by vehicles during the wet season. Especially the section from PK67 to PK70 is serious
27 deteriorated. The road in this section passes rolling terrain and forest areas. Drainage facilities, such as box/pipe culvert and side drains, are insufficient and which has caused road washout.
Figure III-9 5-Way Intersection Figure III-10 Existing Road (Washout)
61. The railway runs alongside the road with about 50m spacing from beginning point to PK80.7, especially at PK70.2, since the distance of C.T.C between railway and existing road is only 19m, this section shall be considered one side extension of the road to minimize effects of the construction and keep the RoWof between the project road and the railway.
Figure III-11 Road section passing close to the railway
62. There is a mobile phone tower at PK 71.3 in Tnaot Chum commune. Existing road passes by this mobile phone tower and through trees with narrow width as shown Figure III-12 and III-13. This section has three curves with small radii continuously about 80m long and it is very close to the fence of the mobile phone tower. Thus this section i s b e i n g considered for realignment in order to avoid any conflict with this tower.
28 Figure III-12 Location Map of the Mobil Tower Figure III-13 Mobile Tower Section
63. From PK71.4 to PK74.3 the project road passes open rice fields and agricultural land. In this section, the existing road is just a farm road which is not formed in the shape of the road and has same elevation with surrounding area. Therefore, raising the level up on the road shall be considered with drainage plans such as cross drain and side drain. From PK 74.3 to PK 75.1, this section is also impassable by vehicles due to Oh Veng river. Currently, there is some trace of timber bridge and it is impossible to cross the river. This river flows to the northeast and its width is 80m. New structures such, as bridge and new box culverts, are necessary to pass this section. It is very important to raise the level of the existing road and to plan drainages
Figure III-14 Impassable Section from PK 74.3 to PK 75.1
64. From PK 75.1 to ending point which connects with NR5, the road passes the rice fields and agricultural land again. The existing road is 7m width with laterite wearing course in normal condition. Near structural sections, such as around bridge and box/pipe culverts, the existing wearing course is rough and potholed, and continuing deterioration of the pavement is in progress.
65. The existing structures are 19 bridges (9 concrete bridges, 3 bailey bridges and 7 timber bridges) and 33 box culverts and 60 pipe culverts. Even though these box/pipe culverts have enough lengths and except a few culverts are in fair conditions, replacing them will be considered as part of integrated drainage plans, new irrigation channels and climate
29 changes adaptation. Along the project road, there are 9 schools and 2 hospitals.
2. PR23 in Kandal Province, 20km 66. Kandal province completely surrounds the capital Phnom Penh and features two of the biggest rivers in the country, the Bassac and Mekong Rivers. This project road, PR23, is located in two districts, Koh Thom and Leuk Daek, of Kandal province, and covers 4 communes; Chrouy Takaev, Kampong Kong, Leuk Daek and Peam Reang. The road traverses a typical plain wet area, covering rice fields and other agricultural plantations. Houses and villages are distributed along the road.
Figure III-15 Alignment of PR23 Kandal Province
67. The road length including the new alignment and realignment sections is about 19km. PR23 starts from the intersection of PR110 with the approach road connecting to Koh Thom Bridge which is under construction over the Bassac River in Chrouy Takaev commune. It ends at the intersection with PR118 in Peam Reang commune near to the Mekong River. Most of the existing road is natural embankment surface in very poor condition. It is rough with big potholes and is not passable during the wet season.
68. From beginning point to about PK0.9, a new alignment will be set to connect to Koh Thom Bridge. After that, the road traverses open fields with rice fields and corn crops land, but it is not easy to pass by vehicles due to severe condition of the existing road. From PK12 through to PK19.3, this section has more severe conditions. The winding road has too narrow a width which is in very poor condition. This section will be realigned to straighten the project road. Especially from PK16.2, the existing road has 1m-2m width and is covered by trees.
69. In PK18, there is a swamp blocking the road over a 100m width. The original ground is particularly low and the existing road has been washed out by the water. It is understood that the road was flooded up to about 60cm to 120cm over the road in the year 2000. This section
30 needs to be raised up to over 3.0m from original ground to reduce the risk of flooding.
70. The existing structures are 1 bridge, 8 box culverts and 2 pipe culverts. The What Chroy concrete bridge built in 2011 by government financing is 8m wide and 90m long. The consultants judged it to be usable without replacement based on the current condition and width. Existing box culverts are generally of short lengths in poor conditions. All of the existing box culverts need to be replaced. One pipe culvert will be replaced with a box culvert to connect the new irrigation channels.
71. The major town/market area on PR23 is located around What Chroy Bridge (PK 8.6) in Leuk Daek commune, Koh Thom District. This town section has no need of consideration of drainage plans on both side of the road because it is located along the Leuk Daek river, not on the project road. There are three schools along the project road.
Beginning Point New Alignment Section (PK 0~0.8)
Existing Box Culvert (PK4.0) Wat Chroy Bridge (PK8.4)
Existing Road Condition (11.2 km) Realignment Section (PK16.5)
31 Existing Swamp (PK18.0) Ending Point
3. PR312 in Prey Veng Province, 28km 72. This road is located in Prey Veng province, and traverses one district, Preah Sdach, and 4 communes, Lvea, Cheykam Pok, Angkor Reach and Banteay Chakrey. It starts from the intersection with NR1 about 16km southeast of Neak Loeung Bridge and ends at Banteay Chakrey border. The road traverses open fields with agriculture and rolling terrain. Many agricultural lands are cultivated for rice, rubber trees, cassava, vegetables and corn. Houses and villages are distributed linearly along the road.
Figure III-16 Alignment of PR312 in Prey Veng Province
73. The road length is about 28km. From the intersection with NR1 through to Banteay Chakrey Border, existing road is paved with DBST with 4.2-4.6m width on a macadam road base. The condition of existing DBST is not severe except some sections and two sections with a total length of 1.3km which have been paved newly with 6.2m width by DPWT in 2015. It is possible to maintain the speed of 50kph-60kph. 74. The existing road cannot be simply overlaid using the macadam base left in place in its present condition as the materials have an unsuitable CBR value. Maintenance operations by patching were observed along lengths of the paved road on multiple occasions.
32 75. The existing structures are 2 box culverts and 21 pipe culverts. T hese box / pipe culverts have sufficient length and are in fair condition, except for a few damaged culverts, but they may be replaced after consideration of integrated drainage plans, new irrigation channels and climate change effects.
76. Along the project road, there are 9 schools and 1 hospital.
Beginning Point Existing Box Culvert (PK1.1)
Existing Pipe Culvert (PK 6.2) Damaged Pavement (PK12.4)
Existing Box and Pipe Culvert (PK15.6) New Irrigation channel – Pipe (PK18.1)
33 Widening on the Curve (23.1 km) Ending Point(Banteay Chakrey Border)
D. Current Environmental Conditions of Project Roads
1. Kampong Chhnang and Pursat 77. The road commences in Tuek Phos and runs for 85 kms until it joins NR5 at the new roundabout before Pursat. The road is currently well used laterite road of about 15m width although this varies along the length and is not clearly defined. The road has a large number of old wooden bridges and new concrete bridges. There is one major river crossing.
Figure III-17 Details of the project roads and their locations
34 78. A condition survey was carried out to establish sensitive points which must be taken into consideration during construction. The condition survey is given below. It is followed by a series of photographs showing points of interest and typical locations.
Table III-2 Condition Survey PR1534 (No.1)
Condition Surveys Condition Survey Road PR 1534
Provinces Date : 06/09/2016 Start Time : 1007
Kampong Chhnang & Pursat Road Length 85 kms
Measured Chainage
# Km Miles LHS/ RHS Observation
0 0 0 Start Point offtake from NR 53 north of Tuek Phos
1 1.4 0.9 Bridge
2 4.1 2.6 Bridge
3 5.2 3.3 Bridge
4 5.2 3.3 Lateral drains both sides
5 5.2 3.3 LHS/ RHS Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary
6 7.2 4.5 Bridge
7 7.5 4.7 Bridge
8 8.6 5.4 Bridge
9 9.4 5.9 LHS Food stalls
10 10.4 6.5 Bridge
11 10.7 6.7 LHS Guest house
12 10.7 6.7 LH Established plantation with water tank
13 10.8 6.8 LHS High Tension electricity poles
14 11.0 6.9 Bridge
15 12.3 7.7 Bridge
16 13.7 8.6 Bridge
17 13.9 8.7 Bridge
18 14.7 9.2 Bridge
19 16 10 Cross roads
20 17.1 10.7 Bridge
21 18.7 11.7 Bridge
22 19.3 12.1 Bridge
23 19.6 12.3 Bridge
24 21.4 13.4 Bridge
25 22.4 14 Bridge
26 22.8 14.3 Large Bridge 10 Tonnes Limit
27 23.6 14.8 Residential houses
35 28 24.4 15.3 Bridge
29 24.8 15.5 Bridge
30 25.6 16 Bridge
31 26.2 16.4 Primary school
32 26.5 16.6 Large Bridge
33 27.3 17.1 Bridge
34 28.6 17.9 Bridge
35 29.4 18.4 Bridge
36 29.4 18.4 LHS Pond
37 30.8 19.3 LHS Mosque
38 31.3 19.6 Bridge
39 31.6 19.8 LHS Gas station
40 32.4 20.3 Cross roads
41 32.4 20.3 Road changes from red laterite to white gravel
42 32.9 20.6 Primary and secondary school
43 33.2 20.8 Kvol village road changes from white rock to red laterite
44 33.6 21 Both sides Rice padi
45 36.1 22.6 RHS Low tension electricity poles
46 36.6 22.9 Bridge
47 36.8 23 RHS Low tension electricity poles
48 39.2 24.5 Bridge
49 39.6 24.8 Bridge
50 40.4 25.3 Bridge
51 40.4 25.3 RHS Low tension electricity poles
52 41.6 26 Large Bridge
53 42.4 26.5 Bridge
54 42.8 26.8 Bridge
55 44 27.5 Bridge
56 45.4 28.4 RHS Mobile Phone Tower
57 45.6 28.5 RHS Primary school
58 47.2 29.5 Village Chheutom
59 47.2 29.5 Bridge
60 49.1 30.7 LHS Mobile Phone Tower
61 50.0 31.3 Large Bridge
62 52.4 32.8 Water gate
63 53.6 33.5 Both sides Irrigation water flowing
64 53.9 33.7 Wooden bridge
65 54.0 33.8 RHS Secondary school
36 66 55.0 34.4 Hospital
67 56.8 35.5 RHS Primary school
68 57.1 35.7 RHS Commune office
69 57.9 36.2 LHS Low tension electricity poles
70 60.3 37.7 Bridge
71 61.1 38.2 RHS Farmers community rice bank
72 62.0 38.8 Bridge
73 62.2 38.9 Wooden Bridge
74 63.2 39.5 Road changes from laterite to single lane mud.
75 Passable only by tractor
76 5 Wooden bridges
77 75.7 47.3 Road impassable for all vehicles
78 76.1 47.6 Mobile Phone Tower
79 76.5 47.8 LHS / RHS Rice padi
80 79.1 49.4 River
81 79.2 49.5 Existing track
82 79.4 49.6 LHS Rice padi
83 79.5 49.7 RHS Farming land livestock
84 79.6 78.7 Offtake from existing road
85 81 77.3 RHS School
86 83. 74.5 Bridge
87 83. 74.5 RHS Low tension electricity poles
88 84. 74.1 Bridge
89 84. 73.9 Bridge
90 84. 73.8 LHS Bridge
91 84. 73.6 Bridge
92 84. 73.5 LHS Lake
93 85 73.3 End Point new roundabout at junction with NR5
The photographs following show points of interest and typical locations.
37 Figure III-18 Start Point Offtake from NR 53 north of Tuek Phos, Kampong Chhnang
Figure III-19 Mature orchards with water tank
Figure III-20 Bridge and water course
38 Figure III-21 Iron Bridge and river
Figure III-22 Low Tension electricity and School
Figure III-23 25 T bridge and irrigation canals
39 Figure III-24 Commune and school
Figure III-25 Wooden Bridge and bypass
Figure III-26 End of road for vehicles from here passable only by tractor
40 Figure III-27 Tractor needed to negotiate narrow road and wooden bridges
Figure III-28 Road impassable for all vehicles here
Figure III-29 Approach to river crossing from Tuek Phos and showing width of river
41 Figure III-30 Local residents reported livestock area becomes flooded
Figure III-31 Connection to End Point new roundabout at junction with NR5
2. Kandal 79. The road commences at the new Koh Thom Bassac River crossing and runs for 19kms until it reaches Peam Raing district. The road is currently a narrow muddy track which can only be accessed by motor cycle. It is extremely difficult to pass by a vehicle. There is one major river crossing at the midpoint where the road crosses a tributary of the Bassac River over the established What Chroy bridge. For most of its length it passes through rice padis and agricultural land.
42 Figure III-32 Details of the project roads and their locations
80. A condition survey was carried out to establish sensitive points which must be taken into consideration during construction. The condition survey is given below. It is followed by a series of photographs showing points of interest and typical locations.
Table III-3 Condition Survey PR23 (No.15)
Condition Surveys Condition Survey Road PR 23
Provinces Date : 08/09/2016 Start Time : 0845
Kandal Road Length 19 kms
Measured Chainage
# Km Miles LHS/ RHS Observation
0 0 0 Start point Koh Thom bridge over Bassac river, Kandal
1 1.9 New alignment following track across rice padi
2 3 1.9 Crossing point of new road with existing road
3 ?? 0.0?? Wat Chroy bridge
4 17 10.6 LHS/ RHS Rice padi
5 17.2 10.8 RHS Mobile Phone Towers
6 18.5 11.6 LHS/ RHS Village
7 19 11.9 End point Peam Raing district, Kandal, leading to NR 1
43 The photographs following show points of interest and typical locations.
Figure III-33 Start point Koh Thom bridge over Bassac river, Kandal and farmers fields
Figure III-34 Crossing point with existing pathway
Figure III-35 Approach to Village and Wat Chroy Bridge
44 Figure III-36 Wat Chroy Bridge and road leading from it.
Figure III-37 Middle portions of road impassable to vehicles
Figure III-38 End point Peam Raing district, Kandal, leading to NR 1
45 3. Prey Veng 81. The road commences on NR1 at PK77+100 and runs for 28 kms until it reaches the Cambodia - Vietnam border at Banteay Chakrey border crossing. The road is currently a well trafficked sealed road, unlike the other two roads under this project which are laterite. It passes mainly though agricultural lands. The one major river crossing is at the border beyond the extent of the road scheme.
Figure III-39 Details of the project roads and their locations
82. A condition survey was carried out to establish sensitive points which must be taken into consideration during construction. The condition survey is given below. It is followed by a series of photographs showing points of interest and typical locations.
Table III-4 Condition Survey PR312 (No.10)
Condition Surveys Condition Survey Road PR 312
Province Date : 09/09/2016 Start Time : 0823
Prey Veng Road Length 28 kms
Measured Chainage
# Km Miles LHS/ RHS Observation
0 0.0 0 Start Point junction with NR1 at PK77+100.
1 0.5 0.3 LHS Low tension electricity poles
2 0.8 0.5 LHS Pond
46 3 1.1 0.7 LHS/ RHS Water ponding
4 3.0 1.9 LHS/ RHS Mature trees
5 3.5 2.2 LHS Army camp
6 4.0 2.5 RHS Low tension electricity poles
7 5.0 3.1 RHS Pagoda entrance
8 7.4 4.6 RHS Pagoda
9 8.3 5.2 LHS/ RHS Mobile phone towers
10 9.3 5.8 RHS Mobile phone towers
11 9.6 6 Village Angkor Each
12 10.4 6.5 RHS Mobile phone towers
13 10.4 6.5 RHS Police station, Preah Sdach Referral Hospital
14 10.6 6.6 RHS District Office
15 11.5 7.2 LHS Low tension electricity poles
16 11.5 7.2 RHS Mobile phone towers
17 11.7 7.3 LHS Pagoda
18 14.2 8.9 LHS Low tension electricity poles
19 14.4 9 LHS Low tension electricity poles
20 14.4 9 RHS Rice padi
21 17.4 10.9 LHS/ RHS Ponds
22 18.9 11.8 LHS Secondary school, police post, commune office.
23 22.4 14 RHS Mobile phone towers, primary school
24 22.4 14 LHS Mobile phone towers
25 24.6 15.4 RHS Sharp left turn, Pagoda
26 26.6 16.6 RHS Gas station
27 28 17.5 Bridge across Vietnam border
28 28 17.5 End point Banteay Chakrey Border post
The photographs following show points of interest and typical locations.
47 Figure III-40 Start Point junction with NR1 at PK77+100.
Figure III-41 Government Administration Posts
Figure III-42 Low Tension Electricity Poles and irrigation water supply
48 Figure III-43 Preah Sdach Referral Hospital and government offices
Figure III-44 Commune and Pagoda / school
Figure III-45 End point Banteay Chakrey Vietnam Border post
49 IV. Description of the Environment (Baseline Data)
A. Physical Environment
1. Geography 83. Cambodia lies in the southwestern part of the Southeast Asian peninsula and has a land area of 181,035 km2. International borders are shared with Thailand to the west, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic to the north, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the east and southeast. The country is bounded on the southwest by the Gulf of Thailand and has a coastline of 440 km.
2. Climate 84. Cambodia’s climate is dominated by the monsoon which causes distinct wet and dry seasons. The southwest monsoon typically brings the rainy season from May to October. The northeast monsoon brings drier and cooler air from early November to March, then hotter air prevails in April and early May. The southern part of the country typically has a two- month dry season whereas the northern areas have a four-month dry season although weather patterns have been changing and to say what is typical is now increasingly problematic.
3. Temperatures 85. Temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the country, with only small variations from the average annual temperature of around 28°C. January is the coldest month where temperatures as low as 12°C have been recorded and April is the warmest where temperatures can reach 42°C.
Table IV-1 Temperature (oC) in Pursat Province Year Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2010 Max 30.8 32.7 34.2 34.5 36.0 35.0 34.0 32.7 32.1 31.1 32.5 32.0 Min 20.8 21.0 23.0 23.0 23.4 23.1 22.7 22.0 20.6 20.2 21.1 19.1 2011 Max 32.8 35.0 36.3 37.5 36.2 35.1 34.7 35.3 37.5 37.0 33.0 32.8 Min 21.2 20.5 17.8 21.3 24.0 24.0 23.4 23.0 23.3 21.6 22.0 26.5 2012 Max 34.5 36.1 36.8 38.5 36.8 36.5 35.5 37.0 34.8 35.0 35.5 35.1 Min 22.7 22.4 24.3 24.4 24.7 25.2 22.0 20.0 22.0 20.4 21.0 26.5 Source: MOWRAM and National Road 5 Improvement Project JICA, 2013
50 Table IV-2 Temperature (oC) in Kampong Chhnang Province Year Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2016 Max 35.0 36.3 39.5 41.5 40.3 37.5 35.0 Min 17.8 15.0 21.5 26.0 24.5 23.5 23.0 Source: PDOWRAM, Kampong Chhnang
Table IV-3 Temperature (oC) in Kandal Province Year Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2010 Max 35.3 38.1 40.0 38.8 40.0 39.2 35.5 34.8 34.6 33.5 32.5 32.7 Min 21.4 22.7 23.1 24.1 24.5 23.5 23.8 22.4 23.3 22.3 22.2 20.0 2011 Max 34.7 34.8 35.3 39.0 37.0 35.2 35.4 35.0 34.0 33.4 32.8 37.2 Min 18.5 20.8 21.5 22.5 23.5 23.2 22.8 22.5 23.3 23.5 22.5 19.4 2012 Max 33.7 34.5 36.1 38.2 37.0 36.9 35.3 36.5 34.4 33.5 33.7 34.8 Min 22.4 23.3 20.9 24.0 22.6 24.8 23.8 24.0 23.7 25.3 23.8 22.0 Source: MOWRAM and National Road-5 Improvement Project JICA, 2013 Table IV-4 Temperature (oC) in Prey Veng Province Year Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2010 Max 34.0 35.7 38.3 37.7 38.3 38.2 36.8 36.0 34.7 33.8 34.0 35.0 Min 18.5 21.0 21.0 20.5 22.3 22.3 21.6 23.0 22.6 20.5 19.6 18.4 2011 Max 35.2 35.0 36 37.7 37.5 35.5 35.4 35.7 34.0 34.4 34.4 33.5 Min 16.3 18.5 20.5 22.3 22.0 21.9 21.5 21.6 21.5 21.3 19.6 17.0 Source: MOWRAM
51 4. Wind 86. Most of Cambodia’s regions have an average wind velocity of less than 3 m/s. Maximum wind speeds can reach in excess of 20 m/s during the wet season. During the dry season the maximum wind velocities are lower and are commonly in the range of 6 - 8 m/s.
5. Rainfall 87. The total annual rainfall average is between 1,000 and 1,500 millimeters and the heaviest amounts fall in the southeast. Rainfall from April to September in the Tonle Sap and Mekong Lowlands area averages 1,300 to 1,500 millimeters annually, but the amount varies considerably from year to year. 88. Rainfall around the basin increases with elevation. It is heaviest in the mountains along the coast in the southwest, which receive from 2,500 millimeters to more than 5,000 millimeters of precipitation annually as the southwest monsoon reaches the coast. This area of greatest rainfall, however, drains mostly to the sea; only a small quantity goes into the rivers flowing into the basin. 89. There are really no reliable rainfall databases for the project zones and rainfall can vary from a low of less than 1,000 mm to a high of 2,000 mm.
6. Humidity 90. The relative humidity is high throughout the year, usually exceeding 90%, and even in the dry season rarely falls below 50%.
7. Minerals 91. Cambodia’s natural mineral resources include gem stones such as sapphires, ruby and zircon; coal, offshore gas and oil; basalt, granite, limestone, dolomite, quartzite; and phosphate deposits. There are no major mineral resources in the vicinity of the project roads.
8. Air and Noise Quality Condition 92. The Ministry of Environment (MoE) is responsible for protecting environmental quality and public health from air pollutants and noise pollution through monitoring and mitigation activities and follows the Sub-decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance. The National Air Quality and Noise Standards of Cambodia are shown below: Table IV-5 Ambient Air Quality Standard
Nº Parameter 1 Hour 8 Hour 24 Hour 1 Year Average Average Average Average mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3
1 Carbon monoxide (CO) 40 20 - - 2 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 0.3 - 0.1 - 3 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 0.5 - 0.3 0.1 4 Ozone (O2) 0.2 - - - 5 Lead (Pb) - - 0.005 -
52 6 Total Suspended - - 0.33 0.1 Particulate (TSP)
Table IV-6 Gas Emission Standard of Mobile Sources
Nº Kind of Vehicle Kind of fuel Level of emission
CO(%) HC(ppm) Dark fume%
A B A B -
1 Motorcycle 2 stroke Petrol 4.5 4 10000 3000 - combustion
2 Motorcycle 4 stroke Petrol 4.5 4 10000 2400 - combustion 3 All kind of vehicles Petrol 4.5 4 10000 800 -
4 All kind of vehicles Diesel - - - - 50
Table IV-7 Sulfur and Lead Standard Permitted to Fuel and other combustion substances
Nº Combustion Substance Sulfur (S) Lead (Pb)
1 Dark fuel 1.0%
2 Diesel 0.2%
3 Petrol - 0.15g/l
4 Coal 1.5%
Table IV-8 Vehicle maximum permitted noise level
Nº Category of vehicle Maximum noise level permitted (dB(A)) 1 Motorcycles, cylinder capacity (CC) of the engine does not exceed 125cm3 85
2 Motorcycles, CC of the engine exceeds 125cm3 90
3 Motorize tricycles 90
4 Cars, taxi, passenger vehicle of not more than 12 passengers 80
5 Passenger vehicle constructed for carriage of more than 12 passengers 85
6 Truck permitted maximum weight does not exceed 3.5 tones 85
7 Truck permitted maximum weight does not exceed 3.5 tones 88
8 Truck engine is more than 150 KW 89
9 Tractor or any other truck not elsewhere classified of described in this 91 column of the table
53 Table IV-9 Maximum permitted noise level in public and residential area (dB(A)
Nº Area Period of time
From 6h to From 18h to from 22h to 18h 22h 6hAM
1 Quiet areas: 45 40 35 Hospitals Libraries School Kindergarten 2 Residential area: 60 50 45 Hotels Administration offices House 3 Commercial and service areas 70 65 50
4 Small industrial factories intermingling in 75 70 50 residential areas
93. This standard is applied to control noise levels of any source of activity that emitted noise into public and residential areas. 94. The project roads traverse primarily agricultural areas and villages/residential areas in rural settings with no industrial development. The main sources of air pollution are dust emissions due to entrainment of dust by passage of vehicles along the two unpaved project roads. Sources of noise are community activities (especially near markets) and the existing traffic largely composed of motorcycles. 95. In Cambodia there is growing concern regarding increasingly poor air quality. Increased air pollution may be linked to increase in the number of vehicles and industry. But PR1534, PR312, and PR23 are located in rural areas, so the air quality is still good. There is very limited data on air quality but it is evident that very little air pollution occurs in this area.
a) Air Quality on PR1534 (Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province) 96. PR1534 is located in Kampong Chhnang and Pursat province, with total length 85km. The start point is from Tuek Phos district, Kampong Chhnang province to Pursat town, Pursat province. 97. The improvement of National Road NR5 Project, MPWT-JICA conducted air quality sampling for some points in Kampong Chhnang and Pursat province. The secondary data for air quality are near PR1534’s project area and these were collecting by the study team during the feasibility study and are shown below.
54 Table IV-10 Existing Air Quality Data surrounding NR-5 during dry season Air Pollution Concentration Parameter 3 No Sampling Location (mg/m )
SO2 NO2 PM2.5 PM10 1 In Pong Ro commune, Rolea Bíea District, 0.009 0.006 0.015 0.080 Kampong Chhnang. PK97 is on the NR5 2 In Pong Ro commune, Rolea Bíea District, Kampong Chhnang. PK97 is about 100m 0.006 0.004 0,006 0.075 from the NR5. 3 In Ansar Chambork commune, Krakor district, 0.025 0.019 0.016 0.129 Pursat province. PK135 is on the NR5. 4 In Ansar Chambork commune, Krakor district, Pursat province. PK135 is about 100m from 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.077 the NR5. 5 In Beung Kantuot commune, Krakor district, 0.019 0.010 0.010 0.127 Pursat province. PK 170 in on the NR5. 6 In Beung Kantuot commune, Krakor district, Pursat province. PK 170 is about 100m from 0.007 0.003 0.076 the NR5. MoE Standards 0.1 0.3 0.02* 0.05* (24 hours) (24 hours) (24 hours) (24 hours) Sources: NR5 Improvement Project JICA, 2013.
b) Air and Noise Quality on PR23 and 312 (Kandal and Prey Veng Province) 98. No air and noise quality data was found for PR23 and PR312 in Kandal and Prey Veng province. However during field visits, the noise level on the project sites was noted to be good and air quality fair except for dust and vehicle exhausts. Most of the area is covered by paddy field and flooded areas during wet season by run-off or Mekong Flood. Generally in rural areas of Cambodia outside Phnom Penh or towns there are very few industry sources and the volume of vehicular traffic is relatively low.
9. Water Quality 99. In Cambodia water quality control and management is regulated by the Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control (Ministry of Environment 1999). MOWRAM and MRC conduct on-going water quality monitoring programs based on water samples from designated sampling points in the Mekong River, Tonle Sap River and Bassac River. According to their results, the quality of these water bodies is generally good in comparison with the other riparian countries.
55 Table IV-11 Mekong Main River Water Quality Assessment Results
Monitoring Section of Mekong River WQIal WQIhi WQIag1 WQIag2 WQIag2 (General) (Paddy rice) (Livestock) Kampong Cham 9.8 8.8 10 10 10 Chrouy Changva (Phnom Penh) 9.8 9.0 10 10 10 Neak Loeung 9.8 8.2 10 10 10 (Prey Veng province) Kaom Samnor 10 7.9 10 10 10 (Prey Veng-Kandal province)
Source: Kampong Trabaek River Flood Control Project, MOWRAM, 2009.
c) Surface Water Quality near PR1534 in Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province 100. The PR1534 is located in Pursat and Kampong Chhnang province is on the west part of National Road No 5 (NR5) line and is along the railway line. The JICA study team of National Road No.5 Improvement Project conducted surface water quality sampling during dry and wet season at some locations on the NR5, within Kampong Chhnang and Pursat province. The data of water quality in Kampong Chhnang and Pursat province is presented below. Table IV-12 Water quality testing in Pursat river, Pursat town, Pursat province No Parameter Unit Standard of water quality in Wet season Dry season public sources for biodiversity 1 pH No 6.5-8.5 8.06 7.5 2 BOD mg/l 1-10 2.59 1.30 3 COD mg/l NA 4.70 3.85 4 TSS mg/l 25-100 124.00 92.00 5 Total coliform MPN/100ml <5000 4600 300 Sources: NR5 Improvement Project JICA, 2014.
Table IV-13 Water quality Testing in Kampong Chhnang province No Parameter Unit Standard of water quality in Wet season Dry season public sources for biodiversity (I) Tonle Sap River (Kampong Chhnang) 1 pH No 6.5-8.5 7.6 7.0 2 BOD mg/l 1-10 0.70 2.25
56 3 COD mg/l 1-18 1.57 5.00 4 TSS mg/l 25-100 162.00 86.00 5 Total coliform MPN/100ml <5,000 1.5x104 2400 (II) Boribou River (Boribour District) 1 pH No 6.5-8.5 6.9 6.8 2 BOD mg/l 1-10 2.65 0.85 3 COD mg/l 1-18 4.70 1.98 4 TSS mg/l 25-100 318.00 76.00 5 Total coliform MPN/100ml <5,000 2.4x103 110,00 Sources: NR5 Improvement Project JICA, 2013.
d) Surface Water Quality on PR23 and 312 (Kandal and Prey Veng Province) 101. The Project areas are located in Kandal and Prey Veng province downstream of Mekong River Basin (Mekong river and Bassac river). There is limited data of water quality in Kandal province (PR23) and Prey Veng province (PR312). Regarding to field visit of projects areas PR23 and PR312, the surface water quality is still good (Mekong river and Bassac river).
Table IV-14 Water quality testing in Mekong River of Leuk Dek district, Kandal province
No Parameters Units Results Water quality standard for river 1 pH 6.50 6.5 – 8.5 2 BOD mg/l 4.07 1-10 3 DO Mg/l 6.00 7.5 – 2.0 4 Turbidity NTU 46 5 Total Coliform Count 100 90 < 500 ml
Source: MOE, December, 2007.
Table IV-15 Water quality testing in Bassac river, in Koh Thom district, Kandal province
No Parameters Units Results Water quality standard for river 1 pH 7.34 6.5 – 8.5
57 2 BOD mg/l 2.37 1-10 3 COD mg/l 22.2 4 Turbidity NTU 30.4 25-100 5 TSS mg/l 226
Source: MOE, September, 2005.
10. Topography 102. Cambodia’s topography is bowl shaped covering an area of about 181,035 km2. The country is rimmed by mountains consisting of the Dangrek Mountains plateau to the north along the Thai boundary; by the Annamite Range to the northeast; the Cardamom Mountains to the south west; and to the south by the Elephant Mountains. This means that the whole of north west Cambodia acts as a catchment area draining ultimately into Tonle Sap. 103. There are three distinct topographic regions: the central plains, the flat coastal areas, and the mountain ranges with high plateaus. The central plains form 75% of the country and consist of the alluvial plains of the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap basin.
11. Hydrology 104. The hydrologic setting of Cambodia is dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake system. Mekong River is among the world’s largest rivers in terms of length and average discharge, while Tonle Sap Lake is the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia. It enters Cambodia in the north at the border with Laos and flows out to the south to Vietnam. 105. Tonle Sap, or Great Lake, is situated in the center of the Cambodian central plain, with an elevation of 10–30 meters above sea level covering about 6% of the country. The Cambodia stretch of the Mekong River is 486 km long and starts from upstream of the Cambodia- Laos border passing through the country to end downstream at the Cambodia-Vietnam border.
58 Figure IV-1 Hydrological Flow Direction in Cambodia
106. In Phnom Penh the Mekong separates into four branches: upstream-Mekong, downstream- Mekong, Bassac, and Tonle Sap. The Tonle Sap River is the most important water flow in Cambodia because of it has two different water regimes. During the wet season it acts as a downstream reservoir, fish spawning ground and flood control, and during the dry season when the Mekong river water levels drop, water flows back from Tonle Sap Lake when the flow is reversed.
59 Figure IV-2 Mass Balance of Water Resources in Cambodia
107. Evaporative losses account for 20-30% of the rainfall occurring in Cambodia.
12. Flooding 108. Rain fall raw data from all the provinces shows that because of the rapid runoff in the catchment areas the provinces with highest rainfall are not provinces most vulnerable to flooding. As shown in the table below the provinces of Sihanoukville, KohKong and Rattanakiri receive high annual rainfall but due to their location these are not the places most vulnerable to flooding. Table IV-16 Annual Rainfall by Province
Station Average Unit : mm
Pochen tong 1,444.40
Tonle Bassac 1,175.60
Kandal 1,316.00
Prey Veng 1,421.10
Takeo 1,244.60
Kampong Thom 1,528.30
60 Siem Reap 1,432.40
Battambang 1,151.40
Banteay Meanchey 1,158.00
Pursat 1,463.50
Kampong Chhnang 1,161.80
Sihanoukville 2,805.30
Kampot 1,800.80
Koh kong 3,148.70
Kampong Speu 1,217.00
Stung Treng 1,765.00
Kratie 1,791.00
Svay Rieng 1,744.90
Kampong Cham 1,438.10
Rattanakiri 2,235.90
Average 1,601.50
109. PR1534, PR312, and PR23 are located in Kampong Chhnang, Pursat, Kandal, and Prey Veng provinces. The hydrology of these areas is dependent on Mekong River flow or the Mekong water regime and interaction with Tonle Sap Lake. The rain water runoff from uplands flows directly into lowland floodplains through rivers (preks), streams, and existing canals. 110. Kampong Chhnang and Pursat province are located in the catchment area dominated by Mount Aural and Tonle Sap. Kandal is in the zone of influence of the Bassac River a downstream branch of the Mekong. Prey Veng is located in a very flat area with almost zero gradient. Flooding is common in this area due to the lack of natural drainage.
B. Biological Environments
1. Forest Cover and Forest Resources 111. Cambodia has one of the highest levels of forest cover in the region as the interdependence of Cambodia’s geography and hydrology makes it rich in natural resources and biological diversity. Cambodia contains approximately 10.36 million hectares of forest cover, representing approximately 57.07% of Cambodia’s land area (2011). 112. About 69,000 ha (1%) of forest cover is planted forest. Overall Cambodia’s forests contain an estimated 464 million metric tonnes of carbon stock in living forest biomass. Approximately 40% of Cambodia’s Forests have some level of protection, while one of the Cambodia Millennium Development Goals targets was to achieve a 60% forest cover by 2015.
61 113. According to the Forestry Administration Statistics, a total of 380,000 hectares of forest were cleared between 2002 and 2005/2006 which is a deforestation rate of 0.5% per year. The main cause of deforestation has been determined to be large-scale agricultural expansions.
Figure IV-3 Change in Forest Cover 1965-2010
a) Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province 114. There are no protected areas, protected forests, or any sensitive forest areas located close or near to PR1534 in Kampong Chhnang and Pursat province. The forest cover and other land use are described in table below. Table IV-17 Forest Cover and Other Land Use in Pursat and Kampong Chhnang
Forest Types Pursat Kampong Chhnang No Area (ha) % Area (ha) %
1 Evergreen Forest 468,390 40.0 16,156 3.1
2 Semi evergreen Forest 93,358 8.0 6,136 1.2
3 Deciduous Forest 232.177 20.0 145,102 27.4
4 Other Forest 80,282 6.9 42,447 8.0
5 Total Forest 874,207 75.5 209,841 39.6
6 Non Forest 284,384 24.5 319,620 60.4
7 Total Area 1,158,591 100.0 529,461 100.0 Source: Forest Statistics of Cambodia, FA, 2012.
62 115. During the field investigation in Kampong Chhnang and Pursat province, it was noted that there are no forest or vegetation cover located near the road line of PR1534. Both sides of the road are covered by rice fields, farm crops, fruit trees farm and vegetable farm, economic concession farms, residential areas, and village gardens. 116. There are some public trees and fruit trees located on the road side and within the RoW of RP1534 such as: Degraded National Forest Resource, Acacias, Eucalyptus, Rain Trees, and Mango Trees and Sugar Palm Trees.
Figure IV-4 Forest condition of PR1534 Kampong Chhnang and Pursat Province
Figure IV-5 Forestry resources support villagers livelihoods
63 b) Kandal and Prey Veng Province 117. PR23 is located in Koh Thom and Leu Dei district, Kandal province and PR312 is located on Preah Sdach district, Prey Veng province. Both project locations (PR23 and PR312) are located in the flood plain downstream of the Mekong Basin. There are no any protected or conservation areas located near the project roads in Kandal and Prey Veng province. 118. Due to the low lying flat land and tendency to flood there are no extensive stands of trees or forest cover in Kandal and Prey Veng Province. As can be seen in the table below there is a very small percentage of forest cover in these provinces. Table IV-18 Table of Forest Cover and Other Land Use in Kandal and Prey Veng, 2010
No Forest Types Kandal Prey Veng
Area (ha) % Area (ha) %
1 Evergreen forest 0 0 0 0.0
2 Semi evergreen forest 0 0.0 0 0.0
3 Deciduous forest 26 0.0 0 0.0
4 Other Forest 17,631 4.7 5,962 1.3
5 Total Forest 17,657 5 5,962 1.3
6 Non Forest 338,716 95.5 470,198 98,7
7 Total Area 356,373 100.0 476,160 100.0 Source: Forest Statistics of Cambodia, FA, 2012. 119. The some areas are flooded during wet season by Mekong Flood and Flash Flood, especially in project area in Kandal province. Most of areas are setting by rice field, agricultural farms, vegetable farms and fruit trees farms, residential areas, grass land, lakes, rivers, flooded areas. 120. On both sides of the roads it was noted that there are rice fields, fruit trees and vegetable farms as well