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Obligatory and Facultative Insects in Rose Hips

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L I E) R.A RY OF THE U N 1 VER5ITY or ILLINOIS 5T0.5 ILL V. 25-30 CO The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANACHAMPAIGN SEP I'm BUILDING a9€^'^**' JUN 14 1^79 njlLOSNG U!;.E ONl> L161 — O-1096 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/obligatoryfacult25bald 570. £• V.2C Obligatory and Facultative Insects in Rose Hips Their Recognition and Bionomics W. V. BALDUF ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS: Number 26 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA, 1959 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS is the general title for a series of mono- graphs in botany, entomology, zoology, and allied fields. Volumes 1 through 24 con- tained four issues each and were available through subscription. Beginning with number 25 (issued in 1957), each publication wiU be numbered consecutively. No subscriptions will be available, but standing orders will be accepted for forthcoming ntunbers. Prices of previous issues still in print are listed below, and these may be purchased from the University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois. Requests for exchange arrangements should be addressed to the Exchange Department, University Library, Urbana, Illinois. BAKER, FBANK COLLINS (1922): The Mol- FAUST, ERNEST CARROLL (1918): Life His- luscan Fauna of the Big Vermilion River, tory Studies on Montana Trematodes. 9 Illinois, with Special Reference to Its Mod- pis. 1 fig. Vol. 4, No. 1. $2.00. ification as the Result of Pollution by Sew- FISHER, HARVEY I., and GOODMAN, DONALD age and Manufacturing Wastes. 15 pis. c. (1955) : The Myology of the Whooping Vol. 7, No. 2. $1.25. Crane, Grus americana. 40 figs. Vol. 24, BEAVER, PAXJL CHESTER (1937): Experi- No. 2. $2.50. mental Studies on Echinostoma revolutum GAMBiLL, WILLIAM G., JR. (1953): The (Froelich), a Fluke from Birds and Mam- Leguminosae of Illinois. Vol. 22, No. 4. mals. 3 pis. 20 charts. Vol. 15, No. 1. $1.00. $3.00. BENNETT, HARRY JACKSON (1936): The GOODNIGHT, CLARENCE JAMES (1940) : The Life History of Cotylophoron cotylopho- Branchiobdellidae (Oligochaeta) of North rum, a Trematode from Ruminants. 9 pis. American Crayfishes. 3 pis. Vol. 17, No. 3, Vol. 14, No. 4. $1.50. $1.00. CAHN, ALViN ROBERT (1937): The Turtles GUTBERLET, JOHN EARL (1915): On the Illinois. 31 pis. 20 maps. 15 figs. Vol. 16, of Osteology of Some of the Loricati. 5 pis. 1-2. $3.00. Nos. Vol. 2, No. 2. $.50. CHEN, HSiN Kuo (1935): Development of HAYES, WILLIAM PATRICK (1930): Mor- the Pectoral Limi) of Necturus maculosus. phology, Taxonomy and Biology of Larval 11 pis. Vol. 14, No. 1. $1.00. Scarabaeoidea. 15 pis. Vol. 12, No. 2. COOPER, ARTHUR REUBEN (1918): North $1.25. American Pseudophyllidean Cestodes from HEiss, ELIZABETH M. (1938): A Classifica- Fishes. 13 pis. Vol. 4, No. 4. $2.00. tion of the Larvae and Puparia of the CREGAN, SISTER MARY BERTHA (1941): Syrphidae of Illinois, Exclusive of Aquatic Generic Relationships of the Dolichopo- Forms. 17 pis. Vol. 16, No. 4. $1.50. didae (Diptera) Based on a Study of the HIGGINS, GEORGE MARSH (1921): The Mouth Parts. 30 pis. Vol. 18, No. 1. $1.00. Nasal Organ in Amphibia. 10 pis. Vol. 6, DOAK, CLIFTON CHILDRESS (1935): Evolu- No. 1, $1.00. tion of Foliar Types, Dwarf Shoots, and HiGLEY, RUTH (1918): Morphology and Cone Scales of Pinus with Remarks Con- Biology of Some Turbellaria from the cerning Similar Structures in Related Mississippi Basin. 3 pis. Vol. 4, No. 3. Forms. 32 figs. Vol. 13, No. 3. $1.50. $1.25. EDDY, SAMUEL (1934): A Study of Fresh- HOFF, c. CLAYTON (1942): The Ostracods Water Plankton Communities. 9 figs. Vol. of lUinois—Their Biology and Taxonomy. 12, No. 4. $1.00. 9 pis. Vol. 19, Nos. 1-2. $2.50. ESSEX, HIRAM ELI (1928): The Structure HOFFMEISTER, DONALD F. (1951) : A TaXO- and Development of Corallobothrium, with nomic and Evolutionary Study of the Descriptions of Two New Fish Tape- Piiion Mouse, Peromyscus truei. 5 pis. 24 worms. 5 pis. Vol. 11, No. 3. $1.00. figs. Vol. 21, No. 4. Cloth only, $3.50. Obligatory and Facultative Insects in Rose Hips Obligatory and Facultative Insects in Rose Hips Their Recognition and Bionomics W. V. BALDUF ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS: Ntmiber 26 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA, 1959 Board of Editors: william r. horsfall, h. orin halvorson, francis j. KRUIDENIER;, WILSON N. STEWART, AND AUBREY B. TAYLOR. FOR LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG ENTRY, SEE PAGE 194. THIS MONOGRAPH IS A CONTRIBUTION FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. DISTRIBUTED: MARCH 16, 1959. © 1959 BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. MANU- FACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Contents introduction 1 Acknowledgments 4 THE ROSE HIP FLIES, TRYPETIDAE, DIPTERA 6 Carpomijia Schineri ( Loew ) 6 Rhagoletis alernata ( Fallen ) 7 Rhagoletis basiola ( Osten Sacken ) 11 HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF Wiagoletis basioki 32 Opius rosicoh Mues. and Opius baldufi Mues., Braconidae, Hymenoptera 32 Halticoptero rosae Burks, Pteromalidae, Hymenoptera 41 Eupelmidae spp., Hymenoptera 50 THE ROSE HIP MOTHS, Cljdia SPP., OLETHREUTIDAE, LEPIDOPTERA 51 Cydia roseticolana ( Zell. ) 51 Cydio packardi (Zell.), The Cherry Fruitworm 53 PARASITES OF Cydio packardi 64 Glypta rufisciitellaris Cress., Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera. ... 64 Ascogaster sp.?, Braconidae, Hymenoptera 70 The Long-Tailed Parasite. Hymenoptera 72 Scambus hispae (Harris), Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera 72 Euderus cushmani (Crawford), Eulophidae, Hymenoptera. ... 74 AN UNIDENTIFIED ECTOPARASITE OF Cydia packardi 75 PREDATORS OF Cydia packardi 75 Enoclerus? sp. and PhyUobaenus sp., Cleridae, Coleoptera. ... 75 Carposina scirhosella h. s., carposinidae, lepidoptera 77 THE SCAVENGEROUS FLY, Lonchaca polita SAY, LONCHAEIDAE, DIPTERA . 78 THE ROSE cuRCULio, Rhynchites bicolor (fabr. ), curculionidae, COLEOPTERA 78 Rhynchites bicolor bicolor (Fabr.) in the East 83 Rhynchites bicolor in the West 96 NATURAL ENEMIES OF RhyUckiteS bicolor ( FABR. ) 105 Luchatema baldufi Walkley, Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera. 105 Bracon mellitor Say, Braconidae, Hymenoptera 114 V VI CONTENTS Bracon variabilis (Prov. ), Braconidae, Hymenoptera 119 Zatropis rosaecolis Burks, Pteromalidae, Hymenoptera 120 Eurytoma sp., Eurytomidae, Hymenoptera 121 Chaetogaster sp., Oligochaeta, Chaetopoda, Annelida 122 SCAVENGEROUS MITE 123 Caloglyphtis spinitarsus (Herm. ), Acaridae, Acarina, Arachnida 123 THE ROSE SEED CHALCIDS, MegastigmUS SPP., TORYMIDAE, HYMENOP- TERA 123 Megastigmtts actileatus ( Swederus ) 124 Megastigmus nigrovariegatus Ashmead, The American Rose Seed Chalcid 130 PARASITES OF MegasUgmus nigrovariegatus 145 Eupelmus, Eupelmidae, Hymenoptera 145 ADDITIONAL PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA FROM HIP JARS 145 SUMMARY 146 ROSE HOSTS OF HIP INSECTS 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 PLATES 163 INDEX 189 Introduction For some years, my daily walks between home and office took me past a fine stand of Rosa riigosa growing northwest of the "Old Ag. Building" on the University campus at Urbana, Illinois. Here, in the mid-twenties I discovered a red-and-black beetle boring into rose buds with its long beak. During the ensuing years I permitted my interest to extend only to the accumulation of the earliest dates of its annual appearance, pre- suming that so common a species had certainly already been studied adequately. Then in mid-June of 1943, I found several honey-yellow chal- cids, new to me, engaged in inserting their long terebras into the young hips of this rose. My guess was that they were parasitizing some other insect in the hip—possibly the larva of the snout beetle. Seeking to gain data about the geographical range of this chalcid, I picked some hips of R. acicularis at "Eaglesnest," in northern Minnesota, on September 17, 1943. Upon opening the package at Urbana on October 7, I was sur- prised to find seven stramineous dipterous puparia that had obviously developed from larvae formerly resident in the hips. While removing many such larvae from hips at Eaglesnest in August of 1944, I made the acquaintance of a small caterpillar that shared the fleshy coat of the hips with the dipterous larva. Thus, by August, 1944, I had learned that rose hips in Minnesota and Illinois are sometimes inhabited by four phytophagous species of insects. These proved to be the rose snout beetle, Rhynchites bicolor (Fabr. ), Curculionidae; the American rose hip fly, Rhagoletis basiola (O.S.), Trypetidae; the cherry fruitworm, Cydia (Grapholitha) packardi (Zell.), Olethreutidae, and the American rose seed chalcid, Megastig- mus nigrovariegatus Ashm., Torymidae. In later years, the European rose seed chalcid, M. acideofiis (Swed. ), was reared from hips obtained from Illinois and states to the east. But these phytophagous residents of rose hips later proved to consti- tute only the smaller portion of the inhabitants more or less characteristic of this microhabitat. From 1944 to 1953, an impressive series of para- sitic Hymenoptera, several new to man, were obtained from the above phytophags. The facts in their lives were learned insofar as permitted by the limits of my time as a teacher and the amounts of host and parasite material available. Since the hips and insects processed in that decade originated princi- pally in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois, with fewer samples from other northern states, it is probable that still other phytophags and para- Z INSECTS IN ROSE HIPS sites utilize rose hips as food or shelter, particularly in more southerly and westerly areas of the United States. Not only may further investi- gation add more species to the list, but it will certainly serve to further clarify the modes of life and roles of certain species found only in small numbers to date. Perusal of the literature has revealed several additional "hip insects" native to Europe and Russia. The principal objectives were to learn what species of insects depend more or less on rose hips for food and/or shelter, their bionomic rela- tions to the hip or to each other, and the life histories of each species.
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  • Literature Cited

    Literature Cited

    Literature Cited Robert W. Kiger, Editor This is a consolidated list of all works cited in volume 9, whether as selected references, in text, or in nomenclatural contexts. In citations of articles, both here and in the taxonomic treatments, and also in nomenclatural citations, the titles of serials are rendered in the forms recommended in G. D. R. Bridson and E. R. Smith (1991), Bridson (2004), and Bridson and D. W. Brown (http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/fmi/iwp/cgi?-db=BPH_Online&-loadframes). When those forms are abbreviated, as most are, cross references to the corresponding full serial titles are interpolated here alphabetically by abbreviated form. In nomenclatural citations (only), book titles are rendered in the abbreviated forms recommended in F. A. Stafleu and R. S. Cowan (1976–1988) and Stafleu et al. (1992–2009). Here, those abbreviated forms are indicated parenthetically following the full citations of the corresponding works, and cross references to the full citations are interpolated in the list alphabetically by abbreviated form. Two or more works published in the same year by the same author or group of coauthors will be distinguished uniquely and consistently throughout all volumes of Flora of North America by lower-case letters (b, c, d, ...) suffixed to the date for the second and subsequent works in the set. The suffixes are assigned in order of editorial encounter and do not reflect chronological sequence of publication. The first work by any particular author or group from any given year carries the implicit date suffix “a”; thus, the sequence of explicit suffixes begins with “b”.